Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805214/65922/index/9780521465922...Index Aaron50 AbadylaSierra,BishopAgust´ın207 Aberdeen bishopof,seeSkinner Enlightenment149

Index

Aaron 50Abad y la Sierra, Bishop Agustın 207Aberdeenbishop of, see SkinnerEnlightenment 149universitiesKing’s College 64, 107Marischal College 107

Abrams, M. H., 277Adelaide, Madame 73Admiralty, see Royal NavyAdmont abbey 45adultery 148, 251Africa, north 9, 13, 311Agar family 33Agar, Archbishop Charles 138agricultural societies 43Aguesseau family 71Aguillon family 71Agutter, Revd William 205–6Aire, bishop of 186Aisne, departement of the 242Alatri 230Albani, Cardinal Alessandro 29Albani, Cardinal Giovanni Francesco 307Albert, Archduke 178Albi, archbishop of, see BernisAlbiach, Matınez 97Alembert, d’ 34, 58, 98Ales 195Alexander I, emperor 270–1, 294, 308mystic tendencies 292, 301, 315

Algeria 311Alien Act (1792) 204Allatae sunt 18Allier brothers 209almoner, lord high 152, 160Alps 124, 162, 222, 235, 267, 268Alsace 12, 80, 147, 201anti-Semitism in 196–7Lutheranism in 86Marian congregations in 86

Altenburg abbey 45America, central 13America, south 13, 128, 307, 309America, British north 13, 30, 49, 67,

69, 70, 76, 140, 142, 177, 232;see also Canada

American War of Independence 150, 151,177, 178, 206

Amiens 266Peace of 226

Amsterdam 34, 64, 95Anabaptists 134, 233Ancona 223Andalusia 287, 290, 328Andrewes, Lancelot 30Anglesey Abbey 45Anglicanism 34, 50, 64, 72, 79, 84, 87,

132–3, 134, 142, 155, 156, 184, 198,199, 219, 250, 308, 311, 327, 330,332 see also England, Church of

Anjou 60, 220Annales de la Religion 237, 238annates 157Anne, Queen 150Antichrist, see millenarianismanticlericalism 26, 35, 38–9, 54, 72, 77,

82, 110, 113, 119, 122–7, 132, 171,180, 186, 189, 194, 200, 214, 215,217, 218, 223, 241, 252, 260, 268,283, 290, 317, 318, 320, 322, 329,330, 333

Anti-Jacobin 249Antwerp 181, 203anti-Semitism 12, 196–7, 230–1;

see also Judaismapocalypse, see millenarianismApostles’ Creed 51apostolic succession 30Apostolicum pascendi 28Apt 31–2bishop of, see Cely

Arabs 9

349

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350 Index

Aranda, Pedro Pablo, conde de 93Aranjuez, Tumult of 287Arbuckle, James 245archdeacons 82, 327archpriests 237Ardeche, departement of the 266Ardennes, departement of the 242Arezzo 230Arfvidsson, Ulrica 156Argenson, marquis d’ 72Arianism 98, 105, 132, 198Aries, Philippe 3Aristotelianism 107, 111Arklow 222Arles, Archbishop 200Armagh 31, 271Arminianism 17, 64, 120Arnauld, Antoine 66Ars, cure d’ 244Arsemnis, Archbishop 10Artois, comte d’, see Charles Xarts, and religion 44–7, 50, 300Arundell of Wardour, 8th Baron 83, 202Ascension Day 88Ashkenazim 12, 195–7, see also JewsAsia 101Ascendancy, Protestant 144,

see also IrelandAssizes 146Assumption, Feast of the 90Astorga, bishop of, see JimenezAstruc, Jean 122Asturias 287Athanasian Creed 51, 64, 105, 111atheism 9, 94, 98, 121, 135, 214, 243,

298, 319Athos, Holy Mountain of 42, 108Attila the Hun 240, 288Auckland Castle 202Auckland, 1st Lord, see Eden, WilliamAuctorem fidei 208, 241, 289Audrein, Bishop Y. M., 237Aufklarung, seeGermany, Enlightenment inAugsburg 46see of 136, 264treaty of 19, 141, 145, 263

Augustinianism 66Augustinians, see religious OrdersAusten, Jane 43Austerlitz, battle of 264, 267Austria 11, 45, 93, 128, 129, 161,

165, 189, 308, 320, 332;see also Habsburgs; Holy RomanEmpire

bishoprics of 136–7

Catholic Church in 24, 29, 263, 294,309–10

Catholic Enlightenment in 111–12confraternities in 319imperial expansion 13Jansenist influences after 1806 282military power 323new parishes 147religious Orders in 40, 147, 269, 328religious practice in 259schools 57, 59universities 130

Austrian Netherlands 24, 137, 215;see also Habsburgs; Holy RomanEmpire

bishops in 32Catholic Enlightenment in 111–12censorship in 97confraternities in 75emigres in 201Jansenism 40, 75masonry in 106nobles of 71piety in 75opposition to Joseph II 142–3, 178–9opposition to the French Revolution 230religious Orders 137, 179resistance to Napoleon 293tithe in 26

Autun, bishop of, see TalleyrandAuxerre 67Avertissement 147Aveyron, departement of the 266Avignonat 158, 252, 267, 306Avrille 220Ayıa Lavra, monastery of 301

Babel 122Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich 47Bacon, Sir Francis 93Badajoz 287Baden 57–8, 316Baden, near Vienna 154Bagot, Bishop Lewis, of Norwich, then

St Asaph 48Bahrdt, Karl 115Balguy, Revd Thomas 94–5Balkans 9, 17, 33, 109Balle, Bishop Nicolaj 205Baltic 16, 111Balzac 63Bamberg 264Bangor 78–9Bank of England 219Banks, Joseph 93






Index 351

Bantry Bay 221n.baptism 51, 84, 237, 258Baptists 16, 64, 76, 85, 250, 271, 273, 304Barat, Fr Louis 266Barat, Sophie 284, 301Barbastro, bishop of, see Abad y la SierraBarbary corsairs 13Barcelona 87, 165, 333Barere, Bertrand de 207Barishrine of St Nicholas 81

Barnave, Antone-Pierre 194Baroque style 45, 46, 128, 142Barra, Francois-Joseph 213Barrington, Bishop Shute 202, 251Barrow, Fr John 51Barruel, abbe Augustin de 132, 208Basel 34, 252Basilians, see religious OrdersBasle, Treaty of 264Basque country 216, 321bastardy 148Bastille 188Batavian Republic, see United ProvincesBath abbey 45, 88Bath and Wells, diocese of 250Batthyany, Archbishop Jozsef 11, 142Bavaria 15, 24, 46, 77, 165, 179, 254, 309abbeys 45Church land ownership in 24, 269Jews tolerated 302kingdom of 263, 294;

see alsoMax-Josephpopular religion in 80, 86religious practice in 259‘War of the Witches’ 78

Bayeux, bishopric of 42Bayle, Pierre 18, 94, 107, 120Bayonne 216Constitution of 287

beates 58Beattie, James 107Beauharnais, Eugene de 269Beaumont, Archbishop Christophe de 84,

167Beauvais, abbe de 32Beauvais, bishop of 200Bebenhausen, bishop of, see Stockmayer,

Christoph FriedrichBeckett, Archbishop Thomas a 134Begona 321Belfast 234Belgium 179, 242, 244, 283, 310, 322;

see also Austrian NetherlandsBelgrade 13

Benedict XIV 18, 61, 86, 110, 158, 159,167

Benedictines, see religious Ordersbenevolence, religious 64–6Bentham, Edward 43, 115, 330Beresford family 33Berg 264Bergier, abbe Nicolas-Sylvain 123–4Bergisel, battle of 290Berkeley, George, the younger 17Berlin 106, 159, 258, 294, 302, 316Bernier, abbe 209, 220Bernis, Cardinal de 138, 160Berr, Berr Isaac 197Berry, duc de 311Berthier, General 252Bertran, Bishop Felip 166Besancon, College de 123Bible 43, 54, 60, 61, 70, 77, 78, 82, 100,

103, 115–16, 117–18, 229, 231, 272,273, 276, 288, 303, 333

biblical scholarship 119–22, 278–80bible societies 332Catholic familiarity with 61, 87, 244and obedience to established powers

149, 175in Russia 292

Bible Institute 71Biergans, Brother 214Bill of Rights (England) 155billet de confession 84, 167Bingen 318Birmingham 20bishops 21–2, 23, 30–4, 49, 127, 146, 158,

181–2, 256, 269, 270and dissolution of the Jesuits 130–1and politics 137–9, 286, 323, 325–7visitations 81–2, 102, 237–8

Blagdon tracts 90, 249 see alsoMore,Hannah

Blair, Hugh 55–6Blake, William 63, 233Blarney 80blasphemy 111, 322Blayney, Benjamin 121Blesle 244Bloom, Harold 277Blumauer, Aloys 124Bo, Jean-Baptiste 243Bodney 203Boerenkrijg 242Boerhaave, Hermann 65Bohemia 40, 48, 59, 142, 154, 301Boisgelin, Archbishop 184, 186Bolingbroke, 1st viscount 113






352 Index

Bolıvar, Simon 309Bologna 157, 239, 252, 284Bologna, Concordat of 27, 158Bolton, 3rd duke of 43Bonaparte, Jerome 267Bonaparte, Joseph 270, 287, 289Bonaparte, Lucien 255, 267Bonnet, Charles 116Book of Common Prayer, see liturgybooks, religious 71, 73, 74Boolavogue 222Borbon, Archbishop Luis de 290Bordeaux 195, 197, 266archbishop of, see Champion de CiceJews resident in, see Sephardim

Bordelais 12, 196; see also BordeauxBoridge 68Born, Ignaz von 124Bossuet, Bishop 169, 246Boswell, James 146–7, 149Boucher, Revd Jonathan 177, 198n.Bougainville 127Boughton 45Boulanger, Nicolas-Antoine 101Bourbons, see France; Naples; SpainBourg-des-Comptes 192Bourges 103Bourignon, Antoinette 62Bourne, Hugh 273Bovara, Giovanni 282Bowdler, John 112Boyce, William 47Boyle Lectures 114, 115, 116Boyle, Robert 115Brabant, see Austrain NetherlandsBradley, James 115Brady, see Tate and BradyBraga, archbishop of 32Branda 219Braschi, Giovanni Angelo, see Pius VIBreidbach zu Burresheim, Archbishop

Emmerich Joseph von 39, 163–4Brentford, Old 59Brescia 162Brienne family 33Brienne, Archbishop Lomenie de 22, 39,

40, 138, 144, 160, 169, 184, 185Brissotins, see JacobinsBristol 53, 76, 82bishops of, see Courtenay: Newton,

Bishop Thomas4th earl of, see Herveydiocese 31, 327

Britain, Great 4, 14, 49, 64, 218, 297;see also England; Scotland

divine right theories 150emigres in 201–3Hanoverian royal family 29, 35, 124,

138, 198kings of, see George III; George IV;

William IVloyalism in 198–9, 274religious renewal in 15Reform Act 1832 323Revolution settlement 1688 150, 170,

184Roman Catholic integration in 307

British Museum 121Brittany 22, 31, 71, 74, 138, 147, 181,

182n., 201, 265Brixen 139Broers, Michael 283Broglie, Bishop Maurice de 310Brosses, president des 101Brudenell, Lord 20BrugesHoly Blood 244

brumaire, coup of (November 1799) 253,265

Brunswick 58, 170Brunswick Clubs 314Brussels 71, 75, 178, 179, 181Buckingham, 1st marquess of 224Budapest 110Budweis 136Bulgaria 17Bulow, Heinrich von 303Bunting, Revd Jabez 272, 304–5, 313Burgess, Bishop George 326–7Burgos 288Burke, Edmund 105, 150, 193, 194, 198,

202, 204, 209, 221, 223, 225, 227,228, 245

Bury St Edmunds 88Busca, Cardinal 227, 252Butler, Archbishop John 178Butler, Bishop John 121Butler, Bishop Joseph 22, 113, 119Byzantium 17

Caballero, Jose Antonio 241Cacault 223n.Cadiz 287Cortes of 289–90, 312

Caen 192cahiers 124, 186–7Calas affair 110Calatayud, Pedro de 60calendar, Revolutionary 216, 253Calonne, Alexandre de 147, 185






