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Index

Abdullah, Emir, 20, 112Abwehr, 80, 179, 203, 204, 205–206, 209,

228, 241, 243Budapest station, 191, 206, 208, 221, 222,

323–327Jewish and half-Jewish agents, 191Sofia station, 81, 216, 219, 223takeover by SD, 182, 223, 234Vienna station, 207Zionist connections with agents of, 207;

Africa, 31Agranat, Shimon, 325Albania, 40Aleppo, 228, 234, 242, 250, 251Alexander, Harold, 85Algiers, 99Allen, Mordechai, 90, 136Altman, Arie, 93Alvarez David, 336Aly, Gotz, 284Amery, L. S., 112Amsterdam, 70Ancel, Jean, 162Anders, Wladyslaw, 299Andrew, Christopher, 79, 82, 87, 88Andronovich, Nicholas, 90, 130, 257, 263,

272Ankara, 201, 210, 212, 230, 250, 254, 336Antonescu, Ion, 40, 167Antonius, George, 17, 51Appel, Leonard, 185Arabs, rebellion in Palestine, 6–7, 14, 15,

17–20Ardennes, 199Arendt, Hannah, 153

Argentine visa, 181Arian, Dr., 324Athens, 54Atlit, 80, 105, 257Auchinleck, Claude, 85Auschwitz, 46, 66, 81, 153, 154, 156, 177,

182, 184, 229, 233, 242, 255, 258, 259,266, 267, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 289,305, 309–313, 319, 320, 325, 335

controversy over bombing of, 290, 291,292, 293, 294, 295, 297

Austria, 47, 56, 203, 212, 215, 217, 221,230, 233, 236, 247, 249, 276, 288, 293,295, 304, 308, 309, 313, 334

Anschluss of, 6Avneri, Uri, 229, 334

Backe, Herbert, 5–6, 23, 31, 37, 46Bader, Menachem Mendel, 161, 164, 192,

227, 255, 256, 266Bad Ischl, 304Badoglio, Pietro, 182, 221Baghdad, 84, 87, 299Bagyonyi, Ferenc, 211Baky, Laszlo, 247Balfour Declaration, 20, 107, 147, 150Balkans, 83, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95, 100, 104,

105, 129, 137, 159, 160, 178, 193, 204,210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 252, 262,268, 286, 288, 301, 303, 332, 336

Allied intelligence activities in, 94“Germany’s soft belly” viewed as, 210Zionist intelligence gathering in, 95Zionist rescue efforts in, 104; see also

specific countries; Berman, Yitzhak

361

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362 Index

Baltics, 29, 30Bari, 54, 263Barlas, Chaim, 163, 167, 168, 180, 190, 232,

253, 254, 266Barneys, Murray C., 327, 332Barry, Major, 256, 257Baruch, Bernard, 33, 34, 129, 151, 152Basel, 69, 70Batumi, 5Bauer, Yehuda, 93, 175, 177, 178, 191, 202,

203, 210, 211, 213, 214, 224, 235, 247,269, 287, 316

Baumam, Isaiah, 116Bavier, Jean de, 195Beaverbrook, Lord, 12Becher, Kurt, 221, 228, 229, 230, 231, 235,

237, 243, 260, 282, 286, 291, 304, 305,307, 310–319, 323, 324, 325

“Becher Deposit,” 304, 324“Becher line” as adopted by Kasztner, 304bombing of Germany, alleged role in

treatment of Jews, 291Kasztner’s affidavits in favor of, 228, 229,

231, 282, 323, 324, 325negotiations with Kasztner, 282, 283, 284,

286, 307, 308, 309, 314, 318negotiations with Mayer and McClelland,

288, 308, 309, 314, 318, 321, 330in Nuremberg Trial, 325, 326told by Himmler about no Nazi quo for

Allied quid pertaining to Brand mission,240, 243

“Weiss Family deal” by, 282Beckerle, Adolf, 219, 220Begin, Menachem, 30, 84, 94, 111, 113, 138,

187, 229, 299, 323arrival in Palestine, 138, 299, 302and “Great Season,” 298, 299, 300, 301portrayal by Jewish Agency memo to OSS,

185, 216, 299rebellion against the British, 300, 301, 302and “Stern Group,” 301, 302

Beirut, 98, 140Belgrade, 204Bendersky, Joseph, 130Ben-Gurion, David, 19, 62, 63, 79, 108, 109,

113, 115, 117, 130, 133, 137, 138, 152,159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 180, 185, 186,231, 233, 263, 298, 300, 302, 303

“activist politics,” 52, 302Arab question and federation plans, 18,

108, 142“Biltmore strategy,” 123, 124

covert intelligence and rescue efforts, 79,161

described as “collaborator” with theBritish, 231

described as running military undergroundand of being “active in movement tosmuggle immigrants into Palestine,”186–187

described as negligent, less involved inrescue of European Jews, 100, 232–233

direct involvement in rescue of, 124, 159,170–171, 180

and elections of 1944, 139, 298and “Great Season,” 301, 323Holocaust impact on, 108, 109, 110, 111and Peel Commission, 20reaction to Brand-Grosz Missions, 216,

232reaction to the “White Paper,” 52, 53and Rescue Committee in Palestine, 100,

180and “Rescue Debate,” 77, 103–111timetable of “Final Solution” and, 103,

109–110, 115view of and actions in Britain, United

States, as targets of Zionist efforts,62–63, 108–109, 133

visits to Bulgaria and Rumania in 1944,301, 303

visits to U.S. in 1941–1942, 108, 109, 110Weizmann, Chaim, cooperation and

differences with, 62–63, 138Benvenisti, Misu, 163Bergen–Belsen, 261, 276, 277, 281, 282, 283,

286, 287, 288, 304, 313, 317, 318, 319,320

Bergson, Peter (alias for Peter Kook), 59, 99,197, 198, 251

Berlin, 30, 53, 54, 83–84, 104, 109, 145, 163,164, 169, 177, 181, 182, 214, 238, 244,258, 307, 318, 335

Eichmann’s office in, 166, 318, 331radio broadcasts, 54Mufti’s presence in, 51, 53, 60, 131

Berman, Yitzhak, 93, 94, 95Bermuda Conference, 62, 90, 125, 127, 128,

129, 135, 152, 165, 252, 268Bern, 70, 71, 115, 116, 212, 216, 220, 221,

237, 265, 274, 287, 316, 336American Legation in, 200center of OSS Activities in Europe, 71,

183, 216, 219Bernadotte, Folke, 318, 320






Index 363

Bernstein, William, 333Best, Werner, 178Biddle, Francis, 132Biltmore Program, 107–110, 111, 113, 115,

120, 123, 133, 136, 137, 141, 150, 164,180, 187

Birkenau, 312Biss, Andreas, 231Blaschke, Hanns, 276Bletchley Park, 81, 181, 336Blum, Josef, 260, 266Blum, Leon, 307Bochnja, 194Bormann, Martin, 27Born, Friedrich, 314Bosnia, 53Bowden, George K., 82Bradsher, Greg, 69, 269, 338Braham, Randolph, 285, 304, 316Brand, Hansi, 255, 264, 265Brand, Joel, 163, 191, 194, 219, 222, 223,

227–230, 232–236, 238, 240–248,249–253, 254–260, 262, 264, 265, 266,268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283,288, 308, 322, 323, 332

American reports on mission upon arrival,217, 237, 238

arrival and activities in Istanbul, 219, 227,232, 248

background, 191behavior after the failure of mission,

323British evidence supplied to U.S., 235–236early rescue activities, 193, 196evaluation of mission, behavior, by

Reuben Resnik, 248–249failure of mission becomes postwar

argument against Zionist leadership,233, 323

interrogation by Shertok, 228, 242, 245,250

interrogations by the British, 219, 223,247, 251, 253

mission discussed by Shertok with theBritish, 246, 251, 252

mission made public by the British, 239,256

mission mixed up by X-2 with “WeissFamily Deal,” 237, 238

mission named by the Allies as “GestapoDeal,” 238

preparations for rescue mission, 173Shertok’s view of mission, 251

Bratislava, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179,180, 232, 235, 258, 305

Breitman, Richard, 182, 213, 235Breslau, 177Brod, Max, 136Brunner, Alois, 311Brussels, 293Buber, Martin, 136, 137Bucharest, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 339

Gestapo records, 162, 164, 326, 329, 330Zionist activities, 159, 166, 167

Buchenwald, 317, 318, 320Budapest, 155, 156, 173, 191, 194, 198, 203,

204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 222, 229, 232,235, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246–247,248, 249, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 266,267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 276, 277, 292,293, 294, 295, 304, 308, 309, 311, 316,323, 324

Allied intelligence activities in, 182, 206,269

bombing of, impact, 274circumstances of Ghetto’s survival in, 230,

284, 315Germans in Rumania as hostages in

exchange for Budapest Jews, 313–314ghettoization of Jews in, 285Horthy’s activities regarding Budapest

Jews, 221, 264, 275, 287, 295“Horthy’s Offer,” 267, 269–270; see also

Hitler; Hungarysiege of, 315, 316status after German occupation, 285“Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282Zionist activities before the German

occupation, 159, 164, 166, 188, 190,206

Buechi, Walter, 70Bulgaria, 64, 110, 155, 166, 179, 200, 219,

270Allied intelligence activities in, 81, 217German intelligence activities in, 81, 204,

