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T H E G E N E R A
R E C E N T M O L L U S C A ;
ARRANGED
ACCORDING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION.
HEN RY ADAM S,E L S .
A ND
ARTHUR ADAM S ,E L S .
IN THREE VOLUMES .— VOL . I.
L ON DON
JOHN VAN VO ORS T , PATERN O STER ROW.
MD CC C LVIII .
P RE FA C E .
IN off ering to the public their work on the G enera o f
Recent M ollu sca,” the Au thors believe they are supplying a
wan t in this branch of Z oology, especially as ac tive research
is now b eing made in to the struc ture and h abits of the
animals that produce the beautifu l shells so much admi red
in the cabinets of C onchologists .
They have endeavoured,as far as the presen t state of
knowledge on this subjec t would permi t them, to group the
G enera in accordance with their natural affi nities, and th eytrust th at
,from the care with which they have consulted
every original source of information, the work will prove a
correc t and useful guide to those who desire to becom e
better acquainted with this interesting division of the animal
kingdom .
T he A uthors desire to acknowledge their obligations to
D r . Gray , M r. S . P . Woodward, and especially to M r .
Hugh Cuming, who , with his accustomed love o f science,h as afforded them liberal access to his unrivalled collection,and freely imparted to th em much valuable information
relative to th e habits and local i ties of various genera .
With regard to th e il lustrations,the Authors may add,
that many are derived from drawings of the living an imals,
v i PREFACE .
and wh ere not origina l . have b een faith fu l l y copied or
(lll t‘L‘tl from the various worksquoted . For the fi gures o f
the shel ls . recourse has been h ad in almost every instance
to the objec ts themse lves .
O c tober , 1 858 .
T A BL E O F C O L T EN T S,
SHOWI NG THE SY S T E M A T I C A R R A N G EM E N T
MOLLUSCA Vol. 1 . 1
Sy mpsis of Classes 1 2/Cla ss 1 1 6
Order OCTOPODA 1 1 8
Family Octopodidae 1 1 8
Philonexidae 1 2 1
Argonautidae 1 23
Order DECAPODA 1 . 25
Sub -or ler CHORDROPHOBA i . 26
Family Cranchi idac . i 26
Loligopsidae 1 27
Chiroteuth idae 1 28
Onychoteu thidae 1 30
Loliginidae 1 35
Sub -order S EPIOPHORA 1 4 1
Family Sepiidac 1 4 1
Sub-order BELEMNOPHORA 1
Fam ily Ammoniidae i . 44 ; i i . 6 1 1Order Pom p om 1 .
Fam ily Nautilidae i . 4 6
Cla ss Pranopom i . 4 8
Order THECOS OMATA i 50
Family Cavolinidae i . 50
Tripteridae i . 54
Cymbu li idae i . 55
Limacinidae i . 58
Order Grunosoq i . 61
Family Clionidae i . 6 1
Pneumodermonidae i . 62
Cymodoceidac i . 64
a/ Cla ss GAe aopom i . 66
Sub -cla ss Pc osoenm cnmu i 68
Order PECT IN IBRANCH IATASub-order PROBOSCID IFE BA i . 69
Family Muricidae i . 70
Mu ricinae i . 70
Fusinae i . 77
Tritoni idae i . 1 01Buccini dae i 1 07Bucc ininae i . 1 07Pusionellinac 1 . 227 ; . 656
Nassinae . 1 08
3 3 7 3 5
Family Bucc inidae, continucd .
Purpur inae Vol. i . 1 25Rapaninae . 1 .
Dactylidae i .Ha rpinae i . 1 39Dac tylinae i . 1 40Ancillinae . i . 1 47Fas ciolarii dae i . 1 4 9Vasidae i .Volutidae i . 1 57 ; 6 1 6
Volutinae 61 6
Scaphellinae 61 9
Volutomi trinae 1 1 . 61 9
M itridw i . 1 67M itrinae i . 1 68Colum belh nae i . 1 81
Ma rginellidae i . 1 88Doliidae i . 1 9 5Sycotypidae i . 1 98Velu tini rlac i . 1 9 9Lamellariidae i . 200 ; ii . 620Nat ici dae i . 203Cass ididae i . 2 1 4S calidac i . 220Pyram idellidm i . 228Eul imi dae i . 235S tyliferidae i . 238Cen thiopsidae i . 239A rch itectonicidae i . 24 1
Sub -order TOXIFERA i . 245Family Conidm i . 246
Turridae i . 87 ; ii . 61 4Turrinae i . 87C lavatul inae i . 9 3
Clathurelh'
nac i . 95 ; ii .
Terebridae i . 223 ; ii . 621
Sub-order Rosrmm aa 1 . 256
Fam ily Strombidae i . 257S trombinae i . 258Terebellinae i . 262
Cypraeidae 1 . 263
Amph iperasidae i . 269
v iii TABLE or CONTENTS .
PAGEFamily Pedicularndae Vol. 1 . 273
Cancellarii dae i . 275Trichotropidae i . 278Aporrha idae . i . 2 80Cerith iidae i . 283Cerith iinse i . 283
Potam idinze i .Melani idre i 2 93
M elaniinae i .M elanopsinze 309
Littorinidae i . 3 1 2
Planaxidae i . 321
Planaxinae i .Litiopinae . i . 324
Rissoellidae i .Rissoidae i .Viviparidse i . 337Valvatidae i . 343Ampullariidae i . 344
Tun itellidae . i . 350a cidae i . 355 ; ii . 626
Vermetidae i . 356Onu stidae i . 361Calyptridae i . 363Capu lidae i . 370Vanikoridae i . 374
Order S CUT IBRANCH IATA i . 376Sub -order PODOPHTHALMA i . 377Family Neritidae i . 377
Troch idee i . 387Eutropnnae i . 389
Turbininae i . 39 1A straliinae i . 3 97Lioti inae i . 403Umb oni inae i . 407Trochinm i . 4 1 0S tomatellinae i . 435
Haliotidae i . 439Sub -order EDR IOPHTHALMA iFamily Fissurellidae i .
Dentali idae i . 455Tecturidae i . 4 58Gadinii dze i . 462Patellidae i . 463
Chitonidae i . 467Oh itoninae i . 469Cryptoplacinee i . 480
Sub -class OPISTHOBRANCHIATAVol. 1 1 .
Order TECTIBRANCHIATA ii .Family A ctaeonidae ii .
A plustridae i i .Cyli chnidae i i .Bullidae ii . 1 4
Philinidze ii . 2 4
Lophocercidae ii . 30
Aplysiidae ii . 32
Family Pleurobranchidae Vol. 1 1 .
Pleurobranchinae i i .Operculatinae ii .
Runcinidae i i .Pleurophyllidi idae . ii .Phyllidiidae ii .
Order NUD IBRA NCHIATA ii .Sub ordei A NTHOBRANCHIATA 1 1 .
F.1m . Dor ididae ii .Doridinae ii .Doriprismatlcinae
Polycerinae ii .Onch idorididae ii .Triopidae . ii .
S ub order A IOLOBRANCHIATA ii .Fam ily T1 itoni idae ii .
Tritoni inae i i .Meli beinae i i .
Proctonotidae ii .D otonidae i i .ZEolididee ii .Glaucinae
[Eclidinae 1 1 .
Hermaeidee ii .Beroidae ii .Elysiidae ii .Limapontndae i i .
Sub-class HETEROPCDA ii .Family Ianthinidae i i .
Macgillivray udee
A tlantidae
Pterotracheidfe 1 1 .
Phyllirrhoidae ii .Pterosomatidae ii .
uh -class PULMON IFERA i i .Order INOPERCULATA i i .Sub -order GEOPHILA ii .Family Oleacinidce ii .
O leacininm i i .Testacellidae
Helicidae 1 1 .
Vitrininae 1 1 . 1 1 9,
Su ccininac ii .A chatininae
Buliminae 1 1 .
Pupinae ii .Heli cinae i i.
L imacidae ii .S ten0pidae ii .A rionidae ii .Janellldae ii .Veroni cellidae ii .Onchi diidze
Sub -order LIMNOPHILA 1 1 .
Family Ellobiidae ii .Ellobiinae ii .Melampinm
PAGE3738
4 1
42
4 4
45
4748
48
48
6573
53
5760
62
62
63
64
67
69
70
70
72
78
634
80
81
8 4
85
88
90
92
979 9
1 00
1 02
1 03
1 03
1 03
1 24
1 26
639
1 271 31
1 4 1
1 66
1 85 \
2 1 7220
22 7229
23 1
232
235
236
236
242
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
Family OtinidaeLimnaeidaeLimnaeinae
Planorbinae
Ancylinae
Sub-order THA LA S S OPHIL AFamily Amph ibolidae
S iphonariidze
O rder Gra z er-LamSub-order Ecropnrm rmFami ly Cyclophoridae
Cyclotinae
C y clophorinae
Pupininaa
Cyclostominae
Poma tias inae
HelicinidaeProserpinidae
Sub-order O PISO PHTHALHAFam ily Tnmca te llidae
Sub-order PBO SO PH IHA LMAFamily A ss im iniidae .
Class Coxcm rz aa
Order PHOLADACEAFamily Phola didae
Pholadinae
Teredininae
GastrochaenidaeSolenidaeS oleninae
Pharinae
Saxicavi daeMyidae
Corbu lidae
Anatinidae
Order Vnm aacna
Family MactridaeMactrinae
Lutrariinae
Tellinidae
Donacinae
S crobiculariinae
Paphiinae
VeneridaeVenerinae
Dosiniinae .
Tapesinae
Petricoli daeGlauconomyidae
CyprinidaeCyrenidae
Cyrenoididae
Bucardiidae
VOL . I .
Vol. 11
ix
PAGEFamily Chamidae
ChametrachacidzeO rder Lccrm cm
Fami ly Lu cmidaeUngulinidae
Lase 1dw
Leptomdae
Galeomm idae
Solemyidae
A sta rt idaeUni onida
Unioninae
Mycetopinaa
M uteh dae
E then idae
My‘tilidaeMyt llinac
Crenel hnac
Lithophaginze
Mod iolarcidae
Dreissenidae
Vulsellidae
Aviculidzc
Order c rrxa cna
Fami ly Trigoni idaeA rcidaeAr cinae
A xinaeinae
NuculidaeNuculanidae
Nucu laninac
Malletiinae
PectinidaeRadulidae
Spondyl1daeAnomi i daeOstreida:
Clas s Bu cm opona
Fami ly TerebratulidaeTerebratulinae
Magas inac
Thecideidae
Rhynchonelli dae
Craniidae
D iscini dze
Li ngulidaeClass Tcmcam
Family Ascidi idaeC la velli nidae
BotryllidaePolyclininae
D idemni inae
PyrosomatidaeSalpidae
1 1
ii5 46
,
5 46,
1 1 .
l l .
1 1 .
l l .
1 1 .
1 1 .
606
A bidet,[AbraAbrali a
.A branchus
li bretia
fi canthina
A ca nthm 11c
A ca nflwca rdiaA canthochi tes
A canthochz’
ton
A ca nthochitonaA canthochitasA canthodoris
A ca nthop leumlkcar
A ca rdoAcavus
A cella
f i cera
A cemri cesta
A chu tesA chatinaA chatinellaA cha tinellaA cha ttnella stmtm
A chattnusA cha ttum[i cicu la
A ciculaA cicu lina
Acila
A cioneA cioncaA cirsa
li clesia
A clesie11 clisA cmwaA cnua
A cmeA costcea,A crenellusA crocu lc
'
a.
Acroloxu s
fiIlflf[) 131Kfi
Vol. ii .ii .
11 .
11 .
o
t—I
o
H.
in"
Ho
0
C
O
0
i 1 .
1 .
1 1 . 5 35,
ii . 4 1,
ii .i i .ii .
1 1 . 1 8,ii .ii .
1 1 . 1 3 1 ,i i .ii .ii .it
11
1 09 , 3 1 2 ,11
1
n.
1
1
11
11
i . 459 ; i i .i . 330 ; ii .ii . . 3 1 2
,
.1 i i .ii .
i 1 .
1 .
T O GEN ERA .
PAGE1 68
4 1 0
31
83
225
1 30
1 1 6
455
482
482
482
482
INDEX TO GENERA .
Amphom’
na
Amp Zexu sAmp u lla.Amp u llaceraAmpullariaAmp u llm'fia,
Ampu llarina
Ampu llam’
u s
Amp u llcvroidesAmpu llina
Amp u llina,Amp u lloideaAmu st/um
AmussiumAmycla
Amygda la ma rina.Amyxa
Anachis
Anada raA nadema
Anapa
AnewAna tasiaAnatina
Ana tina,Anatinella
Anatomu s
Anaulax
Anau lu s
A naz ola
Anchincea.Anch istoma
And k
AncillaAncillaria
A nci lla/ria
Ancistrocheir us
Ancistroteu this
Ancula
Ancu losa
A ncu lotu s
A ncylastrum
A ncylotus
AncylusAndracaAnellum
AngariaA ngam
'
us
Angm'
nwria
AngulusA 719qA ngystoma
Anisus
Amlsu s
Am m.
Am lama
A nodon
INDEX TO GENERA . xiii
X1V INDEX TO GENERA .
INDEX TO GENERA . XV
Calli sta0 aZlistomas
Callithea
Ca lli tr icheCa llitri choderma
Calloarca
Callochiton
CalmaOttlocochlea,
Ca lop odium
Ca lpw'
ow,
Calpurnus
CalyptraCa lyptrcea
Ca lyptr ia
C a lyp tmts
CamacuaCamillu sC'mm
'
na ta
Cam itia
Camp eloma
Camptoceras
Camptonyx
Campu lotus
Campylaea
Ccm a lz'
s
Cana lz’
tes
CanariumCancellaria
Cancellam’
us
CancillaCandiella
Canistrum
Gamma
Cantareus
Canthaplewra
Cantharidus
Cantham'
s
Cantham’
us
CantharusCanthidomus
Ca/nthorbi sCanthyria
Cap ilt ma
Cap istem’
wn
Cap rella.
0 &1 )mCapsa
CapsellaCap sellaCap su lar
Ca/ra collae acolh
'
fna
Ca/ra colas
xvi INDEX TO GENERA .
PAGE'
VoL n . 659
iL 444
9 6
461
L 41 3
iL 486
458
iL 486
iL 454
iL 1 32
iL 9 5
L 271L 4 1 5
iL 96
655
1 L
1 47iL 1 54
iL 57I L
L 2 1 6i . l 96, 2l 5, 258
L 2 1 821 7
i . 21 5, 21 6, 2 1 9
iL 238
L 8 1
L 2 1 4L 2 1 71L 1 77iL 508
iL 285
1
1
1
1
Z 386
1 L
iL 1 95
iL 1 99
u . 455, 660
iL
L 73
L 333iL 343
L 3471 L
iL 56
iL 466
iL 647L 2 97L 284
L 292
xv iii INDEX TO GENERA .
INDEX TO GENERA . xix
PAGE
Vol. 1 1 . 279
iL 279
iL 275
L 1 22
fi . 282,290
290
L 330
405
IL 274
u . 9,657
iL 1 06
L 254
L 1 79
L 249
n . 1 0,1 75
iL 1 1 1
iL 657L 1 44
1 64
1 24
1 02
1 53
1 5 8
L 1 62 ; iL 61 7L 1 58 ; iL 61 6
i . 1 59 ; ii . 1 5 , 6 1 6L 4 66
v-u
v-n
Ho
H0
o
0
g
o
65
406
1 56
59 1
271
332
. 623
2 1 7266
27 1
268
267264
268
268
264
Z 4 39
385
I L 444iL 49 6
L 268
iL 468
1 L
iL 449
iL 4 53
iL 445
453
iL 452
0 .
1-4
HO
N-“
H
Q
Q
0
p.‘
i . 264
p—l
o
H0
h-hp-‘o
Ho
Ho
H.MO
Ho
:
0
O
O
0
O
O
0
0
0
p—nH
Cyre noz'
des
Cyrtodaria
CyrtoP inna
Cyrtosolen
Cyrtotoma
Cyr talasCyst icopsis
Cyst ingia
Cythara
CythereaCyflterea
DacostaDactylidi a
Dactylina
Da ctylusD a ctylusD adoneD cedalochéla
D agysa
Ba la ci aD ama lisD aphne
Daphnella
Daphnoderma
D aphnoderma
DarinaD asce
'
fn/as
D audeba rdiaDavilaD eca dop ecten
Defranci a
D ef ranciaDelimaD elp hina la
D elp hinulu s
D elphionoidea
D elthyrisDendroconus
Dendrodoa
D endrodoris
Dendronotus
D endrostrea
D enta le
D enta liop sisD enta lis
DentaliumD entellaria
D entz‘
p ecten
D er idobr ancka s
D erma tobranchus
Dermatocera
D eroceru s
D eskayesi a
D esmarestia
Desmoulea
D etra ci a
INDEX TO GENERA .
PAGE'
VoL. L 51 ; ILLE .
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
L
L
iL
iL
iL
L
L
iL
iLiL
ii .ii .ii .i .11 .
ii .11 .
ii .ii .i .ii .ii .i i .
1 1 1 1 5,
iiL
1L
1L
iL
iL
1 L
iL
iL
iL
IL 407,
iL
iL
1L
61 1
451
1 97560
50 1
1 2
1 78260
603
256
62
460
602
349
260
41 9
21
402
425
44
497472
2871 47501
501
584
5 83
20 1
244
3 8
208
1 1 6
264
366
603
1 04
1 04
1 04
521
4 5 1
32
33
60 8
1 9 6
1 96
251
404
4 1 4
396
4 1 4
403
405
37849
2752
PAGE
Vol. 1 1 . 51
L 1 1 3
L 304
iL 4 1 7iL 430
iL 403
L 383
iL 69
521
1 L 207L 89
L 1 29
iL 639
iL 1 50
622
1 L 1 79
497
IL 383L 234
L 31 0
L 1 09
L 31 6
L 21 8
iL 637iL 563
iL 563
1 L
iL 651
L 354
iL 27L 1 1 8
L 387iL 1 40
L 382
iL 1 05
iL 308
1 424
iL 6271 1
L 300
11 1 62
iL 3 93
11 4 90
ii 23711 2 1 1
11 80
iL 367n . 79 , 635
1L 304
1L 1 60
1 1 67 ; iL 61 8
L 1 87
INDEX TO GENERA . xxi
PAGE
Vol. 1 1 . 1 7 1
521
i . 476i . 30
342
342
i . 4 57i . 4 57i . 457i . 4 57
i . 239 ; ii363
1 1 3
73
73i . 31 9ii . 660L 1 03
ii . 574i . 351i . 269i . 1 89
1 87
i . 3702 90
6 1 9
202
644
ii . 655ii . 356i . 2 1 9
i . 464 ; ii . 1 69ii . 4 1 6
1 1 . 381 , 4 1 0, 475
ii . 1 73i . 2644 1 3
ii . 34
ii . 252i . 409
73
ii . 637ii . 73
1 8
i . 2 1 01 1 . 7 1 , 367
i . 4 1 8i . 4 1 8i . 277604
ii . 657575
1 1 . 656
11 1 44a " n
xxii INDEX TO GENERA .
INDEX TO GENERA . xxiii
PA GE
Vol. 1 1 . 2 1 0
301
i . 408 ; 306
1 42
I L 2081 20
65 8
61 0
1 22
1 9 1
2 1 5
1 9 1
1 30
262
1 88
458
I L 4 58
iL 1 96
462
iL 499
378
L 339
iL 502
iL 55 6
223
L 302
264
582
L 453iL 1 94
L 338iL 59
L 261L 398iL 621
1 81
I L 78L 255
634
1 L 654
iL 387406
L 5Q ; 1L 61 2
iL 625
iL 2 1 2
L 40
iL 59
u . 349 , 362, 479iL 392
L 1 42
L 1 21
iL 527L 1 23L 323
iL 555
INDEX TO GENERA .
PA GE
Hinnites . Vol. 1 1 . 5 55
ii . 532H ipp eu tis ii . 262H ipp ockceta, ii . 527H ipp onyx L 373
Hippopu s ii . 465H ipp opu s ii . 465H irundinella, ii . 26
H isp z’
della, ii . 2 1 4Histioteu thi s i . 29
Holcostoma i . 324Bomala ii . 398Homalocantha, i . 74Homorus ii . 1 32H ormomya. ii . 5 1 3Humphreyia. ii . 650
Byala i . 326Hya la
’ea L 51 , 52
Hyalim 51x 2 1 9
Hyalina i . 1 94,1 95 ; 1 1 8
,1 20
Hyalinia ii . 1 1 8Hyaloteu this i . 35
i . 51
Hydastes ii . 1 09HydatinaHydrobia, i . 335 ; 1 1 . 624
Hydrocena ii . 2 99Hygrobium ii . 283Hygromia, 2 1 4
Hygronoma i . 30 1
Hyp am’
s ii . 459Hyp obranchiaea. ii. 46
Hyp ogcea ii. 341Hyp ogoeoderma, ii . 341Hyp ogella ii 342
Hyp ostoma, ii . 1 67ii . 582
Hyp selia, 657Hypselostoma ii . 640Hyp terus 9 4
Hyria ii . 508Hyr idella. 4 93
1 1 . 508
Hystri cella 659
i . 21 9
1 1 . 409
i . 369
ii . 86
ii . 208ii . 30
ii . 83
ii . 25 1ii . 61
ii . 304ii . 470ii . 1 80
xxvi INDEX TO GENERA .
I NDEX TO GENERA . xxvii
xxvfi i INDEX TO GENERA .
PAGEVol. i . 8 1
i . 235ii . 262ii . 1 85ii . 41 8ii . 1 60ii . 1 60ii . 423L 277ii . 428ii . 382i . 375i 353
ii . 1 56ii . 4 1 3ii . 206ii . 1 1 4ii . 4 981 1 .
1 1
1 .
11 655
11 224
11 4 93
1 4371 1 26
11 64 1
1 26 1
11 463
11 62
1 65
1 3671 68
11 20 9
1 68
. 620
1 30
1 741 68
,383
364
472
11 255
11 1 0
1 39 4
11 1 69
11 51 6
11 520
11 51 5
11 5 1 6
1 3 1 6
11 590
11 2 1 4
11 566
11 2471 430
1
H.
0
p—l
o
t—l
o
rd
.
b.
H.
q1 . 36.
H
PAGEVol. 1 1 . 500,
1 . 219 ; 11 .
1 . 70 ; 11 .
651
460
2 59
4 1 74 1 73 1 6
4 1 7500
1 02
234
234
476
74
453
4 78
2 1 8
579
1 30
3 62
1 96
504
1 76
475
372
52 1
37 1
51 4
82
660
468
490
472403
4 88
363
521
INDEX TO GENERA .
N 67 7m? {213Neritella.Nen'
t ina
Ner itinaNeritoides
Ner itopsis
Neritostoma
Neritu la,N escea,
Netmom
NeveritaNew combia.Niaa
N zeam'
a
Nina,
N1 11 6 113NiobeN7
'
oma
NiothaN 1 80N itidella,
NitocrisN obiZia
Noetia
Nona.Northia.
Notarchu s
Notarchus
Nothu sN ovacuh
'
na
NubeculaNuculaN neu landNu cu locardz
’aN 1 056
Nympha
Obba
Obeli scus
Obeliscus
O belusObovaria
Ochthephi la,
Ocinebra.
O ctopodoteuth is
Octopu s
Ocythoe‘
Odoncinetu s
Odoncyneta
Odonta lus
OdontidiumOdontina
Odonlis
Odontocincta
Odontocyclas
Odontostoma,
Odontostomus
XXX INDEX TO GENERA.
Odostomia.
O ikop lew'
a
O ithona
Oithonella
Okem'
a,
0 131 11 3,
O leacina .
O leariaO ligym
O livaO liva,
O livancillaria
O livar ia
O livar i ’u sO livellaO liviaO livinaO livina
O livu la
Oma laOmalaxis
Oma laxon
Omalonyx
OmbrellaOmmastrephesOmphaliu s
0mp ha locla tkrumOmphalostyla
OmphalotropisOmphemz
’
s
Omph iscola.Onccea
O nch idella.
Onchidia
OnchidiodorisOnchidiopsisOnchi diumOnchidiumOncln
'
dora
OnchidorisOnchzdorusOnchis
Oncidium0 73033
0 730213
Onoba.Onop om .
0 73330301
Oniscidia.
Onithoch iton
Onu stu s
O nychi aOnychoteuthisOpalia.
Opeas
OpercqlatumOp ercu lum callosum
PAGE170 1 . 1 1 .
iL
iL
iL
iL
1 1 583,
iL
L 244 ; fi .
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
iL
L
I L 362,
iL
iL
iL
1L
L 4 1 6,
h
1 345 11.
245
204
20729
2 76584
430
260
1 1 1
1 70233
1 48
642
1 54
496
389
230
1 4 1
422
1 9 1
39
425
364
567568
1 9 71 9 6
4 1 7642
249
l 237292
1 49
1 98
Z 24 1
270270270
2 720 1
Z 1 55
Z 2 1 51 94
92
379426
Z 1 54
338
1 871 94
298
345
Z 1 49
400
303
1 97
I NDEX TO GENERA .
PAGEPachystyla. Vol. 1 1 . 224
P a chytes ii. 560P a cyodon 356
Pado la i . 443P a dolla i . 443Padollus i . 443Pagana 1 20
Pagoda i . 3 1 5P agodella 1 . 3 1 5
Pagoda s i . 3 1 5P3 110 633
Palli um 1 1 . 553
P a lma fi wm, 1 . 4 52
P a lu destr ina i . 32 1Palu dina i . 338Paludinella ii . 3 1 5P a ladmella 11 . 1 72
Palu domu s i . 339 ; ii .Pandocia 593
Pandora 1 1 . 370
Pandora 554
P andom‘
na 362
Panopaea. 1 1 . 35 1 ,Panomya. 11 . 659
Paph ia, 4 1 3
P aphia 1 1 . 434, 485, 660
Papi lh fera. 1 80
Papyr idea ii . 456P ap yrina 1 1 . 376, 377Parallelepipedum ii . 538Parapholas ii . 330Parascidium ii . 601Parmacella, 1 1 . 1 21 , 639
P a a'mophora i . 454
P a rmophor us 1 . 454
Parthena 1 97
Pa rthenia. i . 233Parthenop e ii . 479P a r tiwnop ia 11 . 2 9
Partu la ii . 1 45Partu lina. ii . 1 37P a r tulu s
Paryphanta. ii . 225Pasithea i . 236Patella i . 464P a tellama i . 464P a tellam
'
u s 1 . 464
P a telloida 1 . 459, 461
Patella s i . 464Pa tera 206
Patina 1 . 4 67Patro ii . 564Pamela 1 1 6
Patu laria. 504
Paxfllus ii . 288P axyodon 508
P ectella . ii 1 23
PAGE
11 . 454 ,
1 1 . 1 06,
11 .
1 1 .
1 1 . 43,
il .
ii11. 338,
l .
1 1 . 6 1,
ii .
1 .
iii .i .ii .
1 .
1 .
1 1 . 1 59,
1 1
1 1 51 2, 5 1 8,
1 1 .
1 1 .
11 .
550
543
543
455
526
274
2 48
243
562
607
5764
267623
658
593
568
3791 30
1 23
466
649
330
1 29
65759 3
45 1
60
1 96
1 1 6
2 64
658
361
1 31
1 53
653
526
5 1 5
527398
396
1 65
234
596
28
i . 4 1 9
1 . 1 92 ;
11 .
1 1 .
9 4
245
330
62 0
1 04
33
626
1 1 6
647
658
xxxii INDEX TO GENERA .
Petricola,
Pfel fferia,
P ha coz'
des
PhaedraPhaedu sa .
P ha nosp ira
P hakellop lezwa
Phalium
P ha llusia
Phaneropthalmus
Pharella
P ha retra
Pharu s
P hascolicama
PhasianellaP hasianema
Phasianu sPhasisP hasmoconus
Phengu s
Phidiana
PhilinaPhilinePhi fi ppia.
Ph ilomycu s
Philonexi s
Philopotamis
P hilop seudis
P hilym’
ne
P hamz'
cobius
Pholadidea
Pholadomya
P holadomya
P koladop sis
PholasPho lasP holeobia
P holidea
P horcus
Phora sPhos
Phosphomx
PhotinaPhotinu la.
Phrontis
P kg/ZineP hyllide
Phyllidia
Phyllirrhoe
Phylloda,
P hyllodesmium
Phyllonotus
PhysaPhysella,
Physema
P kg/seter
Physodon
PhysopsisP kg/63aP hyz a
P1 131
PilaP ileop sis
P ilidium
Pinaxia,
PinctadaP ineria
PinnaPinnoctopus
P ionoconus
Pira,P zrena
PirenellaPisania
P isidium
F isinaPisumPithohelix
P itonm'
llus
PitysPlacentaP la centu la
P la cobranchu s
Placostylus
PlacunaPlacunanomia
Plagiodon
P lagiola
P lagiostomaPlanaxis
P lanaxz’
s
F lanellaP lani sp ir a
Planorbella.
P lanorbfina
Planorb isPlanorbu la,
P la tim’
s
Platyodon
P la tysemas
Plaxiph ora
P lebecu la
Plecoch eilu s
Plecotrema.
Plectostylus
Plectrophorus
Pleiodon
P lejonaP leurobema
Pleurobranchaea.
P leu robr anchidimn
Pleurobmnchu s
P leu robranchu s
xxxiv INDEX TO GENERA .
INDEX TO GENERA . XXXV
xxxvi INDEX TO GENERA .
S olenam'
u s
S olenella
S ole/730 6317 711 3S olenomya
S olenymya
S oletellina
S oli du la
Sp a rella
Spatha,
Sp eo
Sp hwr iastm m
SphaeriumSpkcerostoma
Sphena
Sph enia
S phyradw m
Sp iraSp ira cella
SpiraculumSpiraxis
Spirialis
Sp iria lis
Sp im'
lla
Sp ir i llus
Sp irobranchu sSp irodiscu s
Spiroglyphu s
Spirorb IS
Sp irorbu la
Spirula.Spisu laSpondylusSpongiobmnch Ia
S tagm'
cola
S ta lagmium
Standella
S tawrodon
S tavelia
S teganostoma
S tezra
Stella,S tellam
'
a
S tenogyra
Stenopu s
S tenosemu s
S tenostoma
Stenothyra
S tenotrema
S tephanoconu s
S tephanopus
S ternaS terompha la
S tigmaulax
S tiliger
S toastoma
Stobilu s
S to laStomatella
S toma tella
Stom atia
S toma ti a
S tomax
S comodonta
S tram onitcm
Strephona
S treptau lu s
StreptaXI s
S treptostyla.
S trigatella
S trigilla
S trigulaS trombella
S tmmbiclea
S tromb ina
StrombusS trombusS trongylocera
Stropbi na,
S trophz'
tu s
S trophocheilus
S truthiolai ia
S tycla
S tylifer
S tylina
S tyh ola,
S tylochei lu s
S tylodonta.
S ub emarginu la
Subula
Subu lina,
S ubu lina
S u ccineaSulculusS u ltanaSunetta.
S urcu la
Susania,
S u twra
Swainsoma.
Sychar
Sycotypu s
Symmetrogep lzyru s
Symphynota
S ymphynota
S yncer a
S yndosmya
Synoicum
Syntethys
S yntox i a
S yphonota,
Syringites
INDEX TO GENERA . xxxvi i
PAGEVol. 1 1 . 1 06, 639
ii . 4631 . 435
i . 438i . 4 36i . 2 1 21 . 4 36
ii . 1 79i . 1 271 . 1 43
ii . 6451 1 . 1 85, 658
ii . 1 091 . 1 73
ii . 39 9ii . 239
i . 260 ; ii . 61 4i . 260i . 1 86i . 2 58
1 . 247, 260
i . 1 1 5ii . 1 68ii . 1 77ii . 5 02
1 47
i . 2 8259 1
i . 239i . 2391 . 53
ii . 37
1 86
1. 453
i . 224ii . 1 1 0i . 3411 28
i . 443ii . 658ii . 427i . 88
632
ii . 526i . 1 80i . 289i . 1 98ii . 657
503
501
3 1 4
11 . 4 1 0
ii . 600ii . 59611 . 495
ii . 34
1 . 456
S yrinx
Tachea
T agelus
TalonaT a lonella
T a lop ia
T amafl ndzf owmisTanali a
T aniaT anychlamys
Tanysiphon
T anystoma
t a da .
Tapes
Taph ius
TaphouTarebia.
Ta riaQ Eba
T ebennophorns
T ecta rza
Tectarius
Tectu la
Tectura
Tectu s
T edinia
Teinostoma,
Teinotis
Telasco
T elescop d la
TelescopiumTelli dora
Tellimya .
Tellma
Tellinella
Tellinides
Tellinu la
T ema/na
Temesa.
Tenagodus
T enareT erebellop sis
TerebellumT er ebellumTerebm
T erebraT erebra lza
T erebram‘
a
Terebratella,
Tereb ratu la.Terebratu lina.
T erebm’
na
T erebrwm
Teredo
Tergipes
xxxvi ii I NDEX TO GENERA .
PAGEVol. 1 . 473
INDEX TO GENERA .
1 1 . 495,
1 1 .
1 1.
11 .
11 .
11 .
11 .
ii .
333
658
1 75
1 4 1
1 1
249
400
1 20
34 1
232
232
204
343
629
343
385O F
0 1 0
1 55
1 06
266
449
1 . 200
11 .
ii .
1 9 9
438
68
41 7
X1 INDEX TO GENERA .
PAGEVol. 1 .
1
1 . 357,i . 357 ,
1 .
ii .11 .
ii .i .
ii .11 .
308
357359
358
357232
232
338
285
53 1
1 7 1
1 5
1 . 1 60
i .
fi .
1. 74 ii .
1 29
609
1 75
305
303
1 1 5
58
1 1 8
1 8
1 20
629
642
1 20
382
6 1 4
i . 337i . 338
1
338
554
82
51 6
61 7247
1 . 1 92
i . 1 56, 1 61 ; fi . 6 1 8
61 51 1
1 . 1 72 ; 11 .
1 .
1 .
i .11 .
i .
61 8
61 9
6 1 4
2 72
273
1 94
1 0
1 95
2 MOLLUSCA .
at the sides of the neck they are ca l led P terop oa’a w hen
they c raw l on the be lly by m eans of a mu scu lar foo t
they are termed Gasterop oda those furnished w ith a pa ir
o f ciliated a rms a rising from the mou th constitu te the
Bra chiop oa’a ; those w ithou t a head and ha ving the mantle
protec ted by tw o shelly va lves are named Uoncl nf era ,while
those w ithou t any shel l and covered mere ly w ith a fleshy
mantle comprise the Tunica ta .
follow ing is a Synopsis of the C lasses
Cepha lop oa’a or Cepha lopods .
A nima l w ith the foo t w anting or rudimentary .
Head large, dist inct , fu rnished w ith eight, ten,
or more arms,by means of which they craw l
head downwards .
P terop oda or P teropods .
A nima l w ith the foot w anting or rudimentary .
Head prom inent, w ith one or tw o pa irs of fi ns
on the side of the neck, by which they move
abou t in the ocean . Body often covered w ith
a thin glassy shel l .
Gasterop oda or Gasteropods .
A nima l craw ling on a foo t placed under the body .
Head distinct, furnished w i th eyes and tentac les .
Body u sual ly protected by a conica l or Spira l shell .
Conchif em or Biva lves .
A nima l w ith a foo t placed under the body . Head
indistinc t . M ou th placed betw een the gills . Body
enc losed betw een tw o equa l or subequa l va lves
united along the back by a cartilage .
Bra ckiop oa’a or Brachiopods .
A nimal destitu te o f a foot . M ou th placed at
the base of tw o spira lly- tw isted cilia ted arms
MOLLUSCA . 3
betw een the tw o leaves o f the mantle , which are
covered w ith two separate shelly va lves . T hey
live a ttached to other marine bodies .
Tunica ta or T unicaries .
Anima l dest itu te of sh ell,but protected by an
elastic muscular mantle w ith tw o orifices . G ills in
the form of a net-work or of a riband stretched
across the interna l cavity .
M olluscou s anima ls have su fficient maternal instinc t
to select situations for 0 3 3190 33750 73 most advantageous to
the development o f the ir eggs . T he Amp ullariz’
dce de
posi t their conglomerate egg-masses on stones and frag
ments of w ood in the sha l low parts of ponds, where the
eggs are exposed to the ful l pow er of the sun . The
D or ididce and L imnocia’oe glue their ova together and
a ttach them in gelatinou s bands to floating bodies, tha t
they may neither sink beyond the influence of the solar
hea t, nor be dispersed by the a c tion of the w aves . T he
Ianflm’
na and A rgona uta bear theirs constantly abou t them,
the first a ttached to a vesicu lar floa t, the second con
ta ined in a fragile shell . T he Ca rocolla conceals hers
under loose bark . T he P y t/n'
ce lay theirs under stones
and in ho les of rotten w ood . T he Cy clostoma buries hers
in the yielding soi l of decayed vegetable matter . The
thick- shelled E nlimi , tha t live u pon the ground, deposit
large ova l ca lcareous eggs among the leaves, w hile those
lighter and more highly co loured spec ies, tha t live upon
the trees, glue their coriaceou s ova to the under su rface
of the leaves, and some among them have suffic ient in
genu ity to rol l up the edges o f the leaves , cement them
together, and form kinds of nests or cradles for thei r
tender progeny .
4 MOLLUSCA .
The hard or soft a lbum inou s capsu les, or ootheca ,which
defend and protect the ova of mollu scous anima ls,offer
a variety of forms . The eggs o f the Cepha lopods are
e ither agglomerated into masses l ike bunches of grapes,as in the Cu ttles, or into long garlands and strings, as in
nearly all the S qu ids. The ova of marine Gasteropods
are enveloped before exclu sion in mucou s capsu les, in some
cases soft, flex ible , and transparent,w hich harden more or
less by contac t w ith the w ater , and a ssume forms pecu liar
to tribes and genera . T his nidu s or egg-nest is some
times simple, but often compound,
each compartment
conta ining many ova . In M az z a the cel ls are o f a
flattened sub-pentagona l form,adhering together and piled
one upon the o ther,each compartment conta ining from
tw enty to thirty embryos . The ooflzeoa of P urp ura 7m
mastoma are yel low or rosy, elongated , quadrangu lar, and
trunca te a t their ends, and are fixed in groups upon
the rocks . The nidus of P . lap illus, which E llis ca lls
the sea -cup, is in the form of an elliptica l vase supported
on a short stem . T he egg-capsu le o f N ep tunea N orw
gz’
ca is a ttached, iso la ted, hem ispherica l , w ith a thin,
coriaceous membranous coa t . In Buccz'
num unda tum the
nidimental capsu les are aggregated in large irregu lar
masses, each case being oblong , one side convex , the
other flat . The nidus of N assa reticula ta is in the form of
a compressed pou ch , w ith a short peduncle and an Openinga t th e top . T he sma l l nidimental cells of the cow ry
are aggrega ted in a fla ttened group . In Bursa they
are in numerou s groups very c lose together, long , com
pressed , enlarged a t the end, w ith one or tw o keels .
In Trophon they are sub-cylindrica l and trunca te a t
the upper end,and deposited in groups on stones and
MOLLUSCA . 5
In Rap a tennis the nidimental capsules are a ttached
in regu lar linear series to portions of decayed w ood ; they
are of a fla ttened subconica l figure , adhere by the apex ,
and have the base emarginate . In .Murex endica the
cases are tricarinated,one o f the keels being bifi d. In
Tritom’
um sca ber they are fla ttened and quadrangu lar, w ith
fou r keels . In Conus cap itaneus they are cu rved , w i th a
dorsa l keel , and w i th the free end fa lc iform . In Busy cum
afi ne the capsu les are arranged in a long string ; they
are ova l , fla ttened, keeled, the edges angled, and a ttached
by a short pedunc le .
T o enumerate a few more examples of the 0 0 1773666 of
marine Gasteropods, — in A canflzina unicornis they are
cyl indrica l, and adhere by slender peduncles in densely
packed masses . In Chorus monoceros the somewha t
columnar egg-cases a re united by slender peduncles in
a large rounded mass, the capsu les having l ids which the.
young pu sh off . In Volnta they are hard, vesicu la r, and
fixed by broad bases,each conta ining bu t one embryo .
In Volntella they are large and hem ispherica l .
T he eggs of the N a t/5032756 are deposi ted in flat, spira lly
rolled bands,w hich are partly buried in the sand ; they
have been m istaken for z oophytes, under the name of
F lustra a renosa . T he eggs of N erites and N eritinas are
ovate , covered w ith a horny shell , and afli xed to the
surface o f stones or to other shells . The egg-mass of
Gibbula cinemm’
a is in the form of a white gelatinous
ring , w ith a narrow break on one side .
In the O pisthobranchia te M o llusks the 0 0 77730 09 are no
less cu riou s. In Ap lysia they are excluded in a longstring . In P hiline the string is necklace-shaped , and
coiled in a loose spira l . In the Tr itonz'
idce,or S ea -slugs,
the ova are expel led together in the form of a long thread,
6 MOLLUSCA .
and arranged a lso in a spira l manner . In D oris they are
in a spira l band . In Tergt'
p es the egg-mass is saccate ;
in E olis, funicu late .
In the a ir-brea thing Gasteropods a lso the nidu s varies .
In the L imnaeidae it is transparent , gela tinou s, and lar
viform , and the eggs are arranged in two layers, one
above the other . In P fi ysa it is ova l and smooth . In
Coretus i t is shield-shaped,
stria ted, and unattached .
In A ncy lus it i s c ircu lar , flat benea th , and arched above ,w i th the three-cornered eggs arranged in a c ircle in the
m iddle . In Bu linus it is verm iform , free, and transparent .
In the terrestria l Gasteropods the eggs are u suallv
spherica l , opaque , and ex truded separa te ly . In O ne/7303327773occidenta le they are oblong , connected by a fi lament ,ro lled together in a ball , and deposited in shady pla ces .
In L imax ruf as they are isolated, oblong , opaque , w ith
white coriaceous shells, and heaped together under stones
in mo ist places . In S uccinea amphibia they are c ircu la r
and transparent , w ithou t nidus,bu t united in a mass .
In Helix p oma tia they are Opaqu e,white
,and lea thery,
varying in number from thirty to thirty-six,and a re
deposited in ho les in the ground ; w hi le in the tropica l
Bulimz'
they are often very large , ova l , and ca lcareous,and sometimes protec ted by an artific ia l nest formed of
leaves . The colou r of the eggs o f the air-brea thingGasteropods is u sual ly blu ish or m ilk-white ; those, how
ever, o f A cba tina , Helix bica r ina ta , and H . p urp urea a re
of a beau tifu l yellow . They a lso va ry grea tly in siz e .
In the common S na i l they are no b igger than a mu stard
seed, while in Bulimus kwmastomus they are a lmost a s
large as a pigeon’s egg, w ith a hard ca lcareou s shell.