Index 353

Calvados, departement of the, see FauchetCalvinist Churches 34–5, 64, 67, 98, 134,

142, 198, 304; see also Fullerists;Reformed Churches

rights of magistrates 149Cambaceres 266Cambrai 31, 84Cambridge 31, 63, 147, 249collegesClare College 224Jesus College 248Magdalene College 247Peterhouse 121, 137Queens’ College 248

Holy Trinity church 247University 94, 105, 107, 111, 119, 247,

330vice-chancellor 247

Cambridgeshire 67Camden, 2nd Earl 220, 225Camolin 224Campomanes 139, 165–6Canada 13, 136, 144, 184Canning, George 301, 314canon law 68, 135, 161, 166Canossa 134Canova 45Canstein 71Cantemir, Prince Dimitri 109Canterbury 9, 24, 271archbishops of, see Beckett; Cornwallis,

Archbishop Frederick; Cranmer;Herring; Laud; Manners-Sutton;Moore; Secker; Tillotson; Wake

dean of, see HorneCapecelatro, Archbishop Giuseppe 239‘Captain Swing’ riots 330Capuchins, see religious OrdersCaraccioli, Louis-Antoine de 149carbonari 323Carfaintain 209Carlile, Richard 322Carlisle, bishop of, see Law, Bishop

EdmundSt Cuthbert’s church 146

Carlow 326Carlstad, bishop of, see HerweghrCarron, abbe 201Cartagena 287Cartesianism 93; see also DescartesCarthusians, see religious OrdersCarvajal y Lancaster, Bishop Isidro de

139Caselli, Cardinal 254Cashel

(Anglican) archbishop of, see Agar,Archbishop Charles

(Roman Catholic) archdiocese of 86Cassan 39Castile 61, 74Council of 139

Castlereagh, Lord 231, 308, 313casuel 188Catalonia 75, 81, 90, 209, 312catechism, see instruction, religiouscathedrals 35–7, 48, 83, 91, 218, 263, 281,

312, 327–8Catherine II 41, 53, 271controlling power over the Church

134–5need for clerical goodwill 146and education 59, 109and religious Orders 38, 131and Uniates 18

Catholic Association 303, 314, 323–4Catholic Enlightenment, see EnlightenmentCaulfield, Bishop James 206Celsius, Bishop Olaf 139Cely, Bishop Eon de 32censorship 130ceremonial 151–6Cevennes 83Chadwick, Owen 60–1Chalcedon, Council of 277Chalier, Joseph 213Chalmers, Revd Thomas 273Champion de Cice, Archbishop

Jerome-Marie 137, 182, 184, 186Channel Islands 201chaplains 3, 140, 146, 218–19, 220chapters 21, 35–7, 185–6, 189, 256;

see also cathedralscharity 65–6, 286, 328; see also poor reliefcharity schools 58Charlemagne 264Charles I of England 150state service 30 January 151

Charles III, de jure king of England 150,199

Charles III of Spain 41, 87, 107, 110, 137,139, 156, 158, 165–7, 286

Charles IV of Spain 219, 286Charles X of France 203, 307, 310, 311,

313, 320, 329Chartres 22Chateaubriand 281, 282Chaudon, Fr Louis-Mayeul 127Chavagnes-en-Pailliers 190Chebyshev, P. B., 135Chemille 220






354 Index

Cheshire 273Chester 249diocese 318

Chiaramonti, Bishop, see Pius VIIChoiseul, duc de 39, 138, 143, 168Cholet 220chouans 209, 220;

see also counter-revolutionChristendom 10, 47–8, 134, 205, 277,

278, 298Christian doctrine 49, 51, 55, 56, 276–81;

see also religious OrdersChristianity Society 252Churchill 53Churchill, Charles 61Church Building Act 1818 (England) 313,

317Church of England, see England, Church

ofChurch of Scotland, see Scotland, Church

ofChurch, primitive 41, 182Church–state relations 2, 33–4, 54, 84,

127, chap. 4, 175–80, 183–4, 203–8;217, 218, 243, 255–7, 269–72, 292,297, 308–16

churchwardens 75, 285Cicero 72Cisalpine republic 223, 239, 261Cispadane republic 252Cistercians, see religious OrdersCiudad Rodrigo 288civic virtue 72, 104Civil Constitution of the Clergy, see French

RevolutionCivil War, English 151, 177Clark, Jonathan 145Claughton 51Clayton, Bishop Robert 98clergy, higher, see bishopsclergy, lowerand agricultural improvements 25, 43competence 48, 333education 43, 57–60, 111–12, 329–30finances 23, 123, 125, 175, 269, 317,

331and government policies 146–8, 170,

176–80, 251, 270, 283, 296;see also patriotism

and higher clergy 40–1, 231marriage 43, 213and masonry 106in non-episcopal Churches 34–5numbers 21, 296, 324, 333parish clergy 40–4, 231

popularity 42rights and privileges 23, 180–3proletarian 42and regular Orders 127social background 21–2, 23, 181sport 43–4status 23, 329–30training 41–2, 329–30 see also seminariesvocations 23

Clement XI 159Clement XIII 28, 29, 91, 110, 123, 156,

161Clement XIV 27, 28–9, 59, 123, 129, 153,

157, 159, 160, 161and English tourists 29

Clermont-de-Lodeve 82Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop A.-J.-C. 326Clermont-Tonnerre, comte de 196–7Climent, Bishop Jose 166Clinch, Fr Thomas 222Clogher, bishops of, see Clayton; JocelynClovis 311Cloyne, bishop of, seeWoodwardCoalition, First, see French Revolutionary

warsCobbett, William 330Coblenz 86, 164Code Napoleon 283cofradias, see confraternitiesCoke, Thomas 248Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 233, 277–8Collins, Anthony 100Collot d’Herbois 213Colmar 196Colmar, Bishop 310Colne 58Cologne 15, 21, 27, 33, 86, 215, 262, 318Comacchio, bishop of 239Comenius, Jan Amos 11Comminges 48Commission des reguliers 39, 40, 127Committee for Emigration Relief 202Commonwealth (England) 271compagnies de charite 75, 156Comtadin Jews 196conciliarism 4, 27, 128, 168–9, 217concordats 4, 158, 231, 261, 282, 289,

306, 323, 328Concordat of 1801 (France) 254–6, 260,

262, 265, 281, 283, 307, 310–11,327; see also Organic Articles

Concordat of Fontainbleau (France)260, 268, 311

Concordat of 1805 (Italy) 261, 267, 296Concordat of 1817 (Bavaria) 309






Index 355

Concordat of 1817 (France) 311, 326,327

Concordat of 1818 (Naples) 309Concordat of 1818 (Russia) 306Concordat of 1822 (Prussia) 306Concordat of 1824 (Hanover) 307Concordat of 1827 (United

Netherlands) 307, 310concursus 331Conde, prince de 213Condillac, abbe de 95Condorcet 129Conen Saint-Luc, bishop de 31Confederation of the Rhine 264Conference, seeMethodistsconfession 51, 84, 85, 320, 322‘confessionalisation’ 10confessional state, see Church–state

relationsconfirmation 84, 237, 258, 285, 326confraternities 72, 85–6, 106, 285, 319,

331; see also Austria; AustrianNetherlands; Portugal; Spain

Christian Devotion 51, 131congreganistes, see religious Orders, for

femalesCongregationalists 64, 76, 250, 304Congregations, see Holy Redeemer,

Congregation ofCongress system 306Connacht 234Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole 255, 267, 306,

309conscription 230, 321consistory, see Genevaconspiracy theories 208–9Constance 201bishop of, see Dalberg

Constantine, emperor 102, 105, 134Constantinople 9, 10, 17, 56, 87patriarch of, see Gregorios

Constitutional Church 191–3juring clergy 1791–5, 192, 200, 205,

211, 242after 1795 217, 237–8, 255–6in Napoleonic Church 266after 1815 320

Consulate 1799–1804 253, 258;see also Napoleon I

religion 253–4, 260contractarian theories 149Conventicle Act (England) 274Conventicle Act (Sweden) 111Convention, National 172–5 (France) 193,

213, 243

Convocation, see England, Church ofConway, Henry Seymour 12Conzie, Bishop Louis de 184Cooke, Edward 226Coote, Charles 258n.Copenhagen 205Copernicus 110, 114CorbignyCoria, bishop of 288Cork 221Cornelius 300Cornwall 203, 272Cornwallis, 1st marquess 225, 231Cornwallis, Archbishop Frederick 74coronations 23, 55, 136, 152–6, 311‘Coronation’ Mass, seeMozartCorpus Christi festival 87, 192, 319Corresponding Society (London) 248Corsica 203Cossacks 18, 146Cottanello 219Coulanges-la-Vineuse 243Counter-Enlightenment 132Counter-Reformation 15, 41, 48, 71, 72,

92, 111, 128, 134, 164counter-revolution 3, 195, 202, 204–10,

222, 231, 283, 308, 311French clergy and 175, 190millennial associations of 231–6see also Vendee Revolt

Courtenay, Bishop Henry 202courts, Church 148–9, 162Coventry 249Cowper, William 63, 73Crigan, Bishop Claudius 91crusades 104Cuenca, bishop of, see Carvajal y LancasterCults, Law on 1802 (France) 257Cumberland, duke of 314Curates’ Act 1796 181cures, see FranceCustine 196

Dalberg, Bishop Karl von 106, 262Dalrymple, Alexander 245–6Dames de la Foi 284Dance, George 45Danton, Georges-Jacques 214Danube 47Dartmouth, 2nd earl of 73Dashkova, Princess 109Daubeny, Revd Charles 11, 235, 249Daughters of Charity, see religious OrdersDauphine 22, 41, 181, 182, 186, 253Daventry 58






356 Index

David, King 154David, Jacques-Louis 46, 188Dax, bishop of 186decadi 238Decazes, Elie, duc 311dechristianisation 3, 60, 86, 176, 192,

193, 205, 211–18, 220, 243, 246,247, 280

decimes 181Defenders, the 206, 221, 234, 244Deforis, Dom Pierre 127Degola, Fr Eustachio 162, 239deism 9, 58, 95, 97, 99–100, 101, 112–14,

129, 131, 156, 259, 298, 322Delgado y Venegas, Archbishop 65Denmark 9, 16, 180, 193bishops 137clergy of 44, 146and French Revolution 205religious revival in 275

Derrybishop of, see Herveysee of 31

‘desacralisation’, see EnlightenmentDescartes, Rene 93Deschamps, Dom 127Desmoulins, Camille 214Deventer 67Devonshire, Georgiana, duchess of 73devots 159, 168Diamond Necklace Affair, see Rohandiary keeping 89Diderot, Denis 94, 95, 117, 123, 129Diego de Cadiz, Fray 60, 207Diez, Fray Antonio 207Digby, Kenelm 299Diplomatic Revolution 1756 19–20Directory (1795–9) 145, 214, 222–3, 227,

229, 230, 251, 262overthrown 253and religion 216–17, 238, 246, 252–3,

260dissenting academies (England) 58divine right theories 175–6, 246divorce 267, 283Dmochowski, Fr Franciszek 221Dodd, Revd William 26n., 61Doddridge, Philip 47dogma, see Christian doctrineDol, bishop of, see HerceDolben, John English 79Dominus ac redemptor noster 27, 29, 159,

168don gratuit 24, 140, 185Donoughmore, 1st Baron 77

Dordogne, departement of thebishop of the, see Pontard

Dorset 83Douglas, Bishop John 202Douglas, Sylvester 199Dow, Alexander 101Downshire, 2nd marquess of 245Doyle, Bishop James 324Doyle, William 159Dresden 299Dromore, bishop of, see PercyDrummond, Archbishop Robert Hay 154Drummond, Bishop Abernethy 198Drummond family 33Dublin 138, 142Castle 144, 199, 206, 220, 231, 271–2(Roman Catholic) archbishop of,

see Troy, Archbishop John ThomasDubrovnikSt Stephen’s hand 85

Ducket, Tinkler 94Dundas, Henry 144, 180, 199, 206, 220Dundee 91Duport, Adrien 196Duren 214Durham 31bishops of, see Barrington; Butler,

