Index

Aachen Aphasia Test 24, 66, 67, 75–7scores 178syndrome-lesion site relationship 24

abstract concepts 151–5active/passive sentences 55, 84, 125, 165, 168,

172, 212Afrikaans 106agent 127, 168agrammatismand Broca’s aphasia 8comprehension deficits and 124–8, 161reliability of claims 128

essential features 123Goodglass, Harold 16, 17linguistic accounts 122–4, 129–30production deficits 129–30comprehensiveness of accounts 132–3

syndrome 4, 22theta roles 125, 126, 127see also Broca’s aphasia

agreement 195–8Albert, M. L. et al. 22, 69, 70Alexander, M. et al. 28anomia 7, 16, 48, 164antecedents 135–6anticipatory errors 40Aphasia Research Laboratory 4Aphasia Symptom Complex (Wernicke) 9Ardila, A. see Benson, D. and Ardila, A.argument structures see verb argumentsarticulatory agility 70auditory analyser 153auditory comprehension 10, 26, 152auxiliary verbs 55, 100, 101, 103, 131, 206

Balogh, J. and Grodzinsky, Y. 141, 143, 162Baretta, A. 28Basso, A. et al. 24

Bastiaanse, R. see Edwards, S. andBastiaanse, R.

Bastiaanse, R. and Edwards, S. 134, 162Bastiaanse, R. et al. 198Bastiaanse, R. and van Zonnenfeld, R. 133Behavioural and Brain Sciences 23Benson, D. 160Benson, D. and Ardila, A. 20, 25Benton, A. and Joint, R. 151Berndt, R. et al. 45, 128Bird, H. and Franklin, S. 57Blossom-Stach, C. seeMartin, R. and

Blossom-Stach, C.Blumstein, S. et al. 139, 159body-part identification tests 176–7Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination

(BDAE) 67, 69–71, 209clinical context 64, 65, 67, 69–71example of profile 73–5naming scores 177paraphasic errors 46sentence repetition tasks 191single noun production 184, 186single-word comprehension 176

Boston Naming Test 67, 179, 184, 186Boston School 7, 16–17, 22Brain and Language 23brain studies 24, 154future directions 204, 205, 207, 208

brain–language relationship seelanguage–brain relationship

British Picture Vocabulary Scales 68Broca’s aphasia 6, 55, 56and agrammatism 8comprehension deficits 124–8, 161grammatical errors 56lesion site 7similarities with Wernicke’s aphasia 141–3

224

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Index 225

syntactic tree 210, 211theta roles 211trace deletion 211verb generation 30see also agrammatism

Broca’s area 23, 26, 122Brookshire, R. and Nicholas, L. 94Buckingham 19Butterworth, B. et al. 12, 103Butterworth, B. and Howard, D. 49, 51, 52,

132, 199

canonical/non-canonical order 58, 211, 212theta roles 172

Caplan, D. et al. 144, 162Caramazza, A. and Zurif, E. 161cerebral blood flow 25, 28, 29checking 54, 58, 197Chomsky, N. 35Clashen, H. 36cleft sentences 58, 126, 127, 165, 168, 172,

212co-indexing 169Cognitive Psychology 32complementisers 129, 206complex expression 35complex sentences 59, 131, 206, 210,

212comprehensionauditory 10, 26, 152components 155non-linguistic factors 155–9

comprehension deficitsand agrammatism 124–8, 161and clinical presentation 149–51identification stages 152, 153, 154,

155processing problems 148–71theta roles 211Wernicke’s aphasia 149, 150, 155

conduction aphasia 7, 9, 55, 161connected speech 92–120analyses 106, 113–20comparing two 120Northwestern procedures 4, 107–11Reading analysis 111–13, 120

collection of samples 93–6effect of context/task 95length 94norms for analysis 94

unobserved phenomena 95errors 181–3examples 98elicited sentences 98–103

inflectional errors 103–4sentence types (well-formedness and

complexity) 104–6speech samples 92–3and experimental paradigm 96–8

constrained tasks 97constructional errors 51–2continuous speech see connected speechconversational competence 38Cookie Theft picture 73Northwestern analysis 108–11