219special status as German ally, 40, 166,

200, 205Zionist intelligence activities in, 95, 167,

168, 201Burma, xiii, 63, 65Bush, Vannevar, 141Byalistok, 171

Cadogan, Alexander, 59Caen, 292






364 Index

Cairo, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 94, 98, 103, 105,106, 107, 111, 112, 130, 138, 140, 144,150, 162, 185, 218, 229, 230, 238, 241,251, 253, 263, 299, 340

assassination of Lord Moyne in, 112British and American armies’ intelligence

centers, 57, 79–80, 82, 84, 90, 103British Army Middle East Command

Center, 85, 142–145, 150, 162, 178Hirshman’s visit to, 253interrogations of Brand and Grosz in, 230Shertok’s visits to, 142

Cameroon, 98, 117Campbell, Ronald, I., 62Canada, 106Canaris, Wilhelm, 179, 182, 205, 216, 218,

220, 222Cape Methaphan, 28Capone, Al, 130Carpathians, 160, 220, 242, 243, 265,

295Carpenter, George, 263Casablanca Conference, 75, 127, 146Caserta, 99, 256, 257Casey, William, 332, 333Caucasus, 65Cavendish-Bentinck, V. F. W., 57Cecil, Robert, 81Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24,

45, 55, 58, 63anti-Semitic prejudices of, 12appeasement policy, 11, 13

Chaplin, Dwight, 121Chenstochowa, 194Chiang Kai-Shek, 307Chicago, 82, 122, 130Children Plan, 180China, xiii, 132, 307Churchill, Winston, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26,

32, 33, 45, 49, 53, 63, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88,97, 107, 112, 235, 262, 269, 296, 297,301

and bombing of Auschwitz controversy,292, 293

early public reference to the Holocaust, 54Hitler’s view of, 12, 13and Palestine Question, 21, 53, 61, 112plans regarding postwar future of the

Middle East, 112as “Zionist” sympathizer, 14, 21, 85, 90,

111, 148Cincinnati, 99

Clages, Gerhard, 204, 222, 239, 241, 243,244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 288

circumstances of death, 239negotiations with Grosz, 239, 244, 245,

305real intentions as SD officer in Budapest,

222, 239SS career before Budapest, 204

Clayton, Gilbert, 84Clayton, Iltyd, 84, 89, 149, 263, 340Clinton, Bill, 339Cluj, 257, 261, 281, 286, 325Cohen, Kenneth, 80Coleman, Archibald (alias Cereus), 160, 207,

209, 218, 220, 247Colombia, 121Colorado, 120Connally, Senator, 141, 152Constanza, 243, 275Cornwallis, Kinahan, 84, 112Cowgill, Felix, 80, 82, 96Crakow, 194Crane, Charles, 17Crete, 28Croatia, 183, 192, 200Crockatt, Brigadier, 262Cyprus, 80Czechoslovakia, 56, 203, 233

Dachau, 50, 318, 319, 320Daladier, Edouard, 307Dallek, Robert, 118Dalton, Hugh, 88Dannecker, Theodor, 182Dansey, Claude, 80Danube, 50Danzig, 8Darlan, Jean-Francois, 68Darre, Walter, 5, 6, 23Davis, Elmer, 67, 91, 265Dayan, Moshe, 53, 97Debrecen, 292de Gaulle, Charles, 99, 307de Leon, 94Denmark, 40, 96, 320Denver, 120de Vries, B. A., 70Dietrich, Otto, 96Dinur, Dov, 23, 25Dogwood, see Schwarz, AlfredDohnanyi, Hans von, 179Donitz, Karl, 320






Index 365

Donovan, William, 81, 87, 95, 97, 98, 118,140, 210, 212, 217, 218, 220, 263,337

background and early activities as COI,72, 81, 87

early cooperation with the British, 81–84,97

and the Moltke Affair, 212, 214role in preparations of the Nuremberg

Trials, 327, 332, 333and the “Sparrow Mission,” 212

Dovey, H. O., 84Downie, H. F., 56, 57, 58, 86, 95Dreyfus, Paul, 69, 70, 71, 104Duke, Florimond, 220Duker, Abraham, 117, 118, 338Dulles, Allen W., 82, 115, 122, 219, 221,

265, 306, 316and Fritz Kolbe’s activities, 71and Hatz, 219as liberal Republican, 115, 116meetings with Ben-Gurion and Zaslani,

115and the “Sparrow Mission,” 216view of the Holocaust, 116

Dwork, Charles Irving, 31, 99, 118, 305,307, 322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,332, 333, 338, 339

Dwork, Shirley, 339

Eaker, Ira, 295East Indies, Dutch,Eddy, William A., 97, 99Eden, Anthony, 45, 61, 62, 112, 118, 267,

268Egypt, 18, 27, 84, 85, 93, 214, 299Ehrenburg, Ilya, 129Eichmann, Adolf, 37, 45, 57, 93, 99, 163,

166, 170, 171, 182, 221, 228, 231, 232,233, 234, 240, 241, 245, 249, 250, 253,255, 256, 267, 274, 276, 281, 282, 283,284, 285, 286, 288, 293, 315, 318, 319,323, 325, 331

Bialistok children and, 171and Death Marches, 308, 309, 311and as described by Kasztner in, 282;

postwar affidavits, 330–331deportations to and killing centers in

Poland, role of, 22–23, 47early career in Austria, 56, 317forced emigration policy conducted by, 50,

56, 104

and “Hitler’s line,” 311, 330involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173,

178involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22and Kurt Becher, 326“Madagascar Plan” and, 26negotiations with Brand and Kasztner,

221, 260, 261, 265, 274, 282, 309Nisco, see NiskoRichter correspondence and, 163, 172role in early deportations to Poland, 26role in Hungary in relation to Wehrmacht,

242, 246–247, 269role as “Judenrefernt” of the RSHA, 47,

50, 56, 104trial of, 26, 170, 329

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 291, 307, 320El Alamein, 65, 168, 173Emerson, Herbert, 128, 305, 306Endre, Laszlo, 247Engel, Gerhard, 14, 27, 28, 57Enzer, Shmuel, 163Epstein-Elath, Eliahu, 105Erskine, Ralph, 96Ethiopia, 28“Europa Plan,” 167, 174, 209, 322Evian Conference, 11

Falaise, Pocket, 294Feingold, Henry, 117, 126, 127, 128Ferenczy, Laszlo, 285Field, Henry, 116Filderman, Wilhelm, 163, 166Finland, 30, 31Fleischmann, Gizi, 179Flossenburg, 318Foley, Frank, 79Forster, Jurgen, 24Fort Meade, 336Fort Sumter, 120Foster, Reginald S., 238“Four Year Plan,” 4–5, 6, 22–23France, 9, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 40, 52, 54, 65,

87, 88, 97, 141, 292battle of, 24, 25, 105stages in liberation of, 216, 233, 235, 292,

294Frank, Hans, 24, 125Frankfurter, Felix, 12, 33, 34, 108, 149, 151,

152Freiburg, 290, 340Freudiger, Phillip von, 260, 266, 276, 286






366 Index

Friedman, Nathan, 94, 186, 299Friling, Tuvia, 100, 109, 159, 169, 178, 191,

202, 216Fuller, J. F. C., 58

Gehlen, Reinhard, 234, 235Gelber, Yoav, 105General Gouvernement, 23, 24, 38Geneva, as center of Zionist activities, 159,

162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174,194, 227, 243, 246, 260, 304, 324

Georgia, 5Gerbera, see Kollek, TeddyGerlach, Christian, 284Germany, xii, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 34,

38, 45, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 68,69, 80, 83–84, 87, 88, 91, 103, 110, 117,118, 119, 121, 122, 125, 127, 134, 137,169, 173, 188, 191, 197, 209, 210, 211,212, 214, 217, 223, 227, 245, 249, 250,256, 259, 274, 288, 289, 307, 311, 315,320, 324, 327, 332, 333

activities in the Middle East, 26, 41, 51,92, 148, 185

aims for destruction of Bulgarian,Hungarian and Rumanian Jews, 205

bombing by the Allies, 65, 66, 233, 290,292, 297

forced emigration policy, 37, 51, 58German–Soviet Relations 1939–1941,

29–32impact of Allied bombing on, related to

treatment of Jews, 36, 47, 67, 153, 291,296

impact of creation of WRB on, 272Jewish policies of, 1939–1941, 22–35, 37Jewish policies of, early stages, 3–9Jews after WWI until Hitler’s takeover, xi,

16occupation of Hungary, 220, 269occupation of Italy, 65relations with Balkan allies, 286relations with Great Britain and U.S.

pertaining to Jews, 26–28, 120relations with Rumania, 201, 329stages of “Final Solution” conducted by, 4,

5, 37–42, 46, 47, 233, 284, 293, 305,309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319

“unconditional surrender” demandedfrom, 68, 119, 127, 210

see also Gestapo; Hitler, Adolf; SD; SS;Wehrmacht

Geschke, Hans, 239, 249, 284Gestapo, xiii, 57–58, 79–80, 82, 89, 93, 95,

99, 104, 113, 162–165, 166, 167, 168,172, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 203, 211,212, 214, 326, 332, 333, 334

central role in dealing with Jews, 5–6,22–23, 45–47, 56, 234, 237, 274, 277,317, 329, 330, 331

decrypts of messages thereof by Allies, 81,82, 181–184

“Final Solution,” role of in Slovakia, 47,172–178

forced emigration policy, role of, seeEichmann, Adolf

gathering intelligence on rescue efforts,Zionists, 79, 162–167

“Gestapo Deal,” also as perceived byAllies, 170, 217, 227–230, 240,237–238, 243–247, 248–249, 254–255