The discovery of the metamorp fi osis o f mollu scou s
anima ls w as first made by M . S ars in the N u dibranchs,
MOLLUSCA . 7
and afterw ards confirmed by Van Beneden in the Ap ly
3 7130563 ; since then it has been extended to the P roso
branchs by Lové n and M ilne Edwards . T he Biva lves
a lso undergo a metamorphosis, bu t the C epha lopods do
not appear liable to these changes .
T he larva is a lways enc losed in a little,transparent
,
nau tilo id , ca lcareous shel l , provided w ith an opercu lum , and
it sw ims freely through the w a ter by means o f tw o fi n
like lobes fringed w ith long c ilia . Instead of tentacles
it has tw o vei ls shaped l ike ears,which disappear a t a
later period ; the eyes, the ears, the liver, and the vent
are as in the adu l t . T his is the first stage . In the
second stage it is still enc losed in a shell, but the mantle
has become detached and covers the viscera , the foot is
enlarged and projec ts beyond the opercu lum , and the
head has two short conica l c iliated tentac les . In the
third stage the shel l has fa llen off , and the genera l shape
is tha t o f the parent, but the ve i ls stil l rema in . In the
fou rth stage the anima l begins to craw l by means of its
foot, the gil ls appear, and the mou th is armed w ith jaw s
and a spiny tongue . T he last stage is marked by the
fa l l of the fronta l veils, and the completion of the ten
taeles and gills, thu s conc luding the metamorphosis .
The young b iva lves are hatched in the gills o f their
parents, and have a sw imm ing disc , fringed w ith longc ilia , and furnished w ith a slender tentacu lar filament .
The labial palps nex t become deve loped, and the disc
gradua lly disappears . T hey then acqu ire a foot,and are
provided w ith eyes near the labia l tenta cles, which , how
ever , are afterwards lost . The young of the Tunica ta,
which are fixed in the adu lt state, sw im freely abou t by
means of a cauda l filament or ta il , unti l they have selected
a proper spot to which they can attach themselves .
8 MOLLUSCA .
In a work like the present , w hich is intended to be
entirely Zoologica l , the anatom ica l and physio logica l de
ta ils are pu rposely om itted . T he z oological pecu liarities
o f the adu l t mu st now b e briefly considered .
The [Lead in some fam ilies is permanently ex tended and
proboscidiform , as in L ittorinidae and M elaniiolce . In the
predaceou s Gasteropods it is furnished w ith a mu scu lar
trunk,which is often entirely retractile ; but in the phyto
phagou s tribes it is supplied w ith jaw s for compressingthe food . The head is often inconspicuou s, as in many
M urieidce ; in some i t is long and flat , as in Bursa and
Syeotypus ; in some it is produ ced and cylindrical,as in
Cassiolu lus ; in some broad and flat,as in Bulla and
L unicep s .
S ome M ol lusks are blind , as the E olis, Glaucus, and
D or is, and, in the adu lt sta te, the Oonelzifera . The eyes
make their first appearance as colou red specks on the
upper surface of the neck, as in Ap lysiiclee, or on the head,as in Bulliclce . In their most perfec t form they have
iris,pupil , crysta l line lens, choro id, vitreou s and aqueou s
humours, and cornea,as in Oymbium, Helix, S trombus,
and the C epha lopods . T he ey es are tw o , symmetrica l ,u sual ly at the sides of the head, sessile or peduncu lated .
In Ha liotis, N er ita , Turbo, Helix,and Ouclziclium, they
are a t the end of long pedunc les , or 0mma top710 ra . In
M urieioloe and Cyp roeicloe they are extended on tubercles,connate w ith the tentacles ; but in S trombioloe they are
free . The vision of M ollu sks varies w ith their habits.
In the Biva lves and T unicaries the eyes are readily
dispensed w ith , the animals being either fixed or nearly
mo tionless . In the P ec tens, how ever, which sw im rapidly
by tlie flapping of the ir va lves,the eyes are numerou s
and peduncu lated , and situated at the bases of the pallia l
1 0 MOLLUSCA .
mechanica l organ for the a ttrition of food ; gusta tory villi
have , how ever, been detec ted on the tongue of the C epha
lopods . In the biva lves the mou th is suppl ied w ith tw o
soft membranous pa lps, and in the Brachiopods w ith tw o
c ilia ted arms . The mou th of the Cepha lopods is armed
w ith horny jaw s, w hich act vertically l ike the mandibles o f
a b ird . In the Helioiclce there is only an upper jaw , and
in the L imnceiclce there are two accessory la tera l jaw s .
T he tongue is a membrane covered w ith hooks or prickles,w hich are arranged differently in the different families .
I t u su ally forms a triple band, of w hich the centra l part
is ca lled the ra chis and the latera l tracts p leura . The
teeth on the m iddle part are termed centra l ; those on
the pleu rae are named uncini or la tera ls ; it is sometimes
broader than long , as in Tr itonia and D or is, or it is ellipti
cal and spoon-shaped, as in the Helieiolce . In o thers it
i s riband-shaped and mu ch longer than the body, in which
case i t is reversed a long the gu l let and coiled spira lly in
the stomach . In the carnivorous families the tongue is
forked and fleshy, armed w ith sharp cu rved teeth and
placed at the end of the muscu la r proboscis,while in the
phytophagou s tribes it is very long and spiny, for filingtheir food to pieces . T here is no tongue in the Tunica ta ,w hile in the biva lves i t appears in the form o f a gastric
dart, a cartilaginous stiliform body enclosed in a shea th
w ith a tricuspid free extremity and a ttached to the sides
of the stomach .
In the D oris and Ap lysia there are no jaws,and the
cartilaginou s surface of the tongu e i s covered w ith cu rved
spines . In the P a tella the tongue is o f grea t length, and
is covered w ith transverse row s of spiny teeth . In the
Cep’li alopods i t is short and muscular, and covered w ith
row s of spines. M . Lové n has demonstrated tha t im
MOLLUSCA . 1 1
portant generic and specific characters may b e derived
from a carefu l exam ina tion of this organ . In the Bullialce
the rachis of the tongue is unarmed, and the triturat ion o f
the food is effected by means o f calcareou s pla tes in a
muscu lar giz z ard .
The organs of toueil in the M o llusca are in the form o f
soft fleshy tentacles w ithou t joints . Usua lly in the Gas
ter0 pods there are tw o arising from the sides of the head,
sometimes free, as in the snails, sometimes united w i th the
eye-pedic les , as in the M urices, and sometimes partia lly
free,as in the S trombs . In the T unicaries and Biva lves
there are numerou s tentacles placed around the breathingapertu res and margins of the mantle . A dditiona l pa irs o f
tentac les at the sides o f the mou th,called bucca l append
ages, and a lso pro longa t ions of the lips, termed labia l
appendages, are often supplied , a s in the Ap lysiiclce and
Oneltidi ida , and occasiona lly the exposed su rface of the
mantle exhibits fleshy tentacu la r ex tensions, which serve
to appriz e the owners o f danger . In the P teropods and
Cephalopods long tentacu lar a rms are ex tended round
the head for the more accu ra te perception of tou ch, and
in the Trocltiola and Turbinialze the sides o f the foot are
furnished w i th tentacu lar fi laments for the same purpose .
T he f oot is a muscu la r organ u sua lly developed in pro
portion to the locomo tive pow ers enjoyed by the anima ls ;i t is w anting in the oyster
,which is fixed, bu t in the sna il
it is long and broad . By means of a mu scu la r foot the
P liolacliclce and S oleniclce bu rrow in the mud, the L imnaeas
sw ims at the su rface of the water, and w ith their grooved
and linear foot the Nudibranchs c lasp the stems o f floa tingfuci . In the A talants i t is compressed la tera lly into a
sw imm ing fi n- like organ ; and in the D olium i t is some
times greatly expanded by the introduc tion o f w a ter .
1 2 MOLLUSCA .
M any M o llu sca are furnished w ith numerous complica ted
canals which communica te w ith the su rrounding flu id and
serve (as in D olium) to distend the foot by the admission
o f w a ter . In Cyp rcea there is a long sl it in the so le of
the foot near its m iddle . In Ha liotis there are tw o or
three pores at each extremity, and in D oris, Ap lysia , and
Bulla there is a series o f o rifices placed round its edges .
In many fam il ies the sole of the foot is imperforate , as
in Turbo, Troenus, M urex, and P urpura , w hen the w a ter
enters by a pecu liar orifice near the vent,from whence
i t finds its w ay into the cana ls that rami fy through the
foot . The use of this system of aquedu cts, as D r. J ohn
ston has termed it, is to distend the various organs and
render them more fi rm and capable of mu scular exertions .
T he dorsal surfa ce o f the foot secretes certa in horny
or ca lcareou s layers, w hich constitu te the opercu lum, a
flat body, which c loses the mou th of the shel l when the
anima l is retracted . When the anima l is too large to
enter the shell , the opercu lum is absent, as in Ha liotis,
Gena ,and S toma tia , or is rudimentary , as in S igaretus.
‘
When the anima l is ent irely retractile w ithin the shell, the
opercu lum is larger . I t is round in the vegetable-eatingtribes, as in Turbiniola , and ungu iform in the flesh-ea tingtribes, as in M ur iciolaz . When the anima l envelopes the
she ll in lobes of the mantle , there is no opercu lum, as in
Cyp rcea , M arginella , Cyp rceoassis, and Sy cotyp us. Whenthe foo t is large the opercu lum is sma ll , and vice versa.
In some tribes the O percu lum is stony, as in Turbiniclce,while in others it is horny, as in Troeltialce . In o ther
cases it is stony, in one genu s of the same family, as in
N a tica , and horny in another , as in L una tia , or rudimen
tary, as in S igaretus. The opercu lum consists of a hard
ened portion of the skin, the cel ls o f w hich are filled
MOLLUSCA . 1 3
either w ith horny or ca lcareous matter . S ometimes an
Opercu ligerous lobe is developed around the opercu lum ,
and secretes a coa ting of ename l on the upper surface,as in Imp era tor , Turbo, and P basianella .
The opercu lum may b e annu lar and mu ltispiral , as in
the Troebiolee ; annu lar and pau c ispiral , as in M odulus,
E ebinella , S toma tella , andE uebele ; o r subannular and ovate ,
as in D istortio, Bursa , and M urex ; or subannular and
ungu icu la te, as in S trombus and Harp ago. I t may be
a lso Spira l and ova te , as in L ittor ina and the N a tieicloe
or spira l and orbicu lar,as in Tymp anotomus and Cer i
tbia’ea . The most singu lar varia tions of this organ are
in Hipp onya , Ca lyp troea , and Ianthina . In the two
former genera i t is a ca lcareous plate , and fixed to foreign
bodies, w hile in the la tter it is vesicu lar, and serves as
a float .
T he mantle is a muscular sac, w hich envelopes the body:
I t is u sually open in front, and secretes a shell, w hich
serves to protec t it . S ometimes the shell is conta ined in
the substance of the mantle, as in the C epha lopods and
Ap lysi iolce ; and sometimes the edge of the mantle is
ex tended and covers the shell , as in Cyprceiclce. T he
front edge is often simple and thickened, as in Trocbiclce ;furnished w ith fi laments, as in S trombicla ; or w i th com
plica ted fringes, as in M ur ioiola . In some tribes,as in
the phytophagous Gasteropods, the margin i s entire ; bu t
in the z oophagou s tribes, it is pro longed into a tube or
siphon .
The she lls of M o llusca have been compared to the
skeletons of Vertebrate anima ls ; bu t they are obviously,
a s show n by D r . Carpenter nothing but portions of ca lc i
fi ed skin . The mantle, w hich is a mu cous membrane,
throw s off an epithelium , w hich secretes
1 4 MOLLUSCA .
matter in its cells, and becomes hardened into a layer
of shell . The ep idermis, like tha t of other anima ls, is
inorganic , and cast o ff occasiona lly by the an ima l . T his
ca lcified epithe lium or shell-struc ture is formed ei ther o f
p r isma tic cells, filled w ith ca lca reou s ma tter, and arranged
perpendicu larly in layers, or it is composed o f thin
membranes, w hich deposit the shelly matter on their
su rface . When the membranes are finely pla i ted, and
the fo lds lie one over another, the nacreou s or pearly
appearance i s produced . S om etimes the membranou s
she l l-stru ctu re is traversed by tubes, the direc tion and
distribu tion of which va ry in different genera , bu t u su
a lly they form a netw ork . O ccasional ly the prisma t ic
she ll-stru ctu re i s very large , and the cells are hollow ,
as in the Budistes among Biva lves ; this constitu tes the
caneella teal shell-stru c ture .
The marg in only o f the mantle has the pow er o f givingorigin to the outer layer of the shell, w hile its w ho le
su rface may genera te the inner . A s the anima l increases
in dimensions, each new interior layer of she l l projec ts so
far beyond the preceding , tha t the new border composed
of the ou ter layer is simply jo ined on to the ma rgin o f the
former one . The co lou r is situa ted a lways in the ou ter
layers, and is fu rnished by glands in the edges o f the
mantle ; and the secretion of the co lou ring-matter, beinguninterrupted, or interrupted at regu lar interva ls, produ ces
all the stripes and spots which serve to ornament shells .
The shel l is mou lded on the mantle of the anima l, so
tha t some of the most distingu ishing generic characters
may be detected from its exam ina tion . The edges of the
mantle are o ften deve loped into fringes a t certain periods,and form the spines and ribs
, and all the irregu larit iesseen 0 the surfaces o f she l ls .
MOLLUSCA . 1 5
In the Gasteropods the shell is somet imes w ant ing , as
in the N udibranchs ; in others i t is very smal l and rudi
mentary in the skin of the back, as in the Ap lysiidce ;
and in some it only covers important o rgans, as in Ca ri
naria and Testaeellus . In the Obitoniolce i t is composed of
severa l pieces, bu t in the genera lity of cases it consists of
a hollow cone c losed a t the apex , and more or less spira lly
rolled . In P a tella and D enta lium the cone i s nearly
stra ight . In Vermetus and S ca la ria i t is spira l . In
Helix and Ooretus the spira l whorls tou ch . In some
the spira l is eleva ted, in o thers depressed ; in some
smoo th on the ou tside, in o thers Spiny or tubercu lar.
In the carnivorou s tribes the apertu re of the cone is
emarginate and produ ced into a ca lcareou s tube, which
lodges the siphon or muscu lar prolongat ion of the mantle
that conveys the w ater to the g ills ; bu t in the herb i
vorou s orders it is u sually round and continuous .
The M o llusca , l ike all o ther anima ls, are liable to
a ttacks of pa rasitic epiz oa and ento z oa . The Tbetis
fi mbria is infested w ith the Vertumnus tbeeia'icola of O tto .
C erta in mu ssels have as a parasite A sp iclogaster concbieola
(Beer) . The intest ines of N eritince are frequ ently fu l l of
entoz oa . In N er itina crep iolula r ia are found a L ingri
citu la , and a lso an A sca ris. A spec ies of epiz oon w i ll
a ttack L imnae i and Hel ices when in a sickly state , and
u ltimately destroy them ; whi le a remarkable form,the
D istoma belieis, w as found by D r . L eidy in the pericar
dium of Helix a lterna ta . A sma l l crustacean, the P inno
tberos, l ives parasitic in the pearl mu ssel ; and the P bos
p uga a trata , a S ilphideou s beetle , preys upon the common
sna i l .
CLASS CEPHALOPODA .
HEAD large, separate from the body ; eyes large, com
plex , la tera l ; ears deve loped ; mou th armed w ith two
horny or shelly jaw s edged w ith fleshy lips, surrounded by
eight or ten fleshy arms, and furnished w ith an entire or
slit tube or siphuncle u sed in locomotion . Body ovate,roundish
,or cylindrical , Open in front, conta ining the
viscera and one or tw o pa irs of interna l symmetrica l gills ;naked ; surrounded by a thin shel l w ith a single cavity ; or
partly or entirely conta ined in the last chamber of a cham
bered shel l furnished w ith a siphon passing from chamber
to chamber . Individual , unisexua l . Anima l free,wa lking
on its head, or sw imm ing in the sea , propelled by the
water from the siphon tube .
The gills o f the C epha lopods are placed w ithin the
mantle, to w hich the ir stems are a ttached by a thin mem
brane ; they are tw o in number, w ith the exception of the
Nau t ilu s, where the gills are fou r in number,and only
united to the mantle by their bases. The Cepha lopods are
all oviparou s, their eggs receiving in their passage from the
ovary of the fema le a gelat inou s covering, which sw ells in
the w ater and prevents their sinking to the bottom .
When the Cephalopods sw im , they a lways move back
w ards, w ith the head directed downwards, and the body
held nearly in a perpendicu lar position ; they progress w ith
1 8 OCTOPODA .
O rde r O CTO PO DA .
Body naked . Head separate , w i th eight fleshy arms ,
furnished w ith sessile cups, w ithou t any horny r ing ; eyes
fixed in the skin . G ills two ; siphuncle enti re . Fo o t
none .
N 0 interna l media l dorsa l shell .
In this order of O ctopods there a re only e ight a rms,
the two elonga ted tentacular a rms being w anting ; their
bodies are rounder than the D ecapods,and they are not
so amply provided w ith fi ns . The only genu s furnished
w i th a shel l is the A rgonau t , the shell , how ever,has only
been found on females, and may possibly serve merely a s
a receptacle for the ova ; when there is an interna l shell
it is qu ite rudimentary .
Fam . O OT O P OD ID fE .
A rms subu late . M antle supported by fleshy bands .
N o cepha lic aqu iferous apertu res.
In this fam ily, consisting of fi ve genera , the a rms a re
S imila r, e longa ted , and united a t the base by a w eb ; the
shell , according to P ro fesso r O wen,is represented by tw o
short styles encysted in the substance of the mantle . In
the ir habits they are chiefly l ittora l,feeding a long the
coasts of the tempera te and tropica l z ones : they escape
detec tion by varying their tints according to the na ture
of the ground over which they pass, and e lude the vigi
lance of their enem ies by discolouring the w a ter w ith an
inky cloud, which they pou r ou t of their ink-bag when
pump ed .
O CTOPUS . 1 9
Genu s OCTOPUS , Cuvier .
A rms w ith two row s o f cups . Body round, w ithou t
fi ns . No aqu iferou s cells betw een the bases of the arms .
E x . 0 . tuberculatu s, Bla inville, pl . 1 , fi g . 1 .
The O c topu s is an excellent sw immer,propelling i tself
rapidly backwards by repeatedly striking forward the
whole of its w ebbed a rms at the same instant ; it can
w a lk, likew ise , a t the ra te of seven feet in a m inu te, and
when w ishing to accelera te its Speed , it infla tes the body
like a distended bladder, lets go its hold, and rolls over
and over w ith grea t velocity . T he O c topi are held in
detesta tion by the M editerranean fishermen, on account
of the havoc they comm it among the m ost esteemed
spec ies of lobsters and crabs , w hich appear to constitu te
their favou rite food : w e h ave taken bru ised b iva lves and
tu rbos from the stomachs of tropica l spec ies .
acu leatu s, D’
O rb.
ZEgina, G’ray .
aranea, D’
Orb.
arcticus, P roscli .areolatu s, D e Ha an.
Berenice, Gray .
Bosc ii,L esueu r .
brevipes, D’
Orb.
brevitentacu latus,Bla inv.
caeru lescens, P eron .
Carena, Verany .
Cassiopea , Gray .
Cephea, Gray .
cocco, Verany .
Cuv ieri, D’
O rb.
Species of Octop u s.
Cyanea, Gray .
didynamu s, Bafi n .
Eudora, Gray .
Fang S iao, D’
Orb. and Féru s.
Eavonia, Gray .
Fontanianu s, D’
Orb.
fray edus, Bafi n .
Geryonea, Gray .
granosu s, Bla inv.
Hardw ickei, Gray .
heteropodus, Rafi n .
horridu s, D'
Orb.
K 6llikeri, Verany .
longipes, L each .
lunulatu s, Q uoy and Ga im .
2 0 OCTOPOD IDJE .
Sp ecies of Octopu s — continu ed.
Medoria, Gray .superciliosus, Quoy and Ga im .
membranaceus, Q uoy and Ga im. T chuelchus, D’
Orb.
ocellatus, D’
Orb. and Férus. tetracirrhus, Delle Chiaje.
Peronii , L esueu r . tetradynamu s, R af in .
pilosu s, Risso . tubercu latus, Bla inv.
polyz enia , Gray . venu stus, Rang .
rugosu s, Bose. vermetus, Rang .
S aphenia, Gray . vulgaris, L am .
S inensis, D’
Orb. and Férus .
The O ctop u s colossu s of Montfort,or S ep ia g igas of Oken is
the K raken, most probably an apocryphal species.
Genu s CISTOPUS , G ray .
A rms w i th tw o row s of cups. Body round, w ithou t fi ns .
D istinc t aqu iferous cells betw een the bases o f the arms .
Ex . O . Indicu s, Biipp ell, pl . 1 , fi g . 2 .
The genu s O istopus, of which only a single species i s
known,has a sma l l aqu iferou s system, consisting of a bag
w ith a sma ll pore at the ou ter edge, situa ted betw een the
bases of the arms, and which serves to ex tend them ; the
suckers of the arms are sessile and placed in two rows
they l ive on rocky coasts .
Genu s PINNOCTOPUS , D’
orbigny .
A rms w ith two row s of cups . Body w ith fi ns .
Ex . P . cordiformis, Quoy anal Ga imarol, pl . 1 , fi g . 3 .
T his genus is charac teriz ed by the broad w ing- l ike
expansions which are placed a long the sides, ex tend in
front, and enfo ld all the body ; the P . cordiformis, the
only species at present known, exceeds three fee t in leng th ,and w as captu red by the na tura lists of the A stro labe, on
the cgast of N ew Zea land .
PHILONEXIDZE. 2 1
Genu s ELEDONE , Leach .
A rms w ith one row of cups ; w ithou t beards, and uni
ted by a short w eb . Body round .
Ex . E . moschata , L ea ch, pl . 1 , fi g . 4 .
In this genus there is only one series of suckers on the
arms ; the E . moscha ta exhales a mu sky odou r, which is so
strong , tha t it w il l scent a w hole room w hether the anima l
be dead or a l ive . They live in rocky places, and feed on
crustaceous and mo lluscou s anima ls .
Sp ecies of E ledone.
moschata, L each . octopodia, P enn .
Genu s CIRRHOTEUTHIS , E schricht .
A rms w ith one row of cups, bearded and united by a“
broad web . Body finned .
E x . O . M ii lleri, E schr icht, pl . 1 , fi g . 5 , 5 a .
T he c ircumstance of the cups of the a rms a l terna tingw ith cirri , and the ex istence of the broad w eb , distingu ish
this genu s ; it is remarkable for the ex treme length and
slenderness of the arms, which are endow ed w ith grea t
sensibility, and mu st prove very effectua l in the capture
and retention of their prey . The only species , mentioned
above, inhabits the coast of Greenland .
Fam . PHILO NEX ID ZE .
A rms subu late . M antle supported by two bu ttons a t
the base of the siphuncle, fitting into grooves in the
mantle .
22 PHILONEXIDJE .
In this fam ily the cups are fleshy and peduncu lated ,very ex tensible , and arranged in tw o row s ; the eyes are
large and prominent . There is no shell e ither ex terna l
or Interna l ; the animals are pelagian, living on the high
seas,and are crepu scu la r or noctu rnal , ea ting floa ting
mo llu sca . T hey a re gregarious, and are found in the
A tlantic and M editerranean ; two genera are at present
known.
Genus PHILONEXIS , D’
O rbigny .
A rms free , tapering , unequal . N octurna l .
Ex . P . Egla is, D’
Orbiyny , pl . 1 . fi g . 6 .
T he P hilonex es during the nigh t, cover the surface of
the w ater in innumerable pha lanxes ; they inhabit the
high seas, and are soc iable and gregariou s ; l ike the
Ommastrephes and L oligines, they are true voyagers,instead of being sedentary like the O ctopi properly so
called . They avo id the l ight, change colour, and are very
vorac iou s, preying on Glauci , Ianthinae, and P hysa lice
there are six spec ies known .
Sp ecies of Bhilonexis.
A lcaeus, Gray . hyalynu s, Rang .
A tlanticu s,D
’
Orb. microstomu s,Reynaud .
Eglais, D’
Orb. tuberculatus,Risso.
Genu s TREMOCTOPUS , D elle Ohiaje .
A rms modera te the tw o upper pair longest, and
w ebbed nearly to the t ip .
E xsr T . Q uoyanus, D"
0 rbiyny , pl . 1 . fi g . 7 .
ARGONAUTIDE . 23
This genu s derives its name from tw o large aqu iferous
pores on the ba ck of the head ; the a rms are w ebbed .
L ike P hi lonexis, T remoctopus feeds on the mo llusca of the
high seas, coming to the surfa ce a t the du sk of evening ,and pu rsu ing its prey unti l the fo llow ing morning ; thereare tw o Species know n
,from the M editerranean , and the
middle of the A tlantic .
Sp ecies of T remoctopus.
Q uoyanus, D’
Orb. violaceu s,F éru s.
Fam . ARGONAU T ID ZE .
A rms subu la te .; The tw o upper or dorsa l w ebbed at
the ex trem ity , secreting (in the female) a symmetrica l
invo lu ted shell ; mantle supported by two bu ttons,fitting
into grooves at the ba se o f the siphuncle .
The male O f the A rgonau t is described by M . H .
M ii ller as being much smal ler than the fema le ; shell-less,and w ith the superior arms not expanded as in the fema le,bu t po inted . The most cu rious circumstance, how ever,is the fact o f a part developed w ithin a coloured sac ,
w hich occupies the place o f the third arm,of the left
side ; this organ, which is an arm of the anima l meta
morphosed irregu larly, i s detached when the sem ina l
flu id formed in the tru e testes of the A rgonau t has been
deposited in i t, and from this moment i t enjoys an
apparently independent l ife, and is the Hectocoty lus o f
Cuvier . “ The Hectocoty lus of the A rgonau t , is then
the arm of a ma le A rgonau t , metamorphosed for the
purpose of carrying the semen,and therew ith impreg
nating the female ; an arm endow ed w ith so high a
24 AEGoNAUTIDlE ;
degree of independence,tha t i t tru ly deserves C uvier
’
s
phrase,
nu ver vra iment ex traordina ire . (M ii ller . )In the young sta te , a ccording to M adame P ow er
,the
fema le A rgonau t resembles a lit tle w orm,w i th tw o row s
o f su ckers a long its length , w ith a fi liform appendage a t
one ex trem ity, and is w ithou t a she ll .
Genu s ARGONAUTA, L innaeu s .
V ide chara cter of fami ly .
Syn . O cythOe , Bafi nesgue. N au tilu s , A ristotle and
Ex. A . O wenii, A dams and R eeve, pl . 2 . fi g . 1 . 1 , a .
S hell, A . A rgo , fi g . 1 , b.
The shel l secreted by the female A rgonau t is thin
and sem ipelluc id ; i t is embraced by the w ebs of the
dorsa l arms which cover the ou ter su rface and keep it
in its place . T he animals found in these shells are
a lways females,and the apex of the shel l is filled w i th
eggs, upon w hich they sit as if incubating : it therefore
seems probable, that it serves as a nest to conta in th e
ova . The shell is one- cel led , brittle , horny, slightly
flex ible w hen w et,w i th a la rge hemispherica l nu cleu s ;
there are severa l species known .
T he A rgonau t sw ims w ith grea t veloc ity in a reversed
posit ion w ith the siphuncle direc ted tow ards the fore-part
and keel of the shell , and th e velated arms firmly embrac ingthe sides of the shel l ; i t a lso craw ls along the bottom by
the contortions of its simple arms, holding th e Shel l back .
upwards w ith the membranou s a rms which are bent back
w ards there is no mu scular or organic connection betw een
the anima l and shel l , which , when vaca ted by the A rgonau t ,floats rat the mercy o f the w aves ; while in confinement
,
26 CHONDROPHORA .
the apex o f the sep ion, or ca ttle-bone . T he decapods
chiefly frequent the Open sea , appearing periodica lly like
fishes in grea t Shoa ls on the coasts and banks .
S uborder OHO N DRO PHO RA .
S hell interna l , sol id, horny or cartilaginou s, e ither lan
ceolate , pennate w i th a centra l longi tudina l dorsa l r idge
above,and a groove benea th ; or flat , narrow ,
w ith a centra l
longitudina l solid rib, and a similar rib on each edge . The
apex solid, sometimes thickened, produced, and carti
laginou s . In the fam il ies Granchiadce, and L oliyop sidx ,the
mantle is supported by tw o interna l fleshy bands ; and in
Gheiroteuthidce, Ony choteuthidx , and L oliyidce, it is furnished
w ith three interna l cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral .
Fam . ORANOHIAD fE .
Eyes covered w ith the Skin . M antle supported by tw o
interna l fleshy bands . S iphuncle w ith a va lve .
S hel l solid, horny .
In this fam ily the body is large and membranous, the
head is very sma ll ; the eyes , which are large and prom i
nent, are covered w ith a continu ou s skin, w ith a sma l l
transparent Spot ; the c lub of the tentacu lar arms is finned
behind , and has fou r series of cups ; the bu cca l m embranes
are large and lobed the fi ns o f the body are term ina l and
small .
Genu s CRANCHIA, L each .
S hell horny, as long as the body , narrow , bilanceolate,
and po inted at each end .
LOLIGOPSIDJE . 2 7
Ex . 0 . scabra , L ea ch, pl . 1,fi g . 8 . S hell
, O . scabra,
fi g . 8 , a .
In Granchia , the three upper pa irs o f sessile a rms are
shortly w ebbed together there a re tw o spec ies , both from
the A tlant ic O cean . T he genu s is named in honor o f M r .
J . Oranch , na tura list to the Congo Expedi tion . Both this
genu s and L oliyop sis are somewha t a llied to the Octop idx ;
one of the most striking pecu l iarities is the tentacu lar club
being finned behind .
Species of Granchia .
macu lata, L each. scabra,L each .
S ubgen. OWENIA, Prosch .
Sac joined to the neck by a pseudo-articu lation .
megalops, P rosch.
Fam . LO L IGO P S ID fE .
Eyes naked . M antle supported by tw o internal fleshy
bands . S iphunc le simple .
S hell solid , horny .
The members of this family have the eyes peduncled and
not covered by a skin ; the fi ns are caudal , term inal , and
semic ircu lar ; the body is membranaceous, semipel lucid
,
elongate, and tapering behind . T hey inhabit the high seas
and are pow erfu l sw immers .
Genu s LOLIGOPSIS , Lamarck .
A rms short , cups in tw o row s ; tentacu lar a rms slender ;funne l w ithou t a va lve . P en slender, w ith a minu te conica l
appendix .
28 CHIROTEUTHIDHB.
Ex . L . cyclura , L esueur , pl . 1 , fi g . 9 . S hell , L . cyclura ,
fi g . 9 , a .
In this genu s, the eyes are very large and beau tifu l ;the head though sma ll, is broad ; the bu ccal membrane is
seven lobed w ithou t cups, and the siphuncle is very la rge and
notched on the sides . III some spec ies the body is smooth,
forming L oliyop sis proper, in o thers, the sides have row s of
acu te tubercles, form ing the subgenu s L ea chia of L esueur ,
or P erotis of E schscholtz . T here are eight spec ies, from the
N orth S ea , A tlantic , M editerranean, India , J apan, and the
S ou th S ea .
Species of L oliyop sis.
ellipsoptera, A dams and Reeve. vermicolaris, Ruppell.
pavo, L esueu r . Zygoena, Verany .
Subgen. LEACHIA, Lesu eur (Perotis, ESOH .)
S ides w i th rows of acu te tubercles. Shell solid at the t ip.
cyclura, L esueur .
Doubtfu l Sp ecies.
chrySOphthalmos, D’
Orb. Peronii, L am.
dubia,Ra thlee.
Fam . OHIRO TEU THID ZE .
Eyes naked , simple above . M antle furnished w ith
three interna l cartilages, one dorsal , and tw o ventral .
S iphuncle simple , w ithou t a va lve .
Shel l solid , horny .
The fi ns in this fam ily are on the hinder part of the
back ; the body is elongate and tapering, the ears are w ith
ou t any crest,the bucca l membrane is short, and the
tentacu lar arms are ou tside the w eb , and not retractile .
HISTIOTEUTHIS . 29
In the first genus, Ohiroteuthis, the shell is narrow , and
ra ther dilated or w inged at each end, and there are
scattered cups at the bases of the long tentacu lar arms ;
in the second genus, Histioteuthis, the shel l is lanceola te,
and penna te .
Genu s CHIROTEUTHIS , D’
O rb igny .
A rms free , cartilages of the mantle dilated below
rings of cups contrac ted in the m iddle .
S hel l , slender , dilated at each end .
E x . O . V erany i , F e’
russac, pl . 2 , fi g . 2 . Shell , C .
Veranyi, fi g . 2 , a .
In this genu s, the tentacu lar arms are slender and ex
tremely elongated, w ith distant sessile cups on the pedun
cles, and fou r row s of peduncu la ted claw s on their expanded
end . T he G. Verany i does not exceed fou r inches in
length, the tenta cu lar arms are tw o feet and a ha lf, and as
slender as a thread , organs admirably adapted to enc ircle
any prey tha t may be seen floa ting a t a distance and
unconsc iou s of the impending danger .
Sp ecies of Ghiroteu this .
Bonplandi, D’
Orb. Verany i, F érus.
Genu s HISTIOTEUTHIS , D’
O rbigny .
Three upper pa irs of sessile a rms w ebbed nearly to theend ; cartilages of the mantle linear, elonga te ; rings of
cups convex ex ternal ly .
S hel l broad,penna te .
Ex . H . Bonelliana , F e’
russa c, pl . 2,fi g . 3 . She ll,
H . Bonelliana , fi g . 3,a .
30 ONYCHOTEUTHIDJE.
In this genu s the body is short, the tentacular arms
long, ou tside the w eb , w ith six row s of denta ted cups on
the ir ends ; the pen is Short and broad . T he H . Bonel
liana riva ls in colou r the bril liancy of the bu tterflies of
tropica l suns ; the large membrane which unites its arms
is of a rich purple, and the su ckers are sapphire , the under
su rface being studded w ith blue and ye llow spo ts on a
reddish ground, sprinkled w ith purple Spots .
Species of Histioteu this.
Bonelliana, Fé rus. Ruppelln, Verany .
Fam . ONY OHOTEU THID fE .
Eyes naked, w i th a S inu s above . M antle fu rnished w ith
three interna l cartilages, one dorsal,and two ventral .
S iphuncle w ith a va lve .
S hell so l id, horny .
The fi ns are posterior, dorsal , and angu lar ; the head is
moderate and cylindrica l ; the eyes naked, w ith a deep
lachryma l sinus at the upper edge ; the ears have a w el l
marked longitudina l crest ; the tentacu lar arms have a
rounded group of sma ll sessile cups at the ex tremity of the
c lub ; the shell is internal, horny, lanceolate , and w ithou t
any air-chambers . T hese anima ls are u sua l ly termed
S qu ids, and Ca lamaries ; they are gregariou s and frequent
the Open seas o f all c lima tes .
Genus ENOPLOTEUTHIS , D’
orbigny .
F ins subterminal , dorsal , rhomb ic . T entacu lar and ses
si le arms w ith c law - like hooks . S essile arms w ith hooks
ABRALIA . 3 1
S hel l pennate , lanceolate
Ex . E . Smithii , L ea ch, pl . 2 , fi g . 4 . S hel l , E . Sm ithii ,fi g . 4 , a .
In this genus the tentacu lar arms are slender, feeble,
scarcely c lubbed,and a rmed w i th hooks only . The shell is
penna te , lanceolate, w ithout any appendix a t the tip, and
the centra l ridge is narrow , keeled , and produced in front ;there are fi ve recent spec ies known, and one fossi l, the
former from the M editerranean S ea and Indian O cean .
T he natives of the P o lynesian Islands have a w el l-founded
dread o f these anima ls on account o f the grea t siz e they
sometimes atta in .
Species of E nop loteuthis.
margaritifera, Rupp ell. ungu icu lata, M olina .
Owenii, Verany . Verany, Riipp ell.
Smith ii,L each .
Genu s ANCISTROCHEIRUS , Gray .
Fins occupying the whole side of the back, rhombic .
T entacu lar and sessile arms w ith c law - like hooks . S essile
a rms w ith books only .
S hel l dilated at ea ch end .
E x . A . Lesu eu rii, F é russa c, pl . 3 , fi g . 1 . Shel l A .
Lesueurii, fi g . 1 , a .
T here are no cups on the arms of Ancistrocheirus, and
the books are in tw o a l ternate series . The shel l is narrow ,
lanceolate,slightly convex ,
w ith a very broad centra l
groove , and w ith the ends produced ; there i s bu t one
species, A . L esueuri i , Fé ru ssac, from the Indian O cean .
Genu s ABRALIA, Gray .
F ins subterm inal . T entacu lar and sessile arms w ith
32 ONYCHOTEUTHIDJE .
c law- like hooks . S essile arms w ith hooks at the base, and
cups at the t ip .
S hel l lanceo la te , concave 0 11 the edges .
E x . A . armata , Quoy and Ga imard, pl . 3 , fi g . 2 .
S hell, A . armata , fi g . 2 , a .
In A bra lia , the sessile arms,besides a series o f hooks a t
the base , have a double row o f hemispherica l cups at the
tip ; and the tentacu lar arms have a few long hooks on the
c lub , a lterna ting w ith a series of cups . The shel l is lanceo
late , and sinuous a t the edge nea r the tip . There is one
species from the Indian O cean .
Sp ecies of Abralia .
armata, Quoy and Ga im . Morisn, D’
Orb.
Genus OCTOPODOTEUTHIS , Ruppell.
F ins on the hind part o f the back , roundish . T entacu lar
and sessi le arms w ith c law - like hooks .
Shel l narrow .
E x . O . S icu la,Rupp ell and K rohn, pl . 3 , fi g . 3 . S hell
0 . S icu la , fi g . 3 , a .
T his genus, o f w hich bu t a single Species is know n, in
habits the shores o f S ic i ly . The sessi le arms are cylindrica l
and cu rled at the end,w ith a double series of sma ll nearly
sessile subcyl indrica l cups armed w ith short cu rved hooks ;the tentacu la r arms are very Short , w i th a smal l club ; the
Shell is cartilag inous, very slender, and as long as the back .
It is the same as the Verania o f K rohn .
Genus ONYCHOTEUTHIS , L ichtenste in .
C lub of tentacu la r arms w ith c law -like hooks and cups .
S essife arms w ith cups and rings.
34 ONYCHOTEUTHIDIE .
Sp ecies of Ancistroteu this .
D ussumieri,D
'
Orb. K rohnn , Verany .
Lichtensteinii,Férus.
Genu s ONYCHIA, Lesueu r .
T entacu lar a rms w i th hooks . S essile a rms w ith cups
and rings . C lub of tentacu lar arms w ith hooks on the
centre, and w ith tw o row s of small cups on each side .
S hel l lanceo la te , penna te .
Ex . 0 . platyptera , D’
Orbiyny , pl . 3 , fi g . 6 . S hell,O . platyptera , fi g . 6, a .
In Ony chia the body is red and spo tted ; the tentacu lar
a rms are scarcely enlarged at the ends . L ike most other
genera of this fam ily,and o ther pelagic fo rms, it is crepus
cular , darting a long the su rface of the ocean towards night
fa ll,and preying upon sma l l fishes, floa ting crustacea , and
aca lephae that sw im near the surface .
Sp ecies of Onychia .
cardioptera, P éron . platyptera, D’
Orb.
Genu s OMMASTREPHES , D’
O rbigny .
T entacu lar and sessile arms w ith cups and horny rings .
F ins rhombic , posterior, caudal . Interna l cartilage of
mantle dila ted below .
Shel l narrow , dilated in front, w ith one centra l and two
margina l ribs .
Ex . 0 . Bartramu, L esueur , pl . 4 , fi g . 1 . S hell , O . Bar
tramii, fi g . 1,a .
The sessile arms have tw o row s o f suckers, and some
LOLIGINIDJE . 35
times an interna l membranou s fringe , and the shell has a
hollow conica l appendix . These, which are called sagit
tated Ca lamaries, l ive in the high seas in large troops ;they are noctu rnal in their habits, and form the food of
cetacea and pelagic bi rds . The sailors ca l l them “sea
a rrow s ” or“ flying
-squ ids, from thei r habit of leapingou t of the w a ter, often to such a height as to fa ll on the
decks of vesse ls .
Sp ecies of 0mmastrephes.
aequ ipoda, Rupp ell. Oualaniensis, L esson.
Bartramii, L esueu r . sagittatus, L am .
Eblanae,Ba ll. Sloanii, Gray .
giganteus,D
’
Orb. todaru s, Rafi n .
Sub-gen . HYALOTEUTHIS, Gray .
Body transparent, tubercu lar beneath ; one or two cups on
the second pair of sessile arms larger than the others.
pelagicus, Bose.
Dou btfu l Species.
Arabicus, E hrenb. laticeps, D’
Orb.
Bianconii, Verany . Meneghinii, Verany .
Fam . LO LIGINID fE .
Eyes covered w ith skin, simple . M antle w ith three in
terna l cartilages, one dorsa l and tw o ventra l .
S hell solid, horny .
In this family the fi ns are on the sides of the hinder
part of the back the eyes are w ithou t eyel ids and covered
w ith the skin ; the bu cca l membrane is often furnished
w ith cups ; the ears have a transverse ridge ; the sessi le
36 LOLIGINIDJE.
arms have two row s of cups, the rings provided w ith a
narrow prom inent ridge on the centre of the externa l sur
face ; the tentacu lar arms are only partly contracti le into
the sub-ocu lar cavity, and the siphuncle 1 s attached to the
head by a double superior media l band .
Genu s GONATUS , Gray .
Head separa te from the body . M antle free all round .
Fins posterior, dorsal , rhombic . Cups of sessile arms in
fou r row s . T entacu lar arms w ith many row s of small cups ,and a single hooked cup at the base .
S hell a s long as the back, penna te , edges thin .
E x . G . amoena , M oller , pl . 4 , fi g . 2 .
In Gona tus the eyes are large , covered by the skin, w ith
a smal l transparent spot ; the cups on the sessile arms are
sma ll, conica l , contracted at the top, nearly uniform in siz e ,and in fou r series ; the club of the tentacu lar arms is
compressed,and finned a t the tip . T he shel l is horny,
thin,lanceolate , pennate , narrow ed and ex tended in front
there i s one species, G . amoena , from Greenland .
Genu s LOLIGO , L amarck .
Head separate from the body . M antle free all round .
Cups of sessi le a rms in tw o row s ; la tera l membranes w ith
cups on the angles . Fins posterior,dorsa l, rhombic .
S hell as long as the back, penna te , edges th in .
Ex . L . magna , R ondeletius, pl . 4 , fi g . 3 . S hell , L .
magna , fi g . 3 , a .
T he rings of the suckers are horny and denta ted, and
the tentacu lar c lub has fou r rows of cups . The L oligo
pu rsues its prey on the bosom o f the ocean,and sw ims
LOLIGO . 37
w ith grea t rapidity ; fi sh and pelagic cru staceans, Ianthinas,and other oceanic mollu sca , constitu te its food ; many in
dividu als frequ ently unite and hunt in companies, their
favouri te time for scou ring the su rface being the eveningafter sunset .