Bishop Joseph; Van Mildertchapter 37diocese 320university 327

Durkheim 258Dutens, Revd Louis 235Duvoisin, Bishop 265

ecclesiastical courts 91Eclectic Society 235ecumenical councils, see general councils of

the Churchecumenicism 295Eden, Garden of 115Eden, William 93, 251Edinburgh 133bishop of, see Drummond, Bishop

AbernethySt Giles’ cathedral 35, 55Holyrood House 203University of 34, 55, 102, 107

Egalite, Philippe-, see Orleans, duc d’Eichorn, Johann Gottfried 120elites and religion 71–4, see also nobilityElland Society 247Ellingham 88Ellwangen 270Ely, 1st marquess of 225






Index 357

Emerson, Roger L. 104emigres 194, 199, 200–3, 206, 207,

209–10, 281; see also refractory clergyorganisation 201vicar-generals 201

Empire, Holy Roman 15, 19, 20, 21, 29,171; see also Austria; Habsburgs

abolished 265, 294Aulic Council 141–2bishoprics of 136–7, 262–3, 294censorship in 97Church reforms in 161, 183, 193, 237episcopal electors 164, see also Cologne,

Mainz, TrierEnlightenment in 80, chap. 3Jansenists in 130, 161makes peace with Napoleon 255masonry in 77and papal states 158prelates in 32, 39Protestants tolerated 142religious Orders 39–40, 269secularisation of Church lands 262–3,

279–80viability of 261

Ems, Punctuation of 11, 27, 164–5enclosure 88, 125Encyclopedie 34, 85, 95, 103, 114, 119,

123, 126England 47, 49, 50, 65, 73, 78, 82, 243,

259; see also England, Church ofCatholics in 51, 83, 199, 202–3, 313,

314dissenters’ presence in 83, 98, 141, 145,

184, 224, 313, 332dissenting politics 76, 132–3, 170,

177–8, 313–14, 332‘rational dissenters’ 105, 132–3, 150,

194, 247; see also Priestleykings of, see Henry II; James II;

William IIIProtestant calendar 150–1

England, Church of 10, 23, 24, 65, 100,137, 146–7, 313–14

apostolic succession 30attendance 91biblical scholarship 121–2bishops 31, 33, 105, 135–6, 138, 150,

181, 325, 326–7Calvinist revival 64, 274Caroline inheritance 17character of 16Convocations 24curates in 181, 325, 330ecclesiastical courts 91

education of clergy 43Evangelicals 63, 67, 73, 82, 90, 176,

247–8, 249–52, 272–4, 296, 317and French Revolution 194high churchmen 11, 17, 69, 85, 113,

124, 131, 135, 150, 177, 194, 246,249, 313

and the judiciary 146as magistrates 125, 148, 330and Methodism 63, 68, 69, 79, 248, 249and mortmain 24music 47parishes in 48, 78, 79public attitudes towards 44, 68, 330reform of 105, 111, 176–7, 271, 274,

314–15, 317–18, 325, 327relationswithGallicanChurch 11, 202–3relations with the state 135, 140, 326–7residence as an issue 181, 224, 325scripture in 61and science 115–16Test and Corporation Act 98, 107, 145,

148, 314–15, 330Enlightenment 18, 64, chap. 3, 231, 299,

310; see also Counter-Enlightenment;France; Germany

and Catholicism 4, 79–80, chap. 3, 156,183, 208, 241, 279–80

and Jews 12and masonry 77and Protestantism 15, 67, chap. 3 passimand religious Orders 38–9, 284–5anti-Christian character 54, 94persistence of 295

‘enthusiasm’ 49, 60, 68, 157, 178, 295Epinay, Madame d’ 124episcopacy, see bishopsErasmus 38, 120, 121, 258Erastianism 44, chap. 4, 188, 194, 208,

236, 264, 269, 294Erskine, Revd John 140, 206Erskine, Thomas 226–7Erskin of Linlathen, Thomas 275–6Erthal, Archbishop Friedrich Karl von 39,

165Espen, Zega-Bernard Van 164, 166Esquilache, Mutiny of 129, 139Estates-General 1789; see also cahiersclerical representation in 185–6electoral rules for 185elections to 186events leading to declaration of National

Assembly 187–8Protestants in 194

Ettal 46






358 Index

Eucharist 46, 50, 51, 65, 84–5, 86, 87, 91,191, 20, 204, 243, 257, 285, 293

‘Evangelicals’, see England, Church of;Scotland, Church of

Evanson, Revd Edward 148Everton, Cambs. 67excommunication 79, 91excusado 166exorcism 79, 273extreme unction 84Ewald, Johann Ludwig 276Eyton, Revd John 296n.

Fajer, Francisco 47Fauchet, Bishop Claude 103, 105Feathers’ Tavern petition 147Febronianism 30, 142, 162–6, 305Febronius, see HontheimFecamp 106Federalism 213Feijoo, Fr Benito Jeronimo 126, 166Felbiger, Johann Ignaz 59Fenelon 156Ferdinand III, grand duke of Tuscany 163Ferdinand IV of Naples 158Ferdinand VI of Spain 126Ferdinand VII of Spain 287, 290, 312–13,

331Ferns, diocese of 79(Roman Catholic) bishop of,

see CaulfieldFerney 72Ferrara 252archbishop of 79

Ferrier, Susan 280Fesch, Cardinal Joseph 265, 266Festivals, Revolutionary, see

dechristianisationFichte, Johann Gottlieb 120–1, 278, 305Finedon 79Finistere, bishop of the, see AudreinFirmian, archbishop 19First Estate, see France; Gallican ChurchFirst Republic (1792–1804) 176, 192,

195, 200, 204, 209, chap. 6, 240, 243Fisher, Bishop John 326–7Fitzwilliam, 2nd earl 220Five Mile Act 274flagellation, rites of 86–7Flanders 201Flaxman 45Fleming, Robert 235Fletcher, John 69Fleury, Cardinal 67, 138, 167Flood, Noachian 100, 101

Florence 41, 108, 162, 253captured by royalists 1799 240Holy Office abolished 162San Miniato 41

Floridablanca, conde de 29, 135, 204, 241Folkes, Martin, P. R. S. 116Fons 243Fontainbleau, see ConcordatFontenay-le-Comte 220Fontenelle 109Fordyce, Rev James 55Forest of Dean 79Forestier 215Fouche, Joseph 243, 256, 286Fountaine, John 37, 177Fox, Charles James 178, 314Fox, William 250Foxite Whigs 199, 226France 9, 13, 14, 47, 82, 86, 93, 101, 177,

306, 320; see also Estates-General;Gallican Church; Napoleon;Restoration monarchy 1814–30

censorship in 95, 97deists in 113Enlightenment in chap. 3Jansenists 61, 66–7, 75, 84, 103,

128–31, 159–60, 161, 162,167–9,182n., 191, 257

Jesuits in 103, 128–32, 159, 167, 169,311

kings of, 87, see also Charles X; HenriIV, Louis XIV, Louis XV, LouisXVI; Louis XVIII; Louis-Philippe

masonry in 76–7, 106nobility 71–2, 74, 75parlements 67, 128–9, 138, 167, 169, 185Protestants in 19, 20, 34–5, 61, 76, 83,

110, 141, 143, 144, 168, 187, 188,213, 255, 256, 259, 301, 310;see also Concordat; NationalAssembly

queens of, seeMarie-AntoinetteFrancis II, emperor (Francis I of Austria

from 1804) 207and religious change 236–7and the Revolutionary war 227as protector of the Holy see 254and election of Pius VII 254

and German secularisation 262–3end of the Holy Roman Empire 264–5becomes emperor of Austria 265religious policies after 1815 309

Francis I, king of Naples 307Franciscans, see religious OrdersFrankfurt-am-Main 19






Index 359

Franklin, Benjamin 105, 113Frederick II, see PrussiaFreemasons 61, 63, 76–7, 106, 108, 209,

292, 299, 305, 306, 320Freising 264French Revolution 3, 11, 72, 82, 86, 87,

91, 105, 121, 145, 177, 194, 195,199, chap. 5, 231, 251, 252, 278,282, 293, 305, 306, 317;see also dechristianisation; FirstRepublic (1792–1804)

and the Church 1789–90 184–9Civil Constitution of the Clergy 4, 163,

169, 189–93, 194, 234, 237,241,261, 307

oath to 1791 190, 191, 200;see also juring clergy; refractoryclergy

constitutional monarchy (1789–92) 146,175, 193

millennial associations of 231–6Romantic authors and 233

French Revolution of 1830 307–8, 312,332–3

French Revolutionary wars 112, 130,131, 151, 183, 191, 198, 226–31,262

Frend, William 248Friedrich, Caspar David 299–300fructidor, coup of (September 1797) 217,

243, 252, 265Fullerists 304funerals 71Furstenbund 1785 19, 165, 262

Galata 87Galiani, Ferdinando 115Galicia 142, 202Galileo 110Gallican Articles 1682 160, 162, 167, 208Gallican Church 10, 11, 21, 24, 137,

167–9, 191, 193, 194, 281, 298bishops 21, 31, 32, 184, 185, 186, 187,

189, 190, 200, 255, 256, 326commitment of women to 90Counter-Enlightenment writings 102–3Easter communion figures 84lands nationalised 188parish clergy 26, 103, 169, 181–3, 184,

186, 189, 191–2, 266, 311, 329preaching 56recruitment 42, 329and reform politics 168–9, 184–5regular Orders 39–40, 58, 186, 187,

200, 284, 298, 328

diminished status from 1789 188,204, 210

disbanded from 1790 127, 188, 269revival 266, 300after the Revolution 188, 204, 210

and 1801 Concordat 255, 256, 268condition 1815–30 298, 310–12, 326,

327–8, 331relations with the papacy 27, 29,

159–60, 161, 190, 255–6, 267–8,311, see also ultramontanism

services 87and taxation 177, 187vicaires 181, 184General Assembly of the Clergy 24, 97,

102–3, 123–4, 140–1, 143, 169,184, 185

Gallicanism, 30, 159, 188, 190, 211, 255,265, 268; see also France; Ireland

Gallitzin, Prince Amalie 252Gallo, Fr Nicolas 56Galway Bay 47Ganganelli, Lorenzo, see Clement XIVGard, departement of the 195Gascony 60Gash, Norman 326Gay, Peter 3Gay-Vernon, Bishop 100Geldern 136General Assembly of the Clergy,

see Gallican Churchgeneral councils of the Church 27, 164,

168, 190, 235; see also conciliarismGenesis, see BibleGeneva 9, 16, 34, 64, 181clergy in 44, 98relaxed morality of 148–9religious revival in 275–5revolt of 1782 149, 179sacramental services 85

Genga, Annibale Semattei della,see Leo XII

Genoa 162, 239, 268Geoffrin, Mme 124George III 29, 46, 111, 125, 132, 150,

151, 203, 232, 244, 271baptism 84character 74charitable 152coronation 154coronation oath 155, 226piety 156royal proclamation 1787, 1792 74, 205

George IV 43, 314, 330Gerard, Alexander 64–5, 149






360 Index

Gerle, Dom 188Germanos, Bishop 301Germany 45, 47, 48, 70, 78, 100, 111,

133, 170, 180, 258–9, 324; see alsoHoly Roman Empire; Pietists; War ofLiberation

biblical scholarship in 120–1Catholic Church in 163–5, 263anti-papal 163–5

chapters in 37Church land ownership in 24Church relations in 11Churches and citizenship 124Confederation 295ecclesiastical states in 15, 39, 262–4Enlightenment in 47, 56, chap. 3,

163–4, 280and French Revolution 209Jews in 196, 302

masons in 77, 106national Church idea 164–5religious Orders in 164, 269–70religious renewal in 15, 16, 67, 296,

302–3sermons in 55universities in 107, 108–9

Gerona 289Ghent, bishop of, see BroglieGibbon, Edward 72, 102, 121Gibraltar 47Giral, Jean-Antoine 39Girondins 103, 213Glasgow 34, 91cathedral 35Catholics in 198

Glasse, Samuel 17Gleig, Bishop George 274Glengary Fencibles 219Glenorchy, Viscountess 73Gloucester

diocese of 327HRH duchess of 251

Gniezno, archbishop-primate of,see Podoski

Gobel, Bishop Joseph 190, 191Godechot, Jacques 209Godoy, Manuel 219, 241, 288, 290Goethe 93, 277, 279, 318Golitsyn, Prince Alexei 315, 329Gordon, Lord George232