Crain, S. et al. 169Crary, M. et al. 72cross-modal tasks 135CT scans 25

Damasio, A. 18Davidoff, J. and Masterson, J. 45Davis, G. A. 19, 46De Bleser, R. 72deficit patterns 64dementia 7, 11, 12, 63Demonet, J. et al. 28descriptions 3, 5–31, 32–61, 209–10determiners 131diagnosisdifficulties 151errors 11, 63fluency/non-fluencyprime consideration 17tests 22unspecified 206

Dinner Party story 113–16, 118dislocated sentences 58diversity 186domains of language 1, 17, 209impairments 35–7

dual language system see domains of languageDutch 58–60, 97, 105, 133, 211dyslexia 146

Edwards, S. 106see also Bastiaanse, R. and Edwards, S.

Edwards, S. and Bastiaanse, R. 58–60, 105,118, 186

Edwards, S. et al. 105

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226 Index

Edwards, S. and Garman, M. 37Eggert, G. 10elaboration index 57electrical stimulation 25, 29elicited sentences 97, 98–103ellipsis 56embedding 14, 17, 58, 211error analysis 40error types 166Event Perception Test 84event-related brain potentials 30experimental studiesconnected speech samples and 96–8considerations 208fluent vs. non-fluent aphasia 134–8further complications 139–41

focus 145Extended Projection Principle 94

Faroqi Shah, Y. see Thompson, C. and FaroqiShah, Y.

feature selection 41feature-checking 54, 197features 35supra-segmental 37

Finnish 58, 106fluencyas defining characteristic 6as diagnostic feature 69–71

fluent aphasiacharacteristics 210–13differences with non-fluent aphasia 122–47experimental studies 134–8, 139–41,145, 208

sentence types 143–4subject types 143–4trace 139, 140, 142unresolved issues 144–6

example 12–15in one speaker 174–7syntactic proficiency 105taxonomy 6–9, 16theta roles 211, 212types 7

fluent/non-fluent distinction 133fMRI studies 205, 207, 208form 35, 191–2Franklin, S. see Bird, H. and Franklin, S.frequency 59, 200, 210Friedmann, N. 133

Friedmann, N. and Grodzinsky, Y. 123, 129,130

frontal lobe 150fronto-temporal region 122functional errors 100functional level 34future directions 204–9

Garman, M. see Edwards, S. and Garman, M.Garman, M. and Edwards, S. 112Garrett, M. 19generative grammar 100, 104, 124, 208German 56, 97Geschwind, N. 69Gjerlow, K. see Obler, L. and Gjerlow, K.Gleason, J. B. et al. 104global aphasia 8, 15Goodglass, H. 93agrammatism 16, 17Boston School 6, 7, 15–17, 22elicitation techniques 97, 98syndromic approach 3, 16and Wernicke’s aphasia 17, 20

Goodglass, H. et al. 55, 97, 105Goodglass, H. and Hunt, J. 12Goodglass, H. and Kaplan, E. 69Government and Binding Theory 84, 124, 129,

134grammar 35, 50, 70, 211grammatical errors 54–60grammatical operations 192, 194–8, 209,

213Grodzinsky, Y. 23, 65, 129, 131see also Balogh, J. and Grodzinsky, Y.;

Friedmann, N. and Grodzinsky, Y.Grodzinsky, Y. et al. 123, 124, 125, 126, 169,

196

Haegeman, L. 101Hagiwara, H.Hagoort, P. et al. 157, 158Harley, T. 18–19Head, H. 152, 153Heeschen, C. see Kolk, H. and Heeschen, C.Hickok, G. 128historical perspective 5Howard, D. 29Howard, D. see Butterworth, B. and

Howard, D.Howes, D.

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Index 227

Hungarian 105Hunt, J. see Goodglass, H. and Hunt, J.

identification stages (comprehension loss) 152,153, 154, 155

imageability 189imaging techniques 25, 29, 207inflection index 57inflectional errors 51, 57Bird and Franklin study 57Butterworth and Howard study 52Kolk and Heeschen study 56reason for occurrence 103–4subject MG 194–5, 196, 210

inflectional morphology 206-ing 103, 104Inglis, A. L. 75intonation 70

Jaeger, J. J. et al. 27jargon aphasia 10, 19, 44, 151, 179, 200Joint, R. see Benton, A. and Joint, R.