T he L oligo magna ,the common spec ies
,is the favourite
food of the cod, and w ith it one half of all the cod taken
at N ew foundland is caught . When the vast shoals o f this
mo l lusk approach the coast, hundreds of vessels are ready
to captu re them , forming an extensive cu ttle- fi sh fishery,engaging fi ve hundred sai l of French and Engl ish ships .
D uring violent gales of w ind hundreds of tons of them are
often thrown up together in beds on the flat beaches, the
decay o f which spreads an intolerable eflzluvium around
(Johnston) . T he L . mayna is a lso u sed for ba it by fi sher
men ou our own coast , under the name of “squ id . Its
egg-cluster has been estimated to conta in forty thou sand
eggs . The L oligines are found in all seas, and the spec ies
are numerou s .
Alessandrini i, Verany .
au stralis, Gray .
Brasiliensis, Bla inv.
brevis, Bla inv.
Chinensis, Gray .
D uvau celii, D'
Orb. and F érus.
Emmakina, Gray .
Gah i, D’
Orb.
Hardwickei, Gray .
magna, Rondelet.neglecta, Gray .
Sp ecies of L oligo.
Pealii, Bla inv.
Plei, Bla inv.
Reynaudii, D’
O rb. and F éru s .
tricarinata, Gray .
Doubtf u l sp ecies .
carunculata, S chneider .
lanceola ta, R afi n .
m inima, D’
Orb.
Osogadium,Rajin .
LOLIGINIDJE .
Genu s TEUTHIS , A ristotle .
Head separa te from the body . M antle free all round .
Cups o f sessile arms in two row s la tera l membranes w ith~
ou t cups . F ins posterior, dorsa l , rhombic .
S hell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin .
E x . T . parva , R ondeletias, pl . 4 , fi g . 4 . Shell , T . parva ,4, a .
In Teuthis the body is elongate and acu te behind ; the
fi ns are rather behind the middle of the sides of the back,
forming together a heart-shaped expansion ; the labia l
membrane is simple,not produ ced into angu lar lobes, and
destitu te of any cups ; the shell is lanceo late and narrow .
There are tw o species,one from the Eu ropean, the o ther
from the Indian S eas .
Species of T eu this.
parva, Rondelet. Sumatrensis, D’
Orb. and Férus.
Genus SEPIOTEUTHIS , F é russac .
Head separate from the body . M antle free all round .
F ins occupying the sides of the body .
Shel l as long as the back, penna te, broad , edges some
times thickened .
Ex . S . Blainvilliana , D’
Orbiyny and F e’
russac,pl . 4 ,
fi g . 5 . S hell, S . Blainvilliana , fi g . 5 , a .
In most respects S ep ioteuthis resembles L oligo, but the
fi ns are la tera l , and as long as the body the ex terna l ear
is furnished w ith a transverse crest, enlarged and curved upin front ; the sessile arms are conical , subu late, unequa l ,and externa lly finned, w ith the cups in two series . There
are abou t twelve species,chiefly from the Indian S eas .
ROS S IA . 39
Sp ecies of S ep ioteuthis .
australis, Quoy and Gu im lunu lata, Ouoy and Guim.
bilineata, Oncy and Ga im . Madagascariensis, Gray .
Blainvilliana, D’
Orb. and major, Gray .
F éru s. Mau ritiana, Quoy and Ga im .
Hemprichii, E hrenb. sepioi’
dea,Bla inv.
Lessoniana, Férus. Sloanii,L each.
Sub-gen. CHONDRO SEPIA , Leu ckait .
F ins most dilated beh ind the middle of the body .
loliginiformis, L eu clc.
Genu s RO SSIA, O wen .
Head separa te from the body . M antle free all round .
F ins short, on the m iddle of the sides of the back .
S hel l Shorter than the back .
Ex . R . macrosoma , D elle Ohiaje, pl . 4 , fi g . 6 . S hell ,R . macrosoma
,fi g . 6, a .
R ossia , established by O w en, and named in honour of S ir
John Ross, differs fr om S ep iola in the head being separa te
from the body, and the mantle free all round ; the su ckers,moreover, on the tentacu lar a rms are in two row s . O ne
Species inhabits the M editerranean, two have been taken
on our coasts, one is from the North S ea , and another from
the Indian O cean .
Species of Rossia .
macrosoma, Delle Ohiaje . subu lata, E yd.
palpebrosa, Owen.
40 LOLIGINIDE .
Sub-gen. HETERO TEUTHIS, Gray .
Cups of three pairs of lateral arms very large, peduncled, distant cups of other arms small, crowded, equ al . T entacu lararms tapering.
dispar, Rapp ell. Jacobi, Ba ll.Owenii, Ba ll.
Genus SEPIOLA , Rondeletius .
Head a ttached to the back o f the mantle by a broad
cervical band . F ins short, in the m iddle of the sides of the
back . Cups of sessile a rms nearly sessile .
S hel l narrow , w i th one centra l and tw o margina l ribs .
Ex . S . A tlantica , D’
Orbiyny and F e’
russa c,pl . 4
,fi g . 7 .
S hell , S . A tlantica , fi g . 7, a .
The body of this genu s is round and pu rse-like, and the
short dorsal fi ns are rounded and contracted at the base .
T hese smal l Ou ttles are found in various seas the shores of
Brita in acknow ledge one , one is from Japan, another from
the M au rit ius,one from N ew Hol land, and another from
the A tlantic O cean .
Sp ecies of S ep iola .
A tlantica, D’
Orb. and Férus. Rondeletu , Gesner .
Japonica, D’
Orb. and Ferns . stenodactyla, Grant.
Oweniana, D’
O rb. and Ferns.
Sub-gen. SEPIOLIDEA, D’
Orbigny .
Body and head tubercu lar beneath internal cartilage of mantle broad, contracted in the m iddle.
lineata, Quoy and Guim .
4 2 SEPIIDJE.
S hell ce llu la r, ca lcareou s .
In the Outtle- fi shes, the anima l has e longa ted tentacu lar
arms, expanded a t their ends ; the body is ova l , or rounded ,and depressed ; the low er eyel id is distinc t ; the bu cca l
membrane is w ithou t cups ; the sessile arms have fou r
row s of cups ; the horny rings of the cups are convex ,
w i thou t any externa l ridges ; the tentacu lar arms are en
tirely re tractile into the cel l a t their base ; the siphunc le
is fu rnished w i th an interna l va lve ; and the She ll is fi lled
w ith irregu la r cells. w ithou t any siphon .
Genu s SEPIA,P linius .
Body oblong, w ith latera l fi ns as long a s itself.
S he ll as w ide and long as the body, very thick in front , con
cave internally behind, term inating in a prominent mucro .
E x . S . o fi i cinalis , L innaeus, pl . 5 , fi g . 2 . S hell , S . ofli
c inalis, fi g . 2,a .
T he Cu ttles somet imes a tta in to an enormous siz e ; the
cu ttle-bone w as formerly u sed by apo theca ries as an ant
a c id . D r . M ason Good asserts tha t the S ep ia: aid and
regu late their motions by the pow er they have of intro
ducing, at Option, a ir into the numerou s cells of the back
bone , and thu s , at w ill , varying their proportionable w eight
to the w ater in w hich they live : they comprise numerou s
spec ies,and inhabit all seas .
Sp ecies of S ep ia .
acu leata , Van Hasselt. Hierredda, R ang .
Apama, Gray . latimana, Quoy and Ga im .
Bertheloti, D’
Orb. and Féru s. Lefebrei, D’
Orb.
elongata, D’
Orb. and Féru s. Lycidas, Gray .
gibbosa, E hrenb. offi cinalis, L inn.
BELEMNOPHORA . 4 3
plangon, Gray . S inope, Gray .
Rou x ii,D
’
O rb. tubercu lata, L am.
rupellaria, D’
Orb. and Férus . vermiculata, Q uoy and Ga im .
Savignii, Bla inv. Vicelliu s, Gray .
Sub-gen. S E P IELLA , Gray .
Shell oblong, posterior end expanded, produ ced, cartilaginou s,not beaked, convex beneath .
Capensis, D’
O rb. Myrsu s, Gray .
elegans,D
’
Orb. Orbignyana, F érus .
Indica, D’
O rb. and F érus. ornata,R ang .
Mestus, Gray . rostrata, D’
O rb.
microcheira, Gray . S inensis, D’
Orb.
Doubtfu l Species.
Antillarum, D’
Orb. mu cronata, Rafi n .
S ub -order BELEM N O PHORA .
S hel l calcareous, interna l , chambered chamber tra
versed by a siphon .
The greater number of genera in this sub-order are fossil,as the Belop tera and Sp irulirostra , w hich have the apex of
the shell enveloped in a thickened lamellar coa t produ ced
behind ; the Oonoteuthis, which has a strong longitudina l
keel on the m iddle of the back ; the Belemnoteuthis, where
the she ll is thin and conical , and covered w ith an externa l
coat ; A ctinocamax, w here the coa t is produced, forming a
cylindrical style w i th its cavity fi ssured ; and Belemnites, in
which the conica l cavity of the style i s entire and w i thou t
any fissu re .
4 4 SPIRULIDJE.
Fam . S P IRU LID fE .
Eyes covered w ith the skin,w ith a low er eyel id . Bucca l
membrane w ithou t cups . S essile arms triangular, tapering .
Cups numerou s, equ idistant , very small , slightly pedicelled ,in six longitudina l series . T entacu lar arms elonga te,peduncled
,cyl indrica l ; club P. S iphuncle conica l, w ith
an apical va lve .
Body subcyl indrical , oblong , end rounded, sometimes
furnished w ith a th ickened bel t,and w ith a sma ll fleshy
sem iluna te fi n 0 11 each side . M antle free all round ; car
tilage , 0 11 the inner side of the ventra l surface, l inear .
S hel l internal , shelly, spiral , chambered ; chambers fur
nished w ith a siphon ; the last chamber large enough to
contain bu t a very small part of the anima l .
In the only recent genu s, Sp irula , the apex of the Shel l
is simply hooked ; in the fossil“
genera i t is enveloped in a
thickened lamina l coat produ ced behind, as in Sp iru lirostra .
Genu s SPIRULA ,Lamarck .
F ins tw o , sma ll , cauda l , on the side of the ex trem ity of
the ba ck . Eyes large . Cups of sessile arms in six long i
tudinal row s ; rings ent ire,o r very m inu te , and denticu
lated ; th ird and fou rth arms shortly w ebbed, the rest
free . S iphuncle w ith an apica l va lve .
Shel l calcareous, cylindrica l , conica l,tapering , invo lu te
on the same plane , the w horls separate from ea ch o ther , andchambered ; septa concave ou tw ards, w i th a shelly funnel
shaped siphon on the inner or most curved side , tra
versing each cel l w ithou t communicating w i th each other .
E x . S . laevis, Gray , pl . 5 , fi g . 3 . S hel l , S . prototy
pu s, P e’
ron,fi g . 3 , a .
POLYPODA . 4 5
T he shell is placed vertically in the posterior part of the
body, w ith the involu te spire tow ards the ventra l side .
T he last chamber is not larger in proport ion than the restits margin is organically connected ; it conta ins the ink
bag (Woodw ard) . In its habits, Sp irula is, probably,pelagic , sw imm ing near the su rface in ca lm w eather
,prey
ing on sma ll acalephae tow ards the evening , and sinkingbelow the su rface during the day . A lthough the shel l has
been long w el l know n, and is found scattered by thou sands
on the shores of N ew Zea land,only one perfec t spec imen
has been met w ith,brought home from N ew Zea land
by M r . E arl,and figu red by M rs . Gray, in the “ A nnals
and M aga z ine o f N atu ra l H istory . M . D e Blainville de
scribed an imperfec t specimen sent home by M . P é ron ;
M r . C rouch procured a fragmen t ; and an injured spec i
men was obtained during the voyage of H .M . S . S a
marang ,”
and served P rofessor O wen for an elaborate
memoir o f its anatomy .
Sp ecies of Sp iru la .
prototypu s, P é ron .
S ub-gen . LITUUS,Brown .
Posterior part of the body fu rnished w i th a circu lar disccovering and concealing the shell, and w ith semicircu lar fi n-likeappendages on each side.
laevis, Gr ay . reticulata, Owen.
O rder PO LYPO DA .
Body w ithou t fi ns, enclosed in the last chamber of a
siphon- chambered ex terna l shell . Head not separa te
4 6 NAUTILIDE
from the body , w ith a grea t number of cyl indrical , annu
la ted, retractile tentac les, w ithou t cups . G ills four . S i
phuncle slit . Foot- l ike appendage distinct .
This order is the same as the Tetrabranchia ta of O wen
the only recent genus i s N auti lus ; the rest are fossil , and
comprise a large number of highly interesting forms, w hich
must formerly have played an important part in the mala
oological history of ou r planet .
Fam . NAU T ILID ZE .
Head re tractile w ithin the mantle . Eyes peduncu la ted .
M andibles ca lcareou s . Body a ttached to the shel l by ad
du ctor mu scles, and by a continu ou s horny girdle .
S hel l ex terna l,
camerated or many - chambered , and
siphuncled ; the inner layers and septa nacreou s, the ou ter
layers porcel lanou s ; su tu res simple ; apertu re simple .
T his fam ily conta ins the only l iving representative of
the Cephalopods belong ing to the present order, the re
mainder, comprising numerou s fam ilies and genera , and
upwards of one thou sand fou r hundred spec ies,are now
extinct . T he generic characters and pecu liarities of these
forms are w el l and clearly po inted ou t in M r . S . P .Wood
w ard’s va luable “ T rea tise on Recent and Fo ssil Shells,”
a
w ork of w hich w e have frequ ently ava iled ourselves .
Genu s NAUTILUS, Breyniu s .
Shell invo lu te or disco ida l , few -whorled ; siphunc le cen
tra l ; septa dividing the chambers S imple ; inner su rface
pearly .
Ex . N . P ompilius, L innaeus, pl . 5 , fi g . 4 . Shell , N .
P ompilius, fi g . 4 , a .
NAUTILUS . 4 7
The dorsa l pa ir of tentac les is considered to be expanded,
form ing the hood which c loses the apertu re of the shell ;the tentacles are lamella ted on their inner su rface , and
are retracti le w ithin sheaths which correspond to the e ight
ordinary arms of the cu ttle- fi shes . Besides these, there
are fou r ocu lar tentacles, which are supposed by P rofessor
O w en to be instruments of sensa tion,like the tentacles o f
D oris and Ap lysia there are , moreover, fou r groups of
labia l tentacles, tw elve or thirteen in each group, which
appear to answ er to the bu cca l membrane of the dihran
chiate C epha lopods ; the mandibles are su rrounded by a
fleshy lip . The respira tory funnel , or siphunc le , is formed
by the fo lding of a thick mu scu lar lobe behind the hood,or foot — l ike appendage , it forms an expansion which covers
the black part of the shel l . The habits o f the Nau t ilu s are
not w el l known ; most probably, like the O ctop us, i t feeds
upon crustacea , and craw ls a long the bottom o f the sea ,
seeking concealment in rocky places ; the tips o f the parrot
like mandibles are hardened and ca lcareou s, and a re w el l
adapted to crush the hard Shells of crabs and o ther crus
tacea . A few spec imens only have been taken in a perfect
state .
ambigu us, S ow .
macromphalus, S ow .
perforatus, Conrad .
Species of N au tilus.
Pompiliu s, L inn .
stenomphalu s, S ow .
umbilicatus, L ister .
CLAss PTEROPODA .
HEAD more or less distinc t ; eyes none ; mou th often
fu rnished w ith cup-shaped appendages . F ins tw o on the
sides of the mou th ; or tw o,or rarely four, on the side of
the body betw een the head and abdomen, often furnished
w i th a sma l l intermedia te lobe betw een them ,apparent ly
the rudiment of the foot of Gasteropods . Body ovate or
roundish , often enclosed in a thin , conica l , cylindrical , or
subglobu lar shell, w i th a transverse contrac ted month . In
dividua l unisexua l ? A nima l free , floa ting on the su rface
of the sea by the assistance of its fi ns . N oc tu rna l or cre
puscular .
The P teropods inhabit the high seas, floating constantly
in the water by means of a pair o f la tera l fi ns . T hey are
ex tremely vivaceous in their movements, and are frequ ently
associa ted together in prodigious numbers . T he form of
their shells is very varied, being globu lar, subu late , hem i
spherical , pyram idal , or spira l , bu t a lw ays thin, glassy , and
transparent . Lové n compares the fi ns on the side of the
h ead to the fi ns on the side of the head of the foeta l or
fi rst-hatched fry o f Gasteropods, w hich are somet imes
reta ined in the form of a fringe on each S ide of the body
in the adu l t anima l , as in Turbo and Trochus . In the
cup-shaped disks or su ckers which many o f them have
affix ed to the arms tha t surround the mou th, they show
50 THECOSOMATA .
c lass of beings is at present not very w el l-defi ned . O n
account of the arms and su ckers in certa in genera , and
from a bel ief tha t the intermediate lobe, which in Sp iria lis
and Heterof usus bears the Opercu lum ,represents the foot
,
w e have preferred to fol low Cuvier and Rang in placingthem betw een the C epha lopods and Gasteropods ; Lamarck
conceived they shou ld be betw een the Gasteropods and
Biva lves ; M . Bla inville ma inta ined they w ere a tribe of
Gasteropods a llied to the Bu llidae, and this opinion has
recently been supported by M . S ouleyet .
O rder THECO S OM ATA .
Head indistinc t, w ith tw o w ings on the sides of the
mou th . T ooth o f lingua l membrane hooked , w ith a stronghooked tooth on each side . Gills interna l . Body inc losed
in a Shell .
This order may be divided into tw o sub-orders , includingthose w ith the body and shell straight, or globu lar, and
w ithou t an opercu lum ; and those w ith the anima l and shell
Spira l, and w ith a spiral opercu lum . T he fam ilies Gavo
linidce and Tr ip teridce have ca lcareou s shel ls, while in
Oymbuli idce the shell is cartilaginou s ; the second sub-order
contains the single fam ilv L ima cinidce .
Fam . CAVO LINID fE .
A nima l w ith tw o united fi ns w ithou t any posterior foot
l ike appendage between them . A bdomen volummous . Gills
in pa irs . Interna l superior organs of generat ion on the
right side .
S hell ca lcareous, symmetrica l, elonga te, or globu lar .
In the genera Oavolina and D iacria the shell has a
DIACRIA . 5 1
la tera l sli t emitting the mantle , w hile in the genera Clio,Ba lantium, and S ty liola the Shel l is w ithou t any latera l
fissure ; Vaginella , Theca , and Conula ria are fossil genera .
Genu s CAVOLINA , GiO'
eni .
Body short , sometimes furnished w ith la teral appendages .
Shell g lobu lar ; mou th narrow er than the interna l cavity ,w ith a latera l sl it on each side, interrupted in front .
Syn. T ricla , R etz ius. Rheda , Humph . Hyalaea , L amch.
Hyalus, F ror . and M ech . Caulina , P oli . ?A rchonta,
M ontf . ?Glandiolu s, M ontf .
Ex . C . tridentata , F orsha l, pl . 6,fi g . 1 . S hell , C . tri
dentata , fi g . 1 , a .
The Shel ls of this genus are globu lar, w ith the latera l
fissu res ex tending nearly the whole length , and the appen
dices short and directed backw ards. The Cavolince sw im
by means of their latera l fi ns, and w hen tou ched retract
them and fal l to the bottom .
Sp ecies of Cavolina .
atfi nis, D’
Orb. limbata, D’
Orb.
angu lata, E yd . and S ou l. longirostris, L esueur .
flava, D’
Orb. pisum,M breh .
gibbosa, Rang . qu adridentata, L esueur .
globu losa, Rang . teniobranchia Bi ron.
inflexa, L esueu r . tridentata,Forsk.
labiata,D
’
O rb. uncinata, Rang .
G enu s DIACRIA, Gray .
Body short, sometimes w ith latera l appendages .
Shel l globu lar ; mou th narrower than the cavity,
a sl it on each side, not interrupted in front ; apextruncated in the adu l t .
5 2 CAVOLINIDJE.
Syn . Hyalaea , b, R ang .
E x . D . mu crona ta , Quoy and Ga imard, pl . 6 , fi g . 2 .
S hell , D . trispinosa , L esueur , fi g . 2 , a .
T his genu s consists of those forms w hich are elongated ,w ith the latera l fissu res short, and the appendices pro
duced. They have the same habits as Cavolina , and are
found in all the seas of the torrid z one and in many of
those of the tempera te z ones .
Sp ecies of D ia cria .
depressa, D’
Orb. mu cronata, Q uoy and C a im .
laevigata, D’
Orb. trispinosa, L esueu r .
Genus CLIO , Browne .
A nima l elongate, conical , w ithou t latera l appendages .
F ins expanded, united behind, w ithou t any sma ll interme
diate lobe .
S hell e longate , angu lar, conica l mou th larger than the
cavity , w i thou t any la tera l sl its .
Syn . C leodora , P e’
ron a nd L esueur .
E x . C . pyram idata , Browne, pl . 6, fi g . 3 . S hell , C . py
ramidata , fi g . 3 , a .
The shells of the genu s Clio are pyram ida l and taper
ing , w ith prom inent spines a t the fore part ; C . cusp ida ta is
o ne of the most beau tifu l o f the P teropods, and is a rmed
w ith three very long spines .
Species of C lio.
pyramidata, Browne. Lamartinieri, Rang .
cu spidata, Bose. compressa, Eyd. and S oul.
deluciana, Rang . Chaptalii, Eyd . and S ou l.
Sub-gen . PLEUROPUS, Eschscholtz
S ides of the mantle w ith elongated tentacu lar processes. Shellconical .
pellucida, E schsch .
Genu s BALANTIUM,L each .
Shell triangu lar, depressed, transverse, w aved ; mouth
Oblong, narrow , obl ique, w ithou t any la tera l sl its .
Ex . B. recurvum , Chi ldren, pl . 6, fi g . 4 . S hell , B. re
curvum , fi g . 4 , a .
Ba lantium has a simple conical shell , curved at the end,
and compressed from before backwards ; B . recurvum,one
of the handsomest of P teropods, has a steady mode of
sw imming by latera l movements of the fi ns, and does not
flit abou t in the w a ter in su ch a lively manner as the
C avolince . T hey are met w ith only in small numbers at a
time, and do not make their appearance unti l after sunset .
Species of Balantium.
australe, D’
Orb. recurvum, Chi ldren .
inflatum,Eyd . and S ou l. rugosum, D
’
Orb.
Genus STYLIOLA, L esueur .
Body elongate , conical , rounded .
S hel l elongate, conica l , subcylindrica l ; mou th
than the cavity, w ithou t any latera l sl its.
Syn. Cresis, Rang . Orisia , M enlce.
Ex . S . subu lata , Quoy and Ga imard,
S hell , S . subu lata , fi g . 5 , a .
54 TRIPTERIDJE.
These little animals, remarkable for their subula te glassy
shells w ith a produced po int or style , are found in the
m iddle o f the ocean associated w ith Cavolince and C lio ;
they are often cast up dead a long the shore , which they
line at high wa ter-mark w ith incredible numbers of needles
of glass .
They have been stated by M . Rang to c luster occa
sionally on the Gu lf w eed, by embrac ing the leaves and
stalks w ith their fi ns, a circumstance, how ever, w hich has
not been confirmed by D ’
O rbigny . One of the au thors
has observed them during a ca lm in the A tlantic , tow ards
the decline of day , shining near the su rface like myriads
of glassy spicu la ; they often rema in poised and mot ionless,and their progression through the w a ter is very irregu lar.
There are fi ve recent and six fossil spec ies .
Sp ecies of S tyliola .
corniformis,D
’
Orb. subu lata, Quoy and Ga im.
recta,L esu eu r . virgu la, Rang .
striata,Rang .
Fam . TRIP TERIDEE .
A nimal w ith the body elonga te , cylindrical , divided into
tw o distinct pa rts ; the front part w ith tw o la rge la tera l
w ings, united below to -a flat centra l portion ; the abdo
m ina l part cylindrica l .
S hell cylindrica l or subangu lar near the mou th , endingin an acu te po int
,separated from the anterior cavity by
an entire transverse septum ; the tip is O ften dec iduou s in
the adu lt .
This family, according to M . D’
O rbigny , is intermediate
CYMBULIIDJE. 55
between Clio and P neumodermon, and consists of bu t a
S ingle genus .
Genu s TRIPTERA, Q uoy and Gaimard .
S ee characters of the fam ily .
Ex . T . columnella,Rang, pl . 6 , fi g . 6 . S hell
,T .
columnella , fi g . 6, a .
This genu s, which was not very ful ly described by M .
Q uoy , is the same as the Cuvier ia of Rang, the denticu la te
margin mentioned by the first observer must have been
cau sed by fractu re, and the figure in the Voyage o f the
A strolabe represents the anima l w ithou t the Shell there
are fou r recent species .
Sp ecies of T r ip tera .
columnella, Rang . rosea, Qu oy and Ga im.
oryz a, Benson. urceolaris, M brch.
Fam . CYMBULIIDJE .
Anima l globu lar or ovate . F ins tw o , horiz onta l , Oppo
site, on each side of the mou th, w ith a sma ll intermediate
lobe .
S hell cart ilaginou s, slipper-shaped, rarely w anting .
This fam ily comprises fou r singu lar pelag ic genera w ith
membranou s or cartilaginou s shells, excepting Tiedemannia ,w hich does not appear to possess any membranou s enve
lope .
Genus CYMBULIA, P é ron and L esueu r .
F ins large , rounded, w ith a small, elonga te, interme
diate lobe .
56 CYMBULIIDJE .
S hell gela tino-cart ilaginou s, Oblong, slipper-shaped, cover
ed w ith a thin scarcely visible membrane ; mou th elonga te,truncated in front .
Ex . C . proboscidea , P é ron and L esueur,pl . 6, fi g . 7 .
There are three spec ies of this genu s known the shells
are slipper-shaped and variously spined, and of a fi rm gela
tinous consistence . D uring the day they must occasiona lly
descend to considerable depths, one having been brought
up a ttached to the thermometer of a sounding- line duringthe voyage of Her M ajesty’s ship S amarang,
” from one
hundred and fifty fathoms in the S ou th A tlantic .
Species of Cymbu lia .
ovata, Quoy and Ga im. radiata, Quoy and Gaim .
proboscidea,P éron andL esueur .
Genu s EURIBIA, Rang .
A nimal globu lar ; w ings two , horiz onta l , opposite, on
each side of the mou th , and w ith a small intermediate
lobe .
S hel l cartilaginous ormembranou s, thin, transparent , re
gu lar, shaped like a hood ; mou th round , spread ou t .
E x. E . Gaudichaudii , Eydoux and S ouleyet, pl . 6,fi g . 8 .
T he shel l of this beau tifu l little P teropod is membranou s
and hem ispherica l , and the intermediate lobe of the anima l
sma ll and triangu lar : three spec ies only appear to be
known . M . D’
O rb igny , who never met w ith this genus,imag ines it to be the carapace of some crustacean .
LIMAC INIDXE .
S pecies of T iedemannia .
N eapolitana, Delle Chiaje. punctata, Quoy and Guim .
Fam . LIM AOIN ID ZE .
A nima l elongate , spira l ; the head indistinct ; mou th at
the union of the two fi ns and intermediate lobe, w ith two
smal l labia l sw el lings ; two fi n- l ike expansions, e longa te,rounded, and united a t the ir base by an intermediate lobe
bearing an opercu lum . M antle large, open in front, form
ing a large gill cavity ; gills interna l vent on right side o f
mantle .
S hel l Spira l , transparent .
Opercu lum distinct, spira l , vitreous, of few whorl s .
These animals have been confounded by M . D’
O rbigny
w ith the genu s A tlanta , among the nu cleobranchiate Gas
teropods, which , how ever , have a compressed foo t w i th
a su cker on the hinder edge, a distinct head, and no latera l
fi ns . The S teira of E schscholtz , which he referred to th is
fam ily, is a badly observed and badly figured A tlanta ;
the Cirrop teron o f S ars is, a ccording to the Observa tions
of A llman, the larva o f Buccinum unda tum ; and the Belle
rophina of Forbes is the Shell of the larva o f variou s
Gasteropods .
Genu s LIMACINA, Cuvier .
Shel l subglobose , subdiscoidal , sinistra l ; spire slightly
ra ised ; the last whorl w ith an Obscure keel ; axis umbili
cated, keeled on the edge .
O percu lum
Syn . S pira tella , Bla inv .
HETEROFUSUS . 5 9
Ex . L . arctica , O . F abr icius, pl . 7, fi g . 3 . S hell , L .
arctica,fi g . 3 , a .
The only species of this genus known, L . a rctica , ao
cording to S coresby , is extremely abundant in the North
S eas, but rarely m et w ith ou t of sight of land ; it forms
an important item in the die t of the wha le . The Operculum ,
if it ex ists in this genu s, has not yet been observed .
Genus SPIRIALIS , Eydoux and S ouleyet .
S hel l thin, vitreous, discoidal , depressed, sinistra l ; ax is
umbilica ted ; whorls smooth aperture angulated below or
cana licu lated, sometimes prolonged into a spine-like curved
beak.
O percu lum glossy, thin, transparent, of few whorls,w ith
a centra l muscu lar scar .
Syn. Heliconoides . D’
Orb.
Ex . S . ventricosa , Eydoux and S ouleyet, pl . 7, fi g . 4 .
O percu lum, S . ventricosa , fi g . 4,a . S hell , S . rotunda ,
D’
Orbigny , fi g . 4 , b.
A lthough this genu s reminds one very forc ibly o f the
larva l form of the Gasteropods, it is, from the animal, a
true P teropod ; it may be known from the shel l of the very
young A tlanta and Carinaria by being sinistral .
Sp ecies of Sp irialis .
australis, Eyd. and S ou l. rotunda, D’
Orb.
inflata, D'
Orb. ventricosa, E yd . and S ou l.
Jeffreysii,ForbesandHantey .
Genu s HETEROFUSUS, F lem ing .
Shell thin,transparent , sinistral , conica l, turreted ; spire
60 LIMAcINIDzE .
elongate , axis imperfora te ; aperture angu lated anteriorly ,co lumella smooth , arcua ted .
Syn. P eracle , F orbes . S caea, P hil. S piralis
,sp. Eyd .
and S oul.
Ex . H . bulimoides, D’
Orbigny , pl . 7, fi g . 5 . O per
culum, H . bulimoides, fi g . 5 , a .- S hell , H . clathratus,
Eydoux and S ouley et, fi g . 5 , b.
These P teropods, say M . Eydoux and S ouleyet, in
speaking , in the “ Voyage of the Bonite ,”
of their genusSp iria lis, are distribu ted through all seas, and w e have met
w ith them a l ike in the A tlantic,the Indian and P acific
oceans, and in the Chinese seas .
Sp ecies of Heterof usu s.
balea, M oller . MacAndrei,Forbes andHanley .
bulimoides,D
’
Orb. trochiformis, D’
Orb.
clathratus, E yd . and S ou l. retroversus, F lem.
Gouldii, S timp .
Genus CHELETROPIS , Forbes .
S hel l spira l , tu rbinate , dex tral , imperfora te , spira lly
ridged or double-keeled , and transversely w rinkled ; spire
prom inent, its nu c leu s sinistra l : apertu re ova te, canalicu
la ted be low , its ou ter margin furnished w ith two claw -like
lobes , the one centra l and formed by a pro longa tion of the
margin betw een the keels of the body-w horl , the o ther
sma ller and near the cana l ; peristome thickened, reflected,forming a conspicuou s margin .
O percu lum — i
E x . C . Huxleyi , F orbes, pl . 7, fi g . 6 .
This genu s appears to be gregariou s, and was taken in
a tow ing-net in the sea off the sou th-east corner o f A u s
tralia during the voyage o f H .M . S .
“ Ra ttlesnake .
”T he
62 PNEUMODERMONIDJE .
Syn. C lio , O . Fabr . ?Amphirea , Rafi n. ?Dicr0 ptera ,
Raf in .
Ex . C . borea lis, Bruguiere, pl . 7, fi g . 7 .
T he C . borea lis is very common in the Northern seas,and is the food of the wha le ; it has been anatomica lly
described by the Baron Cuvier . S coresby Observes that
in sw imm ing it brings the tops of its fi ns a lmost in contac t ,first on one side and then on the other .
Sp ecies of C lione.
australis, Brug . borealis, Brug .
Genu s CLIODITA, Guoy and Gaimard .
Body fusiform ; head sma l l, hooded, or bilobed, separa ted
from the trunk by a contraction ; tentacles not apparent .
Ex . C . fusiformis, Quoy and Ga ima rd, pl . 7, fi g . 8 .
T here are three species of this imperfectly known genu s
figu red in the Voyage of the A stro labe,”viz . C . caduceus
and C . f usif ormis from the Cape of Good Hope , and C .
pyramida lis from off Amboina .
Sp ecies of C liodita .
caduceus, Q uoy and C a im . pyramidalis, Quoy and Ga im .
fu siformis, Qu oy and Ga im.
Fam . PNEUM ODERMON ID fE .
Body fusiform . Head w ith arms furnished w ith pedi
cellate su ckers . Wings two , ent ire, w ith a centra l foo t
like appendage placed at the base of the head . G ills on
the b inder part of the body .
SPONGIOBRANCHIA . 63
In this family the genera are distingu ished princ ipally
by the gills, which in P neumodermon are lobed, and at the
hinder part of the body ; in Sp ongiobranchia they form a
prominent ring nea r the end of the body in Trichocy clus
a c iliated ring round the m iddle O f the body and in Be
lagia they are indistinc t or w anting .
Genus PNEUMODERMON , Cuvier.
Body oblong, elongated or subglobose ; fi ns sma ll and
rounded, on each side of the head . G ills in the form o f a
fou r- lobed leaf, at the ex trem i ty of the body .
Syn. P neumoderma , P é ron and L esueur . Z—E gle, Olsen.
Ex. P . violaceum , D’
Orbigny , pl . 7, fi g . 9 .
The P neumodermon, like o ther genera of this c lass of
anima ls, is by no means shy in its hab its, and sw ims ac
tively abou t in the vessel of w a ter in which it is confined,
bu t when touched folds its fi ns upon its body and falls to
the bottom , ro lled up into a little bal l : there are fou r
Species described .
Sp ecies of P neumodermon .
pellucidum, Quoy and Gaim. rubrum, Quoy and Ga lm.
Peronii,Lam. violaceum, D
’
O rb.
Genu s SPONGIOBRANCHIA, D’
O rb igny .
Body fusiform head dist inc t mou th w ith long appen
dages sometimes fu rnished w ith sessile su ckers . Wingstwo , entire , w ith a foot- like appendage . G il ls in a promi
nent spongy ring on the end of the body .
Ex . S . austra lis, D’
Orbigny , pl . 7, fi g . 1 0 .
This genu s is remarkable for the near approx ima tion it
makes to the Cepha lopods , the cephalic arms or appen
64 CYMODOCEIDJE .
dages of the mou th being furnished w ith rudimentary
acetabula , or su ckers, like those o f the C a ttle- fi shes .
Sp ecies of Spongiobranchia .
australis, D’
Orb. elongata, D’
Orb.
Genus TRICHOCYCLUS , E schscholtz .
Body e longate . Head produ ced , conica l , w ith two
la tera l tentac les . Fins two , oblong, latera l , w ith a lanceo
la te intermedia te lobe . G ills in a c i lia ted ring round the
m iddle of the abdomen, and w ith a S imilar ring round the
base of the head and on the hinder end of the body .
Ex . T . D umerilii, E schscholtz , pl . 7, fi g . 1 1 .
T here is but a single species of this cu rious genus, which
w e believe has not, how ever, been met w ith since it was
first described and figured by its discoverer in the “ Isis”
of Oken.
Genu s PELAGIA, Q uoy and Gaimard .
A nima l gelatinou s, rough, transparent, Body Ova l ,elongate , contrac ted in the m iddle ; head indistinc t, w ith
two smal l tubercles ; mou th hidden . F ins two , latera l, a t
the contraction of the body ; vent at the base of the right
fi n ; nerves very apparent .
Ex . P . a lba , Q uog and Ga imard, pl . 7, fi g . 1 2 .
P elagia , as its name implies, inhabits the high seas ;there is but one Spec ies known, which is white-netted and
rough, w ith submedia l rounded striated fi ns.
Fam . CYMODOCEIDE .
Body divided into tw o parts . Wings four, two on each
CLASS GASTEROPODA .
HEAD distinct, furnished w i th eyes and tentacles . Body
u sually protected by a conica l or spiral shel l . Low er part
of body formed into a thickened, expanded, creeping disk
or foot .
T he Gasteropods, so termed from the c ircumstance o f
their craw ling on their bel ly, may be known from the other
M o l luscou s c lasses by the head being a lw ays present and
provided w i th eyes and tentacles, the former being e i ther
sessile , or on the ends o f ommatophora or peduncles, which
are e ither free or connate . T hey constitu te by far the most
numerou s section o f M o llusks, and comprise not only a ll
those tha t l ive u pon the land , but likew ise a very large pro
portion of those tha t breathe by gi lls and inhab it the w a ter .
W ith the exception of the a ir-brea thing fam ilies, the
Gasteropods are different ly shaped w hen very young , the
fry having c ilia ted w ings on the sides o f the head by which
they sw im freely abou t,and the body conta ined in a l ittle
c lear spira l Shell w ith the aperture c losed by an opercu lum .
A s they grow , how ever,the head-w ings are absorbed
,
the foo t or creeping disk becomes developed , and the
Shells assume the forms pecu l iar to the different genera .
In the N udibranchs the shel l fa l ls off and disappears when
the locomo tive foot appears,bu t sometimes it rema ins ru
dimental w i thin the fo lds o f the mantle . In their adu lt
GASTEROPODA . 67
condition they are e ither preda tory and carnivo rous, or prefer
a vegetable diet , and inhabit, somet imes the high seas, as
the Nucleobranchs ; somet imes the forest trees and su rface
of the earth , a s the P u lmonifera ; somet imes the lakes
and rivers, as the Amp ulla r iidae, and sometimes the shallow
creeks and bays, a s the z oophagous tribes genera lly . In
the P rosobranchiate division the adu l t anima l is provided
w i th a shelly covering , u sual ly more or less spira l, w ith
the apertu re e ither ent ire , or notched,or produced into a
cana l in front ; in the O pisthobranchiate division the body
is e ither naked,or w i th the g il ls pro tected by a shel ly
va lve , which is external,or concea led in the mantle . In
the Nucleobranchs or the Heteropoda o f Lamarck, the
foo t is modified for sw imm ing , as the anima ls are pelagic,and the shel l is often very thin, rudimentary, or w anting .
The animals of the P u lmoniferou s division are u sua lly en
cased ia spira l shells, which , in some tribes, how ever, are
rudimentary, and in others a l together w anting .
In the branchiferou s Gasteropods the form and position
of the gil ls vary very considerably and offer excellent
charac ters for defining the orders ; in the Nucleobranchs
they form a projecting comb-like tuft ; in the N udibranchs
they are exposed upon the su rface o f the back ; in the
T ec tibranchs they constitu te a plume betw een the mant le
and the foo t ; in the P rosobranchs, which inc lude most of
the P ectinibranchs o f C uvier, the gills, u sua lly unsym
metrica l , are in the form o f tw o comb — like o rgans in a
cavity over the back protected by the mantle ; whi le in
the P u lmoniferous tribes the place o f the gills is occ a
pied by an air-sac lined w ith a vascular net-w ork, which
ac ts l ike a lung . T he modificat ions which the foot, the
mantle , and the o ther organs undergo , w ill be mentioned
under the variou s groups which these pecu liarities crea te .
68 PRO SOBRANCHIATA .
The shells of the Gasteropods, those e legant ca lcareou s
cones mou lded on the body of the animal , and justly priz ed
for their varied ma rkings , exqu isite scu lptu re , and gracefu l
contou r of form,most frequ ently a ssume the shape o f a spira l
co il . The spire is somet imes on the same plane , a s in the
disco ida l Coretus ; or produ ced , as in the turreted M ega
sp ira ; or loosely co iled,as in the irregu lar Vermetus ; or
unrolled and partly stra ight , as in the smgular Camp ulotus ;
or it may be invo lu te , as in the po lished Cow ry ; or ta
pering a t ea ch end, as in the Spindle- Shaped F usus or
w ith the last turn very large , as in the ear-shaped Ha liotis ;
or the co i l may have a flattened base, as in the top
shaped Trochus . When the Shelly cone is not spirally
co i led, it is often tubu la r, as in the tooth — shaped D enta
lium ; or flattened ou t, as in the sh ield- shaped S cutus ;
simply conical , a s in the L impet or slipper-shaped, as in
Crypta and Ca tillus . The co ils are genera lly right-handed ,bu t somet imes they are sinistra l , as in Clausilia . T he
marine spira l Gasteropods, which breathe by gills, u sua lly
have the mou th o f the shell c losed when at rest by a
horny, or ca lcareous opercu lum ; the a ir-brea thing families
are either provided w i th a similar means o f defence , or are
entirely destitute of this appendage .
S ub — c lass PRO S OBRA N CHIATA .
Gills pec tinate or plumose , placed in a mantle-cav ity
above the neck,or under the mantle on the left side .
Heart situated beh ind the g ills . S exes distinc t . A bdo
men w ell developed , usua lly spira l , and protec ted by a shell .
A dul t and larva shell-bearing ; larva furnished w ith dc:
c iduou s c ilia ted fi ns springing from the sides of the head .
T he P rosobranchia te Gasteropods comprise the Cuvierian
70 MURICIDZE .
cated structu re , and i s fu rnished w i th a number of mu scles
w ell described by Cuvier in his ana tomy of Buccinum,
w hich enable it to be w ithdrawn into itself like the tenta
cles of a sna il . The above description of this extensive and
important group of mo llu scous anima ls forms a portion o f
new and valuable researches for which w e are indebted to
D r . Gray, who has contribu ted so ma teria lly, by h is nume
rou s writings, to rescu e this c lass o f beings from the conf u
sion into which they have been thrown by the exc lusive
a ttention formerly directed to their shells only.
Fam . M URICID fE .
T eeth on lingua l membrane in three serIes the
centra l broad , the latera l versa ti le la tera l teeth flat,w ith a
bent up process at the end, more or less at right angles w ith
the base . M antle enclosed, the margin produ cing varices at
interva ls across the Shell, and ex tended in front forming a
stra ight more or less elongated siphon. Foot simple in front .
S he ll Spira l , often tu rreted, more or less extended at the
fore-part into a stra ight siphona l canal .
In this fam ily are comprised many of the largest and most
beau tifu l shel ls hitherto discovered , often remarkable for the
delicacy of their sculptu re and the variety of the ir co lours .
S ub -fam . M URICIN ZE .
O percu lum ovate , nu cleus sub-apica l , w ithin the apex .
Shell w i th the spire u sually a s long as the apertu re , the
surface rough , or w i th the varices w el l-developed .
Genu s MUREX , L innaeu s .