Gordon Riots 143Gormanstown, viscount 206Gospel, see BibleGothic style 45, 299, 311, 333Gottingen, University of 108

Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jose de 288Grafton, 3rd duke of 105, 137grammar schools 58Grande Chartreuse 328Grandison, Sir Charles 73Grand Tour 20, 29Great Awakening 70Great Britain, see Britain, Great‘Great Fear’ 196Greece 9, 10, 17, 18, 27, 108;

see also Orthodoxyattitudes to modern learning 109parish clergy in 42science in 114revolt of 1820s 301–2

Greek architectural revival 45Greenfield, Steddy 29n.Greenland 47Gregoire, Henri 191, 206, 213, 217, 239,

255, 309, 324rebuilds Constitutional Church after

1795 237–8and the Concordat 256and Spanish Church 241after 1815 320prosemitic 196

Gregorios, patriarch 301–2Gregory XVI 306, 332Grenville, 1st Baron 203, 227Grey, 2nd earl 315Grimm, Friedrich-Melchior 110Gross, Hanns 81Grotius, Hugo 120, 134Grou, Fr 62Gugler, Joseph Heinrich Alois 280Guiana 200guilds 75, 76, 88Guittard de Floriban 216Gunpowder Plot day (5 November) 150–1Gunter, Martin 46Gustavus III 29, 1111772 coup 1551786 Riksdag 139, 156Church reformer 136, 180interest in Swedenborgianism 63, 156

Guyon, Mme 61Guyot de Folleville, abbe 220Gyor, diocese of 51

Habsburgs, emperors; see Francis II[I];Joseph II; Maria Theresa; PeterLeopold

Hackney Phalanx 313, 326Haggitt, Revd John 224Hague, The 181






Index 361

Hainault, Estates of 143, see also AustrianNetherlands

Haldane, Robert 276Hales, Stephen 115Halevy, Elie 248Hall, James 68Halldin, Johan Gustaf 156Halle, University of 70, 108Hamann, Johann Georg 99Hamilton, Sir William 81Hammond, Henry 17Hampshire 88, 330Hanbury, Revd William 35Hanover 29, 58, 289, 307; see also BritainHanway, Jonas 65Hardenberg, Georg Friedrich Philipp von

276n., 277, 278, 280, 281, 296Hardenberg, Karl von 294Harms, Claus 316Harris, James 29n.Haspinger, Fr Joachim 290Hastings, Adrian 2Hauge, Hans Nielsen 275Haugwitz 24Haute-Loire, departement of the 244Haute-Vienne, bishop of, see Gay-VernonHautes-Pyrenees, departement of the 216Haydn, Franz (Joseph) 47healing ministry, see medicineHebert, Jacques-Rene 214Hebestein, Bishop Charles d’ 142Hebrew studies 122Hegel 127, 278, 333Hellenisation 10Helmstad 121Helvetic Republic, see SwitzerlandHelvetius 95, 110, 123Hempton, David 304Henke, Philipp Konrad 120Henry II, king of England 134Henri IV, king of France 134Henry IV, emperor 134Heptonstall 58Herce, Bishop Urbain de 31, 209Herder, Johann Gottfried 56, 133,

280Herring, Archbishop Thomas 12, 22Herrnhut 70Herschwiesen 230Hervas y Panduro 241Hervey, Frederick 22Herweghr, Bishop Daniel 139Hesychasm 108Hey, John 111, 330Heylyn, Peter 17

Hiarne, Christina 89Hibernian Bible Society 303n.hidalgos 74; see also nobilityhigher education, see universtiesHighlands, see ScotlandHildesheim 262Hill, Dr George 206Hill, Sir Richard 176–7Hill, Revd Rowland 73Hinduism 101history writing 101–2, 130, 280, 299hobereaux 74; see also nobilityHoche, General 219, 222Hofbauer, Fr Clement Maria 309–10Hoffman, Philip 81Hogarth, William 46, 54Hohenzollerns, see PrussiaHolbach, d’, Baron 9–10, 95, 119, 123,

124Holland 67, 70, 95; see also United

Provinceskingdom of 264, 307, 310

‘Holly Thursday’ 88Holy Alliance 301, 308, 309, 312, 332,

333Holy Office, see Spain; Inquisition

Holy Redeemer, Congregation of 56Holy See, see papacyHoly Synod, see RussiaHoly Week 29, 87, 283Hontheim, Johann Nikolas von 22, 162–4,

165–6, 262Hooke, Fr Luke Joseph 108Hopkins, see Sternhold and HopkinsHorgan, Fr Matthew 80Horne, Bishop George 17, 102, 145, 198Horsley, Bishop Samuel 199, 202, 228,

249, 251hospitals 65Houdon 45Huddersfield 69Hufton, Olwen 79, 86, 159, 238Huguenots, see FranceHullSt Mary’s church 82

Humbert, General 222Hume, David 34, 100–1, 102, 113, 116,

118–19, 122Hungary 9, 43, 85, 110; see also Joseph IIChurch relations in 11Diet 57dioceses 49, 51monasteries reopened 236–7prelates 21–2, 32, 137primate of, see Batthyany






362 Index

Hungary (cont.)Protestants of 11, 14, 35, 57, 142, 178schools 57sermons in 54

Hunslet 44Huntingdon, Selina, countess of 64, 73Huntingford, George Isaac 33Hurter-Amman, Friedrich Emanuel von

310Hussey, Bishop Thomas 221Hutchinson, John 114–15Hutchinsonians 122, 194Hutt, Maurice 209Hutton, James 100

Iberia 20, 21, 132; see also Spain; Portugalicons 46, 330Ideologues 101, 114, 259Illuminati 77, 232Imitatio Christi 41Immaculate Conception, see Virgin MaryImola, bishop of, see Pius VIIimperial knights 21impropriation 26, 42; see also titheIndependents, see CongregationalistsIndex 110, 163, 307India 101indifferentism 299, 332infanticide 148Inglis, Bishop Charles 136Ingolstadt, University of 77, 116Innocent XI 158Innsbruck 46Inquisition, see Florence; Spaininstruction, religious 49–53, 56, 87, 103,

162, 205, 244, 305, 322Intieri, Bartolomeo 115Ireland 83, 194Anglicans in 17, 22, 23, 31, 33, 37, 76,

87, 125, 144, 178, 199, 221, 225,226, 271, 303–4, 323–4

Catholics in 11, 26–7, 51, 76, 77, 80,84, 125, 139, 142,144, 155, 178,199, 206, 208, 220–1, 222, 224,225, 226, 244–5, 271–2, 303–4,307, 314–15, 322, 323

and the French Revolution 206, 208,219, 221, 222, 225

Gallicanism in 11Irish language 78legislative independence 1782 178masons in 77Methodists in 272middle class in 206Parliament of 138, 142, 220

penal laws 84Presbyterians in 26, 34–5, 76, 87, 125,

208, 220, 221, 224, 245, 303–41798 Rebellion 77, 221, 222, 224–5,

244–5, 304‘Second Reformation’ 303–4Test and Corporation Act in 76, 226,

303, 314–15Tridentine initiatives 14, 51, 326Union with Great Britain 125, 155,

225–6, 271–2, 304, 314Volunteer movement 178wakes 80

irmandades, see confraternitiesirreligion 10, 97–8, 102–3, 111;

see also atheismIsernia 81Islam 9, 12–13, 17, 302Isle of Man 91Israel 140Italy 4, 14, 20, 45, 81, 85, 129, 159, 183,

193, 244, 282, 320, 324, 326Austrian power and 254anticlericalism in 223, 240bishops in 22, 261chapters in 328clerical reformers in 1790s 239–40confraternities in 285dechristianisation in 214counter-revolution in 219, 223Enlightenment in chap. 3French Army of 222–3, 235, 239, 240Jacobinism in 239–40Jansenism 40, 66, 161–2, 236, 239, 240,

322Jesuits in 129kingdom of 282, 283masonry 106Newtonianism in 115parishes 48parish clergy 41, 240Protestantism 145religion and national feeling post-1815

322–3religious Orders in 40, 284–5revolutionary republics in 223, 261scripture in 61seminaries in 261tithe in 26

itinerancy 48, 82, 224, 271, 305Ivory, John 83

Jacobins 3, 204, chap. 6, 221, 223, 227,228, 236, 243, 245, 247, 253, 290,299, 303, 309, 316, 319






Index 363

Jacobitism 11, 16, 66, 142Jagault, Fr Pierre 220James II of England 150, 152James III, de jure king of England 150Jansenism 4, 28, 40, 60, 80, 86, 112, 115,

131, 156, 165, 170, 237, 282, 286;see also Austrian Netherlands; Italy;France; Spain

appeal 66–7, 167–8and the French Revolution 168–9, 208political application 66

Jarcke, Carl Ernst 310Jaucourt, Louis de 95, 126Jebb, John 121, 148Jebb, John, bishop of Limerick 304Jefferson, Thomas 113Jenabattle of 267, 293, 294university of 120–1, 278

Jerusalem, patriarch of 13Jesuits, see religious OrdersJew Bill (England) 1753 12Jews 231; see also anti-Semitism;

Ashkenazim; Judaism; Sephardimconversion of 236in England 12in France 12, 255, 259, 310;

see also National Assemblyin Germany 108, 302

Jimenez, Bishop Martınez 288Jocelyn, Bishop Percy 326John V of Portugal 32Johnson, Samuel 55, 85Jones, William (of Nayland) 17, 102, 194,

246Jones, Sir William 101Jose I 129Joseph II, emperor 11, 19, 124, 141–2,

149, 165, 166, 193, 207, 260, 262,309

death of 154and education 57, 130dissolution of the Jesuits 130–1and monastic reform 39–40, 137and Pius VI 29, 156, 158personal religious interests 156and sermons 54religious reforms 80, 136–7, 147, 158,

161, 162, 163, 178, 189Toleration Patent 1781 139, 142–3,

197Jourdan law, see conscriptionJournal de Trevoux 129Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior 241Jubilee

1775 75, 3091825 307

Judaism 9, 94, 119–20July Revolution, see French Revolution of

1830juring clergy, see Constitutional ChurchJutland 252

Kalisch 293Kant, Immanuel 70, 101, 115, 116, 126,

279influence 116–17, 120, 275

Kaplice 59Karl Eugen, duke of Wurttemberg 141–2Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Anton von 29, 39,

93, 161, 162Kaye, Bishop John 326Kempis, Thomas a 156Kenmare, earl of 206Kennicott, Benjamin 122Kiel 316Kildare and Leighlin, bishop of, see DoyleKilham, Alexander 248, 273Kilmany 273Kindermann, Fr Ferdinand 59King’s College, see AberdeenKirk, see Scotland, Church ofKlopstock, Friedrich 99Knight, Richard Payne 81Knoller, Martin 46Knoss, Anders 63Konarski, Stanislaw 59Konstanz 136Kosciuszko’s rising (1795) 221–2Kottwitz, Baron Hans Ernst von 302Kozlovsky, Prince A. S., 135Krudener, Baroness 275Kyrillos V 18

Laborde, Fr 186Labrousse, Suzette 234La Fare, Bishop 196Lafayette, marquis de 143La Harpe 38Laibach, bishop of, see Hebesteinlaity, see also womenchanging religious practice 258firm attachment to Christianity 228,

260–1, 273–4, 281–6, 295piety 60–3, 65, 68, 70, 91–2popular religious beliefs 50, 62, 67–8,

77–82, 92, 272, 273, 295, 321,324

and powers of patronage 140preaching 68, 92






364 Index

laity (cont.)relations with the clergy 48, 62, 75, 112,

169, 312, 320, 324co-operation in religious reforms 163role in the 1790s 242–7urban ministry to 82

Lake District 78La Luzerne family 33La Luzerne, Bishop 143–4La Marche, Bishop Jean-Francois De 147,

201, 203, 204Lambert, Fr Bernard 235–6Lambeth Palace 219Lamennais, F. R. de, 305–6Lami, Giovanni 108Lamourette, Adrien 105, 191Lamourous, Marie-Therese de 244Lancashire 58, 317Catholics in 51Methodists in 248