Jews, esp. Zionists, accused ofcollaboration with, xiii, 56–58, 254–255;see also “Gestapo Deal”

occupation of Poland, role of, 22role in Hungary, 166, 170, 174, 191, 204,

205, 208, 209, 217, 219, 221, 227, 228,229, 231, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,244, 246, 247, 249–253, 254, 256, 258,261, 262–269, 274, 275, 276, 277, 284,323, 332

role in Rumania, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,216, 329, 330

takes over Abwehr in Hungary, 179; seealso Clages, Gerhard; Laufer,Frantisek-Fritz

see also RSHA; SD; SSGibson, Harold, 80, 95, 106, 203, 207Gilbert, Martin, 230Giles, Arthur F., 93, 257, 339Glavin, Edward, 99Glidden, Harold (alias Robert Laing), 99,

131, 133, 148, 149, 150, 152Globocnik, Odilo, 172Glueck, Nelson (alias Hicks), 99, 150, 151,

263anti-Zionism of, 150, 151

Goebbels, Joseph, 42, 328Goldberg, Arthur, 95, 115, 123, 216, 220

early role in OSS, 82and the “Final Solution,” 123involvement in “Sparrow Mission,” 122,

123Goldmann, Nahum, 208






Index 367

Goldstein, Peretz, 264, 265Gollancz, Victor, 12Goring, Hermann, 5, 23, 104, 165, 178, 273,

307, 333involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37,

38, 40role as head of the “Four Year Plan,” 4–5,

104Goring Bureau, 164Grant, Ulysses S., 68Great Britain, xii, 12, 14, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32,

36, 55, 65, 66, 68, 82, 109, 125, 128,152, 209, 235, 255, 273, 291, 300

anti-Semitic prejudices, 12, 15, 56, 61,68–70, 105, 106, 107, 126, 132

appeasement policy of, 11–15blockade policy, 68bombing policy, 291, 293bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 292–294decrypts of German radio messages by, 81,

181–184, 223–224fear of Jews dragging GB to war, 12fear of Hitler’s use of Jews to taint war as

Jewish, 12; see also Hitler, Adolfeconomic warfare waged by and rescue of

Jews, 68–71fear of German “Vergeltungswaffen,”

treatment of POWs, 296“Gestapo Deal,” role of in, 229–230,

235–236“Imperial Censorship,” 236intelligence agencies of, see Middle East,

intelligence centers; MI5; MI6 (alsoISLD); MI9; PICME; SIME; SOE

Middle East policy, 86–87, 144North African Campaign, 65, 88Palestine policies of, see Palestinerelations with Stalin of, 34, 64, 307–308relations with U.S., especially pertaining to

Jews of Europe, 269rescue of children by, 171–172role of military and civilian bureaucracies

in regard to alien Jews, Zionists, 54–56,57–58, 59–60, 61–62, 72, 79–80, 103,107, 268

strategy after the fall of France, esp. in theMiddle East, 21, 24, 26, 32, 33, 88–89,112

structure and role of intelligence services,82, 83

Syria, Iraq, Iran, occupied or subdued by,84–85

treatment of Jewish refugees, 16, 61,105–107, 267–268

see also “White Paper” on Palestine;Zuckerman, Solly

Greece, 28, 132, 179, 204, 272Greenberg, Uri-Zvi, 186Grosz, Bondi, see Gyorgy, AndorGroves, Leslie A. (alias Gross), 141, 293Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 100, 118, 298Gruenwald, Malkiel, 231, 325, 334Gruninger, Major, 176Gunther, Rolf, 318Gustav Adolf, 274G’vat, Kibbutz, 92Gyorgy, Andor (alias Bandi Grosz, alias

Trillium), 10, 194, 206, 207, 209, 211,218, 219, 221–224, 230, 235–239, 241,243, 244–251, 253–256, 323

as Abwehr agent, 217, 219, 245background, 191, 193early contacts with Zionists, 194, 209,

217, 218, 251as Hungarian agent, 194, 206, 209relations with Klatt Organization,

224interrogations by SIME, 206own mission, 239, 240, 245, 246, 250,

251, 305preparations toward Brand mission, 227,

238, 241, 243, 244Gyr, Karl, 167, 168, 251

Hacohen, Devora, 180Hadari, Gideon, 136Hagana, structure, activities, British

measures undertaken against, 19, 91,93, 105, 186–188, 298–303

Hagen, Herbert, 57Haifa, 80, 92, 105, 136, 230Halder, Franz, 25Haleb, see AleppoHalevi, Binyamin, 231, 325Halifax, Lord, 62Hamburg, 318Hamman, 15Hanfstaengel, Ernst, 125–129Hanyok, Robert, 336Harel, Isser, 334Harper, Harry, 204, 205Harriman, J. Averell, 200Harris, Arthur, 291Harrison, Leland, 69, 316






368 Index

Hatz, Otto, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 247Allied view of, 217, 219, 220relations with Abwehr, 236relations with Grosz, 218relations with OSS and Zionists, 217, 218,

220Hecht, Ben, 59, 229, 304, 326, 334Heideking, Jurgen, 202, 210, 214Heidelberg, 153Herzl, Theodor, 98, 130Heydrich, Reinhard, 37, 45, 56, 204

involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37,38, 39, 40, 42

involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22Hilberg, Raul, 56Himmler, Heinrich, 5, 6, 23, 24, 104, 105,

154, 169, 172, 181, 182, 183, 199, 212,213, 228, 231, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244,250, 283, 286, 288, 308, 309, 310, 312,313, 314, 315, 317, 320

alleged in advance knowledge of July 20Putsch against Hitler, 212, 250

Backe, Darre’ and, 23Bialistok children and, 171–172conversation on Jews with Hitler, 42and death marches, 313, 319final break with Hitler, 307, 308, 317,

320“Germanization” of Poland, 23“Gestapo deal,” no quid for Allied quo,

240, 243Jewish labor camps in Poland, liquidation

of, Operation “Erntefest,” 154involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173,

178negotiations with Bernadotte, 105, 322,

329, 330, 335, 336negotiations with Masur, 317, 318, 319negotiations with Musy, 304, 305, 306,

307ransoming of Jews and Goring, Hitler,

104–105relations with Becher, 230, 243, 282, 283,

308, 310role in expediting the “Final Solution” in

Italy, 183, 184role in use of Jews as trump card for

separate peace, 40, 42, 172, 173, 182,242, 316

speeches regarding the “Final Solution,”181, 244

see also Gestapo; RSHA; SD; SS; WVHA

Hirshman, Ira, 200, 212, 241, 251, 253, 254,267, 287, 288

Histadrut, 134, 139, 161, 193Hitler, Adolf, xii, 3, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 34,

51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 78,87, 92, 95, 96, 106, 110, 113, 121, 123,124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 137, 147, 148,160, 166, 179, 192, 195, 197, 198, 210,211, 212, 216, 220, 223, 242, 268, 269,274, 287, 288, 307, 308, 311, 315, 316,317, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336,340

Allied perceptions of behavior toward warend, 296

and Budapest Jews, 309; and negotiationswith Horthy regarding, 275, 285

characterization of, 44–45, 47considers Madagascar plan, 25, 26, 27, 37,

45decision on “Barbarossa,” 28, 30, 32, 37,

38decisive role of in creating multiple trap,

xi–xiiidomestic ramifications of “Final Solution”

calculated by, 42–43, 47–48euthanasia order of, 22excludes Jews from Abwehr service, 234“Final Solution” and its justification, 4, 27,

36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48forced Jews’ emigration policy, 7, 10, 26,

103, 250German society and, 24, 26, 47impact of early British bombing, 23, 36insistence on continuing Holocaust until

the end, 173, 310, 319, 320intentionalist School of Holocaust Studies

and, 45Japan’s role in strategy of, 29, 63“Jew’s War” allegedly fought by Allies,

Allied fears of, 14–15, 42–43, 66–67,72, 119–120, 173, 199, 215, 297

and the Mufti of Jerusalem, 41OKW/Chi decrypts, access by, 199,

336–337perception of British blockade, 6, 31perception of British elite, 12, 13, 25, 26,

49, 58, 199perception of Stalin, 30perception of U.S. policy 28; creation of

WRB, 114perceptions of, by Chamberlain, Churchill,

FDR, 12–15






Index 369

“prophecy” of Holocaust, 8, 9, 33, 42,46

ransom of “a few rich Jews,” 104–105,172, 178, 205

role in “Final Solution” described byKasztner in postwar affidavits, 330

Speer on, no cessation of Holocaust thanksto Allied bombing, acceleration ofHolocaust, 153–154, 290–291, 295

splitting the Allies, infecting them with“Jewish disease,” 9, 214–215, 250–251,306

stages of anti-Jewish policies of before“Final Solution” decision, includingemigration to Palestine, exportinganti-Semitism to West, 4–9, 25–26,27–28, 37, 103

victory over France, impact on, 24–26view of Imperial Rome, Pauline

Christianity, and Jews, 48–49Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 49, 53Western reactions to forced emigration

policy of, 10–16, 250–251worldview, xiii, 7, 8, 48

Hochberg, Anna, 70Holland, 52, 66, 69, 70, 281, 294, 305Homs, 80Hoover, J. Edgar, 11, 104Hope-Simpson, John, 132Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 16Horthy, Miklos, 239, 264, 267, 271, 274,

275, 277, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 295,308

behavior during German occupation, 221negotiations with the Allies and “Horthy

Offer,” 233, 267, 269, 270stops deportations, 233, 267, 287toppling by Arrow Cross, 294, 295, 308

Hoskins, Harold B., 97, 98, 140, 145, 151Hoss, Rudolf, 311, 313, 320Howard, Michael, 86Hull, Cordell, 98, 117, 200, 309, 312Hungary, xii–xiii, 40, 82, 110, 113, 127, 137,