S hel l ovate or oblong ; spire prominent , a cu te , w horls con~
MUREX . 7 1
vex , ornamented w ith three ormore continuou s varices,w hich
are foliaceou s, tubercu lar, or spinose ; apertu re round or
ova te , ending in front in a contracted canal , long, stra ight
and tubu lar, or short and recurved, often partly c losed .
Syn . P urpu ra , Humph . A ranea , P erry .
Ex . M . foliatu s, Gmelin, pl . 8 , fi g . 1 . O percu lum , M .
regiu s, Wood, fi g . 1, a , 1 , b. S hell , M . tribu lus, L innxus ,
fi g . 1 , c .
A remarkable pecu liarity in this genu s is the circum "
stance of the mantle-margin secreting va rices on the com
pletion of abou t a third of a w horl annua lly . In their
geographica l distribu tion tropica l America appears to bar
bou r the greatest number they are, how ever, abundant a lso
in the Eastern S eas , the West Indies, and A frica . T he
smaller cancellated Species are u sua l ly from deep w a ter, as
are those w i th w ing- like varices (P teronotus, Sw a ins . ) the
m ore highly- co loured species w ith frondose va rices and
branching spines abound in rocky places near the coasts, and~
the pu rpu riform species Vitu la ria , S wa ins . ) are princ ipa l ly
from coral reefs, under stones, and from crevices of rocks ;
the long-beaked Spiny forms are u sually dredged from toler
ably deep water .
Species of M u rex .
aduncospinosus, Beck. nigrispinosu s, Reeve.
brevispina , L am. noda tu s, R eeve.
concinnu s, Reeve. occa , S ow .
duplicatus, Chem . plicatus, S ow .
funiculatus, Reeve. pliciferus, S ou .
hystrix , M a r t. pu lcher, A . A dams.
messoriu s, S ow . rar ispina, L am .
M indanensis, S ow. rectirostris, S ow .
motacilla, Chem. recurvirostris, Brod .
nigrescens, S ow . simil is, S ow .
72 MURICINJE.
ternispina, L am . trigonu lu s, L am .
trapa , Bolt. tumu losu s, S ow .
tribu lus,L inn .
Sub-
gen . HAUSTELLUM, K lein (Brontes, M'
ontf . Hau stellaria,
Shell w ithou t spines varices tubercu lated canal excessivelylong.
chrysostoma , Gray . trilineatu s, R eeve.
elegans, Beck. variegatus, M a r t.
hau stellum, L inn .
Sub-gen. RHIN OCANTHA , H . and A . Adams.
Spire short varices numerou s and strongly spined canal longand recu rved .
brandaris, L inn . cornu tu s,L inn.
S ub -
gen . CHIOO EEUS , Montfort .
Spire elevated varices few,foliated canalmoderate .
acu leatu s, L am .
adustu s, L am .
affi nis, Reeve.
argyna ,M ensch .
ax icornis, L am.
Banksi i, S ow .
brevifrons, L am .
calcar, Kien .
capu c inu s, Chem .
cervicornis, L am .
corrugatu s, S ow.
cornu — cervi, IIIa r t.crassivaricosu s, Reeve.
crocatu s, R eeve.
elongatu s, L am.
fenestratu s, Chem.
florifer, R eeve.
frondosu s, M ar t.
Gubbi , R eeve.
laciniatu s, S ow.
lignarius, A . Adams.
mau ru s, Brod .
megaceru s, S ow .
m icrophyllus, L am.
palmiferu s, S ow ,
pudoricolor, Reeve.
pu rpu ratu s, Reeve.
ramosu s, L inn .
74 MURIC INJE.
bicolor, Va lene.
bifasciatus,A . Adams.
brassica, L am.
crispu s, Brod.
duplex, M art.
endivia, L am.
imperia lis, Swa in .
lyratu s, A A dams.
melanoleucu s, M o'
rch .
melanomathos, Gmel.
monodon, S ow.
nigritu s, M ensch .
nitidus, Brod .
oculatus, Reeve.
oxyacantha, Brod.
S ub-gen. VITULARIA, Swainson.
Varices simple, nearly obsolete inner lip flattened .
foveolatus, Hinds. scaber, King .
salebrosus, King .
Sub-gen. HOMALOCANTHA , Morch .
Spire w ith the whorls rounded and. su tures deep ; varicesliated canal long.
digitatu s, S ow. secundus, L am.
rota, S ow. vari cosus, S ow.
scorpio, L i/nn .
Sub-gen. OOINEBRA, Leach (Tritonalia,
Spire elevated varices numerous, rounded, sometimes raisedcanal generally closed.
alveatu s, K iener . beeticu s, Reeve .
badius, Reeve. breviculus, A . Adams.
pomiformis, M art .
princeps, Brod .
radix, Gmel.
regiu s, Wood .
rosarium, Chem .
saxatilis, L inn .
spinicostatu s, Va lene.
spinosus, A . Adams.
S tainforthii, R eeve .
truncu lu s, L inn .
turbinatus, L am.
varius, S ow.
Yoldii, M o'
rch .
Z ealandicus, Q uoy .
MUREX .
buxeus, Brod.
Californicu s,H inds.
caliginosus, Reeve.
corallinu s, S acchi .
cyclostomu s, S ow .
decussatus, Reeve.
densus, H . and A . A dams
(inornatu s, A . A dams).Edwardsii
,M enhe.
erinaceus,L inn .
erosus,Brod.
exasperatu s, A . Adams.
excavatu s, A . Adams.
fasciatu s, S ow .
fi mbriatus,H inds.
fusiformis, A . A dams.
gyratus, H inds.
horridus, Brod .
incisus, Brod.
inconspicuus, S ow.
inornatus, Recluz .
7 5
K ieneri, Reeve.
laminiferus, Reeve.
laqueatus, S ow .
lu cu lentus, Reeve.
lugubris, Brod .
macu latu s, Reeve.
margariticola, Brod .
niveu s,A . A dams.
nu ceus, M brch.
nux,Reeve.
obeliscu s, A . Adams.
pistacia, Reeve.
planiratus, Reeve.
polygonu lus, L am .
purpuroides, Dunleer .
serotinu s, A . A dams.
S ingaporensis, A . A dams.
squamu losus, P hil.tetragonu s, Brod.
torosus, L am.
vibex, Brod .
Sub -gen. MURICIDEA , Swainson.
Spire produ ced, as long, or longer than the body whorl varicesnumerou s no internal channel at the top of the apertu re .
balteatus, Beck.
Blainvillii, P ayr .
carduu s, Reeve.
cariniferu s, S ow.
cirrosus, H inds.
clathratu s,R eeve.
cristatus, Brod .
dispacu s, Brod .
distinctus, Chr ist.dubiu s, S ow .
ex iguu s, Brod .
euracanthus, A Adams.
gravidus, H inds.
hexagonu s, L am .
humilis, Brod .
iostomu s, A A dams.
lappa, Brod .
lepidus, R eeve.
mundus, Reeve.
mu rica tu s, H inds.
nodu liferus, S ow .
Norrisii, Reeve.
nu cu la,Reeve.
octogonu s, Quoy .
76 MURICINJE .
pagodus, A . Adams . radica tus , H inds .
peri tu s, H inds . rubescens,Brod .
pleu rotomoides, R eeve. rusticu s,R eeve.
pudicu s, R eeve. v ittatu s, Brod .
Genus TYPHIS,M ontfort .
M antle-margin pro longed into the last tubu la r Spine be
tw een the varices .
She ll ova te or oblong, muriciform , w ith proj ecting ho llow
tubes betw een the spinose varices, the last Open,occupied
by the excu rrent cana l ; apertu re orb icu lar, pro longed in
front into a c losed siphona l canal .
E x . T . S ow erby i, Broder ip ,pl . 8 , fi g . 2 . O percu lum ,
T . S ow erby i, fi g . 2 , a , 2 , b. S hel l , T . S owerbyi, fi g . 2 , c .
The recent Species o f this genu s have been found in the
M editerranean,West Columbia , Western A frica , and at
the Cape ; a sma ll Spec ies likew ise is from the Indian
A rchipelago . T here are eight fossil spec ies known, from
the Boc ine formations of L ondon and P aris .
Species of Typhis.
arcuatu s, H inds. ni tens, H inds.
Belcheri , H inds. pinnatus, H inds .
Olerii, P etit. quadratus, H inds.coronatus, Brod . S owerby i, Brod .
Cumingii, Brod . and S ow .
G enu s TROPHON , M ontfort .
Shell fusiform ,varices numerou s, lamelliform, or laci
niated ; Spire prominent ; apertu re ova te ; cana l open,
u sua lly tu rning to the left ; co lumel la smooth,a rcuated .
7 8 EUSINE .
Genu s FUSUS, K lein.
S hel l fusiform ; spire many-whorled, acuminate, longer
than the last whorl ; aperture ova l ; canal long , stra ight ;co lumella smooth, arcuated ; outer lip entire .
Syn. Colus, Humph . Fu SInus, Rafi n . Syrinx , Bolten.
Ex . F . co lu s, L innaeus, pl . 8 . fi g . 4 . O percu lum ,F .
D upetit-Thouarsii
,K iener , fi g . 4
, a ,4 , 6. S hell , F . incisu s,
M artini , fi g . 4 , c .
The true spindle- she lls, as they are sometimes termed,chiefly inhabit the Eastern S eas, China , and A ustralia ; a
few of them are always reversed ; w hen they craw l they
readily elevate the shel l,and are tolerably l ively ; some of
them are highly coloured, and have very elegantly formed
Shells .
Sp ecies of Fnsus.
acus, Adams and Reeve. fragrans, Reeve.aureu s, Reeve. glabratus, Chem.
australis, Q uay . glomeratus, M ensch .
Beckii, Reeve. gracillimus, Adams and Reeve.
bellus, C . B. Adams. gradatus, Reeve.
Blosvillei, Reeve. heptagonalis, R eeve.
caelatu s, Reeve. incisus, M art.
cinnamomeu s, Reeve. Japonicu s, Gray .
clausicaudatus, H inds. lanceola, M art.
closter, P hi l. laticostatus, Desh.
colus, L inn. lignarius, Reeve.
crebriliratus, Reeve. longicauda, Bory .
Cumingii, J onas . longissimus, L am.
distans, L am. marmoratus, P hil.Dupetit
-Thouarsn ,Kien . Mex icanu s, Reeve.
fi cula, Reeve. mu lticarinatus, Lam.
forceps, P erry . myristicus, Reeve.
NEPTUNEA . 7 9
N icobaricus, Chem .
nobilis, Reeve .
N ovm Hollandiae, Reeve.
oblitus, Reeve.
pagodus, L ess.
parvu lus, Chem.
pastinaca, Reeve.
polygonoides, L am .
pu lchellus, P hi l.
pyrulatu s, Reeve.
reuma, M art.
rostratus, Oliv.
rufus, Reeve.
Sub-
gen. EVARNE, H. and A . Adams.
Shell oblong-ovate canal very short, a little recu rved whorlsconvex , smooth .
linea, M art.
Sub-gen. SINISTRALIA , H. and A . Adams.
Shell fusiform ,reversed canal long whorls rounded.
elegans, Reeve. scaevulum, M ensch .
maroccanus, Chem .
Genus NEPTUNEA, Bo lten .
S hell fusiform , ventricose ; spire e levated, w horls round
ed,covered w ith a horny epiderm is, apex papil lary aper
ture ova l ; cana l short inner lip simp le, smooth .
Syn. Chrysodomus, S wa ins.
Ex . N . antiqua, L innxus, pl . 8 . fi g . 5 . O percu lum ,
N . antiqua , fi g . 5 , a . 5,b. Shell , N . antiqua , fi g . 5 , c .
spectrum, A dams and Reeve.
strigatu s, P hil.
Syracusanu s, L inn .
Taylorianus, Reeve.
toreuma, L am.
torulosus, L am.
tuberculatu s, L am.
turbinelloides, Reeve.
u stu latus, Reeve.
vaginatu s, Desh .
vittatu s, Qnoy .
ventricosu s, Beck.
vulpinu s, Oncy and Ga im.
80 FUSINJE.
The N ep tunece resemble ventricose F usi , w ith very Short
canals ; they are usua lly of an uniform co lou r, and are in
vested w ith an epiderm is . T hey are principa lly from the
northern and Eu ropean parts of the globe , be ing most
numerous in the Northern S eas . One species, N . anti
qua , is so ld in the London markets under the name of
Whelk.
”
Sp ecies of N ep tunea .
al ternata, P hil.anceps, H . and A . A dams
(Pyr. anomala, Reeve).anomala Reeve.
antiqua, L am.
arctica, P hil.argyrostoma , L am .
Baerii, M’
idd .
Behringii, M idd.
borealis, P hil.bu xea, Reeve.
cassidariaeformis, Reeve.
contraria, L am .
craticu lata, Bla inv.
decemcostata, S ay .
deformis, R eeve.
despecta, L inn .
dilatata, Quoy and Ga im.
fenestrata, Tu rton .
Fontanei , D’
Orb.
fornicata, Gmel.funiculata, R eeve.
fusiformis, Bla inv.
fusoides, Reeve.
glacialis, Gray .
heros, Gray .
Largillierti, P etit.
lineata, Kien .
lurida, M idd .
lyrata , M a rt.
modi fi cata,Reeve.
mu l tangu la, P hil.nodosa, M art.
N orvegica, Chem .
Ochotensis, M idd .
oodes, M idd .
pallida , Brod. and S ow .
polaris, Gray .
Reeviana,P etit.
Sab inii, Gray .
S chantarica, M idd .
signa, Reeve.
simplex , M idd .
S itchensis, M idd.
solu ta, Gou ld .
spadicea, Reeve.su lcata
,L am.
tessalata , S chub. and
tornata , Gou ld .
trochulu s, R eeve.
tuberosa , R eeve.Tu rtoni, Bean.
varicosa, Chem.
Z ealandica, Quoy and Ga im .
82 FUSINjE.
Sub -gen. VOLEMA , Bol ten (Pugilina,
Shell umbilicated spire nodu lous aperture narrow .
Paradisiacus, Reeve. pugilinu s, Born .
Sub -
gen. MYRISTICA, Swainson.
Shell subpyriform spire strong, spiny, or tubercu lated aper
ture with an internal and ascending canal ; basal channelwide.
asper, M ar t. bu cephalu s, L am .
bispinosus, P h il. calcaratu s, Dillu .
Genus HEMIFUSUS , S wa inson.
O percu lum— 2
S hell unequally fus iform ; spire shorter than the aper
tu re,ponderou s , whorls a rmed w ith compressed spines ;
apertu re oblong ova te , w ith an interna l ascending cana l at
the hind part , produced anteriorly ; columella smoo th ;ou ter lip S imple .
Syn . Cochlidium , Gray .
Ex . H . tuba , Gmelin, pl . 9 , fi g . 2 . S hell, H . tuba , fi g .
2,a .
The animal in this genus has the same elongated
head and smal l tentacles w i th the eyes a t them base
as Ca ssidulus, but in M . Eydoux’
s figure no opercu lum
i s shown,which in Cassidu lns is very large and conspi
cuou s .
PISANIA. 83
Belcheri, H inds . lacteu s, Reeve.cochlidium,
L inn. morio,L inn .
colosseus, L am. Ternatinu s, Gmel.
corona, Gmel. tuba, Gmel.
elongatus, L am.
Genu s PISANIA, Bivona .
S hel l oblong ; spire prominent , whorls smoo th, or spi
ra lly striated ; canal very Short ; outer lip thickened and
crenated .
Syn. P usio , Gray .
Ex . P . fasciolata , Reeve, pl . 9 , fi g . 3 . Operculum ,
P . stria ta , Gmelin, fi g . 3 , a , 3 , b. S hell,P . stria ta ,
fi g . 3 , c .
The P isaniee, w ith but few exceptions, are sma l l
shells, and have been hitherto distribu ted in variou s
genera , bu t possess su ffi cient character in common, to form
a distinct group .
Sp ecies of P isania .
buccinulum, M art.
cingilla, R eeve.
discolor, Quog and C a im.
fascicu la ta, Reeve.flammulata
, Quay and Gu im.
pedicu laris, Lam.
pennata, Chem.
pusio, L inn .
striata, Gmel.trilineata, Reeve.
tritonoides, Reeve.
84 FUS INfE.
Genus METULA , H . and A . A dams .
S hel l elongately fusiform,fine ly canellated ; spire elevated ,
acu te ; apertu re narrow ; inner lip distinct , smooth ; ou ter
lip thickened ex ternally, crenu lated w ithin, emarginate pos
teriorly .
Syn . Bu cc inum sp . , Hinds .
E x . M . clathrata , A dams and Reeve, pl . 9 , fi g . 4 .
The M etulce are deep w ater-shells, mi triform, elegant ,
and finely cancellated , the co lumella simple , and the ou ter lip
slightly sinua ted posteriorly . There are at present abou t
fou r spec ies referred to this genus .
Sp ecies of M etnla .
clathrata, Adams and Reeve. Hindsi i,H . and A . Adams.
Cumingii, A . Adams. mitrella, Adams and Reeve.
Genus CANTHARUS , Bolten .
S hell bucciniform,more or less ventricose in the m iddle,
narrowed anteriorly ; spire and aperture nearly equa l co
lumella genera l ly w ith a few obtuse and transverse ridges
ou ter lip interna lly crena ted, and w ith a superior siphon
inner lip thin or w anting .
Syn. Fo llia , Gray . P olliana , Al rs . Gray .
Ex . C . undosu s, L innaeus, pl . 9 , fi g . 5 . O percu lum,
C . insignis, Reeve, fi g . 5 , a,5 , b S hel]
, C . undosu s,
fi g . 5 , c .
The Canthari have been designated Tr itons w ithou t
varices, and have been usua lly mixed up w i th M urex , P ur
pura and Buccinum. T hese shel ls are genera lly covered in
8 6 EUSINE .
and stra ight columella ex cavated in the middle ; ou ter lip
simple .
Syn . C lavellithes , S wa in. Cyrtulus, Hinds .
E x . C . distorta , L innaeus, pl . 9 , fi g . 6 . O percu lum, C .
sero tina ,Hinds, fi g . 6, a , 6, b. S hell, C . serotina , fi g . 6, c .
The genu s Cy rtulus, founded by H inds on a rema rkable
shel l from N ukuhiva , is a recent species o f S w a inson’
s fossi l
genu s Clavella ; there are a lso three other recent species .
T he type is the Fusus longcevns, S oland .
Sp ecies of Clavella .
avellana, Reeve. serotina, H inds.
distorta, L inn . subrostrata, Gray .
Genus EUTHRIA, Gray .
S hel l fusiform, smoo th ; aperture ova l, produced ante
riorly into a long recu rved cana l ; inner lip simple ; ou ter
l ip posteriorly sinuated .
Syn. Fu su s sp ., L am.
Ex . E . lignaria , L amarck, pl . 9 , fi g . 7 . O percu lum,
E . lignaria , fi g . 7, a . S hell , E . lignaria , fi g . 7, b.
T his genu s, of which bu t a few spec ies are known, may
be regarded as P isanice w ith recu rved beaks .
Sp ecies of E nthr ia .
antarctica, Reeve . fuscata, Brng .
cingulata, Reeve. lactea, Reeve.
cornea, L inn . lineata, Chem.
dira, Reeve. littorinoides, Reeve.
ferrea, Reeve . obscura, Reeve.
TURRITINZE . 8 7
Fam . TURRIT ID fE .
T ee th on lingua l membrane In tw o la tera l series
elongate , subu la te . M ant le w ith a S lit in the binder part
of the right S ide ; siphon stra ight .
O percu lum horny, annu lar .
S hell turreted, subfu siform apertu re w ith the fore part
channel led , stra ight , and often much produ ced ; ou ter lip
detached a t the hind pa rt from the body whorl, form ing a
sinu s, or w ith the margin fi ssured near the last whorl .
S ub-fam . TURRIT INEE .
O perculum ova te , a cu te , nuc leu s apica l .
Genu s TURRIS , Humphrey .
T entac les w ide apart ; eyes at the ir ou ter bases .
Shel l tu rreted , fusiform spire eleva ted aperture oval ;cana l long and stra ight ; columel la smoo th ; ou ter l ip
notched anteriorly,and w ith a deep S lit near the su tu re .
Syn . P leurotomus,M ontf . P leu ro toma
, L am. P leu
rotomarius, D um.
E x . T . Babyloniu s, L innxns, pl . 1 0 , fi g . 1 , O percu lum ,
T . Babyloniu s, fi g . 1,a , I b. S hel l
,T
_
. Babyloniu s, fi g . 1 , c .
The Species of this genu s are found in all parts of the
world, being, how ever,most numerou s in the countries of
A sia ; they are met w ith from low -wa ter mark to one
hundred fa thoms .
88 TURRITINJE .
Species of a ris.
abbreviatu s, Reeve.
albinu s,L am .
armillatus, Reeve.
Babyloniu s, L inn .
candidu s, J ona s .
carinatu s, Gray .
c inguliferu s, L am.
crispu s, L am .
cryptorraphe, S ow .
faginu s, Adams and Reeve.
fascialis, L am .
Garnonsii, Reeve.
Sub -gen. SURCULA , H . and A . Adams (Tu rricu la, S chum . , not
Klein)
Shell turreted inner lip obsolete canal long,tapering, slightly
recurved.
Sp ecies of S nrcnla .
annu latus, Reeve.arcu atu s, R eeve.
astrictu s, Reeve.
au stralis, Chem .
brevicaudatu s, R eeve.
catena, R eeve.
cedo— nu lli, R eeve.
cinctus, L am.
Coreanicu s,Adams andReeve.
D eshayesii , Doumet.
fulminatu s, Kien .
funiculatu s, Va lene.
gemmatu s, H inds .
hastu la, Reeve.
Indicu s, Desh.
Javanus, L inn.
jubatu s, H inds.
leu cotr0pis, Adams and Reeve.
luridus, Adams and Reeve.
nodiferu s, L am.
olivaceus, S ow .
oxy tropis, S ow .
plutea tu s, Reeve.
radula, H inds.
reflexu s,Reeve.
speciosus, Reeve.
tenu is, Gray .
tuberculatus, Gray .
grandis, Gray .
L elieuri, Reclnz .
marmoratus, L am.
nobilis, H inds.
pictu s, Beck.
spectabilis, Reeve.
tigrinu s, L am .
undosus, L am .
unedo, Va lenc .
venu stus, Reeve.violaceu s, H inds .
Virgo,L am.
90 TURRITINJE.
Species of D rillia .
alatus, Chem.
albicincta, Adams and Reeve.
aquatilis, R eeve.
Cagayanensis, Reeve.
castanea , Reeve.
coccinata, Reeve.
Coreanica, A dams and Reeve.
crocata, R eeve.
duplicata, S ow.
excentrica , S ow .
felina , H inds.
flavidu la , L am .
fucata, R eeve.
fu lva, H inds.
gibbosa , Chem.
granu losa , S ow .
Grifli thii, Gray .
impages, Adams and Reeve.
impressa, H inds.inerm is, H inds.
interrupta, L am.
lanceolata, Reeve.
macu losa , S ow .
S ub-gen . ORAS SISP IRA , Swainson .
Shell subclavate, tubercu lated ; spire th ick canal nearly oh
solete ; ou ter lip th ickened internally ; inner lip w ith a th ickcallu s posteriorly .
alabaster, Reeve. baetica,R eeve.
albicostata, S ow. bicolor, S ow .
albinodata, R eeve. b ijuba ta, R eeve.
albocincta , C . B . A dams. b iliniata , R eeve.
aterrima , S ow . callosa , Va lene .
major, Gray .
maura, S ow .
militaris,H inds.
Novae Z ealandiae, Reeve.
obeliscu s, R eeve.
obliqu icostata, R eeve.
pallida, S ow .
pudica, H inds.
pu tilla, R eeve.
pyramidata , Va lene.
Q uoy i, D e M ou l.
regia , Beck.
robusta, H inds.
semicostata , Kien .
seminifera , Gou ld .
S inensis, H inds .
sinistralis, P etit.
spectrum , R eeve.
spicata , Hinds.
Tayloriana , Reeve.
umb ilicata, Gray .
varicosa , R eeve.
z onata , Gray .
DRILLIA .
cantharis, R eeve.carbonaria , Reeve.
clavata, S ow .
collaris, S ow .
coru sca, Reeve.
crispata , Cr istof .
cuprea, Reeve.
digi tale, Reeve.
discors, S ow.
Dysoni, Reeve.
exarata, Reeve.
flavescens, Reeve.
fuscescens, Gray .
Harfordiana, Reeve.
harpu laria, D e M ou l.
Hondurasensis, Reeve.
incrassata , S ow .
Jayana , C . B. Adams.
luctuosa, H inds.
nigerrima, S ow .
nigrescens, Gray .
nitida, Kien .
nux, Reeve.
Oweni i, Gray .
palliata , R eeve.
papillaris, Hinds.
Sub —
gen. OLAvus, Montfort .
9 1
Shell clavate, whorls of the spire nodose aperture effuse at the
base.
auriculifera, L am.
Beckii , Reeve.
echinata, Lam.
exasperata, Reeve.
hexagona, S ow.
laeta , H inds.
uniz onalis, L am.
vidua, Reeve.v ittata, Reeve.
Paria , R eeve.
pardalis, H inds .
pax illu s, R eeve.
pica , R eeve.
pu lchella , R eeve.
pu lchra , Gray .
qu adrifasciata, Gray .
regu laris, R eeve.
rosacea, Reeve.
rosea , S ow .
rubiginosa , Hinds .
rubinicolor, Reeve .
rudis, S ow.
rugifera , S ow .
ru stica, S ow .
sacra , Reeve.
Saulcydianus, Recluz .
scarabaeu s, Reeve .
solida, C . B. Adams.
splendidula , S ow .
tessalata, Reeve.
turricu la, S ow .
unicolor, S ow .
unimaculata, S ow.
z ebra, L am .
z onulata, R eeve.
92 TURRITINAC.
Genus BELA, L each .
Shel l ova te,fusiform ; su rface du l l , smooth
,or long i
tudinally ribbed ; spire e leva ted, Shorter than the body
w horl ; co lumella fla ttened ; cana l short ; ou ter lip w ith a
sma ll sinu s at its junc tion w ith the body-whorl .
Syn. M angilia , L oven . D efrancia , M o'
ller . Ishnula ,
Ex . B. turricula , M ontagu , pl . 1 0 , fi g . 3 . O percu lum ,
B . nobilis, M e’
ller,fi g . 3 , a
, 3 , b. S hell , B. tu rricu la ,fi g . 3 , c .
T his genus may b e known by the fla ttened co lumel la .
They a re chiefly northern she l ls, and, l ike T r ophon and
Admete, have a pecu l iar tex tu re common to the shells o f
low la titudes .
Sp ecies of Bela .
Beckii, M oll.
b rachystoma, Pf eifi .
c inerea , M o'
ll.
cylindracea , M oll.
decu ssata, Cou th .
exarata, M Oll.
fi dicula , Gou ld .
harpu laria , Cou th .
Holbolii, Beck.
livida , M'
o
'
ll.
MOlleri , R eeve.
nobilis, M bll.obliquata , Reeve.
Pinguelii, Beck.
pleurotomaria , Cou th .
plicata, C . B. Adams .
pu lla , Reeve.
rufa, M ont.
rugula ta, M oll.
scalaris, M bll.
septangularis, M ont.
T revelliana, T u r ton .
tu rricula , M ont.
Vahlii , M o'
ll.
violacea , Al ich .
viridula, M o'
ll.
Woodiana, M bll.
94 CLAVATULINE .
M any o f the C lava tulce bea r a strong resemblance to the
genus Turris, bu t they may be readily distingu ished by the
opercu la , which are strikingly difl'
erent.
Species of Clava tu la .
bimarginata, L am . mystica, Reeve.
coronata, Chem. punctata, Reeve.diadema , Kien . sacerdos, Reeve.
gravis, H inds. taxus, Chem.
imperialis, L am. virginea , Chem.
implicata, Reeve.
Genu s PERBONA , S chumacher .
S hell fu siform, smooth ; spire short , of few whorls ;
aperture narrow cana l long ; ou ter lip w ith a w ide shallow
sinu s near the middle ; inner lip w ith a thick callosity at
the hind part near the su tu re .
Syn. T omella , S wa in .
E x . P . linea ta,L ama rck, pl . 1 0 , fi g . 6 . O percu lum,
P . lineata , fi g . 6 , a .
The species of P errona are smooth and solid shel ls, some
wha t resembling in appearance sma ll Clavella , w ith a notch
in the m iddle o f the ou ter l ip ; the hind part o f the body
whorl is g ibbou s, and the co lumella , as in tha t genu s, isca llou s posteriorly .
Species of P errona .
lineata, R eeve. Perronii, Chem.
obesa, Reeve. spirata, L am .
DEFRANCIINJE. 9 5
S ub-fam . DEFRANCIIN f E .
O percu lum none .
Genus DEFRANCIA, M i llet .
Shell tu rre ted , fusiform ; spire e leva ted , whorls cancel
la ted ; apertu re ova l ; cana l short ou ter lip w i th a sl ight
emargination o r S inus a t its junction w ith the body-whorl .
Ex . D . teres, F orbes, pl . 1 0 , fi g . 7 . S hell , D . linea ris ,
M ontagu ,fi g . 7, a .
D ef rancia may be considered as cancellated M angelice,
w ith the body-whorl more ventricose , and the cana l slightly
more evident . The w ant of opercu lum,and the na ture of
the emarg ina tion of the ou ter lip , a t once distingu ish it
from Clava tu la , and the tex tu re and scu lp tu re of surface
from Bela and D aphnella .
abyssicola, Forbes.
alb ibalteata , R eeve.
albicans, H inds .
albifunicu lata, Reeve.
amabilis, H inds .
angulifera, Reeve.
apicata, Gray .
arata , R eeve.
arctata, Reeve.
argillacea, H inds .
aspera, H inds .
bicanalifera, S ow .
b icarinata , Cou th .
caelata , H inds.
canaliculata, Reeve.
cancellata , Gray .
candida , H inds.
candidula , R eeve.
cardinalis, R eeve.
cavernosa , Reeve.
cinerea , H inds .
clathrata,R eeve.
compta , R eeve .
concentricostata, R eeve.
costata, Gray .
crassilabrum,Reeve.
Cycladensis, F orbes.
daedala , R eeve.
9 6 DEFRANCIINZE.
debilis, H inds.
D elosensis, Reeve.
dentifera,H inds.
despecta , H . and A . Adams.
(neglec ta, C . B . A dams).donata
,H inds.
D’
Orbygnii, R eeve.
D orvilliae, Gray .
effi cta, R eeve.
cricca, H inds.ex im ia
,Reeve.
fi mbriata , H inds.
flammea,Hinds.
Forbesii , Reeve.
foram inata, R eeve.
Forthiensis,R eeve .
foveolata , Reeve.
fu soides, R eeve .
glumacaea, H inds .
granicostata, Reeve.
Gray i, R eeve.
Gu ildingii , Reeve.
Hindsii , Reeve.
langu ida , Reeve.
laqu eata , Reeve .
Leu froyi, M ich
linearis, M ont.
lineolata, Gray .
lirata, R eeve .
lu teo- fasc iata , R eeve.
macrostoma , R eeve .
macu lata , C . B . A dams .
margaritifera , Gray .
marmorosa, Reeve.
meri ta, H inds.Metcalfi ana , R eeve.
metu la , H inds.
micans, H inds .
m inor, C . B. A dams.
minu ta, Forbes .
mucronata , R eeve.
multiplicata, R eeve .
nassoides, Gr ay .
nana, L oven .
neglecta, H inds .
nexa , R eeve.
obesicostata, Reeve.
obtu sa,R eeve.
occata, H inds.
occidentalis, Reeve.
pagodus, R eeve.
parvu la , Reeve.
pellis-phocae, Reeve.
Philberti, M ich .
planilabrum , R eeve.
Polynesiensis, R eeve .
puncticincta , R eeve.
pu rpu rea, M ont.
pygmaea, C . B . A dams.
pyramidu la , Reeve .
qu adra ta,Reeve.
quadriliniata, C . B . A dams .
qu isqualis,H inds.
rana,H inds.
reticu la ta, Brown .
retu sa,H inds .
rigida,H inds .
rosaria,R eeve.
ru b ida , H inds.
rubricata , R eeve.
saturata,R eeve.
scalaris,H inds .
scalpta, R eeve.
scu lpta, H inds.
semigranosa, Reeve.
sinu osa , Gray .
spu rca, H inds .
teres, Forbes.
9 8 DEERANOIINE .
Genus CYTHARA, S chumacher .
M argin of mantle slightly dilated on the right side .
Shel l fusiform ,smooth , longitudinally plica ted or ribbed ;
apertu re l inear, posteriorly subemarginate ; cana l very short ,nearly stra ight ; columella subflexu ou s, transversely stri
a ted ; inner lip posteriorly ca l lou s ; ou ter lip margined ,denticu late , or striated interna lly .
Syn . M angelia (part) , R eeve.
E x . C . marginelloides, Reeve, pl . 1 0 , fi g . 9 . S hell , C .
citharella , L amarck, fi g . 9 , a .
T his genus, u sual ly confounded w ith M angelin, in the
slight dilata tion of the mantle margin, in the short Spire,and in the corrugated inner and thickened ou ter lips
,some
wha t resembles M orum among the C assididce the species
are all rather smal l, bu t numerous .
Sp ecies of Cytha ra .
abyssicola, Reeve.
angu lata, Reeve.
Antillarum,Reeve.
astricta , Reeve.
balteata , Reeve.
bicolor, R eeve.
capillacea , Reeve.
castanea , Reeve.
cavernosa, R eeve.
Celebensis, H inds.
cincta, Reeve.
c innamomea, Reeve.
citharella, L am.
columbelloides, Reeve.
corniformis, Gray .
conohelicoides, Reeve.
coronata,Reeve.
crassilabrum, Reeve.
cylindrica, Reeve.derelicta, Reeve.
digi talis, Reeve.Dysoni, Reeve.
elegans, Reeve.
fasciata, Reeve.
funebris, Reeve.
funiculata, Reeve.
fu siformis,Reeve.
gibbosa,Reeve.
Goodalln , Gray .
gracilis, Reeve.
MANGELIA . 9 9
Hornbeckii, R eeve. ponderosa, Reeve.
interrupta, Reeve. pu lchella, R eeve.
lamellata, Reeve. reticu lata, R eeve.
lyra, Reeve. rigida, R eeve.
lyrica, R eeve. solida, Reeve.
marginelloides, Reeve. stremboides, Reeve.
marmorosa, Reeve. tenebrosa, R eeve.
nana, R eeve. tri ticea , K ien.
Novec Hollandiae, Reeve. turricu la, R eeve.
obesa,R eeve. vex illum , R eeve.
oryz a, H inds. z onata, R eeve.
pellucida, R eeve. trivittata,Adams and Reeve.
planilabrum, R eeve.
Genu s MANGELIA,Leach .
Shell so lid, fusiform,smooth or long itudina lly ribbed ;
apertu re linear, w ith scarcely any canal in front ; columella
smooth, simple ; ou ter lip acu te, w ith a slight sinu s poste
riorly , near the su tu re .
Syn. Raphitoma , Bell.
Ex . M . nebu la,M ontagu ,
pl . 1 0 , fi g . 1 0 . Shel l , M .
striolata , S ca cchi , fi g . 1 0 , a .
The genu s most like ly to be confounded w ith M angelia
is Cy tha ra of S chumacher, from which , how ever, it may
readily be distingu ished by the Spire being longer than the
aperture , by the co lumella being smooth and not trans
versely corrugated, and by the ou ter lip being thin and not
crenate interna lly . T here are many recent spec ies, chiefly
from tropica l seas .
Species of M angelia .
ZEgeensis, Forbes. albovittata, C . B . Adams.
aeruginosa, Reeve. angicostata, Reeve.
affi nis, Gray . a ttenuata , M ont.
1 00 DEFRANCIINIE.
badia, Reeve.
bella, Hinds.
Bertrandi, P ayr .
biconica, C . B. Adams .
brevis, C . B. Adams.
casta, R eeve.cinctella, Pf eificinnamonea
,H inds.
c i thara , Gou ld .
clara, Reeve.coarctata, Forbes.contracta, Reeve.
cornea, Reeve.
costata , P enn.
crassicostata, C . B. Adams.
densistriata, C . B. Adams .
dubia, C . B. A dams .
ebu r, Reeve.
formicaria, S ow .
fortis,Forbes.
fu lva , Reeve.
funestris, Reeve.
fusca , C . B. Adams.
Ginnannia, R isso .
gracilenta, Reeve.
gracilis, M ont.
Groenlandica, Reeve.
hexagonalis, Reeve.
lanceolata, C . B. Adams.
laevigata, P hi l.ligata, C . B. Adams.
lineata, Reeve.
livida, Reeve.Loeviana, Forbes.
Lyciaca, Forbes.
macu lata, Reeve.
Maravignae, D ivou .
multilineata,P hi l.
muricoides, C . B. Adams.
nebu la, M ont.
nitens, Hinds.obeliscu s, Reeve.
opalis, R eeve.
pallida, R eeve.
pentagonalis, Gray .
pessulata, Reeve.
plumbea, Hinds.
polita, H inds.
pelyz onata,H . andA . A dams
(multilineata, C . B. Ad ).
pseudo-carinata, Reeve.
pura, Reeve.
pu silla, Reeve.
pyramidalis, R eeve.
pyramis, Hinds.
semen, Reeve.
S icu la, Reeve.
sordida , Reeve.
striolata, S cacchi .
striesa, C . B. A dams .
symmetrica, Reeve.
taeniata, Reeve.
trilineata, C . B. Adams.
turgida, Forbes.
undaticostata, Reeve.
u rnula , Reeve.
Vauqu elinii , P ayr .
vicina, C . B . A dams.
vitrea, Reeve.vittata, H inds.vu lpecu la, Broc.
Z ebuensis, Reeve.
1 0 2 TRITONIIDE .
Sp ecies of T r itoninm.
au strale, Chem . Saulim, Reeve.
fusiforme,Kien. subdistertum,
L am .
marmoratum,L ink. T ritonis, L inn .
Opis, Bolt.
Sub-gen. SIMPULUM, K lein (Lampusia, S chum . Monoplex P erry).
Shell fusiform ; whorls nodosely ribbed ; ou ter lip th ick, plicato-dentate internally .
aquatile, Reeve.chlorostoma, L am.
corrugatum, L am.
costatum,Born .
fi coides, R eeve.
gemmatum , Reeve.
lignarium,Brod .
Sub-gen. CABESTANA , Bolten (Aqu ilus, M ontf ).
Shell ventricose, umbilicated whorls nodosely ribbed ou terlip dentated internally .
Brasilianum, Gou ld . lab iesum, Wood .
cu taceum,L inn . Spengleri, Chem .
deliarium,L inn .
Sub-gen. CYMATIUM, Bol ten (Lotorium,
Whorls triangu lar, coronated aperture longer than the spireou ter lip dentated internally .
femorale, L inn. grandimaculatum, Reeve.
lineatum,Brod .
olearium,L inn .
P feifferianum, Reeve.
pileare, L inn .
rubeculum,L inn .
T ranqu ebaricum,L inn .
vestitum,H inds.
TRITONIUM . 1 0 3
loterium,L inn . tigrinum, Brod .
rh inoceros, Bolt.
Sub-gen . GUTTURN IUM, K lein (Ranularia,
Shell subtu rreted ; whorls nodosely ribbed ; ou ter lip th ick,plicated internally cana l produ ced.
aegretum,R eeve.
am ictum, Reeve.
Antillarum, D’
Orb.
cauda tum, Gmel.
clavator, Chem .
crispum, Reeve.
cynocephalum , L am .
elongatum, Reeve.
encausticum,R eeve.
exaratum, Reeve.
ex ile,R eeve.
gallinago, R eeve .
gibbosum,Brod .
gracile, R eeve.
S ub-
gen . EP IDRO MU S , K lein (Colubraria, S chum . Cum ia,
Spire longer than the aperture aperture narrow , contractedou ter lip internally crenated.
antiquatum,Hinds.
angulatum,R eeve.
anomalum,H inds.
bacillum,Reeve.
bracteatum , H inds.
Ceylonense, S ow .
cencinnum,Reeve.
convolu tum,Brod .
decapitatum,Reeve.
decollatum , S ow .
meniliferum,A dams and Reeve.
moritinctum, R eeve.
nodulum , M a rt.
pyrulum, A dams and Reeve.
pyrum, L am .
retu sum, L am.
sacrostoma, Reeve.
S inense,Reeve.
testudinarium, Adams and
R eeve.
Thersites, Reeve.
trilineatum,R eeve.
tripus, Chem .
vespaceum,L am.
digitale, Reeve.
distortum , S chu b. and
ebu rucum , R eeve.
ex imium,Reeve.
fi ctile, H inds .
lativaricosum, Reeve.
lanceolatum, M enke.
limbatum, P hil .
maculosum, M a rt.
nitidulum, S ow .
1 04 TRITONIIDJE.
obscurum, Reeve.
parvum , C . B . Adams.
pictum,R eeve.
pygmaeum,L am .
Q uoyi, R eeve.
reticu latum, Blainv.
rude, M ensch.
scalariforme, Brod .
Sub-gen. LAGENA, K lein.
Shell ventricose, thin ; whorls rounded, varices obsolete.
cancellatum, L am. rostratum,M a rt.
clandestinum, Chem. Wiegmanni, Anton .
O regonense, S ay .
Sub -gen. ARGOBUCOINUM , K lein .
Shell ventricose, sol id whorls rounded,varices few canal shortou ter lip dentated internally .
rude, Brod . scabrum , King .
Genu s DISTORSIO , Bolten .
S hell subturreted ; w horls distorted ; apertu re irregu lar,contracted, ringent ; cana l recu rved ; inner lip dilated ,lamellar , rugosely indented ; columella excavated , verru
cosely plicate ; ou ter lip sinuou s, internally pl icato-dentate .
Syn. P ersona , M ontf . D istorta , S chum. D istortrix ,
L ink.
Ex . D . cancellina , D eshayes, pl . 1 1 , fi g . 2 . O percu lum
D . anus,L innxus, fi g . 2 , a , 2 , b. Shell D i anu s, fi g . 2
, 0 .
T hese rema rkable shells are a t once recognised by the
ringent aspect of their mou ths, from which c ircumstance
scu lptile, R eeve.
siphonatum , Reeve.
S ewerbi i, Reeve.
tessellatum,R eeve.
testaceum,Bon .
tortuosum, Reeve.
truncatum,H inds.
verrucosum,Reeve.
1 0 6 TRITONIIDJE.
Sub-gen. LAMPAS , Schumacher .
Shell turreted whorls nodose canal very short and recurved.
affi nis, Brod .
b itubercularis, L am.
bu fo, Chem .
caelata, Brod .
Californica, H inds .
coriacea, R eeve.
cru entata, S ow .
h ians, S chum .
livida, R eeve.
ponderosa, R eeve.
pustu losa, Reeve.
Sub -
gen. ASPA,H. and A . Adams.
Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth Spire very short whorls no
dulou s at the angles.
laeviga ta, L am.