Landes, senechaussee of the 186Landeshi, Giovan Battista 41lands, Church 24, 311, 324Langford, Paul 251Langhorn Manor 203Langres 129bishop of, see La Luzerne, Bishop

Languedoc 31, 39, 83, 138, 213Lansdowne, 2nd marquess of 314Laplanche 213La Rochefoucauld, Cardinal 97, 186Latimer, Bishop 235Latin 15, 33, 42, 47Laud, Archbishop William 11Laudianism 17, see also England, Church ofLausanne 275La Valette, priory of 32Law, Bishop Edmund 137Law, William 61Lazarists, see religious OrdersLe Breton, Louis-Francois 95Le Coz, Bishop 192, 237Leeds 44, 82, 250Legge, Bishop Edward 327Legion of Honour 300Legislative Assembly 1791–2 (France) 192Leibniz 115, 116Leicestershire 35Leinster 125, 221Leipzig 104, 121, 302Lent 86Leo XII 299, 302, 306–7, 309, 311, 329Leoben, see of 136Leopold II, emperor, see Peter LeopoldLe Paige, Louis-Adrien 168

Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Jean-Michel213

Lescure, marquis 220Le Senne, abbe 182Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 104, 108, 120,

170Levellers 233Leven and Melville, earl of 73Levshin, see Platon Levshinliberalism 306, 307, 308, 313, 322, 325,

332libertinism 10Licensing Act (England) 111Liege 262Liguria 268Lillie, Metta 89Limerick, bishop of, see JebbLimousin 243Lincoln, bishop of, see Pretymandiocese of 259

Lindsey, Theophilus 105Linnaeus, Carl 115Lisbon earthquake 117–18, 129Lithuania, see Polandliturgy 63–4, 68, 78, 83, 111, 199, 282,

299Book of Common Prayer 47, 91, 219in French 238Missal 47and nationality 64Prussian of 1821 316scholarship 108Swedish Prayer Book 275

Liverpool, 2nd earl of 313, 314, 326, 327Llandaff, bishop of, seeWatsonLlorente, Juan Antonio 289Locke, John 18, 94, 95, 100, 149Loire, river 209, 220Lombardy, seeMilanLombardy-Venetia, kingdom of 323Lombez, bishop of 256Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil’evich 114,

115–16London 31, 55, 56, 64, 140, 232, 316;

see alsoWestminsterbishops of, see Lowth; Porteus; RobinsonCity of 23diocese of 31Essex Street chapel 105Mansion House 23St Paul’s cathedral 32, 46, 146

London Missionary Society 250, 274, 304London Wall, All Hallows church 45Lord’s Supper, the, see EucharistLorenzana, Cardinal 30






Index 365

Loreto 223Lorraine 12, 160, 201anti-Semitism in 196–7duke of 45

Louis XIII 152Louis XIV 19, 61, 62, 128, 145, 158, 213Louis XV 45, 67, 72, 102, 128, 141, 143,

147, 152, 154, 167, 184Louis XVI 72, 167, 168, 298character 74and the Church 169, 194and the Civil Constitution 190, 191healing touch 152piety 156coronation 154visits Paris 1789 188execution 151, 175, 193, 207

Louis XVIII 231, 306and refractory clergy 254policies after 1814 298, 311, 320and his relations 300

Louis, the dauphin (d. 1789) 234Louis Ferdinand, the dauphin (d. 1765)

159, 168Louis-Philippe, king of the French 307,

312, 332Louvain, University of 143, 164love feasts 68Lowth, Bishop Robert 122, 280loyalists, see American War of

Independence; counter-revolutionLozere, departement of the 266Lucerne 280Lucina 240Luddites 317Lulworth 83Lundbishop of, see Celsiusuniversity of 275

Luneville, Treaty of 226, 255, 261, 262luoghi pii laicali 286Luther, Martin 104, 121, 279, 280, 289,

303, 316Lutheranism 16, 19, 20, 23, 34, 43, 44,

49, 50, 58, 78, 83, 131, 134, 142condemns Swedenborgianism 63and liturgy 64and music 47and Pietism 70, 104in Prussia 136, 316revival 252, 278

Lwow, archbishop of 155Lyon 81, 82, 266archbishop of, see Feschchapter of 35

Federalism 213Jansenism 67millenarians in 234

Lyonnais 256Lyte, Henry 20

Madeley 69Madingley 224Madrid 28, 82, 139, 159, 204, 207, 287,

312, 316, 322, 325, 333Mainz 15, 21, 27, 33, 86, 106, 262

archbishop electors, see Breidbach;Erthal

bishop of, see Colmar, Bishopuniversity 39

Maistre, Joseph de 297–8, 305, 332Malaga 65, 207Malagrida, Fr 129males, and Christianity 3Malesherbes 143Malmesbury, 1st earl of 227, 234–5Malta 13Malta, Order of 13Manchester 68, 304Manners-Sutton, Archbishop Charles 325Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice 23Mant, Revd Richard 271Marat, Jean-Paul 213Marengo 254Maria I of Portugal 21Maria Theresa, empress 11, 14, 39, 142,

161, 282and censorship 97and education 57, 59and Jesuits 130and Protestants 19, 141and Uniates 18

Marianism 56, 60–1; see also Virgin MaryMarie-Antoinette 123Marine Society 65Marischal College, see AberdeenMarkham, Theodore 246Markham, Archbishop William 125, 150,

251Marne, departement of the 242marriage, clerical 22Marseillaise 229Marseille 46church of the Grands Augustins 88St Eloi’s feast 88

Marsh, Bishop Herbert 121Martin, Archbishop Antonio 61Mass, see Eucharistmaterialism 132Maulbertsch 46






366 Index

Maultrot, Gabriel-Nicolas 182Maundy Thursday 152Maurice, Revd Thomas 101Maurists, see religious OrdersMaury, Abbe 196Max-Joseph, king of Bavaria 264May bugs 302–3Mayer, J. G. 43Maynooth, Royal College 221Mayo, County 222Mazarin, Cardinal 33McDonnell, Fr Alexander 219McNally, Leonard 245Meaux, bishop of, see BossuetMedici family 162medicine 65royal healing touch 152

medievalism, seeMiddle AgesMediterranean 9, 13Melbourne, 2nd viscount 107Melissino, I. I. 135Melzi d’Eril, count 261Mende 209bishop of 186

Mendelssohn, Moses 280mendicancy 166; see also poor reliefMenendez, Bishop 288, 290Mengs, Anton Raphael 46Mennonites 198Mercier, Louis-Sebastien 82Merino, Fr 288Meslier, Fr Jean 9Mesmer, Franz Anton 63Methodists 3, 16, 57, 63, 64, 274chapels 83Conference 248, 250, 272, 273, 305,

314divisions among 248New Connexion 248Primitives 273, 305Wesleyans 273, 305

education 58and the French Revolution 208, 248in House of Commons 176hymn singing 47institutions 69numbers 69–70, 248and popular culture 78, 250, 272, 273preaching 68relations with the government 248, 271,

313–14revival 67–70, 304–5social range 68

Metternich, Prince Clemens von 301, 323religious policies after 1815 309–10

Mettrie, Julien de la 95, 117Metz 31, 138bishop of, seeMontmorency-Laval

Mexico 291Michaelis, Johann-David 121Middle Ages 123, 134, 280, 299, 329middle classesand religion 74–7, 123, 318–19, 320–1,

324Middle East 9Middlesex 59Middleton, Conyers 119Midlands 248, 273, 317, 330Migazzi, Count Christoph 129Migazzi, Prince-Archbishop 142Milan 21, 239, 254, 261, 282, 285archbishop of, seeMartinconcordat 158duchy 72

militia 147Millar, John 107millenarianism 29, 64, 105, 231–6, 322Milner, Isaac 248Minchini, Fr Luigi 323Minims, see religious OrdersMinto, 1st earl of 225Miollis, General 267Mirabeau, comte de 45, 234miracles 67, 81, 117–19Mirari vos 306Missal, see liturgymissions 3, 13, 14, 18, 50, 59–60, 75, 82,

86, 131, 266, 270, 299, 311, 319, 329Mitchell, W. G. 209‘Moderates’, see Scotland, Church of 34Mohilow, bishop of 18Moldavia 108prince of, see Cantemir

Molise 81Monaghan 234Mondonville 47Monestier 216Mons, dean of 97Montauban 76, 195Montenegro 33see of 33

Montesquieu 58, 103, 123, 149, 169Montijo, condesa de 206Montmorency family 138Montmorency-Laval, Cardinal

Louis-Joseph de 160, 186Montpellier 39, 76Montagu, dukes of 45Montagu, Elizabeth 73Montefiascone, cardinal-bishop of 306






Index 367

Montgelas, Maximilian von 264Montreuil-Bellay, priory of 127Mont Valerian 300Montyon family 71Moore, Archbishop John 136, 198, 218,

219moral reforms 177, 187, 250–2Moravia 48, 142Moravian Brethren 70, 89, 198, 252, 275,

279, 293; see also PietistsMorbihan, depatement of the 195More, Hannah 90, 245, 250mortmain 23, 24, 328Moscow 17, 42, 291, 293metropolitan of, see patriarchpatriarch of 17; see also Platon Levshinuniversity of 109

Moser, Friedrich Karl von 15Moses 50, 114–15, 122Mosheim, J. L. von 258Mount Sinai 115, 149Mozart 12, 47, 154Mozzi, Fr Luigi 285Muhammad, Prophet 12–13, 280Muller, Adam 310Mulotins, see religious OrdersMunich 86, 280, 300Munster 125, 225Munster (Westphalia) 252, 262, 318Murat, Joachim, king of Naples 270Muratori, Lodovico Antonio 80, 161Murphy, Fr John 222Murphy, Fr Michael 222Murray, Bishop George 326Musgrave, Sir Richard 225music, church 47, 83, 91, 293Muslims, see Islammysticism 61–2, 63, 276

Nancy 45bishops of, see La Fare; Osmond

Nantes 220bishop of, see DuvoisinEdict of 61, 145

Naples, kingdom of 21, 101, 165,215, 283, 297, 307, 322;see also Parthenopean Republic

Church in 24, 270, 325–6, 331concordats 158, 309festivals 81hostility to French Revolution in 230kings of, see Ferdinand IV; Francis I;

Muratreligious Orders in 39revolutions in 323

Napoleon I (Bonaparte) 3, 4, 180, 209,262, 268, 277, 281, 294, 301, 332,333

as Antichrist 235, 292attitudes to the clergy and religion 223,

257, 260, 292and concordats 231, 252, 254–7,

259–61, 265–6, 307–8his empire in Europe 215, 264–5, 282,

296and German secularisation 262–4in Italy 222–3, 239, 240, 252and ‘Spanish ulcer’ 286–91overthrown 291–4, 296, 297, 313

Nares, Edward 265n., 281n.National Assembly (France 1789–91)

established 187moves to Paris 188sovereign institution 189, 190, 191,

193–4toleration for Jews 194–7Protestant toleration 194–5

national councils 189, 190, 237, 238, 256,282

National Guard (France) 195, 200natural sciences 108, 114–17, 130Nazarenes 300Nazareth, holy house of, see LoretoNecker, Jacques 137, 184, 185, 188, 207,

275Necker, Mme 124Nelson, 1st viscount 230nepotism 32–3, 157; see also patron–client

relationsNetherlands, see Austrian Netherlands;

Holland; United ProvincesNeufchatel 95Nevers 211, 213Newcastle, duke of 37, 124–5New Forest 79New Jerusalem 162, 277;

see also millenarianismNew Testament, see BibleNewton, Sir Isaac 93, 114–15, 232Newtonian science 99, 114–15, 12–7

Newton, John 63Newton, Bishop Thomas 32Niccolini 115Nicene Creed 51Nietzsche 278Nievre, departement of the 243Nımes 20bagarre of 1790 195bishop of 332Protestants in 76, 195, 319






368 Index

nobilityantinoble feelings 185in the Church 21–3, 32, 33, 37, 38–9and moral reformation 250–1, 274their religion 71–4, 91, 282, 293–4,

316nonjurors, see Scotland, Anglicans innonjurors (France), see refractory clergyNoot, Hendrick Van der 179Norfolk 85, 199, 203, 249Normandy 42, 192, 201, 242North family 33North, Bishop Brownlow 33, 143North, Frederick, Lord 33, 73, 143, 144,