144, 151, 160, 166, 168, 170, 174, 176,187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200,202, 203, 223, 232, 234, 235, 237, 239,251, 252, 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 271,272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288,291, 293, 296, 301, 304, 312, 314, 319,322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 330, 332, 334,337, 339, 340

death marches from, 295, 313

final battle with Red Army in, 295German operations during occupation,

122, 207, 218, 221, 254, 256, 290German target after fall of Mussolini,

182–183Hagana commandos sent into, 89, 155,

193, 216, 262, 264Horthy’s decision to stop deportations,

decrypted by OKW/Chi, 267“Horthy’s Offer,” evaluation of by OSS

R&A, 267, 269–270, 277; decrypted byOKW/Chi, 287

intelligence services in, 95, 100, 122, 212,215, 217, 220, 236

Jews’ condition until German occupation,40, 102, 155, 162, 175, 188, 189, 192,205

object and center of rescue efforts beforeNazi invasion, 155, 161–162; see alsoKasztner; Springmann; WRB

OSS operations regarding, failure of,216–221

rescue activities of Wallenberg and othersin, 230, 273, 277, 315

role in the “Final Solution,” 177, 189,201, 233, 244, 284

role of Wehrmacht in the “Final Solution”in, 247

separate peace feelers toward Allies, 182,183, 221

stops deportations, 233, 267, 287suspension of the “Final Solution,” 233,

267, 286takeover by Arrow Cross, 315, 316Zionist Rescue Committee’s activities after

occupation, 227–230; see also Budapest;Kasztner, Rezso

Hunsche, Otto, 282, 318Hurley, Pat, 98Husseini, el Hajj Amin, 17, 18, 19, 41, 53,

60, 83, 85, 93, 108, 131, 137, 148, 183,245, 330

and Bialistok children, 171–172

Ibn Saud, 98I. G. C. R. (Intergovernmental Committee on

Refugees), 11, 118, 128, 267, 305Ilan, Amitzur, 140, 150India, xiii, 63, 65, 85, 89, 126–132, 137Iran, 53, 86, 105, 146, 207Iraq, 18, 19, 53, 85, 93, 94, 105, 133, 143,

152






370 Index

Israel, 57, 104, 148, 186, 249–253, 324, 325impact of rescue debate on, xiii, 100, 137“Kasztner’s Trial,” 113, 231, 323, 325,

326, 334Israel, Wilfried, 79, 80Istanbul, 80, 91, 209, 216, 219, 227, 229,

237, 238, 250, 251, 266, 271, 272Allied intelligence activities, 160, 217, 218,

223, 236, 237, 245, 247, 248, 249, 254German double agent Gyr activities, 251visit of Shertok, 207Zionist rescue mission in, 98, 106, 155,

159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 179, 180, 188,189, 192, 194, 195, 201, 203, 204, 206,207, 209, 217, 218, 222, 224, 228, 232,235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248,254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266,271, 287, 288

Italy, xii, 20, 41, 51, 52, 54, 65, 81–84, 92,93, 94, 99, 148, 182, 183, 185, 210,212, 256, 262, 263, 292, 307, 335

desert’s war, 26, 65invaded by the Allies and defection from

Axis, 65, 182, 216“Final Solution” in, 81–84, 182, 183, 184

I. Z. L.-N. M. O. (Irgun Zvai Leumi), 59, 92,93, 95, 111, 113, 134, 138, 155, 185, 186,187, 197, 229, 251, 298–301, 302, 323

recruitment for the British, 92, 93, 94, 95Izmir, 163

Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 20, 92, 93, 100, 286,299

and Avraham Stern, 51, 76, 185, 186British politics of, 20, 92as leader of the Zionist Revisionists, 20,

51, 76, 134and mass immigration into Palestine, 137,

138mission in the U.S., 59, 127and the partition debate, 20, 137

Jackson, Robert H., 325, 327, 328, 329,333

Jahnke, Kurt, 235Japan, xiii, 34, 63, 119, 307Jerusalem, 61, 83, 89, 90, 91, 93, 112, 120,

148, 151, 160, 163, 166, 170, 185, 192,231, 257, 263, 272, 275, 299, 325, 330,339

as seat of American diplomatic mission,17, 61, 130, 257, 272

as seat of German diplomatic mission, 53

as seat of Grand Mufti, 18, 85, 137, 148as seat of Jewish Agency’s executive, 160,

188Jodl, Alfred, 336John XXIII, 266Joseph, Bernard, 102Juttner, Hans, 311, 313

Kallay, Miklos, 193, 205Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 224, 239, 276, 282,

331role in deportation of Jews from Italy, 183,

184role in Hungary, 326, 332role in the last stages of the war, 276, 319

Kant, Immanuel, 48Kaplan, Benjamin, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,

332Kaplan, Eliezer, 159Kappler, Herbert, 181, 182, 183Kasserine pass, 117Kasztner, Rezso, Rudolf, Israel, xiv, 23, 25,

26, 118, 155, 166, 188–191, 194–196,201–203, 222, 228, 230, 231, 242, 243,255, 256–258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266,267, 270, 271, 273–276, 277, 281–288,291, 300, 303, 304, 308–317, 321, 322,324–326, 329–332, 334

affidavits given in favor of Becher, 228,229, 323, 324

affidavit given to the IMT, 326and the alleged termination of the “Final

Solution,” 309, 311, 312, 314background, character, assessments of

Hungarian situation before Naziinvasion, 188–196

central figure in “Rescue Debate,” xiv,230–231, 322–326

and Cluj Ghetto, 251, 257, 260, 281, 286continues negotiations with Becher, 282,

286, 304, 307, 308, 309, 315correspondence with Istanbul Rescue

Committee before German invasion,189, 192, 193, 194

differentiation between previous SS policyof extermination and use of remnants asuseful tools, 274–275

early activities in Budapest RescueCommittee, 173, 188, 190, 191

early talks with Eichmann’s death squad,228, 245, 274, 282

and Hagana “paratroopers,” 228, 262,264






Index 371

“Kasztner’s train,” 228, 230, 256, 261,267, 281, 282, 286, 287, 304, 308

Miklos Krausz and, continued vendettas,190, 230, 264, 287, 323, 325

and negotiations with WRB inSwitzerland, 265, 274, 275, 286, 288

preparations for the Brand-Groszmissions, 241, 242

and rescue of Jewish inmates in Germanconcentration camps in 1945, 318

role in American War Crimes Trials, 322,326

and Strasshof labor camp, 275, 276strategy of involving the Allies, 255

258–260trial and assassination of, 89, 113, 229,

231, 264, 323, 325, 334and use of ethnic Germans under Soviet

control as hostages to save BudapestJews, 313, 314

WRB, contacts with after Nazi invasiondecrypted by OKW/Chi, 201, 265–266

Katz, Barry M., 96Katzenelson, Berl, 19, 111, 124, 169, 298Katzki, Herbert, 118, 329Kauders, Fritz (alias Richard Klatt), 81, 216,

223, 224, 234, 235, 241Kaufering, 319Kaufman, Hugo, 70Keitel, Wilhelm, 221, 337Keller, Franz, see Mayer, SalyKempner, Robert, 31, 332Kennedy, E. F., 257Kennedy, Joseph, 11, 12, 13, 15, 87, 126Kersten, Felix, 288, 307Kettlitz, 304Kirchheimer, Otto, 96, 328Kirk, Alexander, 214“Klatt Organization,” 81Klatt, Richard, see Kauders, FritzKlausner, Margot, 104Klausnitzer, Erich (alias Alfred), 204, 211,

224Knight, Maxwell, 55Knox, Frank, 97Kolasch, Thibor von, 235Kolbe, Fritz (alias George Wood), 30, 216,

217, 219, 236, 269, 316, 338becomes OSS agent, 71, 183, 219reports on colonel Hatz and Zionist rescue

workers, 219, 220, 247Kollek, Teddy (alias Gerbera), 106, 160, 161,

185, 192, 202, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215,

217, 218, 220, 235, 247, 254, 263,288

becomes Dogwood’s agent, 202, 204, 206,207, 208, 211, 216

British warnings against cooperation with,236

connection with Grosz, 209, 246early activities in Istanbul, 160, 192, 206,

207further intelligence activities in Jerusalem,

257Komoly, Otto, 191, 196, 242, 274, 286, 324Kook, Hillel, see Bergson, PeterKramer, Joseph, 313, 318Krausz, Miklos-Moshe, 193, 230, 231, 264,

285, 287, 315activities in Budapest Ghetto, 230, 275,

277postwar vendetta against Kasztner, 287,

323, 325rift with Kasztner, 190, 191, 194as Zionist Immigration Officer in

Budapest, 190Kremer, 254Krieger, 96“Kristallnacht,” 6, 14, 118Krumey, Hermann, 228, 241, 249, 288, 315,

318, 325Kushner, Tony, 12, 15, 55, 58, 59, 81, 95,

106, 334

Laing, see Glidden, HaroldLampson, Miles, 84, 112Landauer, Georg, 136Langer, William, 96, 328Latham, R. T., 57Laud, Gordon, 99, 149Laufer, Frantisek-Fritz (alias Schroeder, alias

Iris, alias Ludwig Mayer), 203, 204,205, 206, 210–215, 219, 221, 222, 223,224, 227, 233, 234, 236, 237, 240–251,254, 255, 257, 258, 282, 288, 289, 305,308, 322, 323

activities in Prague and Belgrade, 193, 194alleged postwar activities, 224background, 191, 203, 204British and American suspicions of, 205,

215, 217, 222, 230, 234, 246, 254, 255Jewish Agency’s view in fall 1944, 205role in Brand’s and Grosz’s mission, 211,