Kaplan, E. see Goodglass, H. and Kaplan, E.Kertesz, A. 5, 18, 22, 71Kolk, H. et al. 132Kolk, H. and Heeschen, C. 56, 97

laboratory-based research 204Language Modality Test for Aphasia 66language–brain relationship 3, 26–30, 207lemmas 34lesion sites 7, 28, 145relationship with syndromes 23, 24–5, 65studies 29

Lesser, R. 160levels of language see domains of languageLevelt, W. 33lexical access 209, 210, 211errors 39, 51–4, 99non-linguistic variables 45problems 178–81, 182, 186–7, 198, 209variation in patients 183

lexical items 35lexical knowledge 30lexical paraphasia 38, 40, 41–3, 48–51,

179literal paraphasia see phonemic paraphasialogorrhea 20, 21Luzzatti, C. et al. 169, 212

Martin, R. and Blossom-Stach, C. 48, 161Martin, R. et al. 156Masterson, J. see Davidoff, J. and

Masterson, J.meaning 35melodic line 70memory 156, 158, 159, 193mental lexicon 35message level 34metaphoric spatial relationships 188methodology 3, 25, 96Minimalism 104, 197misdiagnosis 11morphemes 20, 21, 56motor aphasia 8, 11motor control 132

naming tests 181, 184–6, 191, 199National Health Service (UK) 208neoclassical school 6neologisms 54, 179, 181neural structure 154neuro-anatomical data 204neurological investigation see brain studiesNicholas, L. see Brookshire, R. and

Nicholas, L.Niemi, J. 58, 106Noah’s Ark story 116–17, 196nodes 101, 129, 131, 188, 210non-fluent aphasia, differences with fluent

aphasia see fluent aphasia, differenceswith non-fluent aphasia

non-fluent/fluent distinction 133non-linguistic factors 2comprehension 155–9lexical access 45paragrammatism 51–4

Northwestern analysis 4, 107–11Cookie Theft picture 108–11

nouns 183–6

object-cleft sentences 126, 127, 165, 168, 172,212

Obler, L. and Gjerlow, K. 20off-line tasks 148Ojemann, G. 29omissions 51–2, 56, 57, 102, 179, 181on-line studies 134–8open-class words 179Ouhalla, J. 132

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228 Index

paragrammatism 20, 50, 60, 92definition 4, 12errors 51, 213language domain 17non-linguistic explanation 51–4substitution 48

paraphasia 10, 40–5errors 7, 43, 46–8, 183, 200lexical 38, 41–43, 48–51, 179phonemic 7, 40–1, 179, 181semantic 210and verb arguments 42–43

passives see active/passive sentencesPenn, C. 95, 106period of spontaneous recovery 185peri-Sylvian aphasic syndromes 24perseverative errors 40phonemic paraphasia 7, 40–1, 179, 181phonological input buffer 153phonological paraphasia 40, 210phonological processing 28, 191phonological representation 209phrase length 7, 70picture-naming tasks 181Poeck, K.see alsoWillems, K. and Poeck, K.

Poeppel, D. 27, 28Pollock, J. 130positional level 34post-Rolandic area 1, 10, 24, 25post-Sylvian area 9pre-Rolandic area 1, 24priming 135, 136Principles and Parameters Theory 134Pring, T. 208Pring, T. et al. 22prosody 37Psycholinguistic Analysis of Language

Processing (PALPA) 73, 77–84, 209semantic representation 188sentence comprehension 79–84single word retrieval 78–9, 154, 184, 186verb/sentence production and

comprehension 83–4

questions 126

Rapscak, S. and Rubens, A. 8rate of speech 37–9rating scale 71

Reading aphasia analysis 111–13, 120Reading, University of 3, 5, 207reduced working memory capacity (RWMC)

158, 159referential strategy 127rehabilitation 4relative clauses 58, 126repetition 7, 191, 194reverse-role errors 167, 168, 172, 211,

212reversible active sentences 84Rubens, A. see Rapscak, S. and Rubens, A.

