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1 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland
www.carrsq.qut.edu.au
CRICOS No. 00213J
Reducing injury among high risk taking adolescents:
The development of an intervention program
Wider project team includes M. Sheehan, V. Siskind, L. Buckley, B. Partridge, D. Durrington (QUT), J. Western, C. Bond, M. Hayes (UQ) and P. Palamara, (UWA)
Presented by Rebekah Chapman
2 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Mortality Rates from Injury: (12 – 24 years)Australia, 1997
(AIHW, 1999)
Transport Related Suicide Interpersonal violence
Males 25.5: 100,000 24.0: 100,000 2.3: 100,000
Females 8.5: 100,000 5.9: 100,000 1.6: 100,000
3 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Research AimResearch Aim
The overall goal of the intervention research is to reduce injuries among young people (Year 9 level) that are due to risk taking behaviour
Risk taking behaviours:• Underage drinking and other substance use• Underage/unlawful driving• Riding as passengers of drink drivers and drink
cycling • Interpersonal violence
4 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Risk Taking in Adolescence
5 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Underage drinkingUnderage drinking
• Alcohol is currently widely used by Australian secondary students (White et al., 2003)
Questionnaire study: 399 secondary schools across Australia; 26,489 students aged 12-17 years
Those aged 14 years:− 34% of males had consumed alcohol in the last week− 30% of females had consumed alcohol in the last week
TABLE 1: Alcohol drinking status, young people aged 14-17 years, 2001 (AIHW, 2003) Regular (a) Occasional (b) Ex-drinker Never drank
Male 20% 44% 7% 29%
Female 17% 52% 4% 27%
(a) Regular: Consumes alcohol on at least one day per week(b) Consumes alcohol less often than one day per week
6 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Illicit Substance UseIllicit Substance Use
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Cannabis
Inhalants
Tranquilisers
Amphetamines
Hallucinogens
Ecstasy
Opiates
Cocaine
Steroids
12-14 years
15-17 years
Proportion of young people aged 12-17 years who had used an illicit drug in the last 12 months (AIHW, 2003)
7 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Underage drivingUnderage driving
WA newly licensed drivers (Stevenson & Palamara, 2001)• 23% of 1,277 participants drove weekly or even daily prior to
obtaining learners license
Drink driving and riding in adolescence (Sheehan et al., 1996)• n=4527 Queensland high school students, Mean age 14.8 years• 35% reported having driven a car on a public road in the past year
Underage driving and injury in NSW (Lam, 2003)• Crash information reported by NSW police at the scene of motor-
vehicle crash incidents • Data from RTA for the period 1996 – 2000• 14 year olds:
Fatality/injury rate: 13.3 per 100,000 population Total crash rate: 35.4 per 100,000 population
8 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Drink driving and ridingDrink driving and ridingTABLE 2: Activities undertaken by Queensland high school students (Mean age 14.8) after drinking two or more glasses of alcohol in one hour (Sheehan et al., 1996)
Rode a bicycle 27%
Drove a motorbike 7%
Drove a car 6%
Drove another motor vehicle
2%
TABLE 3: Frequency of being a passenger of a drink driver among Queensland high school students (Mean age 14.8) in the past month (Sheehan et al., 1996)
Never 47%
Once 17%
Twice 13%
Three to five times 13%
Six to ten times 5%
More than could count 4%
9 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Interpersonal violenceInterpersonal violence
TABLE 4: Violent undertakings of Queensland high school students (Mean age 14.8) in the past year (Sheehan et al., 1996)
Taken part in a group fight 27%
Had a serious fight in school or at work 26%
Deliberately hurt another person, requiring treatment
9%
Physically attacked another person with the intention to take something from them
7%
10 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Risk and Protective FactorsRisk and Protective Factors
Adolescent risk taking
Protective FactorsRisk FactorsIndividual:• Sensation seeking• Impulsiveness• Low self esteem
Family:• Poor supervision• Parental modelling• Family conflict
School:• Poor academic performance• School misbehaviour• Truancy
Peers:• Peer encouragement of risk taking• Peer modelling
Individual:• Religiosity• Attachment to parents
Family:• Parental monitoring• Parental help with school• Parental disapproval of risks
School:• Academic achievement• Perceived school connectedness• School effort/interest
Peers:• Peer disapproval of risks• Pro-social peers
11 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
The Intervention
Year 9 School population
Detention Centres
TAFE/Work/ Flexible Learning
Normative Group Intervention (WA)
High Risk Group Intervention (QLD)
Intervention Populations
Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
10
Possible school leavers
13 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Normative Group Intervention (WA)Health Education Program
Experimental Region (Normative group)
High Schools
Students (Year 9)
“Dr YES” Intervention
14 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
High Risk Group Intervention (Qld)Multi-target Strategy
Experimental Region (High Risk Group)
Students (Year 9)
Parents/ Guardians
Guidance Officers
Young peopleYouth
Workers
TAFE
Police High Schools
Centrelink Agencies
Teachers
Youth Services (e.g.
FLP)
Other school staff
15 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Qld School-based Intervention
16 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Youth Risk Taking WorkshopYouth Risk Taking WorkshopWhat for?Present the intervention to Education Qld staff, gauge interest and gain
advice
Who was involved?• Relevant Education Qld head office staff• Executive Directors (Schools) and Senior Guidance Officers from the
Logan Beaudesert (LB) and Stafford Geebung (SG) Education Districts • School staff at State High Schools within LB and SG• Flexible learning program staff within LB and SG
Focus Groups• Three focus group sessions held throughout the day- Education Qld Head Office Staff- School Guidance Officers- Support and alternative education staff
- Year Coordinators and teaching staff - LB- Year Coordinators and teaching staff - SG - Teaching and special ed staff - LB
17 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
High risk takers• Risk taking begins prior to Year 10
• Males are the main problem group but females are becoming more involved
• Risk taking behaviour is associated with low academic achievement, low self esteem, often low SES and a lack of appropriate parental modelling
Implications for change• Program needs to run for a couple of years and
not just be a once-off
• Need to involve community based young people
• A harm minimisation approach is needed
• Intervention also needs to target parents/guardians
Youth Risk Taking WorkshopYouth Risk Taking WorkshopKey FeedbackKey Feedback
18 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
Intervention methods and processes
• Intervention needs to be engaging, interactive and non-traditional, employing a variety of stimulus
• Must be implemented across the board and integrated into the school curriculum. Some contents should be assessable
• A Professional Development component is considered important
• Program should offer teachers greater support in the classroom context
Youth Risk Taking WorkshopYouth Risk Taking WorkshopKey FeedbackKey Feedback
19 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queenslandwww.carrsq.qut.edu.au
• School-based intervention Schools’ participation Focus groups with school staff, parents and adolescents Resources developed and intervention implemented in
2005
• Community youth services (including flexible learning programs) Focus groups with students Workshops/meetings with staff to discuss intervention
methods and processes
• Develop contacts with TAFE, Centrelink agencies and Catholic/ independent schools
Where to from here?