219, 227, 240, 243–247, 322role in trying to keep Brand’s mission

alive, 282






372 Index

Lavi, Shlomo, 92Lawrence, Lord, 333Lazarus, Isidor (alias Lee Lane), 104Leary, Lewis, 98, 142, 143, 150, 263Lebanon, 112, 144Lehman, Herbert H., 34, 151, 152, 254Lemberg/Lvov, 164, 194, 211Lend Lease Act, 28, 33, 86–87Leopold, III, 307Levitzki, Asher, 136Lewis, Bernard, 17Ley, Robert, 104Libya, 28, 251Lichtheim, Richard, 163, 166Lincoln, Abraham, 120Link, Julius, 260, 266, 276Lippmann, Walter, 12, 34Lisbon, 237, 242, 246, 254, 255, 258, 259

as possible rescue target, 238List, David, 335Litvinov, Maxim, 29Lodz, 26, 40, 102, 312London, 9, 24, 53, 57, 69, 70, 83, 85–86, 87,

89, 91, 92, 108, 109, 122, 126, 144,160, 203, 220, 230, 253, 254, 262, 272,283, 292, 296, 297, 312, 328, 329, 330,331, 332

British Intelligence Center “Broadway,”81, 236

dispatches from British Embassy inWashington, 238

OSS center, 122, 216, 220, 238Shertok’s meeting on Brand’s mission in,

251, 253, 266Weizmann’s activities in, 233, 238

Long, Breckinridge, 24, 58, 126–132, 137,198–206

Longerich, Peter, 3, 4, 37, 40, 44Lubeck, 320Lubin, Isidor, 333Lublin, 24, 26, 27Ludin, Hans, 176Lugwigshafen, 266Lutz, Charles, 230, 277

Macedonia, 201Macfarland, Lanning, 210, 216, 218, 247

end of mission in Istanbul, 247involvement in Hungarian affairs, 218Zionist rescue efforts and Dogwood, 217

Mach, A., 175MacMichael, Harold, 81–84, 107, 149

Madagascar Plan, 25, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 51,93

Madrid, 237, 238Manila, 146Mapai, structure, internal cleavages,

intelligence reports on, 93, 107–108,111, 134, 136, 138, 161

in Hungary, 190–191Marcus, Karl (alias “Dictionary”), 235Marcuse, Herbert, 96, 328Marmaros, 265Marshall, George C., 141, 142, 143, 145,

210, 302Marton, Ernst, 313, 314Masur, Norbert, 313, 317, 318, 319Mauch, Christoph, 202, 210, 214Maunsell, Raymond, 57, 84, 340Mauritius, 51, 301Mauthausen, 264, 318, 324Mayer, Gerald, 265Mayer, Ludwig, see Laufer, Frantisek-FritzMayer, Saly (alias Franz Keller), 163, 195,

242, 243, 259, 265, 266, 271, 277, 288,305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 318,321, 330

Gestapo intercepts rescue efforts by, 164negotiations with Becher, 305, 308

McCarthy, Joseph, 333McClelland, Roswell, 265, 274, 275, 276,

277, 286, 288, 308, 309, 312, 314, 318,321

McCloy, John J., 141, 328McCormack, Col., 219, 338McQueen, Doris, 120Megiddo, 99Mehdi, 85Meirov-Avigur, Shaul, 201Menzies, Stewart, 81Merkly, Anton, 211Messner, Franz (alias Cassia), 215, 236,

247Metz, 294Mexico, 181, 209MI5, 55, 83, 84

anti-Semitic prejudices in British centersof, 56, 82, 87

operations in the Middle East, 79, 83, 85MI6, 79, 80, 81, 203, 207

code-breaking operations of, 80, 81operations in the Middle East, and as ISLD

in occupied Europe, 80, 83, 84, 87relations with OSS X-2, 82, 99






Index 373

MI9, 89, 91, 92, 262“A Force,” 89, 91, 262–269supporting Zionist commandos, 207

Middle East, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 26, 57, 60,61, 80, 84, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,92, 98, 99, 112, 121, 130, 131, 132, 137,140, 142, 151, 162, 178, 186, 223, 230,256, 262, 300

British plans for future of, 112, 151growing American interest in, 72, 97, 98,

129, 140intelligence centers (MEIC-SIME), 57, 83,

84–85, 89, 211, 222, 223, 230, 244,246, 251, 253, 254

strategic situation therein after defeat ofAxis, xiii, 17, 140, 144

as war zone 1940–1943, xii–xiii, 20, 41,53, 54, 57, 63

Milne, Tim, 80Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW),

67–70Minz, Matitiahu, 64MO 9, 155Mohammed, 60Moltke, Helmuth James, Count von, 210,

211, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 223, 240,245, 247, 250, 323

Montreux, 304, 305Morgenthau Jr., Henry, 33, 34, 119, 151, 327Morocco, 251Morrison, Herbert, 56Moscow, 64, 68, 109, 200, 235, 306, 336Moyne, Lord, 109, 112, 113, 138, 229, 230,

241, 253, 254, 301, 303assassination of, 112, 186, 298, 299,

300Mufti of Jerusalem, see Husseini, el Hajj

AminMuhldorf, 319Muller, Heinrich, 56, 104, 234, 329, 330Mundt, Carl, 126Munich, 15Murphy, James, 96Murray, Wallace, 82Mussolini, Benito, 25, 26, 28, 92, 93, 182,

183, 212, 215, 216, 335Musy, Jean-Marie, 304, 305–306, 307, 310,

313, 315

Naftali, Timothy, 82, 224Namier, Lewis, 251Neuengamme, 318

Neumann, Franz, 41, 96, 117, 118, 120, 328,329, 330, 331, 332

“spearhead theory” of, 41, 96New England, 116Newfoundland, 32New York, 34, 59, 82, 87, 108, 109, 115,

116, 122, 132, 162, 164, 166, 201, 266,327, 328

Niedermayer, Ritter von, 30Niemoller, Martin, 59Nietzsche, Friedrich, 48Nisko, 23, 24, 93Nohl, Kriminalrat, 215Normandy, 115, 122, 234, 237, 246, 292North Africa, xiii, 65, 68, 71, 92, 97, 98, 99,

100, 111, 117, 119, 121, 129, 194, 242,253, 291

North Dakota, 126Norway, 88, 320Nuremberg Laws, 4Nuremberg Trials, xiv, 23, 25, 26, 31, 99,

118, 229, 316, 323, 325, 326, 327, 331,332, 333, 334, 339

preparations of, 327role of Dr. Dwork in preparations, 329,

332; see also Dwork, Charlesrole of Holocaust in, 329role of Kasztner in, 322, 323, 324, 325,

326role of OSS in preparations, 326, 332, 333see also Barneys, Murray; Jackson,

RobertNuri Said, 138Nussbecher-Palgi, Joel, 264, 265

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 72, 81, 82,95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 127, 129, 140, 142,155, 162, 185, 194, 199, 202, 203, 205,206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 227,235, 236, 238, 247, 254, 263, 322, 328,332

Bari office, 263Bern office, 71, 183, 216, 220, 221British decrypts of German cables made

available to, 81–82, 185–187, 223–224British influence over, 82, 87, 96–97, 99,

140, 142–145Cairo office, 98Caserta office, 256cooperation with Zionists, double agents,

160, 206–210, 215–224; see alsoSchwarz, Alfred






374 Index

Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (cont.)Counter-Espionage Branch (X-2), 81, 82,

96, 99, 182, 206, 208, 209, 217, 218,219, 222, 236, 237, 238, 247, 254, 257

evaluation of by Richter documentation,162

Istanbul office, 160, 162, 209, 217, 218,236, 247, 254

“Jewish Desk Officer” of, see Dwork,Charles Irving

Labor desk, 122London office, 82, 122, 123, 216, 238Madrid office, 238Middle East and Palestine experts of, 85,

86, 89, 97–99, 131, 142–145, 147–152New York Office, 82, 115North African Campaign, 97–99origins of, 87postwar period, 224, 324, 326, 327reports on Jews and Zionists, 80–81, 82,

84, 91, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152Research and Analysis Branch (R&A), 41,

96, 97, 99, 117, 118, 147, 267, 269,305, 307, 328, 331

Secret Intelligence Branch (SI), 82, 95, 98,216, 237, 238, 332

Special Operations Branch (SO), 95SSU, 224structure, command, modes of operations,

95–97, 115–118, 129, 212, 214–220Washington office, 209, 212, 216, 217,

238, 257WRB and, 199

Office of War Information (OWI), 67, 91,265, 272

OKW, see WehrmachtOKW/Chifrierabteilung (OKW/Chi), see

WehrmachtOllenhauer, Erich, 122Orwell, George, 15Osmun, Russell A., 90, 130Oster, Hans, 179OSS, see Office of Strategic ServicesOswego, 132

Palestine, 26, 40, 54, 57, 72, 75, 76, 88, 89,90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105,106, 108, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 121,122, 123, 135–139, 149, 154, 155, 159,160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 180,185–196, 201, 207, 218, 223, 229, 230,231, 232, 242, 243, 245, 251, 252, 253,

255, 257, 259, 261–268, 272, 273, 274,275, 277, 281, 282, 287, 289, 298, 299,300, 301, 302, 306, 324, 330, 334, 337,338, 339

Allied discussions on future of, 98, 112,128, 129, 134, 141, 144, 147, 148, 208

American and British intelligence anddiplomacy, censorship reports on,80–87, 135–137, 140–146, 147–150,165

anti-Zionists attitude regarding, 86, 147,148, 149, 150, 151, 152

Arab leadership in and abroad, 17–19, 53,85, 111

Arab rebellion in 1937–1939, 6, 15, 17Arab riots, 18, 85, 92Axis propaganda related to, 58, 60–61Balfour Declaration on, 20, 107“Biltmore program” regarding, 120, 123,

133, 142, 187British intelligence reports on, fed to U.S.