Saffran, E. et al. 106, 113Schwartz, M. 19self-reports 208semantic disruption 41, 48semantic neighbours 41semantic paraphasia 210semantic representation 188–91, 200sensory aphasia 9, 10, 11, 14, 15sentence comprehension 159–60, 161–70, 212theta roles 168

sentence construction 48–51, 192, 198–9sentence-processing model 32–5, 157Sentence Processing and Resource Pack 84–5sentence structure 210, 211Shapiro, L. et al. 136, 138short-term memory 156, 193single noun production 184, 186single verb comprehension 212single-word comprehension 176single-word processing models 33single-word production 183–6slips of the tongue 40Smith, N.specifiers 129split inflection hypothesis 130sub-vocal rehearsal 27subject-cleft sentences 165, 168subjects of studies 37MG 12, 73, 175Mrs. A. 14normal 26–9variation in 23

subordinate clauses 59–60substitutions 48, 51, 56, 102, 179,

181supra-segmental features 37syndromes 3, 8, 21–3, 65, 142, 145

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Index 229

agrammatism 22Goodglass, H. 3relationship with lesion sites 24–5

syntactic features 58syntactic tree structure 210, 211syntax 1, 55, 105, 211, 212

taxonomy 6–9temporal lobe 10, 150temporo-parietal area 145, 150tense 131, 195–8Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG) 68tests 62–90, 209, 212clinical context 64–6development 22diagnostic 22introduction 62–4testing materials 66–8results 3scores 176–8, 212summary of limitations 91see also Aachen Aphasia Test; Boston

Diagnostic Aphasia Examination;Boston Naming Test; Event PerceptionTest; Language Modality Test forAphasia; Psycholinguistic Analysis ofLanguage Processing; SentenceProcessing and Resource Pack; Test forthe Reception of Grammar; Verb andSentence Test; Western AphasiaBattery

thematic roles see theta rolestheoretical model 22theoretical research 3, 206therapy 205, 206–9theta rolesagrammatism 125, 126, 127in Broca’s aphasia 211in fluent aphasia 211, 212, 213non-canonical sentences 172sentence comprehension 168verb arguments and 170–3

Thompson, C. 3Thompson, C. et al. 107, 207,

209Thompson, C. and Faroqi Shah, Y. 34tomography 24, 26, 27, 28trace 23agrammatism 126, 127trace 126, 127

and antecedents 135–6Broca’s aphasia 211Grodzinsky, Y. 169

Trace Based Hypothesis 141Trace Deletion Hypothesis 123, 141transcortical motor aphasia 8transcortical sensory aphasia 7, 9, 28transformational grammar 103Tree Pruning Hypothesis 123, 130–2, 141tree structures 100, 101, 124, 129turn-taking 21, 38two-dimensional diagrams 151–5Tyler, L. et al. 28, 33type/token ratio 183, 186, 187

units of analysis 112Universal Grammar 2University of Reading 3, 5, 207unobserved phenomena 95

Van Zonnenfeld, R. see Bastiaanse, R. andVan Zonnenfeld, R.

verb arguments 55as characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia 211,

213description 60and paraphasia 42–3and theta roles 170–3

verb processingWernicke’s aphasia 136–8

verb production 30, 210Verb and Sentence Test (VAST) 85–91, 162,

170, 187, 209performance of fluent aphasic speakers 86–7understanding verbs and sentences 87–9verb and sentence production 89–91

verb therapy 207verbs 133, 144, 160, 186–7auxiliary 55, 100, 101, 103, 131, 206regularity 27–8single, comprehension 162–5

visual deficits 187

Wallesch, C. et al. 5Wernicke, Carl 3, 6, 9, 151, 152comprehension loss 151, 152, 153, 154,

164, 172Wernicke’s aphasia 9–12, 30candidate cases 13–15comprehension loss 149, 150, 155

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230 Index

Wernicke’s aphasia (cont.)findings about processing in 138–9Goodglass and 17, 20Kertesz, A. 5in one speaker 174–7similarities with Broca’s aphasia 141–3symptom triad 10turn-taking 21, 38verb arguments 211, 213verb processing 136–8

Western Aphasia Battery 64, 71classification 72–3

Willems, K. and Poeck, K. 24Wise R. et al. 26, 27, 28word class 48–51, 83, 99, 179, 192–3word comprehension 159–60word discrimination tests 176–7word forms 191–2word processing 157word retrieval 10, 199

Zurif, E. see Caramazza, A. and Zurif, E.Zurif, E. et al. 125, 134, 135, 136, 138, 158,

160

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