Sub-gen. APOLLON , Montfort (Gyrina,
Spine elevated front canal short posterior canal wanting.
anceps, L am.
A rgus, L am.
candisata, Chem .
clathrata , Gray .
cu spidata ,R eeve.
granularis, Bolt.
gyrina, L inn .
hastu la, R eeve.
leucostoma, L am .
ranelloides, Reeve.
rhodostoma, Beck.
rube ta , L inn .
rugosa , S ow .
scrobiculator, L inn .
sem igranosa, L am .
siphonata, Reeve.
tub eresissima,Reeve.
ventricosa, Brod .
venu stu la,Reeve .
verrucosa, S ow .
olearia, L inn .
Olivator, M ensch .
pl icata, R eeve.
pu silla, Brod .
qu ercina, L ist.rosea , Reeve.
Thersites, R edf .vex illum, S ow .
BUCCINIDfE. 1 0 7
S ub -
gen. EUPLEURA, H. and A . Adams.
Spire moderate front canal long, nearly closed no posteriorcanal ; inner lip smooth ; varices spiny , fi mbriated between thespines.
caudata, S ay . pectinata, H inds.
mu riciformis,Brod . pulchra, Gray .
ni tida,Brod . triquetra, Reeve.
Fam . BU CCIN ID fE .
T eeth on lingual membrane in three series the
centra l broad , the latera l versa t ile ; latera l teeth flat , w ith a
bent — up process at the end, more or less a t right angles
w ith the base . M antle enclosed siphon recurved . Foo t
simple .
S he ll u sua l ly w ith an obl iqu e fissu re or notch at the fore
part of the aperture ; aperture sometimes more or less pro
du ced and recurved anteriorly .
S ub n fam . BU CC ININ fE .
O percu lum ova te,nuc leu s sma ll, near the ou ter front
edge .
In this sub -family the eyes are on slight em inences near
the ou ter bases of the tentac les, and the spire of the shell
is usually as long as the apertu re .
Genu s BUCCINUM,L innaeus .
Eyes at the base of the tentacles.
S hel l ovate or oblong, covered w ith a horny epidermis :
1 08 NAS SINfE.
spire eleva ted, apex a cu te ; apertu re large, oval , emargina te
in front ; cana l w ide, truncated,dorsa lly more or less
tumid ; columella smooth ; inner l ip expanded ; ou ter l ip
u sually thin, smooth internallv.
Ex . B. undatum , L innaeus, pl . 1 1 , fi g . 4 . O percu lum ,
B. undatum,fi g . 4 , a , 4 , 6. S hell , B. undatum ,
fi g . 4 , c .
Syn. T ritonium , O . F a br . , not L ink. Hal ia,M a cgill. ,
not R isso.
The spec ies of Buccinum are not very numerou s, and are
found chiefly in the polar regions of both northern and
sou thern hem ispheres the shells of the ma les a re generally
sma l ler and less ventricose than those of the fema les .
The Whelk (B . nnda tum) is dredged for the market and
u sed as ba it by fishermen .
Species of Bu ccinum .
acuminatum, Brod.
angu losum, Gray .
boreale,L each .
c iliatum ,Faon.
cretaceum, Reeve.
Dalei, S ow .
D onovani, Gray .
efl'
usum,R eeve.
glaciale, L inn .
Groenlandicum,Hancock.
Humphreysianum , Bennet .
hydr0phanum, Hancock.
S ub-fam . NA S S INJ-E .
O percu lum ovate, acu te, nucleu s apica l , the marg in
entire or serrated .
The eyes in some of the genera are near the base o f the
imperiale, R eeve.
Labradorense,Reeve.
Lamarck ii, Kien.
pyram idale, R eeve.
scalariforme,Beck.
sericatum , Hancock.
tenebrosum,Hancock.
tenue, Gray .
tortuosum,Reeve.
tubulosum, R eeve.
undatum, L inn .
Z ealandicum, Reeve.
1 1 0 NASSINJE .
S ub-gen. ZEMIRA,H . and A . Adams .
Umbilicus moderate outer lip w i th a tooth near the fore part .
australis, S ow .
Genu s COMINELLA, Gray .
S hel l bu cciniform , marked or spo tted , covered w ith an
epiderm is ; Spire short , a cu te , last whorl large, ventricose ,w ith a posterior depressed groove at the su tu re , producinga contraction a t the hind part of the ou ter lip .
E x . 0 . virga ta , H . and A . A dams, pl . 1 1 , fi g . 6 . O per
culum , C . macu lata , M a rtini , fi g . 6, a , 6, 6. S hell, 0 . lim
bosa , L ama rck, fi g . 6 , 0 .
T hese shells have usua lly been '
confounded w ith P a rp a ra
and Buccinum the opercu lum , however, w i ll distingu ish
them from the former, and the position of the eyes from
the latter .
Sp ecies of
acu tinodosa , Reeve.
a lveolata, Kien .
Anglicana, M a r t.
b imu cronata , R eeve.
c itrina , R eeve.
costata, Q uay and Ga im .
crassa, Adams .
cyanea, Gray .
D elalandii, Kien .
dubia, Krauss .
eburnea, R eeve.
Grateloupiana, P etit.
glandiformis, R eeve.
hinnulus, Adams and Reeve.
lagenaria, L am.
Cominella .
limbosa,L am .
linearis, Reeve.
lineolata, L am .
livida , R eeve.
macu lata , M a rt.
nassoides, R eeve.
papyracea, Bray .
pluriannu lata, Reeve.
Q uoy i, Kien .
testudinea, JV"a rt.
tigrina, Kien .
u stu la ta , R eeve.
virgata,H . and A . A dams
(lineolata, a y and
TRUNCARIA .
Sub-gen . AMPHIS SA, H. and A . Adams.
Shell wi th the aperture anteriorly dilated, the contractionnear the spire obsolete.
corrugata, Reeve. intincta, R eeve.
Genu s NORTE IA, Gray .
S hel l elongated, tu rreted, polished ; spire elevated,acu
minated w horls depressed and sloping a t their upper part
aperture shorter than the Spire ou ter l ip w ith the margin
serrated .
E x . N . serrata , D uf resne, P I. 1 2 , fi g . 1 . O percu lum ,
N . serrata , fi g . 1,a , 1 , 6.
T his genu s is o f limited ex tent ; one spec ies has been
described by M r . Reeve , under the name of P leurotoma
r issoides, and another in the “ Zoology of the Voyage o f
H .M . S . S amarang,”
under tha t of Buccinum a l6op uncta
tum. The large and typica l spec ies,N a ssa serra ta of M .
D ufresne, w as formerly mu ch priz ed by col lectors,and in
habits the shores of Cal ifornia .
Sp ec ies of N or thia .
albopunctata, Adams and rissoides, R eeve.
R eeve. serrata, Duf resne ,
Genus TRUNCARIA, A dams and Reeve .
S hell acuminately oblong, thick ; su tu re of the Spire
channelled ; apertu re anteriorly dilated , posteriorly sub
1 1 2 NASSINjE .
emargina ted ; columella arcua ted, abruptly trunca ted in
front, w ith a single anterior fo ld .
Ev . T . fi losa , A dams and Reeve pl . 1 2 , fi g . 2 .
This genus is founded on a singu lar she l l discovered
during the voyage o f H .M . S . S amarang, and is principa lly
characterised by the abrupt trunca ture o f the columella ,and by its anteriorly dilated aperture . T he spec ies servinga s the type is the Buccinum fi losam,
A dams and Reeve .
Species of T runcar ia .
fi losa, Adams and R eeve. su lcata, Kien .
modesta , P owis. t rifasciata, A . A dams .
rugata, R eeve.
Genus BULLIA,Gray .
Anima l w ithou t eyes ; tentacles long and slender . Foot
greatly expanded,’
and bifi d behind .
S hell ova te or tu rreted ; spire more or less acuminated,su tures enamel led ; inner lip excavated in the m iddle ,callou s posteriorly ; apertu re oval , moderate .
Syn . Bulliana , M rs . Gray .
Ex . B. laevigata , ZVIa rtini , pl . 1 2 , fi g . 3 . Shel l , B.
laeviga ta , fi g . 3 , a .
Ba llia has a ra ised band of enamel round the su tu res of
the w horls,formed by the hinder part of the inner lip o f
the shel l ex tending beyond the mou th , as in Ancilla . I t
has the facu lty, according to M . Q uoy , o f absorbing , through
the pores o f its foot , a great quantity o f w a ter, which i t
ejec ts, when disturbed, in various direc tions ; it is caugh t
by ba iting lines w ith bi ts of flesh : most of the spec ies are
A frican .
1 1 4 NASSINjE .
S ub -
gen . Luronomus , Sw ainson .
Shell tu rreted 3 whorls convex ,transversely striated .
Taheitensis,Gray . velatu s, Gou ld .
T ranquebaricu s, Bolt. vittatu s, L inn .
tu rritus, Gray .
S ub-gen . AD INU S , H. and A . Adams.
Shell subu late , spirally striated columella abruptly truncateat base inner lip corrugated, with a callosi ty a t h ind part ou terlip grooved internally , ex ternally marginated .
truncatus, Reeve. icterlcus, S oland .
Genu s PHO S , M ontfort .
T entacles connate a t the base , eyes near their tips .
Foot w ith an au ricula te sh ield- like lobe in front, and ending
behind in a single tapering filament .
S hel l cancella ted, oblong, acuminated, usua lly longitudi
nally ribbed ; ou ter lip stria ted internally, w ith a slight
sinu s near the fore part ; columella obliquely grooved , or
w i th a single pla i t in front .
Syn . Rhinodomu s, S wa ins .
E v . P . textum ,Gmelin, pl . 1 2 , fi g . 5 . O percu lum,
P .
laeviga tus, A . Adams, fi g . 5 , a , 5 , 6. Shell , P . senticosus,L innaeus, fi g . 5 , c .
The great pecu l iarity of P hos is the c i rcumstance o f the
hind part of the foot ending in a tapering filament instead
of being simple as in Buccinum, or bi fi d as in N assa . T he
columella , anteriorly, has a single fo ld , and there is a notch
a t the fore part o f the ou ter lip the cana l is never elongate
or recurved a s in N a ssa r ia .
DESMO ULEA .1 1 5
Sp eeies of P hos’
.
articu la tu s, H inds.
cancellatu s, A . Adams .
Cumingii, R eeve.
fasciatu s, A . Adams.
fi losus, A . A dams .
gaudens, H inds.
laevigatus, A . Adams.
liga tus, A . A dams .
nodicostatus, A . A dams.
plicatus, A . Adams.
Sub-gen . srnouevLocsnn, Morch .
Shell with the whorls angu lated, the upper part concave aper
ture contracted.
cancella tu s, Quay andGa ima rd . spinicostatus, A . Adams .
crassu s, H inds. tex tilinu s, M arch .
cyanostoma, A . Adams. tex tilis,"A . A dams .
cyllenoides, A . A dams. tex tum, Gmel.
sculptilis, A . Adams .
Genus DESMOULEA ,Gray .
S hel l ovate-globose , covered w i th a downy epidermis ;
spire short, conica l , apex papilla ry , whorls depressed ;aperture ova te ; inner lip thickened, w ith a ridge poste
riorly ; ou ter lip contrac ted, thickened ex terna lly,plica ted
internal ly .
E a . D . pingu is, A . A dams, pl . 1 2 , fi g . 6 . Opercu lum ,
D . pingu is, fi g . 6, a .
D esmoulea is remarkable for its obtu se apex and so l id
grow th . T here are eight spec ies described , bu t the anima l
is not yet known ; w hen in fi ne condition they are covered
reticosus, H inds.
rosea tu s, H inds .
ru focinctus, A . Adams.
scalarioides, A . Adams.
senticosu s, L inn .
tu rritu s,A . Adams.
varicosu s, A . A dams .
Veraguensis, H inds .
virga tu s,Hinds.
1 1 6 NASSINJE .
w ith a velvety epiderm is , and some o f the species are
ornamented w ith red and brown markings .
Species of Desmonlea .
abbreviata, Chem . pingu is, A . A dams.
crassa, A . Adams. pu lchra, Gray .
Japonica, A . A dams. pyramidalis, A . Adams.
obtu sa, Chem. ventricosa, Lam .
Genus NASSA, Mart ini .
Eyes on the middle of the tentacles ; lingual teeth
arched, pectinated ; uncini w ith a basa l too th . Foot large ,expanded , bifurcate a t its posterior extremity
O percu lum ova te , the margin serra ted or entire .
S hell ova te , ventricose, body-whorl variously scu lptured ;aperture ova te
,w ith a short reflected truncated anterior
cana l ; inner lip smooth , often w idely spread over w ith
enamel , w ith a posterior ca llosi ty or blunt dentiform plait ;ou ter l ip dentated
,internal ly crenula ted .
E x . N . laevis, Chemnitz , pl . 1 2 , fi g . 7 . O percu lum , N .
dispa r, A . Adams, fi g . 7, a , 7, 6. S hell , N . laevis, fi g . 7, c .
The N assa , remarkable for their bifi d foo t, are ex tremely
active and vivaciou s in the ir movements, feeding on biva lves,w hich they pierce w i th their proboscis, ex tracting the con
tents through a sma ll round apertu re .
arcularia , L inn .
Bronni i, P hi l.
coronata, Bray .
coronula, A . Adams .
Sp ecies of N assa .
delicata, A . Adams.
dispar, A . Adams.
fi ssilabris, A . Adams.
mu tabilis, L inn .
1 1 8 NASS INE .
linea ta, P u ll. venusta, Dkr .
nodu lifera,P hi l. Wilsoni
, C . B . Adams.
S timpsoniana, C . B. Adams. xanthostoma, Gray .
S turmi i,P hil. z onalis, Bray .
tiarula,Kien .
Sub-
gen . ARC'
ULARIA , Link (Eione, R isso).
Body-whorl gibbose on the back ; spire produced ; ca llus
inner lip greatly"
extended and covering the spi re .
bellula, A . A dams.
bimaculosa, A . Adams.
callispira, A . A dams.
callosa, A. A dams.
cancellata, A . A dams.
circumcincta, A . A dams.
clathrata, Kien .
dorsu osa, A . Adams .
gibbosu la, L inn.
S ub-
gen. NAYTIA , H. and A . Adams .
Shell smooth apertu re Wi th a channel at the hind part continned up the spire.
glabrata, S ow . grana, L am .
Sub ~gen . ALECTRION , Montfort (Monoceros,F lem . , not L am ).
Spire elevated, whorls glabrou s, polished or papillary ; innerlip spreading ou ter lip denticu late, not variced ex ternally .
elegans, Kien . scalaris, A . Adams.
glans, L inn. seminodosa, A . A dams .
hepatica, P u ll. spira ta, A . A dams.
h irta, Kien . su tu ralis, L am.
laeta, P h il. Jacksoniana, K ien .
papillosa, L inn.
granifera , Kien .
K raussiana,Dkr .
labecula, A . A dams.
leptospira, A . Adams.
nana , A . A dams.
orbicu lata,A . Adams.
Thersites,Bruy .
verrucosa,Bray .
NASSA .
S ub -gen . ZEUXIS , H . and A . Adams.
Spire elevated , whorls covered w ith an epiderm is, smooth, or
longitudinally plicate ; inner lip w i th the callu s defined ; ou terlip ex ternally variced, dentate an teriorly .
badia, A . A dams. scita la , A . Adams.
cinnamomea,A . A dams . serotina , A . A dams .
compta, A . A dams. sertula, A . A dams.
concinna , P owis. sem iplicata, A . Adams .
crenu lata,Bray . signata , Dkr .
ex ilis,P ow is . su cc incta
,A . Adams .
foveolata,Dkr . taenia , Gm el.
laevis, Chem . teretiu scu la,A . A dams .
micans, A . Adams . u nicolora , Kien .
mitralis, A . A dams. varicifera
,A . Adams .
pallidu la, A . A dams. z onalis, A . Adams.
planicostata, A . A dams .
Sub-
gen. TELAS CO , H. and A . Adams.
Spire elevated,whorls smooth, polished ; inner lip spreading ;
ou ter lip simple, acu te .
distorta , A . A dams.
fi losa , Gray .
gaudiosa, H inds.
lentiginosa , A . A dams.
luctu osa, A . Adams .
mu cronata, A . A dams .
marmorea , A . Adams .
moesta, H inds.
obliqu ata,A . Adams.
picta, D kr .
punctata, A . A dams.
Reeviana , Dkr .
stolida,A . Adams.
striata, A . Adams .
variabilis, P hil.
1 20 NAS SINJE.
S ub-gen. crasrA,H. and A . Adams.
Spire elevated, whorls rugose or cancellated, rounded ; innerlip w ith the callus defi ned ; ou ter lip thin, simple.
corrugata, A . A dams. perpingu is, H inds.
Japonica, A . Adams. Roissy i, Desh .
limata, Chem. tu rrita, A . Adams.
obliqu iplicata , Dkr .
Sub —
gen . UZ ITA, H. and A . Adams.
Spire acuminate, whorls striated, longitudinally ribbed or pli
cate ; inner lip with the callus defi ned, w ith a single plai t a t thefore part ou ter lip simple .
angulifera , A . Adams.
cinc tella , A . Adams.
clathratu la , A . Adams .
denticu lata, A . Adams.
glau ca, C . B . Adams.
miga, Adans .
Morrissi i, E hr .
nivea, A . Adams.
nodata, H inds .
nodicincta, A . Adams.
nodifera ,P owis.
S ub -
gen . HEBRA,H . and A . Adams .
Spire elevated, whorls spinose, mu ricated or tubercu lar innerlip w ith the callu s defi ned ou ter lip simple, not variced or denticulate.
crenicostata, A . Adams . geniculata , A . Adams.
ech inata, A . Adams. Gruneri, Dkr .
nu cleolu s,P hil.
nodulifera , P hi l.
ob tu sata, A . Adams .
pallida, P ow is .
prox ima , C . B . Adams .
pu lchella, A . A dams .
ru focincta, A . Adams.
speciosa, A . Adams.
striata, C . B. Adams.
Sanctae Helenae, A . Adams .
versicolor, C . B . Adams.
1 22 NAS SINAE.
S ub-
gen. TRITIA, Risso (Planax is, R isso, not
Spire elevated, whorls reticu lated ; inner lip smooth, with the
callus moderate ou ter lip simple, not variced or denticu late.
cancellata, Chem . glauca , C . B. Adams.
Cooperi , Forbes . obsoleta, S ay .
costellifera , A . Adams. Panamensis, C . B . Adams.
dealbata, A . Adams. reticu lata, L inn .
fossata, Gou ld . trivittata, S ay .
Gayii, Kien . Woodwardi,Forbes.
Genu s NERITULA, P lancu s .
S hell ova te , depressed, axis distorted ; spire fla ttened,oblique , whorls smooth ; apertu re depressed ; columella
smooth ; inner lip ca l lou s, spread over the body-whorl
ou ter lip reflected,not denticu la te or stria ted .
Syn. Cyclops, M ontf . Cyclope, Risso. Nana , 6, S chum.
Nanina, R isso. Cyclonassa , S wa ins . Cyclocyrtia , Ayass .
Em. N . neritea , L innaeus , pl . 1 2 , fi g . 8 . Shel l , N . neritea ,
fi g . 8 , a .
In N erilula the last w horl is depressed and extends
over the penu lt imate w horl , nearly covering and concea l
ing the spire,which
,consequ ently, appears very obtuse .
T he anima l has a bifi d ta il simi lar to tha t of N assa .
Sp ecies of N er itu la .
neritea,L inn . pellucida, R isso.
Genu s TEINO STOMA, H . and A . A dams .
S hell orbicu lar , depressed , subspira l , polished , last whorl
NASSARIA . 1 23
rounded a t the periphery ; umbil ica l region covered w i th a
la rge , flat ca llosity ; aperture transverse , rounded , grea tly
produced and e longa ted, ending anterio rly in a slightly
cana licu la ted point ; inner l ip smooth , ca llou s, not emargi
nate or truncate anteriorly ; ou ter lip thin, simple, not
marg ined or reflected .
E x. T . politum , A . A dams, pl . 1 2 . fi g . 9 .
T his curiou s little genu s very mu ch resembles, a t first
sight, Camitia of Gray, a genu s o f Trochidae,from which
,
how ever, i t is readily distingu ished . Its tru e affinity is
w ith N er itula , from w hich i t is known by the absence of
the notch at the fore part o f the apertu re , and by the very
pecu lia r e longa t ion of the moi i th .
Sp ecies of T einostoma .
anomalum, C . B . A dams . politum,A . A dams.
Genu s NASSARIA,L ink .
A nima l as in P hos, bu t w ithou t the cauda l fi lament .
S hel l ova te ly fusiform ; spire acum ina ted , w ho rl s longitu
dinally ribbed and cancel la ted ; apertu re ending anteriorly
in a long recurved canal ; inner lip thin, circumscribed,
transversely corrugately pl ica ted ; ou ter lip grooved in
ternally .
S yn. Hindsia , H . and A . A dams .
E v . N . a lba , M a rtini , pl . 1 3 , fi g . 1 . O percu lum,N .
acumina ta , R eeve, fi g . 1 , a , 1 , 6. S hell , N . acum inata ,
fi g . 1 , c .
N assaria resembles a P hos w ith an elonga ted , subre
cu rved beak,and has been confounded w i th Tr itonium ; it ,
1 24 NAS S INfE .
how ever, differs from the former genus in the presence o f a
recu rved cana l , and from the la tter in the eyes beingnea r the tips o f the tentacles , and in the produ ced fore
part o f the foo t , w hich forms a prom inent mentum .
Species of N assaria .
acuminata , Reeve . nassoides, R eeve.
alba, M a r t. nodicostata , A . A dams .
b itubercu laris, A . Adams. pagoda, R eeve.
carduu s,R eeve. su tu ralis
,A . A dams.
egregia, Reeve. varicifera, A . Adams .
Genu s CYLLENE, Gray .
O percu lum ova te , a cu te .
S hel l ovate ; spire short , acu te , su tu re canal icu lated ;columel la concave , smooth or finely grooved ; ou ter lip
w i th a slight sinus at the fore part, emarginate posteriorly ,
grooved interna lly .
Em. C . lyra ta , L ama rck, pl . 1 3 , fi g . 2 .
T he animal of Cy llene is at present unknown,bu t most
probably it w il l be found more to resemble that of th is
group than tha t o f D a cty lidc‘
e ; the presence of the chan
nelled su tu re,how ever , w ou ld seem to indica te the exist
ence of a mantle- fi lament,as in D a cty lus ; the no tch a t the
fore part o f the ou ter l ip reminds one o f P hos,bu t the
genera l aspec t of Cy llene is tha t of a l ittle V o lu te .
Sp ecies of Cyllene .
concinna, S oland . glabrata, A . A dams.
Grayi , R eeve. Gu illaini, P eti t .
1 26 PURPURIN/E .
G enus PURPURA , Aldrovandus .
S hel l ob long-oval , last who rl large ; Spire short ; ape r
ture ova te , large ,'
with an obl ique channe l or groove at
the fore part ; co lumella flattened ; ou ter l ip simple .
S yn . M icrotoma, Swa ins .
E x .
‘
P . lapillu s, L innaeus, p l . 1 3,fi g . 3 . O percu lum ,
P . pa tu la, L innceus, fig . 3 , a,3 , 6 . S he l l , P . P ersi ca,
L innaeu s, fi g . 3,c .
T he P u rpu ree inhab i t the seas bo th o f tempera te and
tropica l climates . M any spe cies produ ce a flu id wh i ch
give s a du l l crimson dye , whence the i r name o f P u rple
S he l ls . T he i r egg- cases are membranou s , oval or sphe
ro idal, some time s so litary,some times united in masses,
each sac c ontaining many embryos .
Species of P a rpu ra .
buccinea , Desh . inerma , Reeve.
chocolata , Duel. patula , L inn .
columellaris , L am . P ersica , Lam.
grisea , Bolt. Rudolphi , Lam .
haustrum , Ma r t .
S ub -
gen . TRIBULUS , K lein (Thais, Bolten).
Spire depressed, whorls simple , the last ventricose ; aperturewide ; columella arcuated ; inner lip excavated, corrugated at the
/fore part .
aperta , Bla inv. C arolensis , Reeve.
A scensionis , Q uoy . nodosa , L inn.
C allaoensis , G ray . planospira , L am.
PURPURA .
S ub-
gen . THALES SA , H . and A . Adams .
Spire elevated, whorls spinose , angulated at the upper part ;aperture moderate columella rounded, tubercular in front ; ou terlip nodu lou s internally .
afi i nis, Reeve .
alveolata , Reeve.
armigera , Chem.
bimaculata, J onas .
bi tubercularis , L am.
del toidea , L am .
echi nata , Bla inv.
echinulata , Lam.
S ub -
gen . S TRAMON ITA , S chumacher .
Spire elevated, whorls simple or nodulou s aperture moderate ,produced anteriorly columella rounded, simple in front .
mgrota , Reeve . Floridiana, Conrad .
bicostalis, L am . gigantea , Reeve.
biserialis , Bla inv. haemastoma , L inn .
Blainvi lln , Desh . Jan ellii , Kien .
cataracta , Chem . luteostoma , Chem .
C onradi , N u tt . T ipoti , P etit.consu l , Chem. rustica , Reeve .
fasciata, Reeve .
S ub-gen . TROCHIA , Swainson .
Whorls separated by a deep groove ; inner lip thickened,vex , striated ; aperture with a very short canal .
cingulata , L inn . spiralis , Reeve.
hippocastanum, L inn.
intermedia , Kien .
mancinella , L am.
melones , Duel.
pica, Blainv.
speciosa , Va lene .
tumulosa, Reeve.
unifascialis, L am.
1 28 PURPURINrE .
S ub -
gen . P O LYTROPA , Swainson .
Spire acuminate , whorls foliated or tubercu lose ; inner lipflattened ; canal small , oblique ; aperture narrowed at the fore
part .
analoga, Forbes .
attenuata, Reeve .
crispata, Chem .
decemcostata , M idd .
emarginata , Desh .
Freycinetii , Desh .
fuscata , Forbes .
lapillus , L inn .
nux , Reeve.
S ub -
gen . CRONIA, H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovate ; spire acuminated ; aperture moderate ; inner lipcallous at the upper part ; columella straight, simple anteriorly .
amygdala , Kien .
G enu s IOPAS , H . and A . Adams .
S he l l ovate , rugo se , last whorl large ; spire acuminate ;
aperture moderate , emarginate and channelled in front ;inner l ip c overed wi th a thin ename l, and w i th a prom i
nent plai t-l ike cal losi ty at the hind part ; c o lume lla
rounded , subtruncate anteriorly ; ou ter lip sinuous, crenate
internally .
E x . I . sertum,L ama rck, pl . 1 3 , fig . 4 . O percu lum ,
I . sertum, fi g . 4 , a .
T his genus resembles P isan ia among the M u r ic idea,
ostrina , Gou ld .
rugosa , Lam.
scobina , Q uay .
septentrionalis , Reeve .
squamosa , Lam .
succincta , L am .
textilosa , L am .
Wahlbergi , Kra uss .
1 30 PURPURIN/E .
th e spiny or tubercu lar charac ter o f their whorls,'
the ir
pu rple ringent apertures, and the digi tation o f the ou ter
l ip, at least in the typical spec ies .
Species of
albolabris , Bla inv.
clathratus , L am .
elegans , Brad .
globosu s, M a rt .
grossularius , Bolt.
S ub -
gen . S ISTRUM , M ontfort (M orula ,
Shell ovate , whorls nodose or spiny ; inner lip with a few tubercular folds anteriorly ; ou ter lip th ickened and crenu lated, internally tubercu late or striated .
albu s, M a r t .
Anaxares , Duel.asper, Lam.
cariosus , Wood .
cavernosus , Reeve.
chaideus, Duel.ch rysostoma , Desh .
concatenatus , B la inv.
dealbatus , Reeve.
elatus , Bla inv.
elongatus , Bla inv.
fi scellum, Chem .
funiculatus , Reeve .
G enu s ACANTHINA, F ischer .
S hel l ova te , last whorl large ; spire rather eleva ted ;
aperture semilunar ; inner l ip wide and flattened ; ou ter
l ip crenated, wi th a prom inent too th at the fo re part .
P entada ctyla s .
hystrix, L am .
iodostoma , L esson.
L aurentianus , P etit
lobatu s , Bla inv.
ricinus, L inn .
iostoma, Reeve .
monilis , Chem .
muricatus , Reeve .
mu sivus , K ien .
mu ticus, L am .
ochrostoma , Reeve .
sidereu s , Reeve .
spectrum , Reeve .
spinosus , H . and A . A dams
(ch rysostoma , Reeve).tuberculatus, B la inv.
undatus, Chem .
PS EUDOLIVA . 1 3 1
S yn . M onoc eros, Lam .
,no t Bloch . Unic ornus, Al ong/Z
R udo lphu s, Chem . R udolpha, S chum .
Em. A . striata, L ama rck,pl . 1 3
,fig . 7 . O pe rcu lum ,
A . unicornis, Brug u iere , fi g . 7 , a , 7 , 6. S he l l , A . calc ar,
M a r tyn, fi g . 7,c .
T he species o f Acanthina are most numerou s on the
S ou th American c oasts o f the P acific O c ean ; the genus
differs from P urp u ra in having a too th-like spine on the
ou ter lip .
Sp ecies of Acanthina .
acuminata, S aw .
calcar, M a rtyn .
cornigera , B la inv.
cymatium , S oland .
glabrata , L am .
grandis , Gray .
maculata, Gray .
G enus PSEUDOLIVA , Swainson .
S hell ovate , so l id, subglobose spire very short , su ture
sligh tly channe l led, whorls tum id round th e upper part ;
aperture oval ; c anal very short ; inner lip arcuated, w ith
a c allosi ty at the hind part ; outer lip thin , furnished a t
the fore part with a small too th or c allosi ty
S yn . G astridium,S aw ,
not M odeer . G astridia , Gray .
P seudodactylus , H erm .
E x . P . laevis,M a rtini
,pl . 1 3 , fig . 8 . O percu lum
,
P . laevis, fi g . 8 , a , 8 , 6.
P seudoliva,known only by its she l l and operc u lum
,
rem inds one o f O livanc illa r ia among the D a c tylidce ,
but is distingu ished by its large purpura-l ike operculum,
punctata , Gray .
spirata , B la inv.
striata , L am.
truncata , Reeve.
tuberculata , Gray
unicornis, Bray .
1 32 PURPURINJE .
and the too th on the o u ter l ip . T he spec ies are few
in number, and c ome from A fric a and C alifornia .
Sp ecies of P seudoliva .
laavis , M a r t . striata , A . A dams .
sepimenta , Rang . z ebrina , A . Adams .
Sub-
gen . MACRO N , H . and A . Adams .
Inner lip with the callus de fi ned ; columella obliquely wrin
kled ; spire elevated, su ture channelled .
ZEthiops , Reeve . K elle ttii , A . Adams .
G enu s PINAXIA H . and A . Adams .
S he ll coni ca l ; spire short, acu te ; aperture ova l -oblong,emarginate anteriorly ; inner lip fla ttened, w i th several
transverse p laits in the m iddle ; o uter l ip acu te , grooved
internally .
Ex . P . c orona ta , A . Adams,pl . 1 4
,fi g . 1 .
T he s ingular and pre tty l ittle she ll on wh ich this genus
is founded , is from the P hilippines, and is one o f the very
numerou s discoveries in C oncho logy m ade by the indefa
tigab le M r . Gum ing du ring h is laboriou s researches among
the re e fs and islands of the P hilippine A rchipe lago .
G enu s CON CHOPATELLA , C hemni tz .
S he ll ova te,last whorl large
, expanded ; spire ve ry
short, obl ique ly inclined towards the left(
s ide ; aperture
ve ry w ide , slightly channe lled anteriorly inner lip flat
tened ou ter lip wi th two smal l tee th in front .
1 34 RAPANIN/E .
Species of Cuma .
A fricana, M a rt .
carinifera , L am.
cuspidata, A dams and Reeve.
diadema , L am .
Grateloupiana , P etit.
G ravesii , B rad .
imperialis , Bla inv.
kiosquiformis, Duel.G enus RAFANA , S chumacher .
S he l l ventri c ose , ax is perforated to the apex ; spire
depressed ; aperture oval , narrowed an teriorly ; c ana l
open, s lightly recu rved ; inner lip reflected , free ante
riorly ; umbil icu s c orrugated .
E x . R . bez oar,L innaeus
,p l . 1 4
,fi g . 4 . O percu lum,
R . bu lbosa , S olander , fi g . 4,a,4,6 . S he ll , R . bez oar
,
fi g . 4,c .
T he opercu lum o f Rap ana is o f the P urp ura type ,and the shell is ventric o se and umbilicated . T he animals
frequent the coral -reefs o f tropica l c ountries, and most
probably feed upon the po lyps that c onstruc t them .
Sp ecies of Rap ana .
bez oar, L inn . coronata , L am .
bulbosa, S oland . muricata, Brad .
S ub-gen . LATIAX IS , Swainson .
S hell with the axis very widely perforate ; whorls more or lessdetached, carinated aperture trigonal .
Fortuni , A . A dams . nodosa , A . A dams .
M awae, G ray . pagoda , Jona s .
muricina , B la inv .
quadrata , J onas .
rugosa , Q uay .
sacellum , Chem .
tectum , C hem.
th iarella , L am .
trigona , L am .
RHIZOCHILUS .
G enu s RHIZ O CHILUS , S teenstrup .
S hell, wh en young, free , resembling R apana ; wh en
adul t, sometimes with more o r less i rregular, sol id, shelly
ex tensions o f the ou ter and inner l ips, which c lasp the
ax is of c oral , or the su rface o f ne ighbouring shells,and at
length close the mou th , w ith the ex ception o f th e ante
rio r s iphonal cana l wh i ch is converted into a she lly tube .
E x . R . antipathicu s , S teenstrup ,pl . 1 4 , fi g . 5
,5, a .
T he remarkable pecu liarity o f the animal o f R h iz ochi
lu s, at least in the typic al specie s , in becoming perma
nently fixed, and c los ing the apertu re of the shell,is very
anomalou s . L ike P edicu la r ia , i t attache s i tsel f to the
ax is o f c o ral ; i t frequently , however, adheres to shel ls o f
its own kind . P ro fessor S teen strup observed i t embrac ing
the axi s o f Antipa thes er icoides, whence its specific name .
Species of Rhiz achilus .
antipathicus , S teenst .
S ub-gen . C ORAL LIO PH ILA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell with the ou ter and inner lips irregu lar, moderate, not
produced into an extended process closing the aperture .
clathratus , A . Adams . monodonta, Q uay and Ga im.
costularis, Bla inv. neritoideus , Chem .
D’
O rbignyanus , P etit . osculans , C . B . Adams.
foveolatus , C . B . Adams . pulchellus , A . Adams.
fragilis A . A dams . scala, A . Adams .
galea , Chem . scalariformis, L am .
gibbosus, Reeve . squamulosus , Reeve .
madreporinus, A . Adams . suturalis , A . Adams .
1 36 RAPANINJE .
G enu s SEPARATISTA , G ray .
Shell turbinate , subdisco idal , the first whorls con tiguou s ,
the last mo re or less separated ; aperture expanded, sl igh tly
angu lated, the margin everted ; umbil icu s very w ide , in
fundibuliform ,wi th the wh orls vis ible as far as the apex .
S yn . ?L ippistes, M antf .
E x . S . C hemnitz ii, A . Adams, pl . 1 4 , fig . 6 .
T his cu rious genu s seems somewhat to approach Ra
p ana in confo rmation and tex ture . O ne spec ies is from
the P h i lippines , ano ther is from Japan,and S ay has
desoli b ed one as a species o f D elp hinnla .
Sp ecies of S epa ra tista
Blainvi lleana , P etit . G rayi , A . Adams .
C hemnitz ii , A . Adams . laxa , S ay .
G enu s MELAPIUM , H . and A . A dams .
S h ell ovato -pyriform,ventri c ose
,imperforate , porcel la
nous ; spire ob sole te,apex papillary ; apertu re expanded
inner lip wi th a thick, smoo th c allu s at the h ind part ;co lumel la twisted anteriorly, w i th a prominent oblique
plai t ; c anal w ide , recurved, di rec ted towards th e left .
S yn . P yrula sp .
, L am .
E x . M . l ineatum ,L ama r ck
,pl . 1 4
,fig . 7 .
T he porcellanous tex ture o f th e shell o f M elap ium ap
prox imates i t to P u sianella, from which , however, i t is dis
tinguished by i ts ventri cose body -whorl and short papillary
Spire ; from Rap ana the absenc e o f umbili cus separate s
i t . T h e animal and operculum are at present unknown .
1 38 RAPANINJE .
in that genu s . I t c omprises b ut few spec ies , wh i ch take
up thei r abode in corals and madrepores .
Species of L ep tacanchus .
oblongus , S ow. P eronii , L am .
S ub -
gen . C ORALL IOBIA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell wi th the spire obsolete , sublateral , last whorl large ,lamellose ; aperture very wide , simple anteriorly ; outer lip
expanded, fi mbriated .
fi mbriatus , A . Adams .
G enu s CAMPULOTUS , G ue ttard .
M antle -margin thi ckened , siphon ve ry short . Fo o t
large , fle shy , oval .
O perc u lum ovate,nu cleus sublateral .
S hell , when young, spiral , th in when adult, white , so lid ,tubu lar, spiral for three or fou r whorls
, th e last tu rn pro
longed into an i rregu lar, straight o r flexuous tube , so l id
posteriorly , and w i th a siphonal kee l on the le ft side .
S yn . M agilu s, M onty“. T ubulites , D a villa . S piro
branchu s, B la inv .
E m. C . an tiquu s , [Montf ort, pl . 1 4 , fig . 1 0 . O peren
lum , C . an tiquu s, fig . 1 0 , a,1 0 , 6. S hell
, C . antiquu s ,fig . 1 0 , c .
T h is curious genu s l ive s in c oral, and the inordinate
ex tension O f the lips o f the shell is to enable the animal
to keep on a leve l with the su rfac e o f the co ral as i t
c ontinu es to increase in si z e ; as the shell grows,the tube
behind is filled up w i th so l id calc areou s matte r .
DACTYLID/E . 1 39
Fam . D A C T YL IDRE .
T ee th on lingual membrane in three series the
c entral broad, the lateral ve rsatile . M antle enc losed,the
siphon re cu rved . Foo t vo luminous, u sually reflex ed over
the side s O f the sh ell , and fi ssured on each side in front .
O percu lum small , O ften wanting or rudimentary .
S he ll porce llanou s, usually po l ished,last whorl O ften
enro lled round the o thers ; aperture ending anteriorly
in an Oblique fissure .
T he O percu lum is absent in H a rp a and D a c ty lu s , and
also in some O f the ventri c ose specie s O f Anci llee w i th
wide apertures ; bu t in O livella , and in many o f the smaller
Anc illae , i t is always present,tho ugh O f moderate si z e .
S ub -fam . HARP IN/E .
Head and tentac les exposed ; eyes c onspi cu ous, deve
loped . M antle simple , enclo sed, w itho u t a tapering ap
pendage in front . Foo t large , flat, not reflex ed on the
sides O f the sh e ll .
O percu lum none .
S hell ventrico se , whorls n’
bb ed ; inner lip simple ante
riorly .
G enus HARPA , Rumphius .
S he ll oval , ventricose ; spire short, apex acu te , whorls
longitudinally ribbed,ribs ending posterio rly in sharp
po ints ; aperture O b long,large , emarginate ante riorly ;
outer l ip thickened , form ing the last rib .
S yn. C ithara,K le in . H arparia, Rafi n . Harpalis ,
L ink. Ly ra , Gr ifi ,no t L inn .
1 4 0 DACTYLINJE .
E x . H . minor, M a r tini , pl . 1 5 , fig . 1 . S hell, H . ven
trico sa , L ama rck, fig . 1 , a .
T he animals are variega ted with beau tiful colou rs, and
c rawl w i th vivac ity ; they have the singular powe r o f
spontaneou sly de taching a portion O f the foo t when mo
lested, resembling, in this respec t, Ha liatidea and Gena .
T hey are found in C eylon , M au ritius,the Feejee Islands,
and in M ex ico . A t M au ri tius they are caught wi th l ines
bai ted w i th sma ll pieces o f flesh .
Species of Ha rp a .
cancellata , Chem .
costata , L inn .
crassa , P hil.crenata , Swa ins .
gracilis , Brad .
major, M ar t .
S ub -fam . D AC TYL IN AE .
Head and tentacles more or less concealed . M antle
w i th a tapering lobe in front , and an appendage behind
which covers the spire,or reposes in the channe l led
s u tu re .
O percu lum wanting, o r e longa ted and th in , w ith an
apical , subspiral nuc leus .
S hel l so lid, smoo th ; inner l ip more o r less plicate ante
riorly .
G enu s O LIVANCILLARIA , D’
o rbigny .
H ead and tentac les concealed . M antle w ith a large ,
thick,fleshy appendage behind . Foo t very vo luminous,
minor , M a r t .
nablium , M a rt.
nobilis , M a rt .
rosacea , M a rt .
striatula , A . A dams .
ventricosa , L am .
1 4 2 DACTYLIN fE .
G enu s AGARONIA , G ray .
Foo t long and po inted behind,shie ld wi th the s ide
lobes modera te , ac u te .
O perculum distinc t .
S he l l o liviform ,thin ; spire acum inate , su ture chan
nelled ; apertu re w ide , e fi'
use anteriorly ; c o lumella not
thi ckened posteriorly, tum id, with a few obliqu e pla i ts in
front .
S yn . H iatula , S wa ins .
E x . A . megalostoma, M enschen, pl . 1 5 , fig . 3 . S he ll ,
A . megalostoma,fi g . 3
,a .
T he animal o f Aga ronia differs from that o f D a cty lu s
in having an operculum,and from that o f O livella in the
form o f the side - lobes o f the fo o t ; the shell, moreover, is
light, th e spire long and po inted, and the aperture wide
and e ffuse an terio rly .
Species of Aga ronia .
cincta, Reeve . S teeriee, Reeve .
contortuplicata, Reeve. striata , Swa ins .
indusica, Reeve. testacea , L am .
megalostoma, Mensch .
G enu s DACTYLUS , K le in .
T entacle s enlarged at the base . M antle with a poste
rior filament lodged in the channelled su ture o f the
spire . Foo t long and acuminate beh ind, shield wi th the
s ide- lobes tapering, acu te , smal l .
O perc u lum none .
DACTYLUS . 1 4 3
S hel l oblong, s ubcylindric al , pol ished spire short, su
ture c anali cu lated ; aperture long,narrow
,no tch ed in
front ; c olume lla obl iqu ely pli cate , su lcated, or striated,w ith a c allo s i ty at the hind part ; ou ter lip s imple
,rather
thick .
S yn . O liva , Brag . Anc illaria,Risso
,not L am . O li
varia, Rafi n . O livariu s, D am .
E x . D . M auri tianu s , M a r tini,pl . 1 5
,fig . 4 . S hell , D .
M auritianu s,fig . 4
,a .