Intelligence, 80–87, 130–135, 142–146,165

British “White Paper” of May 1939 on,17, 20, 56, 112, 186

central role in this study of, xiiichildren’s emigration into during

Holocaust, 171–172debate on partition of, 20, 140FDR’s views of, 118, 119, 123, 127, 132,

133, 140fear of renewed Arab rebellion in by Allies,

15, 85–86forced emigration by Nazis to, 50;

forbidden by Nazis, 51, 58Hitler’s views of Jewish emigration to, 4,

5, 6, 26, 27, 201, 250illegal immigration to, 50, 51, 52, 53, 94immigration restrictions to, 6, 14, 15, 20,

50, 112mandate given to Britain on, 19military situation of, 15, 63, 65, 85partition of, Peel Commission and debate

among Zionists, 20, 111–112, 140as rear base of Allied operations, 83, 85, 90terrorist campaigns against British in, see

Yishuvtransfer of Arabs from, 4, 142, 143“White Paper” regarding continued role

until end of WWII, 20–21, 85–86, 107see also Yishuv

Paris, 293






Index 375

Pas de Calais, 292Passen, van, Pierre, 99Pauley, Ed, 333Pearl Harbor, 33, 34, 63, 77, 109, 129,

337Peel Commission, 20, 140, 142Pehle, John, 288Penrose, Stephen B. L., 98, 117, 142, 143,

263Petain, Philippe, 307Peterson, Morris, 106Pfaff, Major, 206, 217, 218, 236Philby, Kim, 80Philippines, 146Pinkerton, Lowell C., 61, 151, 257, 263

anti-Zionism of, 149, 150Pius XII, pope, 64, 182, 183, 197, 274Ploesti, 30Pohl, Oswald, 154Poland, 9, 11, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 58, 64,

90, 93, 104, 115, 125, 133, 154, 155,161, 164, 165, 168, 178, 186, 188, 193,211, 233, 293, 294, 295, 312, 317, 331

deportations of Jews into, 23, 24, 26, 45,171, 175, 179, 181

early Nazi anti-Jewish measures in, 22government and army in exile of, 299; seealso Anders, Wladislaw

phases of the “Final Solution” in, 22, 36,39, 46, 47, 102, 109, 295

rescue activities in and from, 189, 190,193, 194, 195, 243

Zionist activities in, 191, 193, 207Political Intelligence, Middle East (PICME),

83, 142, 145origins, 83, 85

Polkes, Feibl, 57Pomeranz-Hadari, Venia, 161, 163, 166, 167,

168, 169, 171, 173, 178, 179, 192, 227,232, 264

Poole, DeWitt C., 99, 116, 117, 140Popescu, Erik (alias Erich Wehner), 191, 193,

206Popper, Karl, 202Porat, Dina, 100, 159, 166, 169, 178, 290Portland, Duke of, 57Portugal, 80, 181, 235, 241, 258, 259, 269,

281, 282, 287Posen, 181Posner, Chaim, 162, 243, 304, 324Potsdam, 29Prague, 58, 80, 203, 204, 211, 224, 237, 239

Pressburg, see Bratislava“Project M,” 116, 117, 118, 130Protectorate, 23, 26, 179, 204, 215

Qeillani, el Rashid Ali, 93Quilliam, C. D., 85, 142, 143, 144, 340Quinn, 224

Rabat, 251Rademacher, Franz, 26Radom, 312Rahn, Rudolf, 183Raim, Edith, 319Randall, Alec W. G., 252, 253Rapallo Conference, 31Rathenau, Walther, 31, 121Rauschning, Hermann, 8Rayburn, Sam, 132, 133Raziel, David, 92, 93, 94, 185Reading, Lord, 291Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), 22, 47,

56, 163, 164, 182, 183, 223, 282, 319,326, 331; see also Gestapo

Rescue Committee in Bratislava, 174, 188Rescue Committee in Budapest, 173, 188,

189, 191, 194, 196, 240, 242, 255, 260,261, 274, 275, 281, 284, 285

Rescue Committee in Istanbul, 188, 189,194, 258, 275

Reservat, of Jews in Poland, 24, 27Resnik, Reuben B., 248, 249Reynoud, Paul, 307Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 71, 125, 165, 183,

219, 269, 309, 315Richter, Gustav, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166,

167, 216, 339Riegner, Gerhard, 31, 66, 128, 163Ritter, Ambassador, 269Rivlin, Gershon, 192Robinson, Jacob, 328, 329, 333Rome, 48, 81, 109, 126, 181, 182, 183, 211,

212, 336Rommel, Erwin, 65, 90, 216Roncalli, Angelo Guiseppe, 266Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 12, 15, 25,

28, 33, 34, 63, 72, 87, 97, 98, 108, 111,123, 125, 129, 132, 133, 141, 145, 149,150, 151, 152, 182, 198, 199, 200, 210,211, 233, 237, 238, 262, 269, 272, 274,285, 287, 297, 309, 320, 336, 338

aid to the British in 1940–1941, 33Arab pressure on, 133, 152






376 Index

Roosevelt, Franklin D. (cont.)attitude toward the Holocaust, 119, 120,

125China, Japan and, 63creates the WRB in January 1944, 113,

119, 127and Felix Frankfurter, 33–34, 151–152OWI’s reservations regarding rescue

declarations of, 272–273“project M” initiative considered, 116,

117, 118, 119policy toward Jewish refugees in the

1930s, 10, 118, 119and “Putzi” Hanfstaengel, 125relations with American Zionists, 117,

128, 129, 131, 133, 151, 152relations with the Congress regarding

Zionists, 119as target of “Jew’s War” allegations,

119–120, 238, 272“unconditional surrender” declared by, 68,

72views of Jews, 10, 117, 121, 122views of the Palestine Question, 53, 118,

126, 128, 130, 132, 140, 145warnings issued by to Hungarians to stop

deportations, 274war priorities, 68; and aims, 34, 140

Roosevelt, James, 104Rosenberg, Alfred, 38, 125, 328Rosenman, Samuel, 33, 34, 98, 108, 133, 145Rothermere, Lord, 12Rotstein, Moshe, 93, 94Rubin, Barry, 202Rumania, xii, 30, 40, 59, 95, 99, 102, 105,

110, 126, 155, 160–164, 166, 167, 168,183, 188, 192, 204, 207, 208, 263, 313,314, 337

break with Nazi Germany of, 201, 284British reaction to offer to release Jews by,

62German Legation’s archive (Richter’s

documentation) captured intact in,162–164

Germans in as hostages, 313–314Holocaust and deportations to

Transnistria, 168, 200, 201, 205impact on Nazi Germany of withdrawal

from Axis, 270, 284, 286Nazi intention to destroy remaining Jews

in, 205

OSS operations in, 162, 217rescue efforts from and through, 180, 194,

200, 201, 257, 268, 272, 275, 284, 301,314

rescue from Hungary into, 257, 284Soviet occupation of, 314stop of Holocaust in, 201Transnistria, Zionist rescue efforts from,

and from Rumania proper, 155, 161,180; British attitude toward, 62

Zionist operations in, 50, 51, 193,263

Rumbold, Horace, 16Russell, Bertrand, 202Russia see Soviet Union

“Safehaven Operation,” 69, 305–306St. Albans, 81Salzburg, 324Samuel, Herbert, 89San, river, 23Sanbar, Moshe, 287Sass, S., 121Saud, King, 98Saudi Arabia, 98Schacht, Hjalmar, 14Schellenberg, Walter, 165, 199, 223, 224,

234, 235, 245, 288, 306, 307, 310, 313,315, 317, 318, 320

and Brand Grosz Missions, 222, 234, 235,305

efforts to split the Allies, 240, 306–307role during final phase of Third Reich,

244, 305, 306, 319, 320Schlesinger, Arthur M., 11Schmidt, Dr., 207, 222, 224, 243Schmidthuber, General, 316Schocken, Gustav-Gershom, 136Scholz, Rudi, 104, 191, 206, 208, 209Schopenhauer, Arthur, 48Schorske, Carl, 328Schramm, Percy Ernst, 340Schulte, Eduard, 66“Schulte Report,” 31Schwalb (Dror), Nathan, 161, 162, 164,

165, 166, 169, 173, 177, 180, 194,195, 227, 228, 243, 246, 289, 318,321

contacts in occupied Europe, 162, 164messages intercepted by Gestapo, 164,

165






Index 377

postwar arguments pertaining to rescue,171

role as Zionist representative in Geneva,161

Schwarz, Alfred (alias Dogwood), 160, 202,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,211, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222,223, 224, 235, 236, 240, 245, 246, 247,248, 249, 250, 254, 323

Austrian connections and demise ofnetwork, 23, 212, 217, 247

background of, 202, 203, 205, 209demise of network and dismissal, 236,

247early contacts with Teddy Kollek, 206,

207, 208, 209, 211early stages of Dogwood network,

202–213Hungarian plans of, 215, 216, 217, 218,

221inquiries into credibility of, 217, 236Moltke’s plan and, 210, 211, 215, 220,

240, 245, 250political action in favor of Zionists, 207,

208postwar allegations on shortening the war

and rescue of Jews, 247relations with Laufer and his betrayal,

204, 205, 206, 214, 234relations with other double agents, 206,

222, 243X-2’s transformation of into enemy agent,

232, 236, 257Schwartz, Josef, 246, 255, 256, 258, 259,

260, 261, 266, 314, 315Schweiger, Moshe, 264, 304, 324SD, 22, 45, 56, 79, 96, 162, 165, 175, 176,

177, 182, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244,245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 284,296, 305

Allied decrypts of messages sent by, 81home intelligence operations, 7, 203operations in Hungary, 206, 215, 216,