177–8Northamptonshire 45, 79Norway 252, 275Norwich 76bishop of, see BagotOctagon chapel 83

Notables, first Assembly of 143–4, 147,185

Nottingham 76Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques 115, 257Novalis, see Hardenberg, Georg Friedrich

Philipp vonNova Scotia, bishop of, see InglisNowell, Thomas 150noyades 220nunciature 160–1, 162, 164Nuremburg 252

Oak Apple Day 79Occasional Conformity 76occultism 133Ochrid, archbishop of, see ArsemnisO’Connell, Daniel 303, 314, 323–4, 332‘October Days’ 1789 188Olavide, Pablo 281–2Old Believers, see RussiaOldham 317–18Old Dilton 52Old Patras, bishop of, see GermanosO’Leary, Fr Arthur 11Oleron 253Olesa de Montserrat 90Olney circle 63opera 47Orange, house of, see United ProvincesOrange Order 221, 224, 303–4Oratorians, see religious OrdersOrense, bishop of 202Organic Articles 256, 265Orihuela 325Orleans, duc d’ 71; see also Louis-Phillipe

Oros, patriarchal decree 17Orthodoxy 10, 11, 19, 50, 51, 84, 131,

152, 308divisions within 301–2and education 109episcopacy in 30and French Revolution 204, 246and the laity 78liturgy 64music 47and Ottoman Turks 13, 301religious Orders in 38, 126rivalry with Catholicism 292, 301in Russia 17–18, 270–1, 292spirituality 38, 46, 85, 108, 301

Orvieto 223Osmin 13Osmond, Bishop Antoine Eustache d’ 326Osnabruck 15Ossages 186Ottoman Empire 3, 9, 10, 13, 17, 33, 45,

85, 87, 109, 204, 301–2Outram, Dorinda 132Oveido, University of 126Overbeck 300Overijessel 67Owen, Revd Roger 224Oxford 125, 265bishops of, see Butler, Bishop John;

Leggecathedral 35diocese 31Hutchinsonians in 115Tories 114–15university 35, 43, 106, 107,111, 330collegesBrasenose 43Christ Church 122St Edmund Hall 247

vice-chancellor 106

Pacific 101, 127Paderborn 318Paine, Thomas 113–14, 117, 194, 232–3,

245, 249Palatinate 316Palazzo Braschi 157Pale of Settlement 302Paley, William 111, 116, 117, 119Pallavicini, Cardinal 28Palmerston, 3rd Viscount 107pamphlets, see religious tractsPamplona, diocese of 259pantheism 62, 100, 278, 279, 299Pantheon, see Paris






Index 369

papacy 4, 27–30, 61, 86, 124, 171, 203,246, 260, 266; see also papal states;Rome

as Antichrist 235influence in European affairs 159–61,

308and French Revolution 223, 227relations with Orthodoxy 18Protestants and 30, 171, 207, 235

and religious revival 252and royal power 27–8spiritual authority 157–8disowns the Stuarts 1766 150powers after the 1801 Concordat

255–6, 267after 1815 298, 305–8

papal states 59, 156–9, 204, 252, 267–8,306, 307, 322

Paraguay 129Paris 9, 38, 56, 71, 75, 82, 86, 147, 187,

214, 281, 313, 316archbishop of, see BeaumontCapuchins, church of the 45Carmelite convent 200Chapelle de l’Expiation 300Hotel Biron 301Jews in 196Notre Dame cathedral 257, 267Pantheon 45parlement 129, 167, 168Port-Royal 66Saint-Cloud, palace of 191, 194Saint-Denis, basilica of 300Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois 192Saint-Medard cemetery 67Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs 53Tuileries 194, 256, 311

Paris, deacon 67Paris, Peace of (1763) 147parish, importance of the 146–8, 175, 183,

317–18parish clergy, see clergyParma 161archbishop of, see TurchiFerdinand, duke of 156

Parthenopean Republic 215, 230, 240Pascal, Blaise 128, 275Passau, see of 131, 136, 262, 264Passionists, see Religious ordersPastoralis sollicitudo (1796) 239patriotism 176–80, 181, 192, 208, 287,

291, 294, 323patronage 72, 137–9, 140patron–client relations 32Pau, parlement of 129

Paul I, emperor of Russia 11, 18, 271Pavels, Claus 205Pays de Vaud 275–6Pec 10peculiars, ecclesiastical 39Peel, Sir Robert 314Pelham, Henry 12Peloponnese 301penance 104Peninsula War 288Pentateuch, see BiblePenthievre, duc de 71Perceval, Spencer 274Percy, Bishop Thomas 194Peres de la Foi 266Perigord 234Pernetty, Dom Joseph 127Perth 273Perugia, bishop of 240Peter III, emperor of Russia 17Peterboroughbishop of, seeMarshdiocese 327

Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany 61,80, 131, 207, 236, 282

interest in religion 156religious reforms in Tuscany 162–3succeeds as emperor 154cancels Joseph II’s reforms after 1790

179and French Revolution 197

Peterloo Massacre 304, 313Petite Eglise 256, 265–6Petre, Lord 202, 203Petty, Lord Henry 107Pforr 300Phanariot family 17Philip II of Spain 134Philippines 13Phillips, Georg 310philosophes 9, 20, 58, 62, 77, 81, 85, 94,

103, 107, 112, 124, 126, 129, 132,167, 171, 186, 189, 209, 241, 260,298

Photius, Archimandrite 315Piarists, see religious OrdersPiau 244Picot de Cloriviere, Fr 62Piedmont 21, 239, 261, 323Pietists 3, 15, 16, 57, 62, 65, 67, 70–1,

104, 133, 218, 275, 276, 279, 303and masonry 106Radical Pietists 70religious values 70–1, 74–5

and revival 252, 293, 296






370 Index

Pietists (cont.)and romantic culture 277–8in Russia 292

piety, see laityPigalle 45pilgrimages 79, 94, 220, 230, 263, 283,

300, 307, 318–19Pinet 216Pisa 80Pistoia and Prato,bishop of, see Ricci, Bishop Scipione de

Pistoia, Synod of 162, 164, 181, 208, 241,282

Pitt, Thomas 74Pitt the Elder, William 74, 137Pitt the Younger, William 58, 139, 144,

155, 170, 178, 199, 204, 206, 220–1,223, 225, 226, 227, 234, 314

Pius VI 29, 75, 131, 156, 160, 161, 164,165, 227

as Antichrist 235exile and death 235, 253–4government of papal states 157and the Civil Constitution 190, 191,

193and the French Republic 238–9,

252–3and Francis II 227and Joseph II 29, 139, 156, 158

Pius VII 4, 256, 263, 305, 312;see also Concordats

as bishop of Imola 223elected pope 254political attitudes 254viewed as Antichrist 292and Francis II 254, 262and Napoleon 261, 266–7, 270, 307–8exiled and imprisoned 268, 272, 292, 295policies after 1815 306, 308–9

Pius VIII 307–8, 332Plato 62, 278Platon Levshin, metropolitan 38, 41–2, 53Podolia 18Podoski, Archbishop Gabriel 135, 155Poitiers 37, 127, 266Poitou 143, 220, 256Poland 4, 15, 292archbishop-primate of, see PodoskiCatholics in 11, 18, 33devotion to the Virgin 80Diets in 138education in 59, 130Enlightenment in 100and French Revolution 221Jesuit missions 59, 130

king of, see StanislasOrthodoxy in 18partitions of 18, 135, 160–1, 227Protestants in 12, 16, 98, 221religious Orders in 21, 38, 328seminaries in 41state control of the Church 135tithe in 261830 Revolution 307–8

Polignac, duc de 312poll tax 12Pombal, archbishop 33Pombal, marques de 129Pomerania 303Pontard, Bishop Pierre 105, 191, 234Pontine marshes 156poor relief 83–4, 92, 215, 332‘Pope Joan’, see Huntingdon, Selina,

countess ofpopes, see Benedict XIV; Clement XIII;

Clement XIV; Gregory XVI; Leo XII;Pius VI; Pius VII; Pius VIII

Pope, Alexander 109, 117Popular party, see Scotland, Church of;

Scotland, ‘Evangelicals’ inpopular religious beliefs, see laitypornography 95, 99, 123, 126Porson, Richard 121Portalis, Jean-Etienne-Marie 265Porte 10Porteus, Bishop Beilby 58, 102, 228, 274portion congrue 26, 181, 182, 187Portland, 3rd duke of 106, 147Port-Royal, see ParisPortugal 14, 28, 29, 118, 128, 161, 183,

193, 287bishops in 21, 32, 33censorship in 97confraternities in 75dioceses 48emigres in 204Jesuits expelled from 129, 130Jews 196monarchs, see John V; Jose I; Maria Iparish clergy 41religious Orders in 21tithe in 26

Posen 302Potenza, bishop of, see SerraoPotsdam, Declaration of (1788) 197–8Powlett, Charles 43Prato 162preaching ministry 34, 53–7, 60, 62, 68,

83, 91, 102, 118, 146, 148, 207, 209,228, 276, 292, 317






Index 371

prebends, see cathedralsprefects 265, 292prelatura 157Presbyterians 53, 66, 304ecclesiology 139–40

Pretender, Old, see James IIIPretender, Young, see Charles III, de jure

king of EnglandPretyman, Bishop George 223Price, Richard 105, 150, 233‘priestcraft’ 10, 125; see also anticlericalismPriestley, Joseph 96, 98, 105, 121, 199, 233Priestley Riots 20primitivism 105–6, 163, 182, 183, 189,

191, 202; see also Church, primitiveprocessions, religious 87‘proctors’ 26Propaganda, Sacred College of 299prophecy 231–6‘Prophecy Men’ 234Protestant calendar 87–8providentialism 72, 101–2, 117–19, 234Prussia 11, 14, 16, 26, 72, 98, 161, 179,

183, 218, 305, 308, 309, 310, 332Catholic Church in post-1815 324Church–state relations 136, 155, 193,

293–4, 315–16, 322kings ofFrederick II (the Great) 12, 19–20,

59, 136, 141, 142, 149, 155, 159,262

Frederick William II 170, 197–8Frederick William III 262, 263,

293–4, 306, 316Frederick William IV 303

and French Revolution 227, 236, 264,277

Jesuits flee to 131, 141Jews in 198, 302religious reformation in 236, 293, 302–3religious observance in 258resistance to Napoleon 293Silesia conquered 159Unionsurkunde 316

public opinion 3, 41, 55, 183, 301pulpits 53–4Pyrenees 60, 312

Quakers 53, 76, 83, 274, 304, 315Quam memorandum 268Quebec 203–4bishop of 136, 204

Quebec Act 1774 144, 203–4Queniart, Jean 71Quercy 243

Quesnay, Francois 93Quesnel, Fr Pasquier 66Quiberon Bay 31, 210, 222, 229Quimperbishop of, see Conen Saint-Lucvalue of see 31

Rabaut, Paul 35Rabaut Saint-Etienne 35, 194Radnor, 2nd earl of 151Raimondi, Livia 156Rajey, Archbishop 31Ramon de Arce 241Randolph, Thomas 43Rasputin 315Rastatt, Treaty of 262‘rational dissenters’, see Englandrational piety, see ‘reasonable’ religionRatisbon, see of 131Ravenna 252Ray, John 115Raynal, Abbe Guillaume Thomas 101Re, island of 253‘Reason’, cult of 213–14, 216, 259‘reasonable’ religion 2, 99–101, 113Redemptorists, see religious OrdersRedruth 304reform and the Churches 236–42‘Reform Catholicism’, see EnlightenmentReformation 4, 10, 14, 16, 18, 27, 37, 38,

48, 51, 53, 71, 72, 78, 80, 83, 87, 92,94, 105, 123, 125, 131, 134, 145,163, 170, 176, 179, 183, 184, 236,271, 275, 279, 294

concept of a ‘long Reformation’ 79hopes of a new Reformation 233, 303

Reformed Churches 34–5, 44, 49, 120,136, 252

refractory clergy 191–2, 200, 205, 211,217, 220, 237, 238, 239, 242, 244,254, 255, 266, see also emigres

regale 158regium donum 35, 145, 208‘regalism’, see SpainRegensburgbishops of, see Dalberg; SailerDiet of 262

regular clergy, see religious OrdersReich, German, see Holy Roman EmpireReichskirche, see GermanyReid, Thomas 107Reimarus, H. S. 120Reims 154, 311archbishop of, see Talleyrand-Perigord