T he spe c ies o f D a ctylu s, c ommonly known under the
name o f “ O l ive s,”are ch iefly tropi c a l in the ir geogra
ph ical distribu tion . T hey l ive on sandy flats,and may
b e found by fo llow ing the trace s they leave by bu rrowing
under the surface as th e tide re tire s ; they are very ac tive ,and gl ide w i th cons iderable qu ickness . In the genu s, as
restri c ted, th e callus o f th e inner l ip is produ ced po s
teriorly beyond the spire , and there is a prom inent cal
losity on th e anterior part o f th e last whorl .
Species of Da ctylus .
avellana , L am . infi atus , L am .
bulbiformis , Duelos . tuberosus, Bolt .
bulbosus, Bolt . undatus , Lam .
S ub-
gen . S TRE PHONA , Browne .
Shell subcylindrical , polished ; spire short , pointed, suturechannelled as far as the apex ; last whorl simple ; columellaobliquely plica te .
coniformis , P hi l. incrassatus , S oland .
C umingii , Reeve . ispidus , L ink.
harpulari us , L am . jaspideus , D nclos .
1 44 DACTYLINJE.
Julieta , Duclos .
marmoreus , M avt .
mu ltiplicatus , Reeve .
olivaceu s , M euseh .
pantherinus , P hil.
P eruvianus , Lam.
S ub -
gen . PORPHYRIA , Bol ten .
Spire acuminate , su ture canalicu late as far as the apex ; bodywhorl simple ; apertu re narrow , linear ; columella obliquely
plicate .
elegans , L am.
gu ttula , M a rt .
irisans , L am .
L abradorensis, Bolt .
M auritianus , M a rt .
mustelinus , L am .
nobilis , Reeve.
O lympiadinus , D aclos .
S ub -
gen . ISP IDULA , G ray .
S pire elevated, su ture channelled as far as the apex ; lastwhorl s imple ; columella transversely strongly plicate as far as
th e hind part .
araneosus , L am .
australis , Duelos .
caeruleus, Bolt .
emicator, M ensch .
ispidula , L inn .
kaleontinus , Duclos .
S ub -
gen . CYL INDRUS , M enschen .
S pire entirely covered wi th a vitreous deposit , last whorl
polpasta , Duclos .
porphyreus , L inn .
pygmaeus , Reeve .
ru fulus , Duclos .
Splendidulus , S ow .
subangulatu s , P hil.
ponderosa s, Duclos .
porphyreticus , M a r t .
scriptus , L am .
sericeus , Bolt .
tremulinus , L am .
viridescens , M art .
Z eylanicu s , L am .
lentiginosus , Reeve .
modestus , Reeve .
panniculatus, Du clos .
paxillus , Reeve .
S tainforth ii , Reeve .
venulatus , L am.
1 4 6 DACTYLINzE .
lineolata, Gray .
micans , S oland .
minuta , L ink.
mitreola , Du clos .
monilifera , Reeve .
myriadina , Duclos .
nitidula , S oland .
oryz a , L am.
parvula , M a rt .
pellucida , Reeve .
P uelchana , D’
O rb.
pulchella, Duclos .
S ub-gen . DACTYLIDIA , H . and A . Adams .
Spire obtuse , covered with a thick deposit of enamel aperturenarrow , plicate ; inner lip with a large , th ickened callus , produced at the h ind part, and covering and concealing the spire .
millepunctata , Duclos . nana, L am .
mu tica, S ay .
S ub -
gen . CALL IANAX , H . and A . Adams (O livina, M oreh ,
not
S hell not polished ; spire produced, acu te , suture channelled ;aperture wide , efl
’
use in front ; callus of inner lip thick, defi ned ;
columella simple , or wi th a few plaits anteriorly .
biplicata , S ow . semistriata , Gray .
columellaris , S ow . z enopira , Du clos .
S ub-gen . LAM PROD OMA , Swainson .
Spire acuminate , elevated, su ture canaliculated inner lipsimple posteriorly , regularly and closely plicate at the fore partof the columella ; callus moderate , restricted.
leucoz onias , Gray . volutella , L am .
pura , Reeve .
purpurata , Swa ins .
rosolina , Duelos .
ru fi fasciata , Reeve .
strigata , Reeve.
T ehuelchana , D’
O rb.
tergina , Duclos .
triticea , Duclos .
undatella , L am .
z anoeta , Duclos .
z onalis , L am .
ANCILLINJE .
S ub -fam . AN C ILL INZE .
H ead concealed ; eyes none ; ten tacles rudimentary .
M antle wi thou t a tapering lobe in front . Foo t vo lumi
nou s, b i fi d beh ind, shie ld grooved on the upper su rface ,side - lobes no t mu ch produc ed .
O perculum smal l,ovate , a cu te , some time s entirely
wanting .
S he ll usual ly pol ished ; whorls smoo th ; aperture e ffuse ,
wi th the front part o f the co lume lla variou sly grooved and
twisted .
G enu s DIPSACCUS , K le in .
S hel l fusiformly cylindrical,pol ished, so lid , generally
deeply umb i l ic ated ; sp ire e levated,su tu re c overed wi th
enamel ; aperture oval , e longated : inner l ip tortuous
ou ter lip a cu te,w ith a slight too th on the fore part .
E x . D . glabratu s, L innce us, pl . 1 5 , fig . 6 .
In the D ipsa ccu s o f K le in, as res tricted , there are fou r
spe cies , distingu ished by the deep umbi li cu s and chau
nelled c o lumella, which are owing to certain pe cu l iarities
o f the an ima l no t yet known . L amarck included the D .
g la bra tus among the species o f his genus E bu rna , wh i ch
be longs to ano ther group .
Species of D ipsa ccus .
balteatus, S ow. glabratus , Linn .
cingulatus , S ow . niveus , Swa ins .
1 4 8 ANCILLINE .
S ub -
gen . AMALD A , H . and A . Adams .
Shell thin, not umbilicated ; spire elongated, su ture ena
m elled ; inner lip with the callus moderate , defi ned ; outer lipsimple .
bicolor, Gray . oblongus , S ow .
elongatus , Gray . T ankervillianus , S ow .
marginatu s , L am .
G enu s ANCILLA L amarck .
S hell oblong, subcy lindrical , po lished ; spire short, su
ture fi lled up wi th enamel ; apertu re large , dilated, e ffuse
anteriorly ; c o lume lla c allou s anterio rly , twisted ; ou ter lipthin, simp le , acu te .
S yn . O livula,C onra d .
E x . A . obtusa,Swa inson
,pl . 1 5 , fi g . 7 . O perc ulum
,
A . obtusa,fi g . 7 , a , 7 , 6. S hell, A . torosa
,M enschen
,fi g .
7, c .
T he Anci llce inhabit submerged sand -banks, and pro
gress wi th a swift gl iding mo tion ; sometimes they expand
the large lobes o f the ir foo t in a hori z ontal dire ction , and
swim o r dart through the water . T hey chiefly inhabi t the
sho res o f A fri ca , though a few have been found in the
Indian and A ustralian S eas .
Species of Ancilla .
albisulcata , S ow . eff usa, Swa ins .
ampla , Gmel. fulva , Swa ins .
aperta , S ow . lineata , A . Adams .
Gati ra, Forsk. ventricosa , L am.
castanea , S ow .
1 50 FASCIOLARIID/E .
G enu s FASCIOLARIA , L amarck .
S he l l fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval , e lon
gated, as long as the spire siphonal cana l straight ; co lu
me lla smoo th , w i th a few ob l iqu e plai ts at the fore part ;o u ter l ip inte rnally c renate .
S yn . Pyru la , P erry , not L am . C o lus, Bolten , no t
H umph . Ieranea , Raf in .
E x . F . lignaria, L innaeu s , pl . 1 6 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
F . tu lipa , L innaeu s, fi g . 1,a,1,6 . S hell , F . tu l ipa, fig . 1 , c .
T he T u lip S he lls , as they have been called, are u su
a lly ligh t and ven tric ose,and are known by the ir fusiform
shape and by th e few obliqu e pla i ts on the c o lume lla ;they have a w ide range in the ir distribu tion, be ing found
in the M editerranean,the C ape Verd Islands, C eylon, the
P h il ippine s, the We st Indie s, Au stral ia , Western Africa ,and S ou th America . T he name o f Colus is already in u se
as a synonym o f Fu sus .
Species of F asciola ria .
Audou ini , J onas .
aurantiaca , L am .
badia , K rauss .
clava, J onas .
coronata , L am .
crocata , P hil.distans, L am .
fi lamentosa , Chem.
fusiformis , Va lene .
gigantea , Kien .
granosa , Brod .
inermis , Jona s .
ligata , M igh . a nd Adams .
lignaria , L inn .
lugubris A dams and Reeve.
papillosa , S ow .
ponderosa ,J onas .
princeps, S ow .
purpurea , Jonas .
Reevei , P hil.
salmo , Wood :
trapez ium, L inn .
tulipa , Linn .
TUDICLA . 1 5 1
G enus BUSYCON , Bol ten .
S he ll pyrifo rm,last who rl large , nodu lou s or spinose ;
spire very short ; apert ure large , sub triangu lar canal open ,
e longated , entire at th e fore part ; inner lip c oncave , wi th
a s ingle fo ld ante riorly ou ter l ip internal ly striated .
S yn . P yru la (part), L am . Fulgur, M ont]:
E x . B . perversum,L inn’cens
, p l . 1 6 , fig . 2 .
Bu sycon has a reversed , l igh t, ventric ose she ll , w ith a
s ingle pla i t on the fore part o f the c o lume l la,and a sul
cated ou ter l ip ; the spe cies known are few,and c ome
from tropica l regions .
Sp ecies of Busycon .
affi ne , S ow . idoleum Jona s .
aruanum , L inn . K ieneri , P hil.
canaliculatum , L inn . perversum , L inn .
crassicauda, P hil.
S ub-
gen . TAPHON , H . and A . Adams .
S hell dextral , transversely striated, whorls rounded ; apertureovate , fore part produced into a long, sligh tly-recurved canal .
striatum , Gray .
G enu s TUDICLA , Bol ten .
S he l l fusiform spire very short,apex papil lary aper
tu re oval ; canal very long and straigh t ; co lumel la smoo th ,flattened , w ith a s ingle fo ld at the fore part .
S yn . P yrella , S w a ins . S pirillu s, S chla t . , not H ump h .
S pirilla , S ow , J u n .
E x . T . Spirillu s , L innaeu s , pl . 1 6 , fig . 3 .
1 52 FAS CIOLARIIDZE .
T he papillary apex o f the spire , the single pla i t on the
c o lumella , and th e long strai ght beak,are th e ch ief charac
teristic s o f th is genu s ; the an imal is not yet known ; the
she ll appears to have the greatest affini ty to Busycon ,
although u su ally regarded a s a M u rex .
Sp ecies of T udicla .
porphyrostoma , Adams and Reeve;spirillus , Linn .
rusticula, Ba st .
G enus LATIRUS , M ontfort .
S he l l turre ted , fusiform , umbil icated ; spire produced,whorl s nodu lou s ; aperture oval -oblong ; ou ter lip thin,c renu la ted ; c o lume lla strai ght, w i th two or three smal l
obliqu e pla i ts in fron t .
S yn . P olygona , S chum . P o lygonum,B la inv.
,not
Tou rnef .
E x . L . turritu s , Gmelin,pl . 1 6 , fig . 4 . O perc ulum ,
L . turritus, fig 4, a
,4, 6 . S he ll
,L . gibbu lus , Gmelin,
fi g . 4,c .
T he animals o f all the species of th is genus which have
been hitherto observed , are o f a du ll red c o lour ; the sh ells
resemble Fa si , bu t wi th the fore part o f th e pillar l ip plic ate .
Species of L a tirus .
acuminatus , Kien .
afer, L am .
ananas, Chem .
annulatus, Bolt .
aplu stris , M a rt .
attenuatus , Reeve.
brevicaudatus , Reeve .
castaneus , Gray .
ceratu s , Wood .
concentricus , Reeve.
craticulatus , L inn .
fastigium, Reeve .
fi lamentosu s , Koch .
fi losus , S chub. and Wag
gibbulus , Gmel.
gracilis, Reeve .
1 54 FASCIOLARIIDE .
nassatula, L am . scabrosa, Reeve .
nassoides , Reeve . spinosa, M a rt .
Philberti , Duel. tuberculata , Brod .
prismatica ,M art . ustulata, Reeve .
pulchella , Reeve . violacea , Reeve .
rosea , Reeve .
G enus LEUCO Z ONIA, G ray .
S he l l o val,subglobo se ; spire moderate ; aperture ob
long ; canal short ; c olume lla subflexuou s , wi th smal l ,
obliqu e, unequal pla i ts ou ter lip subacu te , with a too th
o r tuberc le at the fore part .
S yn . L agena , S chum .
,not K le in .
E x . L . smaragdulus , L innaeu s, pl . 1 6 , fig . 6 . O per
culum , L . c ingulata , L ama rck,
fig . 6 , a , 6 , 6 . Sh ell , L .
c ingulata , fi g . 6,c .
L eucoz onia resemble s C a ncella r ia in its plaited co lu
mella , b u t a too th or proj ec tion , more or le ss prominent,on the fore part o f the ou ter l ip
,distingu ishe s i t from that
genu s ; a few o f th e spec ies have , on th is ac c oun t , been
confounded wi th A canth ina .
Species of L eucoz onia .
angularis , Reeve . K norii , Desh .
Belcheri , A dams and Reeve. leucoz onalis, L am .
Brasiliana , D’
O rb. nassa , Gmel.
C alifornica , A . Adams . nigella , Chem.
cingulata , L am . picta , Reeve .
cingulifera, L am . smaragdulus, L inn .
crenu lata , Kien . triserialis , L am .
fuscata, Gmel.
VAS lDrE .
G enus FASTIGIELLA , R e eve .
S he ll elongately turre ted, umbili cated, whorls rounded
apertu re sma ll ; canal very short ; co lume l la somewhat
tw isted .
Ex . F . c arinata, Reeve , pl . 1 6 , fig . 7 .
In some respec ts th is genus resembles a r i tella , bu t
i t has a twisted c o lumel la ; i t a lso resembles those spe c ies
o f C lava ta la w ith the canal short (D r i llia , G ray), b ut the
absence o f sinus in the ou ter l ip at once distingu ishes i t
from them . A t pre sent, one recent spe c ie s only is known .
Fam . VA S ID zE .
T ee th on lingual membrane in three serie s the
c entral re cu rved,toothed at the tip
,the la tera l not ver
satile ; centra l too th broad,few-too thed ; latera l tee th
narrow , strong, wi th a single large dentic le . M antle en
c losed, wi th a straigh t s iphon .
O percu lum ovate , a cu te,w i th the nuc leu s apic al .
S hel l more or less tu rb inate , wi th plaits on th e m iddle
o f the pillar .
T his group appears to b e intermedia te be tween the
T u lip S hells ” and the Volu tidae, and may b e termed
False Vo lu te s ; the l ingual dentition and character o f the
animal are , however, entire ly different from those o f V0
lu tidce .
G enus VASUM , Bo lten .
S he l l oval , oblong,so l id , tubercular or spino se ; spire
short ; aperture oblong ; c anal short, somewhat re cu rved ;
1 56 VAS IDE .
co lume l la wi th several transverse fo lds in the middle ;ou ter lip thickened and sinuou s .
S yn . C ynodona , S chum . C lava , Fa hr . S colymu s,S wa ins . Volutella , P erry , not S w a ins . or D
’
O rb .
E x . V . c ornigerum ,L innaeu s
, p l . 1 7 , fig . 1 . O per
onlum,V . c ornigerum ,
fig . 1 , a,l,6 . S he ll
, V . corni
gerum,fig . 1
,c .
T he animal is slow -moving,tim id, and inactive , shrink
ing qu i ckly wi thin the she ll on the slightest alarm ; the
opercu lum is very thick,c law - like , and partially free at
the h ind part . T he spec ies o f this genu s are not very
numerou s,and are c onfined to the tropics
,being found in
the E ast and Wes t Indie s and in the P acifi c Islands .
Species of Vasum .
armatum , Brod . cornigerum , L inn .
cmstus , Brod . globulus , Reeve .
capitellum , L inn . imperiale , Reeve .
cassidiforme , Reeve . mu ricatum, Born .
C eramicum, L inn . rhinoceros , Chem.
G enus MAZ ZA K le in .
S hell th ick, obcon ic, smooth,last whorl large ; spire
obtu se , apex papillary ; apertu re ob long, narrow ; canal
long and stra ight ; c o lume l la wi th severa l strong transverse pla its in the middle ; outer lip thin
, simple .
S yn . Xancus, Bolten . R apum, H umph . T urb inellu s,
L am .
E x . M . pyrum , L innaeu s, pl . [7 , fig. 2 .
T he spec ies o f th is genus are few in number, and the
1 58 CYMBIIN/E .
S ub -fam . C YMBIIN EE .
T eeth lunate , apex three -too thed . Foo t ve ry large and
th ick . S hell ventric ose .
T he eye s are on the side s o f the head at the ou ter base
o f th e tentacle s ; the siphon is very short, and the foo t is
greatly ex tended and thickened ; i t depo s its a layer o f
ename l on the under surface o f the she ll . A danson
found l iving young ones in the bodies of many Cymbia ,thu s provmg them to b e ovo -viviparou s the young one s
leave the ir mo ther when the ir sh e lls are an inch in length ;there are fou r or fi ve in each an imal .
G enus CYMBIUM , K le in .
S hell oval -oblong, ventric o se ; spire short, nu cleu s
large , globu lar, de ciduou s , when pre sent forming an oh
tu se papillary .apex ; whorls few,forming a flat edge
round the nu c leu s ; apertu re oblong, w ide ; c olume lla
wi th severa l obliqu e p laits ; ou ter l ip th in, simple .
S yn . Y etus, Adanson . C ymba, Broderip .
E x . C . P ersicum, M a r tini , pl . 1 7 , fig . 3 . S he l l
,C .
P ersi cum ,fig . 3
,a .
A danson observe s that the high winds of Apri l cast the
Y ets”
up in su ch vast quantitie s as some time s to cove r
the shore ; the natives o f S enegal employ them as articles
o f die t . T he spec ies of this genu s are principally in
habitants of the sho res o f Africa , though one is from
A ustral ia and ano ther from the M editerranean . A s dis
tinguished from M elo,the shells are uniform in co lou r,
sombre,c ove red w ith an epide rmis
,and w i th a dec i
MELO . 1 59
duous nu c leu s ; the whorl s , moreover, are never coronated
as in that genus .
Species of Cymbium .
cymbium , L inn . P hilippinarum, M art.
gracile , Brod . porcinum , L am .
mamilla , Gray . proboscidale , Brod .
olla , L inn . rubiginosum , S wa ins .
patu lum , Brod . T ritonis , Brod .
P ersicum , M a rt .
G enu s MELO H umphrey .
S hel l large , subova te , ventri co se ; spire short, apex
obtuse , papillary , persistent, whorl s smoo th,the last pos
terio rly co ronated ; aperture oblong, w ide ; c o lume lla w ith
several oblique plaits, the anterior the largest ; ou ter lips imple , ac u te , oblique ly trunca te in front .
S yn . C ymbium ,M on tf ,
not K lein .
E x . M . senticosa, Bolten,p l . 1 7 , fi g . 4 . S he l l , M .
[E thiopica , L ama rck,fi g . 4 , a .
T he an imal o f this genus appears to b e ovo -viviparous,
the same as the Cymbium o f K le in, the young ones
be ing arranged in the o viduc t o f the female in a long
string, w i thou t egg-she lls . T he she l ls are usually o rna
mented w ith a varie ty o f c o lours,and the ir whorls , po s
teriorly , are adorned w ith a diadem o f spines ; they are
u su ally covered wi th a smooth, greenish -brown epiderm is,
and the nu cleu s is spiral and persistent . N ew H o lland
and the grea t islands o f the E astern A rch ipe lago appear
to b e the countrie s in which the spec ies o f this genu s
are found , none o f them having been ob served in the
N ew Wo rld .
1 60 CYMBIIN/E .
Species of M elo .
Broderipii , Gray . nautica , L am .
ZE thiopica , L inn . ramosa , Bl ei isch .
Indica , Gmel. senticosa, Bolt .
M iltonis, G ray . tessellata , L am .
mucronata , Brod . umbilicata , Brod .
S ub-gen . AUS OBA , H . and A . A dams .
Spire short , obtuse , apex papillary , last whorl coronated at thehind part ; nucleus spiral .
cymbiola, Chem.
G enus AULICA , G ray .
She l l oblong-ovate , ventri cose ; spire w i th the apex
papillary and surrounded by smal l tuberc le s, whorl s
smoo th , u sual ly nodose or coronated posteriorly aper
ture oblong-linear ; inner l ip wi thou t any c al lous deposit ;c o lume l la obliqu ely pli cate
,th e plaits u sually four ; ou ter
lip thin, simple .
‘
S yn . Vespertilio,K lein, not L inn . S capha , Gray ,
not K lein o r H ump h .
E x . A . vespertilio , Linnaeu s, pl . 1 8 , fig . 2 . S he l l,A .
vespertil io , fig . 2,a .
In this genu s the last whorl is u sually spinose or tuber
c led , and the ou ter lip is th in and ac u te : the spec ies are
to lerably numerous,and are principally inhabitants o f th e
E ast Indian Islands . A s the she lls increase in siz e th e
animals fil l the nu cle i of the spire with so l id calc areous
matter .
1 62 VOLUTINJE .
anc e ; the only species known is an inhabi tant of the
coasts o f S ou th Ameri ca .
S ub -fain . VO LU T INE .
T eeth l inear, w i th a single c on ical apex ,the base angu
larly diverging . M antle -margin included , no t c overing
th e sides o f the she ll .
G enus CALLIPARA, G ray .
S hell oblong-ovate , thin ; spire short, obtu se , wi th the
apex papillary, last whorl large , ventrico se ; c o lumella
w i th two distinc t fo lds in fron t ; ou ter lip ex tending up
towards the spire posteriorly .
E x . C . bu llata, S w a inson, pl . 1 7 , fi g . 6 .
T hi s cu riou s genu s, founded on the Volnta bnlla ta o f
Swa inson ,is from A lgoa Bay , S ou th A frica ; this , the only
spe cie s known , is very rare , and is remarkable fo r its
bu lla te aspect, its short rounded spire , and its nearlysimple colume lla .
G enus CYMBIOLA , Swa inson .
S he ll ovate , cymbiform, th in ; spi re more or less pro
duc ed, apex papillary , somewhat irregu lar ; aperture w ide ;inner l ip with a th in c allus ; colume lla w ith a few oblique
plai ts at the fore part ; ou ter lip o ften somewhat dilated ,
acu te .
E x . C . Bras iliana, S alander , pl . 1 8 , fig . 1 . Shell, C .
M age l lani ca , S ow erby , fig . 1 , a .
S CAPHELLA . 1 63
In the an imal o f th is group the basal lobe s a t the side
o f the siphon , pecu liar to the genera o f Volntida , ap
pear to b e we ll deve loped . A cc o rding to M . D’
O rb igny ,
the anima l o f C . B ra si liana forms nidimental cap su les
three inche s in length .
Species of Cymbiola .
ancilla , S oland . festiva , S wa ins .
Beckii, Brod . magnifi ca , Chem .
Brasiliana , S oland . M agellanica , S ow .
Ferussacii, Donov.
G enus S CAPHELLA , S wainson .
S hell ob long- cylindrical ; spire short, coni cal , apex
sub -ac ute , whorls solid,smoo th ; aperture narrow , e lon
gate ; co lume lla u sually w i th four obl iqu e plai ts at the
fore part ; ou ter l ip thickened internally .
E ar. S . fu su s, Q noy and Ga ima rd , pl . 1 8 , fig . 3 . S hell ,S . Junon ia , Chemni tz , fig . 3 , a .
From the description and figure given by Swa inson,i t
is obvious that the sh e lls we have indicated c onstituted
his genu s S cap hella , although his first type belongs to
our sub -genus A lc i thoe, which has certain affinitie s w i th
Cymbiola . T he rare S . J unonia is sa i d to b e from the
G u lf o f M ex i co .
Species of S caphella .
exoptanda , S ow. maculata, S wa ins .
Junonia , Chem . praetexta , Reeve .
1 64 VOLUTIN/E .
reticulata , Reeve .
T urneri , Gray .
undulata , L am .
S ub -gen . AL CITHOE , H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovately fusiform ; spire produced, apex papillary ; aper
ture ovate , w ide ; inner lip with a spreading callus ; outer lipdilated, subreflexed.
fulgetrum , Brod . megaspira, S ow .
fusiformis , S wa ins. P aci fi ca , S oland .
fusus , Q uay and Gnim . papillaris , S wa ins .
gracilis ,’
Swa ins . tuberculata, Swa ins .
G enu s VOLUTA , L innaeu s .
S he l l ovate, sub -coni cal, so l id ; Spire short, apex papil
lary, whorl s nodose , the last longitudinal ly pli cate ; aper
ture ob long ; co lume lla s trai gh t,with a thick callus
,
transversely plicate , plai ts numerous, the anterior the
large st ; ou ter lip th i ckened, somewha t reflected .
S yn . Lyra , L inn , not Grifl P lejona, Bolt . M usic a ,
E x . V . mu sica,L innaeus, pl . 1 8 , fig . 4 .
In this genus the spec ies are o rnamente d w ith trans
verse interrupted b ands and striae ; the shel ls are dense ,and the p la its on the colume lla are numerou s and we l l
deve loped . D r . G ray states i t to possess a moderate ly
siz ed O percu lum .
1 66 VOLUTINJE .
the largest ; ou ter l ip thickened , wi th the margin more or
le ss crena te .
E x . F . fulgura,M a rtini , pl . 1 8 , fig . 6 .
M o st o f the genera o f Vo lu tes h ave smoo th shel ls ; in
F u lgura ria , howeve r, an example o ccu rs where the whorls
a re transversely striated th roughou t ; the ou ter lip i s
somewhat e ffuse , wi th the fore part slightly too thed o r
crenate .
Sp ecies of Fnlgnra ria .
concinna , Brod . fu lgura, M a rt .
S ub -
gen . AURINIA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovately fusiform spire w ith the apex mamillated, whorlstransversely fi nely striated, longitudinally subplicate ; columellawith the folds obsolete ; outer lip th in , simple .
dubia, Brod .
G enus LYRIA, G ray .
S he l l ovately fusifo rm, so li d ; spire a cuminate , who rls
longi tudinally ribbed ; aperture ovate ; co lume l la wi th
numerous transverse pla its ; ou ter lip simple , acu te .
E x . L . nu c leu s, L ama rck, pl . 1 8 , fig . 7 .
T h is genus is composed o f e legant m itrifo rm shells,
w ith the whorls longi tudinally ribbed , and with numero us
small plai ts on the co lume lla . S ome o f the spec ies are
from Au stralia, wh ile o thers are from the We st Indies .
MITRIDfE .
Species of Lyria .
cassidula, Reeve . lyraeformis , Swa ins .
D elessertiana ,P etit . mitriformis , L am .
lyrata , Humph . nucleus , L am .
S ub -
gen . E NZETA ,H . and A . Adams .
Shell ovately pyram idal , th ick , solid ; Spire acum inated , apex
acute , whorls ri bbed or nodulose ; ou ter lip th ickened, inflexed,
with an obtuse tooth in the middle .
C um ingu , Brod .
cylleniformis , S ow .
Guildingii , S ow .
G enu s VOLUTILITHES , S wainson .
S hell ovate ly fu siform ; spire e levated, apex acu te,
whorls longi tudinal ly p lic a te o r canc e llated ; aperture
oval -oblong ; co lumella wi th numerou s faint, rudimentary
o r obso le te pla i ts ; ou ter l ip th in , simple .
E m. V . aby ssicola , Adams and R eeve,pl . 1 8
,fi g . 8 .
T he only l iving representative o f this genus at present
known was dredged from a depth o f one hundred and
thirty-two fathoms o ff th e C ape o f G ood Hope , during
the voyage o f H .M .S . S amarang ; fo ssil specie s are nu
mercus in the eo c ine port ion o f the tertiary beds o f the
British Isles .
Fam . M ITR ID/E .
Head smal l and narrow ; tentac les c lo se toge ther at the
base ; eye s above the base or towards the ou te r m iddle
1 68 MITRlN/E.
o f the ten tac le s . M antle enc lo sed , s iphon s imple at the
base . Foo t smal l and triangu lar .
O percu lum none o r rudimentary .
S he ll w ith the co lume lla mo re or less plicate ; apex o f
spire acu te .
S ome o f the larger spec ie s o f M itr idce have no ope r
c ulum ,bu t i t is often present, though smal l , on the foo t
o f the smaller species . T he P hil ipp i ne Archipe lago , and
o ther groups o f islands, seem principally to harbou r
these an imals, few spec ies being found on the shores
of continents .
S ub -fam . M ITR IN ZE .
Head moderate ; eyes u sual ly near the ou ter m i dd le or
tip o f the tentac les ; foo t trunca te in front . S hel l for the
mos t part destitu te o f epidermis ; c o lume lla distinctly
pli cate .
G enus M ITRA, L amarck .
S he l l fu siform, thi ck ; spire e levated, acute at the
apex ; aperture smal l , narrow,no tched in front ; co lu
me l la obliqu ely pl i cate ; ou ter l ip thickened, smoo th in
ternally .
S yn . T hiarella , S wa ins . M itraria, R afi n . M itrolites ,
E x . M . circu late , K iener , pl . 1 9 , fig . 1 . S he ll , M .
episcopalis, L innaeus, fi g . 1 , a .
When i rri tated, some spec ies of M i tra em i t a purple
flu i d having a nau seou s odour . T hey are ch iefly deep
water animals, living in from fifteen to e ighty fathoms ;
the greater numbe r are from the P hilippines ; some , how
1 7O MITRINJE .
cephina , Gould .
castanea , A . Adams .
cseligena , Reeve .
chrysostoma , Swa ins.
coronata, Chem.
crassa , S wa ins .
crebralis , L am .
crenilabris, A . A dams .
dealbata , A . A dams .
declivis , Reeve .
digi talis , Reeve .
granata , Reeve.
S ub-
gen . S CABRICOLA , S wainson .
Shell rough , with transverse , elevated ridges and longitudinalstriae ; sutu re not coronated ; aperture effuse ; ou ter lip crenate .
asperulata , A . Adams .
caerulea , Reeve.
clathru s, Gmel.cratitia , A . Adams .
formosa, A . Adams .
gracilis , Reeve .
granatina , L am.
granulosa , Brng .
hebes , Reeve.
inqu inata , Reeve.
lacunosa, Reeve .
latruncularia , Reeve .
leu costoma , Swa ins .
l imata , Reeve .
S ub-
gen . CAN CILLA , Swainson .
Shell fusiform , slender ; spire acuminate , whorls crossed bytransverse, linear, elevated ridges ; aperture simple posteriorly ;outer lip thin, simple .
amoena , A . Adams . annulata , Reeve .
impressa , Anton.
nebulosa, Swa ins .
obscura , Humph .
pellis- serpentis , Reeve .
rhodia , Reeve.
rutila , A . A dams .
serotina , A . Adams .
su turata , Reeve .
T icaonica , Reeve .
ustu lata , Reeve.
vexillum , Reeve .
vitellina , Gou ld .
loricata , Reeve .
luctuosa , A . Adams .
M arquesina , A . Adams .
picta , Reeve .
pretiosa , Reeve .
rorata , Gou ld .
rubiginosa , Reeve .
scabricula , L inn .
serpentina , L am .
Sphaerulata , M a rtyn.
su turata , Reeve .
texturata , L am .
variegata , Reeve.
MITRA .
attenuata , Reeve.
avenacea , Reeve.
Belcheri , H inds .
carnicolor, Reeve .
cingulata , A . A dams .
circulata , Kien .
duplilirata , Reeve .
fi laris, L inn .
flammea , Q uay .
flammigera , Reeve .
funi culata , Reeve .
gigantea , S wa ins .
H indsii , Reeve .
incarnata , Reeve .
insculpta , A . Adams .
interlirata, Reeve.
S ub-gen . CHRYSAM E , H . and A . Adams .
Shell ovate ; spire as long as the aperture , whorls with transverse , elevated ribs ; inner lip w ith a few strong transverse plaits ;ou ter lip wi th the margin crenate .
aurantiaca , C hem .
clandestina , Reeve .
coronata L am .
cucumer ma , L am .
eximia, A . A dams .
fragra , Q uoy and Gnim .
globosa , Chem .
laeta , A . Adams .
peregra , Reeve .
P eronii , Lam .
S ub-
gen , ISARA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell thin, subulate ; spire much longer than the aperture ,
Isabella, Swa ins .
l ineata , S wa ins .
multilirata , A . Adams .
nitens , Kien .
Philippinarum , A . Adams .
pura, A . A dams .
reticulata , A . A dams .
rosacea , Reeve .
rufescens , A . Adams .
rufi lirata , A dams and Reeve.
S olandri , Reeve .
sulcata , Swa ins .
s tram inea , A . Adams .
tornata , Reeve .
verrucosa , Reeve .
planilirata , Reeve .
procissa , Reeve .
roborea , Reeve .
rotundilirata , Reeve .
tiarella , A . A dams.
Ruppellii , Reeve .
tabanula , L am .
telescopium , Reeve .
tornatelloides, Reeve.
turgida , Reeve.
1 72 MITRINAE.
whorls simple ; aperture dilated ; inner lip with a produced, defi ned callus ; outer lip th in, smooth wi th in , effuse anteriorly .
bulimoides , Reeve . S chroeteri , Desh .
picta, Reeve .
S ub-gen . MUTYCA , H . and A . Adams .
Shel l subulate , th in ; spire much longer than the aperture ,whorls fi nely striated ; aperture effuse anteriorly ; outer lip th in ,
simple .
ancilloides, Swa ins . bellula,A . Adams .
S ub-gen . AID ON E , H . and A . Adams .
Shell fusiform , smooth , polished ; spire acuminate , as long asthe aperture ; inner lip excavated, with two obtuse plaits in the
m iddle ; ou ter lip thin , simple .
insignis , A . Adams .
G enus VOLUTOM ITRA , G ray .
S he l l ovate or fusifo rm, smoo th
,covered w i th an epi
dermis , whorls simple ; c o lume l la w ith oblique plai ts ;ou ter l ip th in
,s imple , arcua ted .
E x . V . G raenlandica , Gray , pl . 1 9 , fig . 2 .
D r . G ray has ex amined the tee th o f this genu s, and
finds them to re semble tho se o f S caphella Ta rner i among
th e Volu tidae , having a single coni cal apex and bifurcate
base .
1 74 MITRIN/E .
un iform in co lour and transversely stria ted ; the Z ier
liance have the ou ter l ip inflexed and c renu lated .
Species of S triya tella .
amphorella , L am .
auriculoides , Reeve .
chelonia , Reeve .
chrysalis , Reeve.
columbellaeformis, Kien .
decurtata , Reeve .
dichroma , A . Adams .
granum , Forbes .
labratula, L am .
lineata , Swa ins .
littoralis, Forbes .
litterata , L am .
lutea , Q uay .
maculosa , Reeve .
S ub-gen. M ITRE OLA , Swainson .
Shell ovato-fusiform , solid, smooth or transversely striated ;spire acuminated, apex sometimes papillary ; columella wi th themiddle plaits the largest ; outer lip gibbose i nternally in the
middle .
abbatis , Chem .
albina , A . Adams .
acuminata , S wa ins .
astricta , Reeve .
caliginosa , Reeve .
callosa , Desh .
coarctata , Swa ins .
millecostata, Brod .
mu teliua , Duclas .
nitida , A. Adams .
paupercula , L am.
pediculus , L am .
pica , Reeve .
patula , Reeve .
nanus , R eeve.
retusa , L am .
scutulata , Chem .
semicostata , L am.
tristis , Swa ins .
unifascialis , L am .
effusa, S wa ins .
fastigium , Reeve.
fulva , S wa ins .
ignobilis, Reeve .
limbifera, L am .
nigra , Reeve .
testacea, Swa ins .
TURRICULA . 1 7 5
Sub -
gen . Z IERLIANA , G ray .
S hel l ovate, solid ; spire short, acu te , last whorl tumid at thehind part ; columella with a callosity posteriorly ; ou ter lip thick,
flattened, sinuated at the hind part, lirato-dentate internally .
alveolu s, Reeve .
anthracina , Reeve .
ZE thiops, Reeve .
bilineata , Reeve .
choava , Reeve .
creniplicata , A . Adams .
G enu s TURRICULA , K le in .
S he l l e longated , turre ted , longi tudinally ribbed o r pli
cate spire acum inated ; apertu re narrow ; c olumella w i th
numerou s pla i ts ; ou te r lip internal ly striated .
S yn . Vexi llum,Bolt . T urris, M ontfi ,
not H umph .
T iara , S w a ins ., not Bolt . Vulpecu la, Gray .
E ar. T . c orrugata , L ama rck, pl . 1 9 , fig . 4 . S he ll, T .
vu lpecu la, L ama rck,fig. 4
,a .
Tu r r icu la differs from M i tra in be ing longitudinal ly
ribbed, and in the ou ter l ip be ing s triated w i thin . T he
spec ie s l ive in expo sed si tuations on th e reefs , or c rawl
abou t the clear cora l-sands in sh al low bays and in le ts .
In this group the tee th,as shown by D r . G ray, most
resemb le those o f th e M nri cida ,th e la teral tee th be ing
flat, wi th a bent-up pro c ess at th e end more or less at
right angles w i th the base .
livida , Reeve .
robusta, Reeve .
solidula , Reeve.
virgata , Reeve .
Woldemari i , Kien .
Z iervogeliana , Chem .
l 76 MITRINrE .
Species of Tu rr icu la .
attenuata, Brad .
aurantia , Brod .
balteolata , Reeve .
Gati ra , L inn .
cinctella ,L am .
coccinea , Reeve .
corrugata , Kien .
costellaris , L am .
crenata, Brod .
D efrancii , P ayr .
D enisoni , Reeve .
foraminata, S wa ins .
formosa, A . Adams .
forticostata, Reeve .
funerea , Reeve.
Gruneri , R eeve.
intermedia, Kien .
interrupta, A . Adams .
Jukesii , A . Adams .
S ub-
gen . CO ST ELLARIA , Swainson .
Shell with the last whorl contracted anteriorly , slightly ven
tricose in the middle ; whorls convex , ribs extending as far as
the su ture ; spire longer than the aperture ; aperture striatedinternally .
alauda , S oland .
amanda , Reeve .
angulosa , Kust .
arenaria , L am .
arenosa, L am .
armigera , Reeve .
armillata , Reeve .
articulata , Reeve .
australis , Swa ins .
ligata , A . Adams .
lineata , Brad .
lyrata , L am .
melongena, L am.
multicostata , Brod .
nivea , Brod
ornata , A . Adams .
plicata , Klein
pullata , Reeve .
Regina , Chem .
rugosa , Gmel.
sem iplicata , L am .
taeniata , L am .
terebralis , Brod .
tumida , R eeve .
virgo , L inn .
vittata , Swa ins .
vulpecu la , L inn .
z onalis , Q uay and Gnim.
cadaverosa , Reeve .
esalata , Reeve .
candida , Reeve .
catenata , Reeve .
cithara , Reeve .
clathrata , Reeve .
compta ,A . Adams .
concentrica , Reeve .
corallina, Reeve.
1 78 MITRINrE .
encausta, Gould .
fi culina , L am.
fi dicula , Gou ld .
flavescens , Reeve.
glandiformis , Reeve
h istrio , Reeve .
lachryma , Reeve .
lau ta , Reeve .
leucodesma , Reeve .
lota ,Reeve .
lucu lenta , Reeve .
m ica, Reeve .
muriculata , L am.
nodosa , Swa ins .
nodulifera , A . Adams .
nucleola, L am.
S ub-
gen . CAL L ITHEA , Swainson .
Shell wi th longitudinal , linear ribs crossed with transversebands and striae, last whorl narrowed anteriorly ; Spire nearlyequal in length to the aperture ; aperture with the internalchannel nearly obsolete .
acuminata , Chem .
acupicta , Reeve .
crebrilirata , R eeve.
Hainillei , P eti t.
macrospira, A . Adams .
obeliscus , Reeve .
S ub-
gen . THALA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell fusiform, cancellated ; spire as long as the aperture , lastwhorl attenuated, recurved ; ou ter lip straigh t in the middle ,th ickened, lirate internally , and with a sligh t sinus at the h ind
part .
exilis, Reeve . m iri fi ca , Reeve .
gratiosa , Reeve . recurva , Reeve .
milium , Reeve .
pardalis , Kust.
patriarchialis , Chem.
pinguis , R eeve .
porphyretica , Reeve .
puella , R eeve .
pyram idalis, R eeve .
rosea ,Brod .
rubra , Brod .
S avignii , P ayr .
semiferruginea , J ona s .
speciosa , Reeve .
tuberosa, R eeve.
turben , Reeve .
tusa, Reeve.
variata , Reeve .
venustula , Reeve.
polita , Reeve .
rubricata , Reeve .
sangu isuga , L inn .
S tainforthii , R eeve .
subulata , L am .
Z ebuensis, R eeve .
CYLINDRA . l 7 9
S ub-gen . Z IBA , H . and A . Adams .
Spire acuminate, whorls smooth , subnodose or keeled ; innerlip with the callus defi ned ; outer lip sometimes th ickened in themiddle .
apicata, Reeve . peculiaris , Reeve .
carinata, Swa ins . S enegalensis , Reeve .
micans, Reeve. typha , R eeve.
G enu s CYLINDRA , S chumacher .
S hel l o l iviform ,sub cy l indrical ; spire e levated, coni cal ;
aperture linear ; co lume l la straigh t, w i th several oblique
plai ts anteriorly ; ou ter lip thickened, c renu la ted .
E x . C . nucea, M enschen,pl . 1 9 , fig . 5 . S h ell, C . c re
h u lata , L ama rck,fig . 5 , a .
T here is no opercu lum on th e foo t of the animal,
wh i ch in every e ssen tial resemble s that o f M i tra : th e
species are principally found crawl ing o n sandy patches
among coral reefs, inside the barrier .
Species of Cylindra .
crenu lata , L am. ornata , S chub.
dactylus , L inn . punctata , S wa ins .
fenestrata , L am . S inensis , Reeve.
glans , Reeve . undulosa, Reeve .
nucea, M ensch . vultuosa , R eeve .
obesa, Reeve .
1 80 MITRINjE .
S ub-
gen . SWAIN S ONIA , H . and A . Adams (M itrella, Swa insnot Risso).
Shell oliviform, smooth , polished,'
sometimes covered with an
epidermis , last whorl anteriorly obtuse, expanded ; spire nearlyor qu ite equal to the aperture ; columella with a few oblique
plaits ; ou ter lip smooth internally .
bicolor , Swa ins . laevis , A . Adams .
casta, Swa ins . M arisa, A . Adams .
fi lum, Wood . ocellata , Swa ins.fi ssurata , L am . z ephyra ,
Recine .
fusca, Swa ins . z onata ,M a rrya tt.
incisa , Adams and Reeve .
G enu s IMBRICARIA S chumacher .
