1750-1900 Review

The Big ThemesIndustrialization and Global

Integration• Industrialization and Global

Capitalism• Imperialism and Nation-State

Formation•Nationalism, Revolution and Reform•Global Migration

The Bookmarks

• 1750- beginning of industrialization with the water frame in Manchester England• 1776-First enlightenment revolution.• 1800’s nationalism• 1800’s Imperialism• 1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves• 1900-Global migration

Industrialization and Global Capitalism• Industrialization Changed how goods are produced• Factors leading to the rise of industrial production (started

in England)• Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean• Geographical distribution of coal, iron and lumber• European demographic changes• Urbanization• Improved Agricultural productivity• Legal protection of private property• An abundance of rivers and canals• Access to foreign resources• Accumulation of capital

Industrialization and Global Capitalism• Development of machines including steam engines,

internal combustion engine led to exploitation of fossil fuels.• Factories concentrate labor in a single location. Led to

increase in specialized labor.• Industrialization spread to other parts of Europe, US,

Japan and Russia• Second Industrial revolution leads to new methods in

production of steel, chemicals, and electricity

Industrialization and Global CapitalismNew patterns of global trade and production further

integrate the global economies.Need for raw materials and food supplies in urban centers

lead to growth of export economies (mass production of a single natural resource)CottonRubberSugarWheatMeatMetal and minerals

Rapid industrial causes economic decline of agriculturally based economiesTextile production in India

Industrialization and Global CapitalismIndustrialized countries seek out new markets

for their goods British attempts to open ChinaNeed for metals –both in industry and for

wealth--lead to a global demand for gold, silver and diamonds and extensive mining centers

Copper mines-MexicoGold/Diamonds-South Africa

Industrialization and Global Capitalism• To facilitate investments financiers develop and expand

various financial institutions• Stock market• Gold standard

• Global nature of trade contributes to the creation and growth of transnational business• United Fruit Company• HSBC-Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation

Industrialization and Global Capitalism• Major developments in transportation and communication• Railroads• Steam Engines• Telegraphs• Canals

• Development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses• Utopian Socialism• Marxism/Communism

Industrialization and Global Capitalism• Some states promoted their own state-sponsored vision of

industrialization• Meiji industrialization of Japan• Railroad development in Tsarist Russia• Muhammad Ali’s reform of cotton in Egypt

• In response to criticism of global capitalism some governments promote reforms• State Pensions/public health-Germany• Expansion of voting-Britain• Public education in expands in many areas

Details- Technology

• New technology quickened the pace of life.• Life was regulated by the clock• Time was standardized into time zones• Calendar was standardized• Postal systems and telephone and telegraph

systems were standardized• Steamships and railroads made trans oceanic and

trans-continental transport cheaper and faster.

Details- Gender and Social structures

Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant class in the country

Women gained economic opportunities in the factories, but were not paid equally. Middle class women separated themselves from their lower class counterparts by becoming exclusively domestic

Rise of the middle class as a political and economic force. Revolutions.

Proletariat also begin to have more power, especially with the organization of labor unions.

Details- Demography

• Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave labor. Cheaper and more efficient.• Populations grew as disease was

eradicated, hygiene improved, and food became cheaper.

Three Things to Remember• Industrialization caused true world-wide

interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept• Populations grew and people moved from

the country into the cities to work in factories. •Women gained some economic

opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic equality.

Three more things to Remember

•Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism• Rise of the Proletariat as a social force• Revolutions were inspired because of the

Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights.

Imperialism and Nation-State Formation• Industrializing powers establish transoceanic empires• States with existing colonies strengthened control

• British-India

• Some states establish new colonies• Dutch• Japanese

• Spain and Portugal’s empires decline• Many European states used warfare and diplomacy to establish

empires in Africa• Belgium in the Congo

• Europeans establish settler colonies• British in Australia, New Zealand

• Industrialized states practice economic imperialism• British, French influence in China through Opium Wars

Imperialism and Nation-State Formation Imperialism influenced state formation and changes

Expansion of US and European influence causes the end of the Tokugawa and rise of the Meiji in Japan.

US and Russian copy European empires by expanding beyond their borders.

Anti-Imperial resistance led to the beginning of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

Establishment of independent Balkan StatesNew states develop on the edge of existing empires

Cherokee nationsSiamZulu Kingdom

Development and spread of nationalismGerman and Italian nationalism

New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, justified imperialism

Details- Function and Structures of States

• Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the people (at least to males with property)• Some new nation states experimented with

democratic ideals (U.S. France, Britain)• Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)

continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas.• Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just

as justification for maintaining Creole power.

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

• Rise and spread of the Enlightenment thought questions established traditions and proceeds revolutions and rebellions• Thinkers apply new ways of understanding the natural world to

human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all parts of life• Voltaire • Rousseau

• Intellectuals criticize the role of religion in public life• Enlightenment thinkers develop new political ideas about

individual, natural rights and the social contract• Locke • Montesquieu

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

• The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to political authority, as seen in revolutionary documents• American Declaration of Independence• French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the

Citizen• Bolivar’s Jamaica Letters

• Ideas influence people to challenge existing social relationships and expansion of rights—suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom.

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

• 1800’s people develop new sense of commonalities based on language, religion and culture. Creates a sense of nationalism which were linked with borders of states (nation-states) Governments used this idea to unite diverse populations• Subjects challenge imperial government.• American colonist lead a rebellion which influences later

revolutions in Europe and Latin America• American Revolution • French Revolution• Haitian Revolution• Latin American Independence Movements• Slave resistance challenged authorities in America• Establishment of maroon societies

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

• Increasing questioning of political authority and growing nationalism leads to anticolonial movements.• Boxer Rebellion

• Some rebellions influenced by religious ideas• Taiping rebellion • The Ghost Dance

• Responses to frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies• Tanzimat Movement• Self-Strengthening Movement

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

• The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulate new transnational ideologies and solidarities• Discontent with traditional monarchist/imperial rule

encourages political ideologies• Liberalism• Socialism• Communism

• Demand for women’s suffrage and feminism challenges political and social hierarchies• Mary Wollstonecraft's-A Vindication of the Rights of Women• Olympe de Gouges’s-Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female

Citizen• Seneca Falls Conference 1848

Global Migrations• Migration was influenced by changes in demography in both

industrialized and unindustrialized areas and challenged traditional living patterns-More Food more People!!

• Migrants relocated for many reasons• Many freely locate in search of work• Manual labor

• New global capitalist continue to rely of coerced and semicoerced labor.

• Many migrants permanently relocated, others were only temporary or seasonal workers who return to their home societies.• Japanese agriculture workers in the Pacific• Italians in Argentina

Global Migrations• Large scale migration, especially in 1800’s produce a variety

of reactions to diverse societies.• Most migrant workers were men leaving women to take new

roles in the home society• Migrants create ethnic enclave societies in different parts of the

world and transplant their cultures.• Chinese in SE Asia, North and South America, Indians in East and

Southern Africa, Caribbean, and SE Asia0

• Societies receiving migrants react with varying degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice. States attempt to regulate the flow of people to cross borders.• Chinese Exclusion Act-US• White Australia Policy

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

• African and Asian influences of European art.• Western intellectual thought- especially science

and the enlightenment- were highly influential to Asian and African areas.• Traditional religious teachings continue to be

influential and often form the backbone to anti-imperial activities.

Changes and Continuities• Change: Industrialization changed almost

everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated.• Change: rise of the middle class and new

governmental structures• Continuity: Religion continues to be a force

for conservatism• Continuity: Patriarchal gender structure

remains