Reinhard, Fr Volkmar 293






372 Index

relics 244religiosity, see laityreligious Orders 38–40, 49, 75, 76, 90,

124, 125–7, 162and the Enlightenment 40, 126–7for females 40, 90, 284, 328, 329and the modernising state 137, 223,

328–9in Napoleonic Europe 284–5, 294numbers 21, 59, 328–9reform of 39–40, 126sexual irregularities 126Augustinians 39, 253Basilians 38Benedictines 40, 126, 127Capuchins 142, 207, 219Carmelites 203Carthusians 39, 137Christian DoctrineFathers of 60Sisters of 90

Cistercians 209Daughters of Charity 220, 284Franciscans 11, 21, 28, 59, 156, 166Jesuits 4, 59, 61, 108, 112, 158, 161;

see also Francedissolution of 27–9, 39, 66, 86,

128–33, 153, 156, 157, 176, 214,215

in education 57and Jansenists 66, 128–32missions 59, 60, 101Protestant attitudes towards 131, 299after 1814 131, 299, 307, 311, 312,

328, 329Lazarists 60, 86Maurists 127Minims 328Mulotins 60Oratorians 40, 58, 112, 120Passionists 3, 40Piarists 57, 59, 130, 221Protestants and 29Redemptorists 40, 56–7, 59–60, 309Sulpicians 326Ursulines 284Visitandines 284

religious tracts 245–6Remaud, Abbe Pierre 190Remonstrants 218Rennes, bishop of, see Le Cozrepresentatives on mission 213, 214, 215resistance theories and religion 149Restoration monarchy 1814–30 180,

chap. 8

Reubell, Jean-Francois 196Reuss, Fr Maternus 126Reveil, see Geneva; Switzerland; religious

revival inRevolution societies 150Revolutions of 1830 307–8, 312, 331–3Reymond, Fr Henri 41, 181–2Reynolds, Sir Joshua 46Rhineland 58, 86, 164, 200, 201, 230,

252, 262, 264, 305, 310, 316, 318;see also Confederation of the Rhine

Concordat in 261dechristianisation in 214–15

Ricci, Bishop Scipione de 80, 162–3, 239,240, 324

Ricci, General 130Ricciardi, Francesco 283Richardson, Samuel 73Richelieu, Cardinal 33Richelieu, duc de 311Richer, Edmond 181–2Richerism 22, 40–1, 169, 181–3, 187, 208,

238, 255Ridley, Bishop 235Riegger, Paul Joseph Ritter von 161Rieti 219Rights of Man, Declaration of the 194, 242Riksdag, see SwedenRobertson, William 34, 102, 107Robespierre, Maximilien 207, 217, 250pro-Semitic 196overthrown 214, 216, 242

Robinson, Bishop John 138Roche, Daniel 71Roche, Fr Philip 222Rochefort 220Rochester 31, 32bishop of, see Horsley

Rockingham, 2nd marquess of 177–8Rodez, bishop of, see Seignelay de Colbert

de CastlehillRogationtide 76, 88Rohan, Cardinal 123, 160, 201romanticism and Christianity 276–81Rome 1, 9, 11, 14, 17, 29, 39, 42, 79, 108,

110, 116, 134, 152, 162, 164, 206,267, 268, 292; see also papacy

Jansenists in 162Jacobins in 223, 230Jews in 302monasteries in 253parishes reduced 331pilgrimages to 307placesBraschi Palace 306






Index 373

Casa Massimo 300Castel San Angelo 253College of Propaganda 240Museo-Cementino 29Sapienza, university of the 240St Paul’s church 235St Peter’s 46, 292

Republic (1798) 240, 253occupied by French troops 1808 267

Rome, New 17, 301Rosary, confraternity of the 90Rosicrucianism 63Rota 159Roubilliac 45Rouen 322archbishop of, see La Rochefoucauld

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 38, 45, 66, 68,102, 110, 118, 123, 127, 214, 241,276, 320

and cult of sensibility 62, 71, 74, 92, 99,117, 280

and education 130Royal Academy (Britain) 46Royal Society (England) 116Royal Navy (Britain) 218–19Royal and Catholic Army, see Vendee

RevoltRuffo, Cardinal 230, 240Rumania 147rural deans 49, 326, 327Russell, Lord John 107Russia 11, 12, 18, 59, 83, 109, 142, 161,

297, 332bishops in 22clerical revenues 25enlightenment influences 109and French Revolution 22Holy Synod 134–5, 315Jesuits in 131Jews in 302Newtonianism in 114Old Believers 17, 109Orthodoxy in 17–18, 20, 134–5, 292,

315parish clergy 42regular Orders 22, 109resistance to Napoleon 292–3seminaries 41–2tsar and tsarinas of, see Alexander I;

Catherine II (the Great); Paul I;Peter III

Ryder, Bishop Henry 326

Sabatier de Castres, Antoine 103Sabbath observance 187, 251, 258

sacraments 49, 84, see baptism; confession;confirmation; Eucharist; extremeunction; penance

sacre, see coronationsSacred Heartconfraternity of the 90cult of the 60, 86, 92, 131, 228–9, 230,

285, 300–1, 321Saddleworth 317Sailer, Johann Michael 108St Alphonsus Liguori 40, 56, 57, 60–1St Andrew 88St Andrew’s UniversitySt Mary’s College 206

St Anne, Sisters of 90St Asaph, bishop of, see BagotSt Basil the Great 116St Blaze 88St Catherine, confraternity of the 90St Charles Borromeo 30St Cosmas 81St Crispin 88St Damian 81St David’s, bishop of, see BurgessSaint-Florentin, comte de 141St Giles’ cathedral, see EdinburghSt Helena 313St Ignatius Loyola 108St Januarius 81St John, Epistles of 29St John the Baptist 80Saint-Laud d’Angers 209St Luke, brotherhood of, see NazarenesSaint-Medard, see ParisSt Nicholas, see BariSt Mark 152St Nikodimos 108St Odile 80St Paisy Velichkovsky 108St Paul’s cathedral, see LondonSaint-Pe 216St Peter 14, 27, 159, 227, 253, 297St Petersburg 109, 114, 315Kazan cathedral 292metropoiltan of 292

Saint-Pol-de-Leo, bishop of, see La MarcheSt Polten, see of 136St Roch 152St Rochus 318Saint-Victurnien 243Ste-Genevieve, church of, see Paris,

PantheonSainte-Pez, Fr 209Saintes 187bishop of 200






374 Index

saints, cults of 75, 79, 80–1, 85, 88, 214,244, 283

Sakharov, Fr 293Salamanca 35, 41, 289bishop of, see Tavirauniversity 107, 181, 241, 289

Salford 58Salieri 154Salisbury 249archdeacon of 11bishops of, see Fisher; Sherlock

salons 9, 38, 95Salzburg 19, 154, 262archbishop of, 27, 136–7,

see also Firmiansee of 136

Sanfedisti 230, 231, 240San Ildefonso, Treaty of 227San Miniato, see FlorenceSanskrit 101Santanderbishop of, seeMenendez

Santiago de Compostelaarchbishop of, see Rajeysee of 41, 290Voto de Santiago 290, 331

Santissimo 285Saragossa 47, 166archbishop of 219

Savona 268Savonarola, Girolamo 162Savoy 201Savoyard vicaire 62Saxe, Marechal de 45Saxe-Weimar 93, 104Saxony, elector of 293Sayn-Wittgenstein 70Scandanavia 16, 43, 70, 252, 275Schartau, Henric 275Schaumann, Commissary 289Schaumburg-Lippe 47Schelling, F. J. W. von 278, 280Schlegel, August Wilhelm 310Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von 280,

310, 333Schleiermacher, Friedrich 279, 294, 302Schlosser, Johann 57–8schools 57–60, 65, 90, 132, 146, 166, 276,

321Schroderheim, Elis 139Scotland 9, 15, 16, 66, 72, 93, 147, 223Anglicans in 17, 30, 55, 115, 125, 136,

198anti-Catholic riots 20, 34, 143Catholics in 125, 198

dissent in 91emigres in 203universities in 107

Scotland, Church of, 24, 34–5, 55, 73,102, 180, 272

Confession of Faith 104ecclesiastical discipline 91‘Evangelicals’ in 34, 73, 107, 133, 140,

206, 280and French Revolution 206, 245–6General Assembly of 140, 223–4‘Moderates’ in 34, 55–6, 104, 107, 133,

224missions 66patronage disputes 125Free Kirk 273

Scott, Sarah 90Scott, Sir Walter 296, 299sculpture 45Seabury, Bishop Samuel 30Secker, Archbishop Thomas 12, 22, 43,

79, 102Second Coalition (1799) 227, 254Second Estate, see France, nobilitysecret societies 310, 332secular clergy, see clergysecularisation 108, 135, 309, 324Seditious Meetings Act 249Sees 48Seignelay de Colbert de Castlehill, Bishop

186Seine-Inferieure, departement of the 243Selestat 147Selim, Pasha 13seminaries 41–2, 53, 130, 156, 161, 279,

296, 329–30; see also SpainSemler, Johann S. 120Sens 31sensationalism 95sensibility, cult of 62, 68, 92, 280Sephardim 12, 188, 195–7September Massacres 1792 200Serbia 10Orthodoxy in 17–18, 301

sermons, see preaching ministrySerrao, Bishop Giovanni Andrea 240services, see worshipSeven Years’ War (1756–63) 3, 12, 13,

19–20, 139, 143, 151, 159Seville 41archbishop of, see Delgado y Venegascathedral 152confraternities 75university 181, 241

Shakespeare, William 73






Index 375

Sharp, Samuel 81Shelburne, 2nd Earl of 107Shelley, P. B. 322Sherlock, Bishop Thomas 37, 118Shropshire 89Sicily 9, 83Sidmouth, 1st Viscount 271, 274Siena 230–1, 253Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph 22, 187Silesia 20, 136, 142, 159, 302,

316Simeon, Revd Charles 63Simon, Richard 120Sjaelland, bishop of, see BalleSkara, dean of, see KnossSkinner, Bishop John 30, 55slave trade 274Smith, Adam 102, 107Smith, Mark 317Smollett, Tobias 46Snowdonia 78Soane, John 83Societe Evangelique 276Society for Promoting the Building and

Enlargement of Churches andChapels 313

Society for the Propagation of ChristianKnowledge 66

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel58, 150

Society for the Reformation of Priciples246

Society of Christian Morality 301Socinianism, see UnitariansSodor and Man, bishop of, see CriganSole, Jacques 75Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum 299Soltyk, Bishop 135Somerset 249Somerville, Revd Thomas 34Sophie, Madame 73Sorkin, David 111sortes Biblicae 78Soufflot, Jacques Germain 45Southcott, Joanna 234Southampton 201, 271Southey, Robert 272Spain 4, 14, 24, 29, 65, 85, 86, 93, 128,

177, 183, 298, 306, 320Bible in 61bishops 21, 30, 32, 165, 166, 201, 287,

288, 289, 290, 325censorship in 110canonries 37Church in 29, 165–7

Church–state relations 135, 139, 165–7,207

concordats 158, 165confraternities in 75counter-revolution in 230, 240–1emigres in 201, 202, 204, 207Enlightenment in 95, 100, 241–2impact of French Revolution on 206–7,

215, 227, 241–2Inquisition 61, 109–10, 165, 204, 207,

241, 281, 289, 290, 312Jansenists in 66, 165–7, 207, 236, 241,

287, 309Jesuits expelled from 129, 130, 165‘Juntas of Faith’ 325kings of, see Charles III; Charles IV;

Ferdinand VI; Ferdinand VII;Philip II

missions in 60papal power in 160, 166parish clergy 41, 181, 241–2, 287–8,

290, 331parishes in 48preaching 56Protestants in 145, 207‘regalism’ 111, 135, 158, 165–7, 176,

193, 241religious Orders in 21, 38, 97, 126, 137,

207, 241, 286–91, 312, 328, 333religious practice in 259seminaries 41, 166services 87tithe in 26universities in 165–6, 181resistance to Napoleon 1808–14