She ll coniform, often c overed w ith an epidermis ; sp ire
depressed, apex mu cronate aperture linear ; colume lla
stra ight,wi th numerou s transverse imbricate plates in the
m iddle ; ou ter l ip th i ckened and sometimes crenu late .
S yn . C onohelix ,S wa ins .
E x . I . olivaeformis,S wa inson
,pl . 1 9
,fig . 6 . S he ll
,
1 . conu s,Chemni tz , fig . 6
,a .
T he spe cies of th is genu s have mu ch the same habits
as tho se o f Cylindra , be ing found ch iefly in sandy spots
among c oral reefs ; tho se wi th an epide rmis , as I . conu s,
have been found buried in black mud in M angrove
swamps by one of the au thors .
Species of Imbrica ria .
bacillum, L am . citrina, Reeve .
carbonaria , H inds . conica , S chum .
COLUMBELLINJE .
considerable numbers . T hey are widely distribu ted ,be ing inhabitan ts o f the E ast and West Indies, S ou th
America , C alifornia , A ustral ia , and the M editerranean .
Species of Columbella .
ambigua , Kien .
anacteola , Duel.
az ora , Duel.bidentata , M ice .
Bovinii , Kien .
castanea, S aw .
conspicua , C . B . Adams .
cornea, Kien .
coronata, Duel.fabula, S aw.
fasciata , S ow.
festiva, Kien.
formosa , Ga sh.
fulgurans , L am .
fustigata , Kien .
heemastoma , S ow .
harpaeformis , S ow .
labiosa , S ow .
lentiginosa , H inds .
luteola , Kien .
major, S aw .
meleagris , Duel.
mercatoria ,L inn .
modesta, Kien.
S ub -gen . NITID E LLA , S wainson .
Shell ovate , smooth ; columella with one or two sl igh t folds atthe fore part ; outer lip sligh tly thickened and indexed.
baccata , Gas/c.
Broderipii , S ow .
nu cleus , Kien .
ocellata , L inh .
P aytensis , L ess .
pardalina, L am.
phasinola , Dncl.
P leei , Kien .
pu lchella , Kien .
rasolia , Duel.
reticu lata , L am .
rustica , L inn .
scripta, L am .
spongiarum, Duel.
strombiformis, L am .
tessellata , C . B . Adams.
tumida , Duel.turturina , L am .
T yleri , Gray .
uncinata, S ow .
uvania ,Duel.
varians , S ow .
vulpecula , S ow .
xiphitella , D ncl.
Yoldina , D ncl.
COLUMBELLA . 1 83
K raussii , S ow. nitida , L am .
laevigata , L inn . parvula, D kr .
leucostoma , Gash. pulchrior, C . B . Adams .
mitrula , Dior . pusi lla , S aw .
S ub-
gen . AL IA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell th in ,smooth , covered with an epi dermis ; spire mo
derate ; aperture ovate ; inner lip finely crenate ; outer lip withthe margin th ickened, not callous in the middle, lirate internally .
carinata , H inds. H indsii , Gash.
castanea , Gou ld . un icolor, S ow .
gausapata, Gould . unifasciata, S ow .
S ub -gen . M ITRELLA , Risso (not
Shell fusiform ; spire elevated, acute , whorls smooth ; columella simple , or with a few tubercles anteriorly ; outer lip simpleor crenate w ith in .
achatina , S aw .
adiastina , Duel.
albina , Kien .
austrina ,‘ Gash .
buccinoides , S ow.
C aliforniana , Ga sh.
chrisopis , Duel.cribraria , L am .
C rossiana , R eclnz .
denticulata , S ow .
flexuosa , B rug .
G ervillii , P ayr .
idalina , Duel.
impolita , S aw .
intexta , Ga sh.
lactea , Duel.
ligula , Duel.
lutea , Q uay .
nympha , Duel.
pu lla , Ga sh.
scripta, L inn .
semiconvexa , L am
sertu lari a, D’
O rb .
tamelina, Duel.
T icaonis , S ow .
valveta , Duel.
z ebra , Gray .
1 84 COLUMBELLIN/E .
S ub-
gen . AT IL IA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell fusiform ; spi re elevated, acu te , whorls longitudinallyplicate , the body-whorl abruptly constricted at the fore part ;ou ter lip straigh t, contracted anteriorly .
conspersa , Ga sh . Jaspi dea , S ow .
contaminata , Gash . puella , S ow .
exilis , P hil. su ffusa , S ow .
gracilis, C . B . Adams .
S ub —
gen . ANACHIS , H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovately- fusiform ; spire elevated, whorls longitudinallyribbed ; aperture narrow ; columella straigh t ; outer lip somewhatrectilinear , crenate internally .
acleonta , Duel.atomella, Duel.
atramentaria, S ow .
az ora , Duel.
catenata , S ow .
cancellata , Gash .
costellata , S aw.
costulata ,_
C . B . Adams .
decussata , S ow .
diminuta, _
C . B . Adams .
decipiens , C . B . Adams .
electona, Duel.fluctuata , S ow .
fulva, S ow .
Guildingii , S ow .
gut-turosa , Du el.hordacea, P hil.
interrupta , Gash.
ionida , Duel.
iodostoma , Gash.
kirostra , Duel.
lachryma , S ow .
lepida , Duel.
lyrata, Duel.
miser , S ow .
maesta , C . B . A dams .
naxia , M ice .
nigricans , S aw .
obesa , C . B . Adams .
P aci fi ca , Ga sh .
pallida , P hil.
parva , S ow .
pygmaea , S ow .
rugosa, Sow .
rugulosa , S aw.
scalarina , S ow .
spadicea , P hil.sulcosa ,
S ow.
suturalis , Gray .
tmniata , P h i l.
T erpsichore , L ea thes .
varia, S ow .
varicosa , Gash .
1 86 COLUMBELLINJE .
G enu s STROMBINA , M orch .
S he l l fu siform , turre ted ; spire acum inate , whorls gib
bo se , often nodulous ; apertu re e longate,narrow ; inner
lip w i th a large th ickened cal lus ; ou te r l ip thickened ,s inuated p o steriorly ; c anal produc ed, somewhat re
c u rved .
E x . S . gibb erula, S avverby , pl . 1 9 , fig . 9 .
T h is genu s c omprise s an assemblage o f fusiform species
o f sh e l ls with gibbous whorls , thick and sinuated ou ter
lips,and somewh a t produced and recu rved canals .
Species of
angularis , S ow.
australis, Gash.
bicanalifera , S ow .
blanda , S ow .
clavulus , S ow .
dorsata , S ow .
elegans , S ow .
fusiformis , Hinds .
gibberula, S ow .
gibbosula , Brod .
G enus AMYCLA, H . and A . Adams .
S he l l buc ciniform, smooth , so l id, variegated ; aperture
ova te ; co lumella simple , trunca te at the fore part ; inner
lip with a thick, defined cal lus ou ter lip arcuated, crenate
internally .
S yn . N assa, sp . Anct .
E x . A . cornicu lum,O livi, pl . 1 9 , fig . 1 0 .
T hese mollusks have smal l variegated bu cciniform
S trombina .
Haneti , P etit .h irundo , Gash .
lanceolata, Kien .
maculosa, S arv.
nivea , S aw .
pavonina , H inds .
pulcherrima S ow .
recurva ,S ow .
turrita , S ow .
ENGINA . 1 87
she lls, b ut wi th an animal resemb ling that o f C olumbella ;some of the spec ie s have been referred to N a ssa ; the
A . cornicu lum is the Bu ccinum f a sciola tnm o f L amarck.
Species of Amycla .
conspersa , P hil. P feifleri , P hil.
corniculum , O liv. punctata , Kien .
dermestoidea, L am. taeniata , Adams and Reeve .
Haldemanni , Dkr .
S ub -
gen . ASTYRIS , H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovately fusiform, thin ; spire acum inate , whorls smoothor transversely striated aperture oval ; inner lip simple , not callous ; outer lip th in, sinuated posteriorly , l irate internally .
avara , S ay . pulchella , B la inv.
avena , P hil. rosacea , Gou ld .
clausiliformis, Kien . sagitta , Ga sh .
dissimilis , S timp . secalina, P hil.
Gouldiana , Ayass . tenuis , Ga sh .
lactea , S ow . T u rnbullii , L insl .
limata , S ay . unifascialis, L am.
marquesa , Gash . valga , Gou ld .
nux, Reeve . Veatleyi , Dekay .
G enus ENGINA , G ray .
S he l l ovate -conic ; spire ac um inate , whorls with trans
verse nodu lou s bands or ribs ; aperture l inear , concave ,w i th several broad obl ique pla i ts in front ; ou ter lipthickened, internal ly too thed , gibbous and grooved pos
teriorly .
E x . E . pyrostoma, S owerby, p l . 1 9 , fig . 1 1 .
T he she l ls of this genus partake o f the charac ter o f
1 88 MARGINELLID iE.
S istrum and o f C olumbella , to bo th o f which genera they
have been referred ; they are small and pre tty shells,
o rnamented w i th co loured nodulou s bands .
Species of E ngina .
acuminata , Reeve .
alveolata, Kien .
armillata , Reeve .
astricta , R eeve .
bicatenata , Reeve .
carbonaria , Reeve.
concinna, Reeve.
contracta , Reeve .
crocostoma, Reeve.
deformis , Reeve.
echinata , R eeve .
eximia , Reeve .
ferruginosa , Reeve .
forticostata , R eeve .
histrio , Reeve .
lauta , Reeve .
lineata , R eeve .
ocellata, Reeve.
parva ,Reeve .
porphyrostoma , Reeve .
pulchra, Reeve .
pyrostoma , S ow .
recurva, Reeve .
ru tila , Reeve.
trifasciata , Reeve .
turbinella , Kien .
z onata, Reeve.
S ub-
gen . P US IO STOMA , Swainson .
S hell ovate , with the inner lip convex between the granularteeth ; outer lip greatly th ickened and toothed in the middle .
albinodosa, Gash .
chlorostoma , S ow .
D uclosiana , S ow .
mendicaria , L am.
pisolina , L am .
Fam . M ARGIN E LL ID fE .
T ee th on lingual membran e broad and luna te , wi th
many c on i cal , rather distant dentations, be ing very sim i
lar to those o f Volu ta . T entacles c lose toge ther at the
b ase ; eye s above the base , o r near the m iddle o f the
1 9 0 MARGINELLID/E .
Species of E ra to .
angiostoma, S aw . lmvis, Donov.
gallinacea, H inds . M augeriw, Gray .
guttula , S ow . scabriuscula , Gray .
callosa , Adams and Reeve . sulcifera , S aw .
columbella , M ke. vitulina , Hinds .
lachryma , S aw .
G enus MARGINELLA, L amarck .
S he ll ovate ly ob long, smoo th,po lished ; spire short or
concealed ; aperture e longated, trunc ated in front ; colu
mella p l icate ; ou ter lip w i th a thick marginal varix .
S yn . P o rce llana, Adans .
,no t R ump h . o r K lein . D ac
tylu s, H umph ., not K lein . P terygia, L ink. P haenospira ,
H inds . M arginellarius, D umer i l. M arginellus , M an if .
E x . M . diado chu s,Adams a nd R eeve, pl . 20 , fig . 2 .
S hell , M . glabella, L innaeu s, fig . 2,a .
T he spe cies are remarkable for the bri lliancy and
varie ty o f the ir markings ; they are very numerous along
the shores o f A frica, where they inhabit the c lear sands ,
in somewhat sha llow water ; th ey gl ide along rapidly, and
when seen in full ac tivi ty are obj e cts o f singular inter est
and beau ty .
Sp ecies of M a rginella .
aurantia , L am.
fulminata , Kien .
glabella , L inn .
guttata, B illn .
irrorata , M ke.
labiata , Va lenclineatolabrum , Gash .
mosaica , S aw .
nivosa , H inds .
piperita , H inds .
P oucheti , P etit.
pyrulata , Bedj .
pyrum , Mensch .
S aulcyana, P etit .
Splendens , S ow .
undulata , M art .
MARGINELLA . l 9 1
S ub-gen . GLABELLA , Swainson .
Volu tiform ; spire more or less conic , well-developed ; pillarwith basal plaits ; inner lip obsolete ; outer lip th ick , toothed orcrenate , rarely smooth .
Adansonn , Kien .
albocincta , Sow .
arenaria , Yaldi .Belcheri , H inds .
Bellii , S ow .
b ifasciata , L am .
Chemnitz ii , D illw .
C leryi , P etit .
C umingiana , P etit .
faba , L inn .
festiva , Kien .
formiculata , L am .
Goodallii , S ow .
Gu illaini , P etit .
haematitia , Kien .
harpaeformis , S ow .
helmatina, R ang .
S ub -
gen . PRO NO M , M artini .
S hel l oval ; spire sligh tly prominent ; inner lip very much
developed, and forming a tumid rim all round the aperture .
albina , Gash . inconspicua , S ow .
apicina , M ice . l ivida , H inds.
australis , H inds . marginata, Born .
carnea , S tarer . monilis , L am .
conoidalis , Kien . n ivea , C . B . Adams .
curta , S ow . pellucida , Pf eificrassilabrum , S ow. prunosa, H inds .
evanida , S ow : pygmaea , S aw .
glans , Mke . S owerbyana, P etit .
intermedia , S ow .
limbata , L am .
liturata , M ke .
margarita , Kien .
marginata , Kien .
mu scaria , L am .
mu sica ,H inds.
nodata , H inds .
nubeculata , L am.
obtusa , S ow .
onychina , A dams and Reeve .
P etitii , Duva l.pseudofaba , S aw .
Reeveana, P etit .
scripta, H inds .
striata , S aw .
1 9 2 MARGINELLIDJE .
S toreria , C outh vesciculata , M a rt .
subcaerulea ,M art . vitrea , Hinds .
T erversiana , P etit . xanthostoma , March .
turbinata, S aw .
S ub-
gen . VOLUTE LL A, Swainson .
Bulliform , ovate-oblong ; spire either entirely , or almost , concealed ; pillar with fou r oblique plaits at the fore part ; aperturenot striated ; ou ter lip smooth ,
th ickened ; inner lip wanting .
angustata , S aw . dactylus , L am .
bu llata , Barn . L argillieri , Kien .
contam inata, Gash. lilacina , S aw .
cornea, L am. oblonga , Swa ins .
S ub -
gen . CRYPTO S P IRA ,H inds .
Spire very short , nearly obsolete ; last whorl gibbous posteriorly ; columella with a few s trong transverse plaits ; innerlip not callous ; ou ter lip th ickened, not crenate internally .
amygdalum , Kien . 1311 10 11 1 3 , Gray .
az ona , M he . quadrilineata , Gash .
Bernardii , L a ryill. qu inqueplicata , Lam .
blanda , H inds .sapotilla, H inds .
cincta , Kien .S au lies , S ow .
chrysomelina, Redf .tricincta , Hinds .
diadochus, Adams and Reeve .undulata , Chem .
elegans , Gmel. ventricosa , F isch .
ovu lum , S ow .
G enus PERSICULA, S chumacher .
S he ll oval ; spire sma l l , depre ssed ; aperture l inear,emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly ; inner lip wi th a
1 94 MARGINELLIDJE
G enu s PACHYBATHRON, G asko in .
She l l subcyl indrical , striated longitudinally ; spire flat,
vo lutions perceptible ; aperture narrow ,channelled pos
teriorly ; c o lumella w i th strong, distant dentic ulations at
th e fo re part ; inner l ip wi th a broad, th ick, flat c allus
ex tending the en tire length o f the she ll , transverse ly
strongly grooved ; ou ter lip th ick, dentic ulate inte rnally .
Ex . P . c assidiforme , Ga s/coin , pl . 2 0 , fig . 4 .
T he c uriou s l ittle shells forming th is genu s mo st re
semble species o f P ersicnla , b ut the c allus o f the inner
l ip is very much deve loped and furnished wi th strong
transverse grooves .
Species of P a chyba thron .
cassidiforme , Ga sh . marginelloideum , Gash .
G enus VOLVARIA, L amarck .
S he l l subcyl indrical , sem ipellucid ; spire short,ob so
le te ; apertu re narrow, anteriorly dilated ; c olumella si
nuous in front, subflexuou s, obliqu e ly truncated , and with
fou r obliqu e pla its ; o u ter lip sligh tly th ickened, b u t wi th
o u t a marginal varix .
S yn . Hyal ina,S chum . ,
no t G ray . Volvarius , M ont/iE x . V . tritic ea , L ama rck
, pl . 20 , fig . 5 . S hell , V .
pellu c ida , S chuma cher , fig. 5 , a .
T he Volva r ia o f L amarck appears to b e r es tric ted to
one rec en t spec ies , having the spire sh ort and the ou ter
l ip only sligh tly thickened ; the sub -genus Valvar ina ,
however, is numero us in spec ies .
DOLIIDlfl .
S ub-gen . VOLVARINA , H inds (Hyalina , Gray , not
S hell subcylindrical ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture linear ;columella plicate anteriorly ; ou ter lip externally th ickened ,forming a sligh t marginal varix .
A lbanyana , Gash .
C apensis , Kra u ss .
cylindrica, B rown .
D elessertiana , Reclnz .
D unkeri, Kra uss .
fasciata , S aw .
fauna, S aw.
fusca , S aw .
fu siformis , H inds .
gracilis , C . B . Adams .
H indsiana , P etit .
inflexa, S ow .
lactea, Kien .
L avalleana , D’
C rb .
Fam . D O L IID rE .
T ee th on l ingual membrane in seven rows
c entral generally too thed , la te ral in three serie s, con
verging,the inne r often broad, the two ou ter subu late , ver
satile . M antle enclo sed, the siphon recu rved . Foot smal l .
O perculum none .
S he ll thin, ventrico se ; whorls wi th transverse ribs ; aper
ture w ith an oblique no tch in fron t .
M . D eshayes no tices a c urious fac t in the hab its o f
D olium,which he states swe lls ou t the foo t
,when i t
desires to swim,w ith an eno rmous quantity o f wa ter, im
bib ed through c ertain pores , and in this c ondition pro
gresses .
micans , P etit .
neglecta , S our.n itida , H inds .
olivaeformis , K ie;
oryz a , Lam .
pallida , L inn .
P hilippinarum , Bedj .
punctulata , P etit .
rubella, S aw.
serrata, Ga sh .
teeniata , S ow .
triplicata , Gash .
tri ticea , L am .
z onata , L am.
1 9 6 DOLIIDJE .
G enus DOLIUM, Browne .
S hel l thin ,roundly o va l , ventric o se , inflated ; Spire
small ; whorls transverse ly furrowed ; apertu re very large ,wi th a sho rt posteriorly reflec ted c anal ; inner lip thin,wide ly expanded ; ou ter lip fi mb riated or c renated .
S yn . P e rdix , M antf . G alea,M a r t . D olites , K lny .
C assida . L ang , not L inn . T onna, Brnnn .
E x . D . olearium ,L innaeu s
,pl . 2 0 , fi g . 6 . S he ll, D .
olearium,
fig . 6 , a .
T he T uns,
”as they are sometimes called, known by
the ir large , l igh t , ventric o se she lls w ith transverse ribs or
furrows,are found in the M editerranean , C ey lon , C h ina ,
A u stralia , and the P ac ific .
Species of Dalium .
amphora , P hil.
australe , Chem .
cassis , Bolt .
C umingii , H anley .
D eshayesu , R eeve.
fasciatum , M art .
galea , L inn .
G enu s CADIUM, L ink .
S he ll ovate ly globose , thick, wi th transverse e levated
ribs ; aperture ringent ; co lume lla w i th numerous transverse pla its , or wi th ca llou s prom inences ; o u ter l ip thick
ened, grea tly reflec ted, and plicately dentate .
S yn . M alea,Va lenc iennes .
lactescens , M a rt .
melanostoma , Jay .
olearium ,L inn .
pennatum , M a rt .
perdix , L inn
tessellatum, L am .
z onatum , Green .
1 9 8 srcorrrmn .
Fam . S Y C O T Y P ID ZE .
T ongue with the rach is unidentate , pluraa w i th three
unc in i forming seven rows o f tee th on the l ingual
membrane . T entac le s subu la te , wi th the eye s at the ir
ou ter bases . M antle produced on e ach side,c overing th e
she ll ; siphon stra ight, e longated . Fo o t th in, simple , pro
duced posteriorly .
O percu lum none .
S he l l ventric o se , thin, transversely ribbed and cance l
lated ; aperture w i th a stra ight c anal in front .
T he animals o f this group c rawl very rapidly,bearing
their ligh t, elegantly-formed she lls easily, and, w ith the ir
neck stre tched out, their s iphon ex serted, and the ir foo t
greatly expanded,pre sent remarkable objects of c on
templation to the malaco z ologist .
G enu s SYCO TYPUS , Browne .
S hel l pyriform,ligh t
,ventricose ribbed and c ancella ted
spire very short ; aperture large ; co lume l la simple ; c anal
s tra ight,e longated ; o uter lip th in, entire .
S yn . Ficus , Bolt , not L inn . P y ru la (part), L am .
F iou la , S w a ins . O tus, R isso .
E x . S . fi cu s, L innaeus, pl . 2 1 , fig . 1 . S he ll , S . D usu
m ieri , Va lenc iennes, fig . a .
T he S yeatyp i are de lic ate ly- tinted c reature s,be ing
generally flesh-coloured, with fa int, marbled,c rimson and
pink markings ; the i r ey es are large and black, and the i r
long flat heads and ne cks u sually whi te .
VELUTINID/E .
Sp ecies of S ycotypus .
decussatus , Wood . fi cus , Linn .
D usumieri , Va lene . gracilis , P hil.fi coides, L am . reticulatus , L am .
Fam . VE LU T IN ID zE .
T ongue armed wi th a single series o f broad, hooked ,serrated tee th , flanked on each s ide by a triple row o f
latera ls, the two ou ter rows be ing s imple , and the inne r
row bro ad, b ooked, and serrated . H ead broad ; ten
tae les subu late , blunt, far apart, wi th the eyes on pro
minenc es at the ir ou ter base s . M antle w i th the margin
developed all round, and more or less reflexed over the
shell . Foo t large and oblong .
O percu lum none .
S hel l ear-sh aped ; aperture wide , entire in front .
T he opercu ligerous lobe in th is family is developed, in
common w ith the lateral and ante rio r portions o f the
mantle , so as to b e c apable o f be ing reflex ed over the
sides o f the shell .
G enus VELUTINA , F leming .
S he l l thin ,covered w ith a ve lve ty epide rmis, vo lu tions
few ,last whorl ventricose , large ; spire small , obtuse sub
marginal , su ture deep ; aperture very large , patu lous,entire ; ou ter l ip acu te .
S yn . G alericulum ,B rown .
E x . V . laevigata, L innaeus, p l . 2 1 , fig . 2 . S hell , V .
laevigata,fi g . 2
,a .
200 LAMELLARIIDE .
T he Velntinidw are stric tly marine , be ing met wi th
some time s far o ut at sea , and at c onsiderable depth s .
Usually, however, they are found living on stones near
low-water mark . T hey are princ ipally inh abitants o f
northern seas, and are no t very numerou s in spec ie s .
Sp ecies of Velu tina .
capuloidea , Bla inv. laevigata , L inn .
coriacea, P a llas . S itkensis , A . Adams .
cryptospira ,M idd .
S ub -
gen . L IMN ERIA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell solid, semiglobose , subspiral ; apertu re w ide , expanded ,
extending posteriorly beyond the apex ; inner lip obl ique , re
flexed posteriorly , straigh t and acu te anteriorly .
C aspiensis, H . and A . A dams . z onata , Gou ld.
S ub -
gen . VE LUTE LL A , Gray .
Shell thin , flex ible , pellucid, smooth ,membranaceous ; spire
rather elevated ; aperture oblong ; columella flexuous .
plicatilis , M u ll.
Fam . L AM E L LAR IID E .
T ee th on l ingual membrane in th ree or seven serie s,the c entral broad, the lateral versatile ; la teral teeth
simple,curved . T entac les separated at their bases, and
bearing th e sessile eye s at the ir o rigin ex ternally . M antle
inc luded, lining the shell . Foo t oblong,obtuse ly quad
rate in front,rounded beh ind ; h ind o r opercu ligerou s
202 LAMELLARIIDAE.
G enus CRYPTO CELLA, H . and A . Adams .
pM antle depressed, subverrucose o r smo o th
,anterio r
fo ld median .
S hel l th in , pellu c id , calc areou s ; spire small ; aperture
very large , patulous ; inner lip re ceding .
S yn . L ame llaria,sp . M ont .
Ex . C . latens , M uller,pl . 2 1
,fi g . 4
,4,a . S hel l ,
C . tentaculata, M ontagu , fig . 4 , .b .
T his form di ffers from L amella r ia in the back not
be ing tuberc led, and in the position o f the eyes ; i t has
not the fissure on the back described as pecu l iar to M
p radi ta by D r . L oven . T he she ll is more cal careous
than tha t o f L amella r ia .
Species of C ryptoeella .
latens, M u ll. tentacu lata, M ont .
G enus MARSENINA, G ray .
T eeth, central lateral hooked, equal . M antle
depressed,very th in or fi ssured on the back, subverruc ose ;
anterior fo ld sub sinistral, and the lateral canal dex tral .
S hell e longated, O paqu e ; spire minu te ; ou ter l ip some
what straight .
S yn . L ame l laria, sp . Laven .
E x . M .
’
prodita, L a’
ven .
T his genus differs from the others of the family in the
‘
mantle (9 operculigerous lobe) being fi ssured down the
back .
NATICID/E . 203
G enu s CORIO CELLA , Blainville .
M antle deeply fi ssu red and bilobed in front, the sur
fa ce depressed and covered wi th numerou s hexagonal
tuberc les .
S he l l spiral , calcareous , ear-shaped , thin , subopaque ;
spire short,whorls rounded, last whorl large ; aperture
patu lou s .
S yn . S igaretus, C uvier , no t L am . C ryptothyra ,
fi f e/the . C helino tu s , S w a ins .
Em. C . nigra , Q uay and Ga ima rd,pl . 2 1
,fig . 5
,5,a .
S hell, C . n igra
,fig . 5
,b .
T he an imal figured is very large , and entire ly o f a b lack
c olou r ; i t is a native o f the Island o f T onga ; a spec ies ,
o f wh ich th e an imal is also black and the sh el l verysimilar, is found in the P h ilippine A rch ipelago , and
ano ther, C . Op h ione , is from A ustral ia and N ew Zealand .
Speeies of C oriacella .
nigra , Q uay and Gnim . O ph ione , Gray .
Fam . N AT IC ID ZE .
Animal bu lky . T ongue short, w i th seven rows o f tee th
c onsisting o f a quadrate,broad-based , c entra l
too th,flanked by three laterals on each side . H ead small ;
ten tac les lanceo late , w ide apart, uni ted by a ve il ; eye s
u su ally ab sen t, or very m inu te and plac ed benea th th e ten
tacular ve il . M antle enc lo sed . Foo t very large and ex
panded, rounded a t bo th ends , much produced in front,
204 NATICIDJE .
where i t is furnished wi th a fold wh ich covers the head and
tentac les ; operculigerou s lobe very ample , reflexed upon
and partially c onc eal ing the s ides and back o f the she ll .
O perc u lum distinc t, spiral , few-whorled .
S hel l spiral, u su ally smoo th or po lished, more o r less
globu lar ; aperture semilunar,some times very large .
T he ex istence o f a large opercu ligerous lobe is a
remark able featu re in thi s fam ily, and serves, at once ,to distingu ish it ; in the po l ished M amma i t nearly
c overs , and in C a tinus is ex tended qu i te ac ross, the
sh ell . T he siz e of the opercu lum in this group seems
no t to depend upon that o f the mou th of th e shell , being
m ost deve loped in those genera which have a contracted
aperture,and smallest in those where the mou th is w ide ;
thu s,in C a tina s i t is horny and rudimentary ; in Ruma
horny,b u t large ; and in N a tica ample and calc areou s .
T he eggs o f th e N a tieidce are agglu tina ted into bro ad,subspira l bands
,very sl igh tly a ttached, and resting on
the sands . T hese animals are carnivorou s and very pre
dac eous,feeding on the smaller biva lve s, in wh i ch they
bore c ircular ho les to extract the fle sh .
G enus NAT ICA Adanson .
An imal entire ly re trac tile wi thin the she ll .
O percu lum horny,w ith a calcareou s o u ter layer .
S hel l subglobose ; spire rather e leva ted ; aperture sem i
lunar ; co lume l la adherent to, and spiral ly c onto rted in
,
the umbil icus ; apex more or less dilated and truncate ,mo re rarely c onvex or rounded .
S yn . N aticus,M ont]. Lunatus, H umph . N ac ca ,
R isso . C ochlis, Bolt . N aticarius, D um .
206 NATICIDn .
Mahesensis, Reeluz .
M alabarica , Reeluz .
maroccana , Chem .
marochiensis , Reclus .
onca , Bolt .
oriental is , Gmel.
pallens , P hil.
papilionacea , Desh .
picta , Reclnz .
pygmaea , P hil.
Riz z aa, P hi l.
rufa , Barn .
ru fi labris , Reclu z .
solida , Bla inv.
S ub-
gen . ST IGMAULAX , M orch .
S hell solid, subglobose , whorls rounded, sulcate or cancellated umbilicus w ith a Spiral funiculus . Opercu lum calcareous ,w ith several ridges on the ou ter surface .
rugosa , Chem. sulcata, Born .
semisulcata , Gray .
G enus LUNATIA L amarck .
Anima l entirely re trac tile w ithin the she ll .
O percu lum S imple, c artilaginous .
S hell oval, subglobose ; spire rather e leva ted ; aperture
semilunar ; inner lip thin , or with a moderate c allus u rn
biliou s wide , perviou s, no t funicu late .
S yn . N ati ca , R isso, no t Ada ns .
E x . L . monil ifera , L ama rck, pl . 22 , fi g. 2 . O per
c ulum , L . monilifera , fig . 2 , a , 2 , b . S hel l , L . mon il ifera ,
fig . 2 , c .
In th is genu s the she lls are usual ly co ve red wi th a dark
S ouleytiana , Recine .
spadicea , Bla inv.
stercus-muscarum , Chem.
tessellata , P hil.
T ournefortii , Reeluz .
trifasciata , Recluz .
undata , M ensch .
unifasciata , L am.
variolaria , Reeluz .
vitellus , L inn .
vittata , Gmel.
Z ealandica , Q uay .
zebra , Chem .
z onalis , Recluz .
LUNATIA . 207
epiderm is ; they are not so th ick and so l id as the she lls o f
N a tica ; nor is the umbil icu s filled wi th a funicu lus or
spiral callosity . T he spec ies seem to inhabit co ld or tem
perate , rathe r than tropi c al c l imates, wh i ch may acc ount
for the i r more sombre c o lo urs ; some northern forms, as
L . heros and L . herc u lea , a ttain to a ve ry large siz e .
Sp ecies of Luna tia .
A lderi , F orbes .
algida , Gou ld .
aperta , Loven .
atrocyanea , P h il.
Buriascensis , Recluz .
castanea , L am .
caurina, Gou ld .
duplicata , S ay .
fragilis , L each .
Francisca , Recluz .
Gallapagosa , Recluz .
globosa, K ing .
Groenlandica , Beck.
herculea, M idd.
h eros, S ay .
immaculata, T otten .
impervia, P hil.Jamaicensis, C . B . Adams .
lactea , S ow .
L ewisii , Gould .
livida, L ash .
S ub-
gen . ACRYBIA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell globular, inflated, th in ; whorls rounded, spirally stri
ated ; columella curved in the middle ; umbilicus covered by a
callus ; outer lip very thin, flexible .
flava , Gou ld .
melastoma, S ow .
monilifera , L am .
M ontagu i , F orbes .
nana , M all.
pallida , B rad . and S ow .
P anamana , Reclus .
P atagonica, P hil.
pisiformis, Reclnz .
plicatula , N u tt.
plumbea , L am .
puncticulata , Reeluz .
pusilla , S ay .
Raynoldiana, Reclnz .
rhodostoma, P hil.
septentrionalis , Beck.
solu ta , Gou ld.
tenu is , Reeluz .
triseriata, S ay .
variabilis , Reclus .
violacea, S ow.
208 NATlCl E.
G enus NEVERITA, R isso .
O percu lum simp le, cartilaginous .
S hell o rb icu lar, depressed ; S pire fla ttened ; aperture
w ide , sem ilunar ; inner lip straight,c al lous ; c o lume lla
adherent to , and spirally c ontorted in , th e umb il ic us , the
apex more or less dila ted and truncate .
S yn . N aticaria , S w a ins .
E x . N . C hemnitz ii , Recine , pl . 2 2 , fi g . 3 . O perculum,
N . glau c ina , L ama rck, fi g . 3 , a ,
‘
3 , 6 . S he ll , N . glauc ina,
fi g . 3,c .
In this genus the spire o f the shell is depressed,the
aperture very wide , and the large umbilicu s is funicu la te
and partial ly concea led by a ca llous, tongu e -shaped,shelly process ; the opercu lum is horny, and nearly c loses
the mou th of the she ll .
Species of N everi ta .
albumen , L inn . L amarckiana , Reclnz .
ampla , P hil . olla , M . de S err .
bicolor, P hil. papyracea, Busch .
C ampechiensis, Recluz . patu la , S ow .
Chemnitz ii , Reclnz . P eteveriana , Recluz .
conica , L am . P h ilippians , Recluz .
didyma , P hil . Reclusiana, Desh .
glau cina , L am . unifasciata , L am .
Ia cei , P hil. vesicalis, P hil.intermedia , Reclnz .
G enus AMPULLINA, L amarck .
S he l l ventricose , imperforate ; spire w ith the apex acu te ,
whorls smoo th,withou t epidermis ; aperture very w ide ;
2 1 0 NATICIDZE .
Sp ecies of Ruma .
Bahiensis , Recluz .
bicincta , Reclu z .
bi fasciata , Gray .
fi brosa, S oul.
litterata , S ou l.
macrotrema , A dams and Reeve .
mamillaris , Born .
maura , L am .
melanastomoides, Q uay .
opaca, Reelnz .
G enus MAMMA , K le in .
Animal entirely re tracti le w i thin the Shell .
O percu lum large , ho rny, simple .
S hel l ovate or subovate, solid,smoo th , u sual ly with
ou t epiderm i s ; spire small, acu te , whorls simple ; aperture
sem i c ircu lar ; inner lip obliqu e , thickened, cal lou s ; umbi
licus funi cu late ; co lume l la adherent to , and spirally con
torted in,the umbili cu s, the apex more or le ss dila ted,
convex and rounded .
S yn . Uber, Hump h . A lbula , Bolt . P o lini ces , M on ty.
M am illa , G ray , no t S chum . E u caryum ,E hrenb . M am i l
laria, S w a ins . N atic ina, G u i ld .
E x . M . mam il la,L innaeu s , pl . 22 , fi g . 6 . O percu lum
,
M . C umingii, Reeluz , fig . 6,a,6,b . She ll , M . mam illa,
fig . 6 , e .
T he animal s o f this pecu l iar type o f N a ti cidae inhabit
clear sand and muddy sand-flats, and may b e readily
taken at low-wate r by fo llowing the marks they leave ,when they are usually discovered concealed under li ttle
perspectiva , Recluz .
P riamu s, Recine .
putamen,M ensch .
S amarensis , Reclus .
S ebae, S au l .
S enegalensis , Recine .
sinniae, Chem.
sinnioidea , Reclnz .
‘
Z anz ebarica , Recluz .
NATICINA .2 1 1
heaps o f sand . When the animal is seen c rawling, fu lly
expanded and undisturb ed, th e h ind lobe o f the foo t
nearly c overs the entire surfac e o f the shell .
Species of M amma .
alba , M ontf .
albula , a ph .
amiculata, P hil.
au rantia , L am .
Bernardii , Reclu z .
candidissima , L e Gu illau .
C aribma , P hil.
casta , P hil.columnaris , Recine .
Cora , D’
O rb.
C umingiana , Reeluz .
D raparnaudii , P ayr .
dubia,Racia z .
Flemingiana , Reelu z .
funiculata , Recluz .
fuscata , Chem.
intemerita , P hil.
mamilla , L inn .
G enu s NATICINA , G ray .
S hel l ob long-ovate , thin, ventrico se ; spire acum inate ,
whorls transverse ly striated or su l cate ; aperture large ,
O blong ; inner lip strai gh t, thin, with a sligh t c allosi ty in
the m iddle ; umb ili cus open or partially c overed .
E x . N . papilla, Gmelin,pl . 2 2
,fig . 7 .
T he species o f this group seem interm ediate be tween
Ruma and C a tinus ; they inhabit to lerably deep water,and are u sually o f an unifo rm white colou r ; the anima l
and O percu lum are no t ye t known .
nitida, Donov.
ochrostoma ,Raclnz .
pallium , Recine .
P anamensis , Baela e .
perspicua , Reclnz .
pes-elephantis , Chem .
porcellanea , D’
O rb .
P owisiana , Reclnz .
pyriformis , Recluz .
ravida , S ow .
S alangonensis , Recine .
straminea , Reclu z .
T exasiana , P h il.
ub erina, Va lene .
Vavasi , L e Gnillon.
vestalis, P hi l.
virginea , Recluz .
2 1 2 narrower.
Species of N a ticina .
acuminata , Adams and Reeve . L inneana, R ecine .
bilix , Conr . mamillaris , L inn .
D esmoulinsiana , Reeluz . papilla , Gmel.Gouldiana, Recluz . sulcata , Reeluz .
L amarckiana, Recine .
G enu s CATINUS , K le in .
O percu ligerous lobe greatly deve loped , nearly covering
and c onceal ing the shell .
O percu lum very small and rudimentary .
S hell oval, flattened, ear-Shaped, striated ; S pire m inu te ,
depressed ; aperture very w ide , oblique ; umbilicus none ;
inner l ip curved posteriorly, and spread th inly over the
body-who rl .
S yn . S tomatia , H i ll, not L am . A uris-Veneris,Hump h .
Auriformis , G evers . Hal io tis, Adans .,not L inn . C ryp
tostoma,B la inv .
E x . C . L eachrr, Bla inville, pl . 22 , fig . 8 . O percu lum ,
C . c oncavus, Lama rck, fig . 8,a ,8,b . Shell, C . c oncavus,
fig . 8, c .
T he C a tini c ome from the West Indies , C h ina , India ,and S ou th America . T hey l ive on muddy sand-flats ; in
the ir h abits they are sluggish and slow-moving, and very
tim id ; when c rawl ing they c onstantly explore the surfac e
w ith the produced fo re lobe o f the foo t,which is also the
instrument employed in burrowing in the sand ; the oper
c ulum , ve ry small,will b e found under the hind part o f
the body-whorl o f the shell .
2 1 4 CAS SIDID/E .
E x . A . candida, M oller,pl . 2 2 , fi g . 9 .
T he spe c ie s o f this genu s hitherto discovere d are but
few in number,and are from the N o rthern S eas ; the shells
are nearly devo id o f colou r,and are covered wi th a th in,
horn y epidermis . M Oller has described the an imal, and
mentions the fact o f the ex istence o f eyes , wh i ch , how
ever, are partly c onc ealed under the skin ; the o ther genera
o f th is fam ily are stated to b e blind .
Sp ecies of Ama ura .
canaliculata , Gou ld . cornea , Mu ll .
candida , M a'
ll.
Fam . C A S S ID ID ZE .
L ingua l membrane short,broad
,triangu lar, wi th many
rows o f s im ilar,lance t - shaped tee th , and a single smal l
dentated too th in the central series . M antle enclosed,
w ith a recu rved S iphon . Fo o t large , dilated .
O perc u lum annu lar ; nu cleus in the m iddle o f the
straight inner edge .
S he l l ven tri cose , subglobose , whorls often variced ;
aperture wi th a recurved canal ; ou ter lip thickened ; inner
l ip wrinkled or granu lar .
T he “ H e lme t S hells, c omprising many of the larges t
known G asteropods, form a very natura l group ; they prin
c ipally inhab it the warmer regions o f the globe .
G enu s CAS SIS, Browne .
O percu lum oblong, narrow, small .
S he ll triangular, last whorl large , wi th irregular varices
S EMICAS S IS . 2 1 5
aperture l inear, long , w i th a short, sharply-recurved, S inis
tral c ana l in front ; inner lip form ing a large , transverse ly
wrinkled plate spread over th e body-whorl ; outer lipth i ckened, reflected, p l i cate or too thed .
S yn . C assidea , Bray , S chum .
,not L ink . C assida ,
H ump h ., not L any or L inn .
E x . C . cornu ta , L innaeu s , pl . 23 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
C . c ornu ta, fig . 1,a,1, b . S he ll , C . tuberosa, L innaeu s,
fig . 1 , c .
T he C a ssides are ac tive and vorac iou s, living in sandy
local ities where biva lves abound, and upon which they preyT hey are found in the M auritius, C eylon , the P hil ip
pines, theWest Indies, and the M edi terranean the larger
spec ies are emp loyed in the manu fa cture o f shel l cameo s,
which are carve d from the large enamel led plate o f the
inner l ip .
Sp ecies of Cassis.
cornu ta , L inn . M adagascariensis , L am .
fi mbriata , Q uay and Gnim . spinosa , M ensch .
flammea , L inn . tuberosa , L inn .
G enus SEM ICASSIS , K le in .
O percu lum half-ovate , moderate , nu c leus on the m iddle
of the straight inne r edge .
S he ll ovate , transverse ly grooved ; spire moderate ,
acu te , whorl s more or less tuberculated aperture ob long ,
emarginate anteriorly ; inne r l ip ob l iquely rugosely pli
cated ; ou te r lip reflex ed and transverse ly p l icated .
S yn . C assidea , b . S wa ins .
E x . S . anceps, H . and A . Adams,pl . 23
, fig . 2 .
2 1 6 CAS S IDIDAE .
O percu lum, S . glau ca, L innaeu s, fi g . 2,a,2,b . S he ll,
S . sulcosa, Born,
fig . 2,e .
T he ova l form, irregular varices,and rather po inted
spire serve to charac teriz e th is genus ; the nature o f the
O perc ulum at once distingu ishes i t from C a ssis,and its
presence from M orum .
Species of S emicassis .
anceps , H . and A . Adams .
canaliculata , Brug .
cicatricosa, M ensch .
gibba , Gmel.
Japonica , Reeve .
pila, Reeve .
S ub-gen . PHAL IUM , L ink (Bez oardica,
S hell transversely striated ; Spire acu te , whorls angulated,
variced ; inner lip rugosely plicate ; outer lip strongly dentatewith in.
areola , Linn . exarata, R eeve.
bisulcata , S chub . and Way . glauca , L inn .
coronulata , S ow. plicata , L inn .
decussata, L inn . undata , M a rt.
S ub-
gen . CASMAR IA , H . and A . Adams‘
(Cassidea , Swa inson ,
not L ink).
Shell smooth , whorls S imple or subplicate ; spire somewhatelevated ; inner lip smooth ; outer lip usually simple or sligh tlycrenate internally .
achatina , L am . quadrata , L ink.
paucirugis , M ka. turgida ,R eeve.
pyrum, L am. vibex, L inn .
recurvirostrum , Wood .