219, 234, 239, 244, 246origins and general activitiesrivalry with Abwehr, 182, 222, 223, 224,

234role in Slovak Holocaust, report on,

175–177Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), British, 80,

82, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95

Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME),British, 57, 83–84, 89, 209n–254, 340

Selborn, Lord, 88Sereni, Enzo, 263Shackburgh, John, 86Shaw, George B., 15Sheib-Eldad, Israel, 94, 186Shepardson, Whitney, 149, 238Sherman, William T., 120Shertok (Sharett), Moshe, 19, 63, 91, 130,

138, 139, 159, 160, 187, 208, 230, 232,234, 251, 262, 266, 268, 302

attitudes toward Palestinian Arabs, 42,142, 143, 144

beginning of rescue action in Istanbul,159, 207

drawing of Palestine’s frontiers, 144Gestapo knowledge of visit to Istanbul,

164, 216Kasztner’s Trial used to discredit behavior

of during the Holocaust, 231role regarding Brand-Grosz missions, 251,

252, 253, 254used by Allied Intelligence to discredit

Zionist schemes in U.S., 130Shind, Ze’ev, 161, 192, 206Siberia, 30, 31Sicily, 65, 291Sidon, 143Siebert, Detlef, 335Silberschein, Abraham, 163, 164, 166Silesia, Upper, 23, 178Silver, Abba Hillel, 133, 150, 152, 300Simon, Ernst, 136SIME (Security Intelligence, Middle East),

57, 83–84(see also Brand, Joel; Gyorgy, Andor)

Simonds, Tony, 91, 262“Sledghammer” operation, 65Slovakia, xii, 27, 40, 110, 161, 162, 169,

170, 171, 172–179, 189, 190, 192, 200,201, 206, 207, 221, 232, 271, 275, 295,297, 310, 312

halt of Holocaust in postwar literature,177, 179

perception of wrong reasons for halt ofHolocaust by rescue workers, 174, 175,176, 177, 179

reasons of halt of Holocaust in, 167,172–179

resumption of Holocaust in, 177






378 Index

Smart, Bill, 84Smith, Bradley F., 87, 125Sne, Moshe, 300Snyder, Major, 149SOE (Special Operation Executive), 87–89,

91–92, 94, 105, 262Sofia, 81, 163, 166, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223,

235Somalia, 28South Africa, 59, 291Soviet Union, 4, 6, 8, 9, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32,

33, 34, 45, 54, 64, 66, 81, 88, 116, 129,130, 134, 146, 153, 168, 214, 221, 255,299, 317, 330

American interest in spurring to fightJapan, 307

anti-Zionist measures during annexationof Baltic States, 29

battle for Hungary, 293, 295beginning of the “Final Solution” in, 36,

37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 296cooperation with Nazi Germany in

1939–1941, 25, 30, 215and postwar future of Jews in Soviet zone

of influence, 64refusal to give Jewish Holocaust its due

significance, 64takeover of Rumania, 314unnatural alliance of with Western

powers, 245Spain, 181, 209, 241, 255, 256, 258, 259,

266, 267, 269, 273, 281, 282, 307“Sparrow” Mission to Hungary, 122, 123,

212, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 236Special Operations Executive (SOE), 91, 94,

95, 105, 262origins of, 88spying on Zionists, 89, 91Zionist hopes for cooperation with, 89

Speer, Albert, 47, 49, 66, 153, 154, 178, 294,295, 297

interview of, 153, 154, 290, 291Speiser, Efraim Avigdor, 99Springmann, Samu, 163, 188, 190, 191, 193,

194, 196, 205, 206, 209, 211, 230, 251,322

arrest and interrogation by SIME, 223background and early rescue work in

Budapest, 190departure for Palestine in 1944, 196role in Budapest Rescue Committee,

164

SS, 22, 23, 26, 31, 35, 45, 56, 81, 96, 118,154, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 181,182, 221, 235, 237, 243, 244, 246, 250,274, 275, 276, 277, 282, 284, 291, 309,310, 312, 313, 316, 318, 319, 321, 327,330, 332

competition and cooperation with otherNazi agencies regarding Jews, 47, 56, 81

control of Weiss family industrial concernby, 228

decrypts of cables traffic of by British, 81,182–184

deportations, killing centers, role of, 46Economy and Administration Main Office

of (WVHA), especially in battle forBudapest, 183, 245, 264, 295, 309, 314,316

“functionalist” school of HolocaustStudies, 44

“moderates” as against “radicals” in, 154Muslim troops recruited by, 53perception of Palestine as Jewish

self-containing force, 250–251use of Hungarian and other European Jews

for work, as hostages by, 274–275, 310Waffen SS, 245, 264, 295, 314, 316see also Eichmann, Adolf; Gestapo;

Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich;Kaltenbrunner, Ernst; RSHA; SD

Stalin, Joseph, 30, 34, 37, 58, 129, 237, 246,306, 307, 314

criticism of “Operation Sunrise,” 306Hitler’s perceptions of, 8, 25, 29, 30, 215interest in collaboration with Nazi

Germany, 31, 34, 64view of early stages of World War II, 34

Stalingrad, 12, 168, 173, 178Stanley, Oliver, 112Stauffenberg, Claus von, 250Steinhardt, Laurence, 200, 246, 248, 254,

287Stember, Charles, 10Stephenson, William, 87, 122Stern, Avraham, 84, 92, 93, 94, 107, 111,

112, 138, 185, 186, 187, 300, 323and Jabotinsky, 51, 76killed by the British in 1942, as described

by the Jewish Agency to OSS, 94view of the British as the main enemy, 92,

93Stern Group, 52, 92, 93, 186, 187, 229, 298,

299, 301, 302, 339






Index 379

assassination of Lord Moyne, 186, 229,253, 298, 300, 301

British campaign against, 186feelers to collaborate with the Axis, 51, 93,

94“Small Season” against, 186, 187terrorist campaign against the British, 52,

186, 187, 298Sternbuch brothers, 275, 276, 304, 305, 306Stettinius, Edward R., 58, 82, 145, 197, 198Stimson, Henry L., 140, 141, 142, 143, 145,

152, 327Stockholm, 288Storey, Robert G., 328Strachan, Lieutenant, 230Strachey, Oliver, 336Strasshof, 276Streicher, Julius, 331Strong, George, 72, 98, 145, 302, 337“Struma,” 94, 95, 298–301, 334Stryj, 194Styer, General, 141Sudan, 85“Sunrise,” negotiations, 307Sweden, 96, 197, 209, 241, 252, 264, 269,

273, 307, 315Switzerland, 31, 69, 104, 162, 190, 197, 209,

228, 242, 251, 252, 254, 259, 264, 268,269, 275, 286, 287, 288, 289, 304, 305,306, 307, 308, 312, 314, 315, 318, 320,324, 329

as base for Allied intelligence operations,209, 254

as base of rescue activities, 161–162, 166,288–289, 305; see also Becher; Kasztner;Musy; WRB

as base for WRB’s rescue operations, 265,266, 271, 277, 306, 309

as base for Zionist rescue operations, 159,163, 165, 166, 183, 188, 195, 288, 289

as German economic asset and relatedAllied countermeasures, 315

intervention by on behalf of foreign Jews,and OKW/Chi decrypts related to, 201

role of diplomats in Budapest, 230as source of reports on the Holocaust, 126,

164, 202suspected as asylum for leading Nazis, 307Swiss subjects serving the Gestapo,

167–168, 251as target of Allied economic warfare

operations, 288, 289

Sykes, Christopher, 57Sykes, Mark, 57, 84, 103, 104, 105Syria, 19, 50, 80, 94, 97, 105, 112, 144, 207,

228, 229, 230, 234, 299Szatmar, Rabbi of, 286Szenes, Hannah, 89, 228, 262, 263, 265Szombatelyi, Ferenc, 217

Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 19, 52, 138Tamir, Shmuel, 302, 323

role in Kasztner’s trial and assassination,229, 230, 231, 264, 323, 325, 334

Tannenbaum, David, 163Taranto, 28Taylor, Myron, 132, 133, 328Teague, John, 83, 105Tedder, Arthur, 291, 292Teheran, 152Teitelbaum, Joel, 261, 286Tel Aviv, 92, 93, 186, 287, 339Tene, David, 164Texas, 141Thadden, Eberhard von, 25Theresienstadt, 155, 171, 200, 294, 295, 305,

306, 313, 318TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee),

336–337Tilsit, 211Tindal, R. G., 210, 211, 214Tiso, Josef, 175, 177Tito, Jozef Broz, 160“Torch,” Operation, 68, 71, 100Totter, Grete, 215Toulmin, John, 98, 99, 218Toynbee, Arnold, 86Transjordan, 81–84, 112, 147, 300Transnistria, 40, 71, 168, 180, 200, 201Transylvania, 188, 286, 313, 314, 325Travniki, 47Treblinka, 154, 330, 331Tripoli, 251Truman, Harry, 11, 333Tuka, Vojtech, 175, 176, 177Tunisia, 65, 183, 215Turkey, 95, 105, 106, 138, 146, 155, 164,

167, 192, 202, 203, 204, 217, 222,223, 246, 248, 249, 251, 254, 266, 287,288

as base for Allied intelligence operations,192, 206, 215

as base for rescue operations by Zionists,105, 155, 159, 194, 208, 266, 287






380 Index

Turkey (cont.)as base for WRB’s rescue efforts, 200, 211,

248, 251, 273as haven and rejection of Jewish refugees,

200, 207, 301neutrality status during World War II, 159,

241, 249, 265Tyre, 143Tyrol, 319, 321

Uberall-Avriel, Ehud, 192, 217, 218, 229,257

Ukraine, 32United States, 9, 11, 12, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34,