286–91, 2931812 Constitution, see Cadiz, Cortes ofFrench invasion 1823 311, 312

Spalding, Johann Joachim 104Spaur, Count Joseph von 139Specker, Fr Alois 209Spence, Thomas 233Spenceans 322Spencer, 1st Countess 73Spina, Cardinal 254Spinoza 100, 120stadhouder, see United ProvincesStael, Germaine de 275Staffordshire 273Stang, Fr Conrad 126Stanislaw Poniatowski, king of Poland 135,

152, 155, 156Stanley, John 47Stations of the Cross 86, 285Stattler, Benedikt 116






376 Index

Stendhal 319Sterne, Laurence 44, 121Sternhold and Hopkins 47Sterzinger, Ferdinand 78Steve, Revd James 272n.Stevens, George 135Stevens, William 246Stockholm 89Stockmayer, Bishop Christoph Friedrich

138Stockmayer, Johann Friedrich 138Strabane 234Strasbourg 31, 45bishop of, see Rohancathedral 212masonry in 106

Sturm und Drang 99Stuttgart 252Sulpicians, see religious OrdersSunday School 58–9, 224, 249–50, 276,

305, 321–2Sunday School Society 250Supreme Being, cult of the 214, 216, 259Surrey 330Suresnes 300Sussex 75Sweden 9, 16, 21, 83, 111, 297bishops in 138, 139catechism in 51, 275Catholics in 110–11Church–state relations 139, 193clergy in 44, 48, 138, 180compulsory church attendance 83Estates in 138, 180female piety in 89kings of, see Gustavus IIILutheran monopoly 145‘New Readers’ 275Riksdag 139, 140universities in 107, 115

Swedenborg, Emmanual 63Swedenborgians 232Swieten, Gerhard van 57Switzerland 16, 95, 280, 310emigres in 201opposition to the French Revolution 230Pietists in 70Reformed Churches in 34, 35, 49, 78,

98, 179–80, 184, 275religious revival in 275–6contacts with Scotland 275–6

synagogues 213Synge family 33Szarvas 43Szechenyi, Ferenc 310

Tackett, Timothy 182n.Talleyrand 22, 32, 190, 326Talleyrand-Perigord, Archbishop 32Tamar river 304Tanucci 39Taranto, archbishop of, see CapecelatroTarbes 216Tarragona 325Tate and Brady 47Tavira, Bishop 86taxation and the clergy 24Taylor, Jeremy 17Ten Commandments 149Tennis Court Oath 188Theophilanthrophy 217, 246, 259theosophy, see SwedenborgTerror, reign of 236, 300Terror, second reign of (1798–9) 216, 254Tessedik, Samuel 43Test and Corporation Act, see England;

IrelandTeutonic Order 263Tewkesbury 148Third Estate (France) 185, 186, 188Thirty-Nine Articles 98, 105, 107, 198Thirty Years’ War 16, 19, 45, 141, 211,

226Thornhill, Sir James 46Three Bishoprics 160Thugut, Baron 227Thuringia 277Thurlow, Thomas 148Tiber, department of, see papal statesTiepolo 46Tiers, see Third EstateTikhon of Zadonsk 38Tillotson, Archbishop John 55Tindal, Matthew 113tithe 25–6, 44, 92, 123, 125, 126, 127,

145, 175, 176, 178, 180, 187, 188,270, 330

Tittmann, Johan August 302Toledoarchbishops of, see Borbon; Lorenzanaarchdiocese of 32, 41, 313parishes of 42

Tolentino, Treaty of 252toleration 18–20, 48, 93, 112, 132, 141–4,

183, 208, 242–3, 253–4, 255, 263–4Toleration, Act of (England, 1689) 141Toleration, Act of (Scotland, 1712) 17Toleration, Edict of (France, 1787) 143,

182, 187Tone, Wolfe 4, 220, 221, 222Tooke, Horne 65






Index 377

Toplady, Revd Augustus 64Torrigiano, Luigi 161Toulon 20Toulouse, 37, 238archbishops of, see Brienne;

Clermont-Tonnerrearchdiocese 32church of the Daraude 87masonry in 106Protestants at 187, 195

Tours 235Tract Society 252Traditi humiliati nostrae 332Trafalgar, battle of 296Transylvania 16, 19, 147Trasimene, department of, see papal

statesTrautson, Cardinal 56Travis, Archdeacon 121Treasonable Practices Act 1795 249Trench, Archbishop Power le Poer 303Trent, Council of 57, 130,

see also Tridentine decreesTrevecca 73Treviso, diocese of 285, 329Trewman 246Tridentine decrees 41, 51, 79, 82, 85, 164,

183, 187, 245, 250, 259, 270Trier 15, 21, 27, 33diocese of 318elector of 156, 262suffragan bishopric 22

Trieste 142Trimmer, Sarah 59, 245, 250Trojan War 42Troy 42Troy, Archbishop John Thomas 178, 206,

221Tuam, archbishop of, see TrenchTubingen, University of 70, 278Tudors 79Tullow 222Turchi, Archbishop Adeodato 112Turgot, Anne-Robert Jacques 93, 147,

170Turkey, see Ottoman EmpireTurner, Thomas 75Tuscany 59, 80, 323ecclesiastical reforms in 162–3grand dukes of, see Ferdinand III; Peter

LeopoldTwo Sicilies, see NaplesTyrol 46, 86opposition to the French Revolution 230religious practice in 259

Ukraine 18, 38, 42, 108Ulm, battle of 264Ulster 221, 224ultramontanism 28, 128, 159–60, 165,

204, 241, 283, 295, 309, 310, 311;see also papacy

Uniates 11, 18, 19, 38Unigenitus, bull 11, 66, 128, 156, 167Union, Act of, 1801 (Britain and Ireland),

see IrelandUnitarians 34, 98, 105, 119, 121, 132,

175, 198, 199, 232, 236, 248, 273,274, 278, 322, 325; see also ‘rationaldissenters’

‘United Bishops’, see ConstitutionalChurch

United Irishmen 4, 199, 220, 221, 222,224, 225, 231, 234, 244–5

United Provinces 16, 20Batavian Republic 264impact of the French Revolution

217–18, 221Jansenists in 162Jews in 264masonry in 106Orange, house of 141, 179, 264ReformedChurch in 34, 35, 98, 179, 184toleration in 141, 179, 264universities in 107

United States of America 177bishops in 184deism in 113

universities 41, 43, 48, 106–9, 279Uppsala University 107, 111urbanisation after 1815 316–19urban ministry, see laityUrquijo 241Ursulines, see religious Orders, for femalesUtrechtChurch of 165Treaty of 10

Uzes 195

Valence 235, 253, 268Valencia 166, 287, 325Valladolid 166Van Kley, Dale 159, 168Van Mildert, Bishop William 327Vannes 265Varennes, flight to 194Vatican, see papacy; RomeVega, Our Lady of 289Venaissin 252, 306Vendee Revolt 209, 213, 219–20, 222,

228–9, 230, 231, 242, 286






378 Index

vendemiaire, attempted coup of (1795) 217Veneto 323Venice 21, 22, 24, 152papal election at (1800) 254preaching in 53St Mark’s 254, 269St Peter’s 269

Venn, Henry 69Verdunclergy of 103falls 1792 200

Vernet, Jacob 34Verona, Congress of 312, 332Versaillesdiocese of 238palace of 152, 186, 188, 194Peace of (1783) 147

viaticum 82Vico, Giambattista 101Vienna 29, 124, 139, 154, 158, 159, 306,

309, 310Congress of (1814–15) 296, 297, 305,

310, 323prince-archbishop of, seeMigazzi,

Prince-Archbishop; Trautsonuniversity 161

Villanueva, Fr Joaquın Lorenzo 246Villele, duc de 311Villoviado 288Vinegar Hill, battleof (1798) 222Vinet, Alexander 275vingtieme 24Virgin Mary, Blessed 56, 75, 80, 85, 152,

156, 214, 223, 229, 230, 275, 292Virginia 177Visitandines, see religious Orders, for

femalesvisitations, see bishopsViva Maria 230–1Vivarais 209Volhynia 18Volney, comte de 101, 259–60, 322Voltaire 9, 10, 34, 45, 72, 73, 93, 94–5, 98,

103, 110, 112–13, 117, 119–20, 122,123, 129, 130, 131, 135, 231–2, 241,281

voluntarism 145Volunteer movement, see IrelandVoulgaris, Eugenios 109, 114Vovelle, Michel 3, 89

Wade, John 325Wake, Archbishop William 11Wakefield, Gilbert 233Wales 31, 49, 78, 82, 147, 315

Anglicans in 17language 78–9Methodists 67Prince of, see George IVreligious revival 273

Wallis, John 115Walmsley, Bishop CharlesWalpole, Horace 73Walpole, Sir Robert 113, 125, 150Warburton, William 135, 137, 156Ward, W. R. 4, 271Wardour Castle 83Warner, Revd Ferdinando 12, 97Warrington 58War of Liberation (Germany) 260, 279,

293Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 293Wars of Religion (France) 45, 195, 211Washington, George 177Waterloo, battle of 268, 297, 302, 313,

327Watson, Bishop Richard 31, 111, 233n.,

236, 245, 324Watts, Isaac 47Weishaupt, Adam 77Weld family 83Wellington, duke of 289, 290, 314–15, 326Wenzinger, Christian 46Werkmeister, Benedikt 282Werner, Zacharias 310Wesley, Charles 16, 47, 69Wesley, John 16, 17, 48, 57, 61, 67–70, 73,

82, 83, 85, 92, 248, 272West, Benjamin 46WestminsterAbbey 45, 151, 154Confession of Faith, see Scotlanddeanery 32St Margaret’s church 151

Westmorland, earl of 199Westphalia 252, 264, 305Westphalia, Treaty of 15, 19, 262, 263Wexford 222, 225–6bishop of 224–5

Wheeler, Benjamin 43Wheeler, Daniel 315Whelan, Kevin 225‘Whiteboys’ 26, 125, 178Whitefield, George 73Whole Duty of Man, The 61Wies, Zimmermann 45Wilberforce, William 58, 63, 176–7, 247,

248, 251, 274Wilkes, John 61William I, king of the Netherlands 307






Index 379

William III (of Orange), king of England151

William IV, king of Britain 315William V of Orange 179Williams, Ambrose 320Wilmot, John 202Wilten 46Wiltshire 52, 330Winchester 31archdeacon of, see Balguybishop of, see North, Bishop BrownlowCollege 33emigres in 202

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 46Windham, William 227Windsor 327St George’s Chapel 46

witchcraft 78Wittelsbach family 21Woburn Abbey 45Woide, Revd Alexander 121Wolfenbuttel 121Wolff, Christian 108, 115womenand Christianity 3, 73, 89church attendance 89, 92, 295, 320–1clergy wives 43, 89in confraternities 90dubious about ecclesiastical changes 163and family religious instruction 244, 321hostile to the French Revolution 176,

192, 216, 243–4, 295and market for sermons 55Methodism, appeal of 68, 272, 273, 321prophetesses, as 234religious Orders, appeal of 21, 38and Sunday Schools 250, 321

Wood, Basil 235Woodward, Bishop Richard 144, 178Wordsworth, William 236worship 295arrangement of 76services 82varieties of 63–4, 83–9

Wurttemberg 43, 138, 141–2duke of, see Karl Eugenkingdom of 263, 270religious reforms in 282

Wurzburg 46, 108–9, 126Wyvill, Revd Christopher 177

Yiddish 197Yonne, departement of the 242, 244York 24archbishop of, see Drummond,

Archbishop Robert Hay; Markham,Archbishop William

archdiocese 44dean of, see FountaineEdward Augustus, duke of 29Frederick, duke of 314Henry, cardinal-duke of 150, 222

Yorkshire 82, 121, 177, 247, 248, 315,317

Yorkshire Association 177–8Yorkshire Dales 78Young Pretender 29

Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio 108Zaluski, Bishop 135Zaragoza 289Zeiller, Johann Jakob 46Zinzendorf 67, 70Zoroastrianism 101






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Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805214/65922/index/9780521465922...Index Aaron50 AbadylaSierra,BishopAgust´ın207 Aberdeen bishopof,seeSkinner Enlightenment149