40, 61, 62, 67–70, 75, 81, 99, 104, 106,108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120,121, 122, 123, 125–129, 136, 145, 146,147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 160, 166, 169,179, 197, 200, 207, 208, 251, 255, 267,268, 269, 287, 288, 299, 300, 304, 307,337

aid to British in 1940–1941, 33anti-Semitism in, 10, 57–58, 126, 132anti-Semitism in Army, 140Army-CIC, 72, 79–80, 82, 86, 95–99,

198–206, 219, 254, 256, 302, 324Army G-2, 60, 72, 82, 84, 85–86, 90, 94,

99, 130, 131, 145, 178, 216, 219, 257,302

bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 293, 295,296

Department of State, 56–58, 151, 197, 198,199, 200, 201, 277, 308–310, 312–318

economic warfare of, “Safehaven” project,69–71

intelligence agencies of, see Army G-2;Navy, ONI OSS

forces in the Middle East (USAFIME), 60,72

government system and limits imposed onexecutive branch, 119

impact of Nazi propaganda pertaining toJews, Palestine, on, 60–61, 67, 72,19–121, 238

Japan and, 63, 307Joint Intelligence Collection Agency of

Army in the Middle East, 84mobilization to war, 59, 63Navy, ONI, 86North African Campaign, 65, 71Office of War Information (OWI) and the

Holocaust, 67–70

preparations for War Crimes Trials,323–327; see also Barneys, Murray;Jackson, Robert

refugee policy 10, 11, 75, 115, 121, 123,126, 128, 129, 146, 147, 148, 242, 243,269, 273; before Pearl Harbor, 58–59;after Pearl Harbor, 126–130, 132

relations with the British pertaining toJews, Zionists, 61–62, 71, 86–87,129–135, 140–146, 207–209, 253–254;see also Palestine; Yishuv

relations with the Soviet Union, 64, 200,306–307

rescue efforts initiated by American Jews,Zionists, in, 58–59, 123, 125–129,197–199, 212; see also Palestine; Yishuv

views of Palestine Question in, 58, 87,123–124, 130–135, 140–146, 147–152

views of U.S. Army of Jews, Zionists, 72,90, 130–132, 140–146, 152, 186–187,254–257

war aims of general public, 67, 109, 115,129, 146, 150

war priorities of administration and,113–116, 141, 145

see also Roosevelt, Franklin D; WRBU.S.S.R., see Soviet Union

Va’ada, see Rescue Committee in BudapestVanamann, General, 320Vatican, 132, 177, 181, 183, 305Veesenmayer, Edmund, 269, 284, 285, 287,

309, 315, 325, 326Versailles Treaty, 11, 16, 214Vichy, 40, 50, 60, 71, 97Vienna, 175, 224, 249, 276, 309, 311, 313,

316, 334Abwehr activities in, 206, 207deportations of Jews from, 23, 38forced emigration of Jews from, 6, 317Jewish survivors in, 238; see also Strasshof

Viniarsky-Meridor, Ya’akov, 187Vinogradov, Sergei, 200Vrba, Rudolf, 229Vught, 281

Wagner, Colonel (alias Dr. Delius), 219, 223,235

Wagner, Horst, 25, 217Wagner, Senator, 145Wagner–Taft Resolution, 141Waldsee, 266






Index 381

Wallenberg, Raoul, 230, 273, 277, 315, 316War Refugee Board, see W.R.BWarsaw, 42, 161, 312

ghetto uprising, 49, 154, 155, 253Polish uprising, 293

Washington, 62, 66, 105, 109, 115, 142, 144,145, 149, 200, 211, 218, 267, 272, 287,315, 316, 331, 333, 336

as base for intelligence activities, 98, 212,216, 217, 219, 221, 237, 238

British reports from, 62Wasserstein, Bernard, 61, 68, 69Wavell, Archibald, 85Wehner, Erich, 191Wehrmacht, 312–318

in Hungary, 242, 247, 284involvement in “Final Solution,” 245OKW, 284OKW-Chifrierabteilung (code breaking

operation), 164, 199, 200, 201, 265,266, 267, 287, 313

in Soviet territories, 78Weimar, 320Weinberg, Gerhard, L., 68Weiss, industrial complex, 228, 235, 237,

244, 282Allied mix-up with Brand-Grosz Missions,

237“Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282

Weissmandel, Michael Dov Ber, 172, 173,174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 232, 233, 297,311

Weizmann, Chaim, 19, 20, 62, 63, 98, 99,109, 117, 132, 138, 142, 145, 164, 251,302

and Arabs of Palestine, 108, 142and Ben-Gurion, 62, 63and “Biltmore Program,” 108and Churchill, 90

Weltch, Robert, 136Wells, H. G., 15Wenck, Alexandra, 313West, Nigel, 87Westerbork, 281West Indies, 32“White Paper” on Palestine, 17, 20, 51, 52,

53, 85, 86, 95, 112, 149, 151, 167,172–179, 186, 272, 300, 301, 302

Whittal, Arthur, 207Wiese, Colonel, 234Wildt, Michael, 57Wilkie, Wendell, 97, 111, 113, 121

Wilson, Henry Maitland “Jumbo,” 85Wilson, Woodrow, 68, 72, 87, 119, 125–129,

140, 214Wingate, Orde Charles, 19, 84, 97Winkelmann, Otto, 284Winninger, Joseph (alias Begonia), 191, 193,

206, 207, 221, 222, 241, 243, 251Wintebotham, Frederick, 83, 262Wise, Stephen, 99, 128, 150, 164Wisliceny, Dieter (alias Willy, alias Sztadlan),

175, 176, 181, 207, 209, 228, 232, 242,271, 283, 310

postwar testimonies, 172, 326role in Greece, 179role in Hungary, 228, 232, 241, 242, 243role in last phase of World War II, 315, 318role in Slovakia and “Europa Plan,” 163,

171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179Wisner, Frank G., 162, 247Wolfson, Commander, 91, 106, 207, 262Woods, Sam E., 70WRB (War Refugee Board), 64, 114, 119,

128, 197–198, 211, 212, 230, 242, 248,249, 251, 253, 265, 286, 288, 308, 312,314, 329

constrains by State and War Departments’control, 199, 308

decrypts of rescue messages of byOKW/Chi, 200, 201, 202, 265

further rescue efforts in Hungary of, 289,305

negotiations with Becher of, 308–321origins of, 127, 128, 196, 197, 198possible German response to creation of,

199–212, 246reports on Jews in last stages of World

War II, 312rescue operations in Hungary in

cooperation with Kasztner, 265, 288,308, 309

Wright, Edwin M., 90, 130, 131Wyman, David, 71, 128, 199

Yaari, Meir, 19, 194Yezenitski-Shamir, Yitzhak, 94, 186Yishuv, xiii, 20, 71, 90, 91, 95, 100, 104,

105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 126–132,133, 135, 137, 165, 169, 170, 195, 207,227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 262, 264, 265,290, 298, 301, 303, 339

British and American description as aNazi-like community, 107, 113, 135






382 Index

Yishuv (cont.)British censorship intercepts reflecting

opinions during the Holocaust 106n,120–121, 135–136, 151, 165n

British measures against illegal weapons90–91

creation of WRB and hopes of leaders,196; and OKW/Chi decrypts, 201

domestic rivalry between Labor andright-wing Zionists, Labor’s legacies andinternal cleavages, 20, 51–52, 75–78,111, 155, 185–187, 221, 229, 298–303

elections to main political bodies in 1944,139, 298

German-Jewish criticism of leadership of,135–137

impact of the Holocaust, 52, 53, 102, 103,107, 108, 154, 155

intelligence cooperation with Allies,difficulties and failures, 89–90, 105,155, 160, 192, 206–210, 215–223,232–233, 257, 236, 262–263, 288–289

Jewish Agency and illegal emigrationfollowing British “White Paper,” 50;suspicions of British concerning, 56–58,334

“Jewish Brigade Group” recruited from,53

leadership considers bombing ofAuschwitz, 233

missions in Istanbul, Geneva, and rescuefrom Poland, Rumania, Slovakia,Hungary, 159, 162–163, 167–168, 215,217–218, 227–229, 232, 275

mobilization to British Army, 21, 264,265

ransoming of European Jews by rescueworkers of, Allied views of, 71,170–171, 178–180, 215–216, 227–228,237–238, 257–261

reaction to white paper, 51, 52reflected in Allied and German records,

159–168, 178–179, 201, 217–218,237–238, 254, 256–257; and in Zionistrecords, 161–162, 169, 189–196, 228,242–243, 255, 257–260

“Rescue Committee” and its limitations,193, 195, 196

and “Rescue Debate,” 75, 174, 297,322–323

rescue efforts, 100, 105, 154, 155rescue mission in Istanbul, 159, 161response to Arab Rebellion of 1937–1939,

19“Small” and “Great Season” by leadership

of, 186, 187, 229, 298, 301structure and self-government, 19, 20, 135,

136, 159terror campaigns against the British, 52,

93–94, 185–187, 298–301under British intelligence surveillance, 134,

135Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 154Zionist ethos of, “spirit of the time,” 75,

76Zionist-Nazi common denominator

suspected by Allies, 56–58, 87, 237–238,256–257; see also “Gestapo deal,” alsoSchwarz, Alfred

see also Great Britain; PalestineYitzhaki, Menachem, 92Yugoslavia, 89, 160, 189, 228, 263, 265

Zaslani-Shiloah, Reuven, 89, 91, 95, 115,257, 263, 288

Zisu, A. L., 163Zuckerman, Solly, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297Zurich, 70, 202Zweig, Arnold, 136, 137Zweig, Ron, 86, 107






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