S aburon , Adans .
sem igranosa , L am .
sulcosa , Born .
tessellata , Chem .
ventri cosa , M a rt.
2 1 8 CASS IDIDJE.
T he thin , inflexed ou ter l ip of L evania at once distin
guishes the genus from o thers in the family ; the oper
culum is small and very narrow,be ing adapted to the c on
trac ted aperture ; the she ll , which is c overed with ahorny
epide rmis, and the pecu l iar opercu lum, are all at present
known concerning the genu s .
G enus S CON S IA , G ray .
O pereu lum
S hell ovate ly- fusiform,transversely groo ved, wi th a
single longitudinal varix ; spire acuminated ; aperture
e longated ; cana l very short, slightly recu rved ; inner lip
regu larly p l ic ated, anterio r plai ts the largest ; o u ter lipthickened , sub reflexed, internally plicated .
S yn . C assidaria sp . ,L am .
E x . S . striata, L ama rck,p l . 23
,fi g . 5 .
T he tex ture o f the shel l in this genu s is very pecu l iar,
being transversely striated and not tuberc led, as in Ga
leodea , and the cana l is ne i ther so long, nor so re cu rved ,
as in that genu s ; the opercu lum and animal are unknown .
G enus GALEODEA , L ink .
O perculum ovate , o uter edge sinuous,nuc leus on the
hinder third o f ou ter margin .
S hell oval , las t whorl ventricose , tubercu lated ; aper
ture narrow, ending anteriorly in a produced, recurvedc anal ; inner l ip plicated
,widely spread over the body
whorl ; ou ter l ip reflec ted and crenate .
S yn . M o rio , M anif . E chinora, S chum . C assidari a ,
L am .
MORUM . 2 1 9
E ar. G . rugosa, L innaeus, pl . 2 3 , fig . 6 . O percu lum ,
G . e chinophora, L innaeu s, fi g . 6, a , 6, b. She ll, G . e chi
nophora , fig . 6 , c .
T he form and stru cture o f the opercu lum in this genus
is very peculiar ; the shells are known by the ir transverse ly
ri bbed and nodu lous whorls, and the ir prominen t, re
cu rved, siphonal cana l ; they are not numerou s in spec ies .
Species of Ga leodea .
acu ta , Gray . rugosa, L inn .
D eshayesii , D nva l. Tyrrhena , Chem .
echinophora , Linn .
G enus MORUM , Bolten .
S he l l ovate ly - triangu lar, tuberc u lated ; spire very short,apex muc ronate ; aperture linear
,anteriorly emarginate ;
c olume lla w i th papillary striae ; ou ter lip refle c ted, inter
nally plicated .
S yn . Hystrix,H umph .
,no t L inn . E rsina
, Gray .
L amb idium ,L ink. C assidea , g . S chum . O nisc ia , S aw .
T heliostoma , Au ct.
E x . M . oniscu s, L innaeus, p l . 2 3 , fi g . 7 .
In the genus M arum th e back o f the she ll is tube r
c ulated, and the shell is c overed with a fi ne,ve lve ty epi
derm is . T here are abou t n ine spec ies known .
Species of M orum.
L amarcki i , Desh . tuberculosum, S ow.
oniscus , L inn . xanthostoma , A . Adams .
220 S CALID/E .
S ub-
gen . ONIS CID IA , Swainson .
S hell cancellated ; Spire acuminated ; inner lip widely spread
over the body-whorl , and granulated ; ou ter lip th ickened and
denticu late .
cancellatum , S aw . grande, A . Adams .
D ennisoni , Reeve . S trombiforme , Reeve .
exquisitum, Adams and Reeve.
Fam . S CAL ID fE .
L ingual riband w ith no c entral denti cles,bu t wi th
transverse rows o f tee th formed o f unguicu lar, simple un
cini or laterals . T entac les subu la te , with the eyes on the
ou ter side o f the ir base s . M antle enc losed, wi th a rudi
m entary siphonal fo ld . Foo t obtusely triangu lar, grooved
below,furnished in front w ith a fol d o r mentum .
O percu lum horny, spiral, o f few whorls .
S hell spi ral, turre ted, variced ; aperture entire,withou t
any no tch or canal .
T he an imals in this fam i ly are predaceou s, and the ir
shells, for the most part of a wh i te co lou r, are remarkable
fo r the ex treme elegance o f the ir form and de licacy o f
scu lpture .
G enu s S CALA , K le in .
S hel l u sual ly pure white , so lid,lus trous
,turre ted,
many-whorled ; whorls convex , some tim es separated,o rnamented wi th numerous longitudinal rib s ; aperture
round, peristome continuo us, th ickened .
S yn . S calarus , M antf . S calaria , L am . A c ione ,
222
polita , S ow .
porrects , H inds .
pri ncipalis , P a lla s .
pu lcherrima, S aw .
repl icata , S ow .
rubrolineata , S ow .
scalaris , L inn .
S imilis , S ow .
striata , Gray .
S CALIDE .
subtilis , S ow .
sulcata , S ow .
tenu icostata , S ow .
texturata , Gould .
trifasciata , D e Haen .
turricula , S ow .
venosa, S ow.
vestalis , H inds .
S ub-
gen . C LATHRUS , Oken .
Shell turreted, thick, solid,whorls united, wi th numerous
thick, longitudinal varices ; aperture ovate, eff use anteriorly ;umbilicus concealed, not pervious .
angulata, S ay .
clath rus, L inn .
connexa, S ow .
E schrichti, Holb.
fusca , S aw .
G roenlandica , Chem .
hexagona , S ow .
lamellosa, L am.
O chotensis , M idd .
ovalis , S aw
pyramidal is , S ow .
tenu is , S aw .
T revelyana , L each .
T urtonis , R isso .
unifasciata, S ow .
S ub-gen . O PALTA , H . and A . Adams (C lathrus , Gray ,
not Oken).
S hell turreted, imperfora te ; whorls not disuni ted, the lastwith a conspicuous Spiral ridge round the umbil ical region .
australis , L am .
coronata, L am .
crassicosta ta , S ow .
D iana , H inds .
monocycla , Kien.
statuminata , S ow .
undulata , S ow.
vulpina , H inds .
TEREBRIDE . 223
S ub -
gen . AME A , H . and A . Adams .
S hell turreted, th in ; whorls united, cancella ted, with a few
th in,irregular varices ; aperture semi lunar ; inner lip gibbose in
the middle ou ter lip th in , S imple .
magnifi ca , S ow . M artinii , Wood .
G enus CIRSOTREMA , M o rch .
S hell turre ted, sol id ; who rls cance lla ted, wi th a few
thick,irregu lar varices ; apertu re c ircu lar ; ou ter lip wi th
a thick,crenate , marginal varix .
E x . C . varico sa , L ama rck, pl . 23 , fi g . 9 . O percu lum ,
C . varicosa , fig . 9 , a , 9 , b .
T he she ll s o f this genu s may b e known from those o f
S ca la by the pecu l iar canc ellated stru c tu re o f the whorls,
and by the varices being fewer and non -continuous .
Species of C irsotrema .
bicarinata , S ow.
coch lea, S ow .
crassilabrum , S ow .
crenata , L inn .
decussata, Lam .
diadema , S ow.
Fam . T E REBR ID ZE .
T ee th and l ingual membrane rudimentary o r none .
T entacles very smal l or wanting ; eye s on the tips o f ten
granulosa , Quay and Gnim .
hyalina , S aw .
raricostata, L am .
suturalis , H inds .
unifasciata , S ow .
varicosa , L am.
224 TEREBRIN fE.
tacles or wanting . M antle enc losed, with an e longated
siphon . Foo t small .
O percu lum annular, nu c leus apical .
S he l l dense , so lid, turreted ; aperture w ith an oblique
no tch in front ; outer lip th in, not variced .
S ub -fam . T EREBR lN/E .
O percu lum ova te , po inted, wi th nu cleu s apica l .
G enus ACUS , Humphrey .
E ye s on the tip s o f the tentacles .
S he l l subu late , whorls numerou s , simple aperture elon
gate , emarginate anteriorly,not produced into a canal ;
co lume lla simple , incurr ed, not tortuous ; ou ter lip simple ,
acu te , w i thou t a sinus at the fore part .
S yn . S ub ula, S chum . T erebraria,Rafi n . T urricu la ,
Hermans .
Ex . A . macu lata, L inna ne, pl . 2 4 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
A . crenu lata , L ama rck, fi g . 1, a , l , b . S hell, A . macu
lata,fig. 1 , c .
In this genus the tentac les are very short,wi th the eyes
at the ir ti p s .
Species of A cus .
albida , Gray .
caeru lescens , Lam.
casta, H inds.
chlorata , L am .
cingulata , Kien .
crenulata , L am .
dimidiata , L inn.
duplicata, L innD usumieri , Kien .
eburnea , H inds .
fatua , H inds .
hastata , Gmel.
laurina , H inds .
maculata , L inn .
226 TEREBRIN/E .
G enu s TEREBRA , A danson .
E yes at th e ou ter bases o f the tentac le s .
S he ll elongately subu late,who rls very numerou s
,w ith
a spiral groove form ing a posterior band ; apertu re verysmal l
,canalic u lated columella tortuous ; ou ter lip s inuated
anterio rly .
S yn . T erebrum ,.Mon tf .
E x . T . s ubu lata , L innaeus, pl , 2 2 , fig . 2 . O percu lum ,
T . subu lata , fig . 2 , a , 2 , b . S he l l,T . subu la ta , fig . 2 , c .
T he ten tac le s in th is genu s are very small, w i th the
eyes at the ir ou ter bases .
Species of Terebra .
alveolata , H inds .
amanda , H inds .
A rgus, H inds .
Babylonia , L am .
castanea , Kien .
cingu lifera , L am .
commaculata , Gmel.
consors , H inds .
conspersa , H inds .
copula , H inds .
corrugata , L am .
flammea , L am .
frigata , H inds .
funiculata , H inds .
gemmula ta , Kien .
ligata , H inds .
lingualis , H inds .
monilis , Q uay .
nebulosa , H inds .
oculata , L am .
ornata, G ray .
pertusa , Barn.
plicata , Gray .
pretiosa , Reeve .
robu sta , H inds .
rudis , Gray .
Specillata , H inds .
straminea , Gray .
subulata , L inn .
succinea ,H inds .
tessellata , Gray .
tricolor, S ow .
triseriata, G ray .
PUS IONELLINAZ . 2 27
S ubg en . MYURELLA , Hinds .
Whorls furnished posteriorly with a tuberculated z one , anteriorly transversely scu lptured, or
, very rarely , smooth ; cola r
mella tortuous and produced anteriorly .
a fi‘inis, Gray .
albicostata ,A dams and Reeve.
armillata , H inds .
aspera, H inds .
buccinata , H inds .
bifrons , H inds .
caelata , A dams a nd Reeve .
cancellata , Q uay .
columellaris, H inds .
elata , H inds .
fenestrata , H inds .
flava , Gray .
glauca , H inds .
S ub -fam . PU S IO NE LLINAB.
O perculum sem i-ovate , nu cleus small , in the m iddle o f
the strai ght inner edge . S hell smooth,po rce llanous .
G enus PUSIONELLA , G ray .
S he l l fu siform o r oblong-ovate , so l id,smoo th , porcel
lanou s ; aperture c ontrac ted anteriorly ; co lume lla kee led ,tw isted in front ; canal slightly recurved , sho rt .
S yn . N etrum , P h i l.
E x . P . N i fat, Adanson ,pl . 2 4 , fi g. 3 . O percu lum
, P .
bucc inata,L ama rck, fig . 3
,a,3,b .
T he shells in this genu s are mo stly po lished and present a
porce l lanou s appearance ; the opercu lum is very pecu liar .
intertincta, H inds .
larvaeformis , H inds .
picta , H inds.
pu lchra , H inds .
radula , H inds .
roseata , A dams and Reeve .
serotina , H inds .
torquata , Adams and Reeve .
tuberculosa , H inds .
undulata , G ray .
variegata , Gray .
violascens , H inds .
228 PYRAMIDELLIDJE .
Species of P u sianella .
aculeiformis, L am . grandis , A . Adams .
albocincta , P eti t . lirata , A . Adams .
buccinata, L am . N ifat, Adans .
candida, P hi l. Reclusiana ,P eti t .
C atelini , P etit. subgranulata, P etit .
Fam . PYRAM ID E LL ID rE .
T ongue unarmed, tee th none or rudimentary . T en
tae les broad, fo lded, ear-shaped, c onna te at the base ,
bearing the eyes immersed at their inne r side s . M antle
enc lo sed, w i th a rudimentary siph onal fold . Foo t produc ed
and truncate an teriorly,wi th a fo ld o r rnentum in front .
O percu lum horny, subspiral , w ith the co lume l lar margin
s inuated .
S he l l turreted apertu re entire or not produ ced into a
c anal in front ; co lume lla pla ited .
T he spec ies o f th is group are all marine , and , from the
c ircumstance o f the ir possess ing a retrac tile probosc is ,are probably predac iou s and carnivorous in the ir habits .
G enus PYRAM IDELLA , L amarck .
S hel l turre ted, many-who rled, longitudinally ribbed ;spire e leva ted, nu c leu s sinistral ; aperture obovate , some
wha t produced and channe lled in fron t ; c o lume lla curved ,w ith three or more O blique plai ts ; ou te r l ip ac u te .
S yn . P yramidellus , M an if .
E x . P . au ris -c ati , C hemnitz , pl . 2 4 , fi g . 4,4,a . O per
c ulum,P . auris-c ati , 4 , b, 4 , a . S hell, P . auris- c ati
,fig . 4
, d .
230 PYRAMIDELLID/E .
spec ies of larger dimensions in past epo chs than in the
present time ; examples o ccur even in the o ldest fossil i
ferous strata .
Sp ecies of O beliscus .
aciculatus , A . Adams .
acu tus , A . A dams.
annu latus , A . A dams .
attenuatus , A . Adams .
balteatus , A . Adams .
brunnens , A . Adams .
cinctus , Reeve .
clavulus , A . Adams .
conicu s , C . B . Adams .
dolabratus , L inn .
elegans , A . Adams .
fastigium , A . Adams .
gracilis , Brace .
hastatus , A . Adams .
metu la , A . Adams .
monilis, A . Adams .
G enu s TURBONILLA , R isso .
O percu ligerou s lobe w i th a m inu te , con ical appendage
on each side .
She ll slender, elongated, .many-whorled, longitudinally
ribbed ; apex o f sp ire with a persisten t, embryon ic , sinis
tral nu cleus ; aperture oblong or subqu adrate , peristome
incomplete ; co lume lla straight, simple , edentulate, and
wi thou t a plait .
S yn . C hemnitz ia , D’
O rb. P yrgiscus , P hi l. O rtho
S teles , Arad . and M ay .
perforatus , A . Adams .
pulchellus , A . Adams .
punctatus, Chem.
pusillus , A . Adams .
scitulus , A . Adams .
spiculum, A . Adams .
striatulus , A . A dams .
stylinus , A . A dams .
su lcatus , A . A dams .
terebelloides , A . Adams.
terebellum, M iill.
teres , A . Adams .
tessellatus, A . Adams.
turritus , A . Adams .
ventricosus , Guerin .
TURBONILLA . 23 1
E x . T . scalaris, P hilipp i , pl . 2 4 , fi g . 6 . S hell, T .
lactea , L innaeu s, fi g . 6 , a .
T his genu s comprises a great number o f small and ex
tremely beau tifu l Shells, which have the whorls longitu
dinally ribbed o r canc e llated, and the inner lip S imple
and too thless .
Species of Turbonilla .
acicularis , A . A dams .
aculeus , C . B . Adams .
acuminata , C . B . Adams .
affi nis , C . B . A dams .
bisuturalis , S ay .
Boholensis , A . Adams .
candida , A . Adams .
clathrata, J efi’
r .
clathratula , C . B . Adams .
communis , C . B . A dams.
concinna, A . Adams .
cornea , A . Adams .
dealbata , S timp .
excavata , P hil.
exilis, C . B . Adams .
fenestrata , J efi'
r .
flavocincta , C . B . Adams .
formosa , Jefi r .
fusca , C . B . Adams .
gracilior, C . B . A dams .
grandis , A dams and Reeve .
Gulsonae, C lark.
impressa, Ku tz .
indistincta, M ont .
interrupta , Totten.
K raussii , H . and A . Adams
(lactea , Krauss).
lactea , L inn .
laevis , C . B . A dams .
latior, C . B . A dams .
major, C . B . A dams.
marginata , C . B . A dams .
modesta , S timp .
multicostata , C . B . Adams .
nivea, S timp .
obeliscus , C . B . A dams .
P anamensis , C . B . A dams .
producta , C . B . A dams .
puncta, C . B . A dams .
pusilla , C . B . A dams .
reticulata , C . B . Adams.
ru fa , P hil.scalaris , P hil.
seminuda , C . B . Adams.
S imilis, C . B . Adams .
striosa , C . B . Adams .
substriata , C . B . A dams .
subulata, C . B . Adams .
trifi da , T otten .
trilineata , A . Adams .
tarris, D’
O rb.
turrita , C . B . A dams .
varicosa , A . Adams .
PYRAMIDELLIDAEI.
G enus ODO STOM IA , Flem ing .
O percu ligerou s lobe S imple .
S hel l turre ted, subu late or ovate , smooth or trans
verse ly stria ted ; apex o f spire s inistral ; aperture ovate ,peris tome not c on tinuous ; columellar lip wi th a s ingle
too th -a l ike fo l d .
S yn . T urbonilla , b, L ové'
n .
E x . O . S piral is, M ontagu , pl . 2 4 , fig . 7 . S he ll, 0 .
unidentata , M ontagu , fig . 7,a .
T h is genu s c onsists of small,u su ally wh i te , smoo th
,
so lid,and ename lled she lls, w ith th e inner lip a lways
too thed ; they range from low-wa ter to forty fathom s ; the
animal is th e same as that o f Tu rbanilla .
Species of Odostomia .
acuta , J efi r .
alba , Jaf r .
albella ,L ave
’
n .
canaliculata , C . B . Adams .
conoidea, Brace .
conspicua , A lder .
crassa , Thamp .
crassu la, H . and A . Adams
(solidula , C . B . Adams).decorata , P hil.doliaris , P hil.
dolioliformis , J efi r .
dubia , Jaf r .
erythraea , P hil.eulimoides , H anley .
fusca , C . B . Adams .
gemmulosa , C . B . Adams .
glabrata, M uhij .
nitida , A lder .
notata , Jefi'
r .
ornata , H . and A . A dams
(decorata , C . B . Adams).
oscitans, L ave’
n .
ovuloides , C . B . Adams .
pallida , M ont .
plicata, .Mont .
rissoides , H anley .
solidula , P hil.
striolata , A lder .
subulata , P hil.su turalis , P hil.
’
truncatula , J efi r .
turrita , Hanley .
unidentata , M ont .
234 PYRAMIDELLIDfE .
G enu s ACLIS, L oven .
O percu ligero us lobe ample , deve loped more on the
righ t side , where i t is three o r four plic ated,than on th e
left , where i t form s a single , ro unded lobe .
S hell turre ted, many-whorled, whorls smo o th or spirally
striated ; aperture oval or rounded ; inner lip simp le ,wi thou t pla i ts o r tee th
,base often perforated .
S yn . E bala,Gray .
E x . A . nitidissima , M ontagu , pl . 2 4 , fig . 9 . S he ll ,
A . nitidissima , fig . 9,a .
In Aclis the fo o t is l ingu ifo rm , much produc ed ante
riorly , and the cylindri ca l tentac le s are sligh tly swollen at
the i r tips ; its o the r charac ters are simi lar to tho se o f
th e o th er gene ra in the fam i ly . T he spec ie s are few in
number and small , though ex ceedingly e legan t .
Species of A clis .
acuminata , S ow . (S calaria). supranitida , S . Wood .
ascaris , M ont . unica , M ont.
nitidissima , M ont .
G enu s MONOPTYGMA , J . L ea .
S he ll e longated , imperforate ,many-whorled,transversely
s triated ; aperture smal l , entire in front ; colume llar lip
wi th a single , obsc u re, winding p lai t ; ou ter l ip simple
,
acu te .
S yn . M ono tygma , Gray .
EULIMID/E . 235
E ar. M . albu la,0 . Fa br iciu s
,pl . 2 4 , fi g . 1 0 . O percu
lum, M . albula
,fi g . 1 0 , a . S hell, M . s tri ata
,Gray , fi g .
1 0 , b .
M Oller has described the an imal o f this genu s , wh ich
seems to b e nearly allied to Tu rboni lla and Aclis in the
short tentacles w i th the eye s a t their inner bases , rudi
mentary tongue , and elongate , narrow foo t . T he shell s
are of great beau ty and del ic acy, and resemble , in many
re spec ts, greatly-e longated A ctaeons .
Sp ecies of M anoptyyma .
amcena, A . Adams . pura, A . Adams .
casta , A . A dams . speciosa , A . Adams .
concinna , A . Adams . spirata , A . A dams .
fulva , A . A dams . striata , Gray .
granulata , A . Adams . stylina , A . Adams .
lauta , A . Adams . suturalis , A . Adams .
S ub -
gen . MENE S THO , M oller (Pyramis, Couth . , not C hem . or
Aperture ovate; columellar lip with the plait obsolete or
wanting.
albula , O . F ab. striata , Cou th .
Fam . EUL IM ID ZE .
T ee th and l ingual membrane rudimentary . T entac le s
simple,subulate ; eyes se ssile at the ou ter bases o f the
tentac les . M antle enclosed , w i th a rudimentary siph onal
fo ld . Foo t l ingu i form,produ ced in front , w i th a bilobed
mentum or fo ld above th e front margin ; opercu ligerous
lobe deve loped at the sides into even-edged, unequal ex
pansions or lobes .
236 EULIMIDAE.
O percu lum ho rny,ova te
,subspiral .
S hel l white,smoo th , po l ished, tu rre ted aperture entire
in front co lumella S imple .
G enu s EULIMA , R isso .
S he ll e longated, wh i te, smoo th
,po lished ; Spire pro
duc ed,many-who rled, frequ ently wi th an interrupted varix
on one side , apex acu te ; aperture oval,po inted beh ind ;
inner l ip reflec ted ove r the pillar ; ax is imperforate ou ter
l ip thickened internally .
S yn . P asi thea , J . L ea . P olyphemopsis, P artl. Balc is ,
Lea ch .
E d . E . grandis,A . Adams
,pl . 2 5
,fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
E . grandis, fig . 1 , a ,1 , b . Shell , E . pol ita, L inna us ,
fi g . 1,e .
T he E u limce crawl w i th the foo t greatly in advance o f
the h ead, wh ich is usually c oncealed beneath the margin
o f th e she ll ; many o f them have distorted shells,the
upper whorl s be ing O ften curved o r inclined on one s ide .
Species of Enlima .
afli nis, C . B . Adams .
acu ta , A . A dams .
arcuata , C . B . Adams .
articulata , S ow.
brevis , S our.conica , C . B . Adams .
C umingii , A . Adams .
cuspidata , A . A dams .
distorta , Desh .
flexuosa , A . Adams .
gracil is , C . B . Adams .
grandis, A . A dams .
Gu ildingii , A . A dams .
hastata , S ow .
iota , C . B . Adams .
labiosa, S ow .
major, S ow .
modicella , A . Adams .
nitidula,A . A dams .
obesula, A . Adams .
oleacea , Ku tz and S timp .
polita, L inn .
238 STYLIFERID fE .
oblong , entire ; inner l ip distinc t, c al lous, slightly s inuous
in the m iddle ; ou ter lip flex uou s .
E x . L . b ilineata , A lder , pl . 2 5 , fi g . 3 . S he ll , L . M et
c alfei , A . Adams,fig 3 , a .
T he most curious circums tanc e abou t the type o f th is
genus is the fac t o f its be ing c ompressed from before
backwards, w i th a varix on each side,as in Bu rsa and
P y thi a .
Sp ecies of L eiostra ca .
acuta , S aw . M indorensis , Adams and
b ilineata , A lder . Reeve .
bivittata , H . and A . A dams solitaria , C . B . Adams .
(bilineata , Adams a nd subulata , Donov.
Reeve). unilineata , Adams and
fulvocincta , C . B . A dams . Reeve .
M etcalfei , A . A dams . varians , S ow .
Fam . S TYL IFERID ZE .
L ingua l memb rane ? T entac les slende r, subu late,
s imple ; eyes sessile at the o uter b ase s o f the tentac le s .
M antle enc losed . Foo t l ingu iform,form ing an e longated
anterior lobe , rudimentary behind .
O percu lum none .
S he l l thin, subu late o r subglobose ; aperture enti re ;co lumella simp le .
T h ese s ingu lar an imals are parasi ti c in the skins o f
S tar- fi she s , burrow ing beneath the surface , and pro
du c ing tumou rs , o ften o f considerable siz e . When re
moved and placed in water, they do not appear to possess
much lo c omo tive power, b u t ex tend the tongue -Shaped
foo t and u se i t as an exploring o rgan .
caarrnrorsma . 239
G enu s STYLIFER, Broderip .
S he l l subulate or subglobo se , thin ,pel lucid , smoo th
,
po l ished , many-whorled ; apex o f Spire produced and
styl iform ,wi th a sinistra l nu c leu s ; aperture subovate ,
po inted behind, rounde d and entire in front ; inner l ip
smoo th,arc uated ; ou ter lip
,thin , simp le .
S yn . S tylina , Flem . , no t L am . ?E nto concha,J .
M all.
E x . S . ovo ideus,A . Adams
,pl . 2 5
,fig . 4 . S hell , S .
sub ulatus , Broder ip , fi g . 4,a .
A l though the name S tylina o f Flem ing has the prio
ri ty, we have adopted the de signation o f Broderip , b e
cau se the fo rmer name had been al ready appl ied by
L amarck to a genu s o f Zoophyte s .
Sp ecies of S tylif er .
acicu la , Gou ld . M ittrei , P etit .
Broderipii , A . Adams . ovoideus , A . A dams .
corallinus, Chem. solidu s , A . Adams.
C umingii , A . A dams . styliferus, F lem .
fastigiatus , A . Adams . subulatus , Brod .
fulvescens , A . Adams .
Fam . C ERITHIO P S ID ZE .
An imal w i th a short,broad head ; ten tac les subu la te ,
obtuse , w ide at the base ; eyes plac ed c entra l ly at the ir
origin ; mou th wi th a re trac ti le probosc is, tongu e armed
wi th teeth resembl ing in arrangemen t tho se o f Tr iehotrap is .
24 0 CERITHIOPS IDJE .
M antle no t reflec ted , fu rnished wi th a rudimentary si
phonal fol d . Foo t oblong , subquadra te in front,where
i t is furnished superiorly w i th a mentum , grooved for half
i ts length below , th e groove terminating in a perfora
tion ; O percu lige rous lobe we l l deve loped .
T he head is compressed and vertically c loven in fron t,
and the tips o f the ten tacles are obtuse or very slightly
c lavate ; the eyes are placed rather c lose toge ther towards
the centre o f the base o f the tentacles .
G enu s CERITHIO PS IS , Forbes and Hanley .
O perculum corneo us , o f c oncentric e lements, nu c leus
terminal .
S he l l turre ted , many-whorled , dex tral , granu lated ;aperture subro tund ; inner l ip broadly reflected ; o u ter
l ip acu te , arcuated and produ ced anteriorly aperture an
teriorly s inuated c anal short .
E re . C . tub ercularis,M ontagu ,
p l . 2 5,fig . 5 . O per
c ulum , C . tub ercularis, fi g . 5,a . S he l l , C . tub ercularis,
fig . 5 , b .
T h e charac ters o f th is genusare so pecu liar as to war
rant its forming the type o f a dis tinc t family ; the natu re
o f th e l ingual dentition induc ed th e learned au thors o f
the British M o llusca to place i t w ith C ancella ria and
Tr ichatrop is, ac c ompanied by the remark that i t probably
has re la tions wi th T erebra .
Sp ecies of Cerithiapsis .
assimilata , C . B . Adams . Emersonn , C . B . Adams .
clathrata , A . Adams . gemmulosa , C . B . Adams .
24 2 ARCHITECTONICIDAE .
deeply umb il ica ted, umbil i cus w ide and spiral , wi th the
margin crenu lated ; aperture nearly quadrangu lar, peri
treme thin and simple .
S yn . S o larium,L am . ,
not Sp ice . P hyseter, H umph .
,
not L inn .
E x . A . perspec tiva , Linnaeus, pl . 2 5 , fig . 6 . O per
culum, A . perspectiva , fig . 6 , a
,6 , b . S he ll
,A . per
spec tiva , fi g . 6,c .
T he ovate, flat, subspira l opercu lum , and the angu lated,tro chiform shel l, distingu ish this genus from Torinia . T he
specie s are u sually from tolerably deep water,and are no t
l i ttora l in the ir habits .
Sp ecies of A rchitectonica .
aspera, H inds .
australis,Chem.
cancella ta , Kra uss .
discus , P hil.dorsuosa
,H inds .
formosa , H inds .
fragilis , Hinds .
fuliginosa, H inds .
granu lata, Lam .
incisa , P hil.
G enus TORINIA, G ray .
O percu lum circu lar, elevated, c onic al , o f many whorls .
S he l l o rb icular or e levated, last whorl rounded at the
periphery,deeply umbi lic ated
,umbili cus moderate ;
aperture rhombic ; ou ter lip thin , s imple .
S yn . H eliacus,D
’
O rb .
E m. T . infundibu li formis , Chemni tz , pl . 25,
fig . 7 .
laevigata, L am .
maxima , P hil.
modesta , P h il.nobil is , Bolt.
perdix, II inds .
perspectiva , L inn .
picta , P hil.
purpurata ,H inds .
quadriceps , H inds.
PHILIPPIA . 24 3
O perculum , T . variegata , L ama rck, fig . 7,a, 7 , b, 7 , a .
S he ll , T . cylindrac ea , C hemni tz , fig . 7, d .
T h is genu s is known from A rch i tec ton ica by its ele
vated, spira l opercu lum ,and by the last whorl of the
she l l be ing rounded at the periphery ; the opercu l igerou s
lobe on the foo t of the an imal is c up- shaped when the
opercu lum is removed, and the edges are e levated . T he
sp e c ies affe c t deep water, and are very shy and sensi tivewh en observed .
Species of T orinia .
E gena , Gou ld . fenestrata , H inds .
aethiops , M ke . fulva , H inds .
areolata , L am . infundibuliformis , Chem .
b icarinata , D’
O rb. nubila,M ke .
caelata ,H inds . straminea , Chem .
cyclostoma, M ke . trochoides , Desh .
cylindracea , Chem. variegata ,L am .
dealbata , H inds . virgata , H inds .
G enu s PHILIPP IA , G ray .
O perc u lum flat, o rbicu lar, many-wh orled .
S he ll disc o idal,subcon ic , smoo th ; aperture subqua
dra te,not pearly w i thin umbil icu s wide , the margin c re
nulated .
E x . P . lu tea , L ama rck, p l . 2 5 , fig . 8 . O perculum ,
P . lu tea , fi g. 8,a,8,b .
T h is genu s is founded u pon the S ola r ium lu teum o f
L amarck, the animal o f which is stated by M . P hilipp i
to re semble tha t o f Trochus ; the opercu lum “
somewha t
resembles that o f the Troch idae, b u t until the pec ul iari
244 ARCHITECTONICIDJE .
tie s of the animal be c ome be tter known we prefer to
keep the genu s here .
Sp ecies of P hilipp ia .
hybrida , L inn . lutea , L am .
G enu s OMALAXIS D e shayes .
O percu lum c ircu lar, e leva ted, many-who rled .
S hel l orbicu lar, disc o idal , w ide ly umbilic a ted,umbi
l ieus keeled ; wh orls numerous, on the same plane , the
last de tach ed from the o thers , the periphery w i th one
or two ke e ls ; apertu re small , u su ally triangu lar ; ou ter
lip a cute .
S yn . Bifrontia,D esh . O malax on , Aya ss . S chiz os
toma , Brann .,not L ea . E u omphalu s J . S aw .
E x . O . Zanclea , P h ilipp i , pl . 2 5 , fig . 9 , 9 , a . O perou
lum,O . Zanclea , fig . 9 , b .
L iving ex amples o f th is genu s , only known before in a
fo ssil state , h ave been re cently dredged o ff the c oast o f
M ade ira by M r. M ac -Andrew,wh o sta te s that the animal
is nearly pelluc id .
G enu s DISCOHELIX, D unke r .
S hel l disc o i dal,greatly depressed , nearly fol iac eous ,
who rls very numerou s, on th e same plane , rounded o r
c arinated at the periphery , the las t not detached ; aper
ture wide , transverse .
S yn . O rbis,L ea
,not S ehrot . or La ce
’
p .
E d"
. D . foliacea , P h i lipp i, pl . 2 5 , fig . 1 0 , 1 0 , a .
24 6 CONID/E .
T he Tu rr idce , which have similar subula te tee th, bu t
w i th the ve il short and truncate , po ssibly be long also to
this sub -o rde r ju st established by D r. G ray , to whom we
are indebted for this va lu able information .
Fam . C ON ID AE .
T ee th subu late , in two serie s, on a tubular pro longa
tion o f the retrac tile probo scis, and w i th a bundle O f
sharp , subu late tee th at the ex trem i ty . Head w ith a pro
du c ed tubular vei l ; tentac les subu late eye s on b ulgings
or sligh t trunc atures on th e ou ter side o f the tentac les .
M antle enclosed , w i th an e longa te S iphon at th e fo re part .
Foo t simple , undivided , oblong, w ith a c onspicuous aqu i
ferou s po re on the m iddle o f th e under su rfa ce .
O percu lum , when present, ova te or ungu i fo rm,wi th the
nu c leu s apical .
S he l l inversely conical ; aperture long and narrow ;
ou ter lip u sually a cu te,free or no tched at the hind part
near the su tu re inner l ip simp le .
T he grea t fami ly o f C one s,charac terised by the pe
culiar stru c tu re o f the mou th,no le ss th an by the sim i
larity in the form o f the shell , are princ ipally inhab i
tants o f th e equ atorial seas . Haun ting th e ho les and
fissures o f ro cks, and the labyrinth s o f c o ra l -reefs , theylead a predatory l ife , boring in to th e She lls o f o ther mol
lu sks , and su cking the j u ic es from the i r bodies . In the
A siati c region the spec ies seem greatly to predom ina te,
there being more than one hundred and twenty pe cu liar
to this po rtion o f the globe , wh ile there are bu t two or
three known in E urope , abou t twenty in A fric a , thirty in
Au stralia , and abou t fifty in Ame rica .
CONUS .
G enu s CONUS , L innaeus .
S he l l coni cal, tapering regu larly ; spire short or de
pre ssed, many whorled , whorls coronated ; aperture l inear,narrow , emarginate anteriorly ; co lume l la straigh t, smoo th
,
trunca te in front ; ou ter lip thin , a cu te , no tched at the
su ture .
S yn . Vo lu ta , Browne,no t L inn . S trombus , Adans .
,
no t L inn . Rhombu s, M ontf . C onulus , R af in .,not
N a rda o r F i tz iny . C u c ullus, Bolt . C onariu s, D um .
E m. C . marmoreu s, L inna’u s, pl . 26 , fig . 1 . O perc u
lum , C . pulicarius, H i va ss,fi g . 1
,a . S he ll
, C . marmo
reu s, fig . 1 , b .
T he C ones inhab it fi ssure s and ho le s o f ro cks, and are
found from low-wa ter mark to th irty and forty fathoms .
T hey are very numerous and varied in tropic al seas,
though a few are found in the M editerranean and at the
C ape . T hey craw l slowly, and are preda tory in the i r
habits .
Species of Conus .
fuscatus, Barn . peplum , Chem .
imperialis , L inn . proarchithalassus , Bolt .
marmoreu s , L inn . vidua , Reeve .
N icobaricus, Hwass . viridulus , L inn .
nocturnus , Hwass . z onatus , Hwass .
S ub-gen . STE PHAN O CONU S , M arch .
Spire elevated, concave .
albimaculatus, S aw . balteatus , S ow .
aurantius , Hwass . Barbadensis , Hwass .
24 8 cornea .
biliosus, Bolt .boeticus , Reeve .
brunnens , Wood .
C aillaudi , Jay .
cardinalis, Hwass .
cedo-nu lli , Klein .
crepusculum , Reeve .
distans , Hwass .
granifer, Reeve .
leucostictus , Gmel.
lividus , Hwass .
maculiferus, S aw .
M agellanicus , Hwass .
muriculatus , S aw .
S ub-
gen . PUNC TICUL IS , Swainson .
Spire S ligh tly elevated ; body-whorl ventricose and convex
near the margin .
arenatu s , Hwass. pulicarius , Hwass .
C eylonrcus , Chem . S antieri , Kien .
Sub-
gen . coa onaxrs , Swainson .
Shell somewhat turbinate ; spire elevated, th ick, convex .
abbreviatus , N u tt .
Africanus , M ensch .
A ristophanes , Duel.
C eylanensis , Hwass .
Chaldaeus, Bolt.
concinnus, Brad .
coronatus , Reeve .
encaustu s , Kien.
H ebraeus , L inn .
liratus, Reeve.
miliaris, Hwass .
M indanus , Hwass .
mus , Hwass .
nebulosus , S oland .
oblitus , R eeve.
pigmentatus , Adams
R eeve .
primu la , Reeve .
roseu s , L am.
Riippellii , R eeve .
ru tilus , M enke .
speciocissimus , Reeve .
sphacelatus , S ow .
sugillatus , Reeve .
varius , L inn .
verrucosus , Hwass .
minimu s , L inn .
musrcus , Hwa ss .
nanus , Brod .
nux , Brad .
plumbeus , Reeve .
ponti fi calis , L am .
princeps , L inn .
puncturatus, H iva ss .
pu sillus , Chem.
scaber, King .
sponsalis , Chem .
tiaratus , Brod .
250 comma.
G enu s DENDRO CONUS , Swainson .
S he l l heavy, conic or tu rbinate ; spire truncate , whorls
nume rous ; aperture l inear,emargina te in front ; c o lu
me lla smoo th ; ou ter lip thin, no tch ed a t the su ture .
E d . D . fi gulinus , L innaeu s, pl . 2 6 , fig . 3 . O perc u lum ,
D . l iteratu s,L innaeus
,fig . 3
,a,3 , b . S hell , D . fi gulinus ,
fig . 3,c .
T he spec ie s o f th is genu s are u sually large , dense
heavy shell s, wi th a genera l unifo rmi ty o f pain ting run
n ing throu gh them all. We are indebted to M r . S wa in
son for th e genu s , who has so wel l studied the entire
fam ily o f C ones, and fu l ly apprecia ted them a s an inde
pendent gro up .
Species of D endroconus .
betulinus , L inn . papilionaceus , Hwass .
fi gulinus , L inn . P rometheus , Hwass .
genuanus , L inn. pyriformis , Reeve .
glaucus , Hwass . S iamensis , Hwass .
L oroisii , Ki en. S uratensis , Hwass .
S ub -
gen . L ITHO CON U S , M arch .
S hell conic ; body-whorl with the margin carinated.
eburneu s , Hwa ss . ponderosus , Beck.
emac ia tus , Reeve. quercinus , Hwass .
flavidas , L am. su tu ratus , Reeve .
G runeri , Reeve . tabidus , Reeve .
literatus , L inn . tessellatus , Barn .
millepunctatus , Lam. virgo, L inn .
LEPTOCONUS .
G enu s LEPTO CONUS , Swa inson .
S hell c oni cal , sometime s striated ; spire acu te , c on
c ave , whorls numerou s, the basal who rl deeply no tched a t
the su ture aperture narrow ,s ligh tly e ffuse at the fore part .
E x . L . raphanus, Hw a ss, p l . 26 , fig . 4 . O percu lum
L . capitaneus, L ia nna s , fi g . 4,a , 4 , b . S h e ll , L . Amadis ,
Chemni tz,fig . 4 , c
M . Q uoy observes , Speaking o f L . m iles, th at the foo t
is very narrow and th e O pe rc u lum longer than u su al , and
that the ten tac les are slende r and the ve i l p o inted at
the ex trem ity . T he spe c ie s are ex tremely numerou s , and
w ill probably requ ire further subdivi sion when m o re o f
the animals Shal l have been made known .
Species of L ep toeanns .
aculeiformis, Reeve .
acutangulus , Chem . Reeve.
Amadis, Chem.
ammiralis , L inn .
archon,Brod .
arcuatus , Brod .
attenuatus, Reeve .
BorneenS is,Adams andReeve .
cancellatus , B rug .
cassis , M ensch .
cingulatus, L am .
C lerii , Reeve .
commodus , A . Adams .
D elessertianus , Reclnz .
dispar, S ow.
echinulatus , Kien .
emarginatus , Reeve .
eximius , Reeve .
flavescens , Gray .
floridulus , A dams and
gradatus, G ray .
incurvus , S aw .
insculptus , Kien .
L’
Argilliertii , Kien .
lemmiscatu s , R eeve .
lentiginosus , Reeve .
leoninus , Hwass .
L orenz ianus , Chem.
lucti fi cus, Reeve.
march ionatus , H inds .
m inu tus , Reeve.
monilifer, Brod .
N arcissus , L am .
nobilis , L inn .
och raceus, L am.
O rbignyi ,A rdonin .
252 cornea .
orbitatus , R eeve .
papillaris , Reeve.
patricius, H inds .
P ealii , Green .
praecellens, A . Adams .
regularis , S ow .
scalaris , Va lene .
S ieboldii , Reeve .
S owerb ii , Reeve.
spiculum , Reeve .
S ub-
gen . RHIZ O CONUS, M orch .
S hell conic , smooth ; spire short, but pointed at the summit ;margin of the body-whorl carinated.
ambiguus , Reeve .
Blainvillii , Kien .
capitaneus , L inn .
centurio, Born .
classarius , Hwa ss.
coffea , Gmel .
daucus , Hwass .
ermineus , B orn .
fulgurans , Hwass.
generalis , L inn.
gladiator , Brod .
hyaena , Hwass.
incarnatus , Reeve.
leopardus , M ensch .
lineatu s , Chem .
M alaccanus, Hwass .
S ub-gen . CHE LYCONUS , M arch (P ionoconus , March . Phasmo
conus,
S pire elevated ; body-whorl convex .
achatiuus , Chem . Adansoni i , L am.
Spurius , Gmel.
sticticus‘
, A . Adams.
sulciferus , A . A dams .
thalassiarchus, Gray .
T homw, Gmel.
tornatu s , Brod .
victor, Brod .
virgatus , Reeve .
voluminalis , H inds .
undatus , Kien .
Maldivus , Hwass .
miles , L inn .
monile , Hwa ss .
mustelinus, Hwass .
N emocamus , Hwass.
O rion, Brod .
planorbis , Born .
pulchellus , S wa in .
punctatu s , Gmel.
rattus , L am.
senator, L inn .
Splendidulus , S ow .
T aheitensis , Hu nes .
trigonus , R eeve .
vexillum ,M a rt .
vi ttatus , L am.
254 comma .
mercator, Linn .
M etcalfei, Reeve .
monachus , L inn .
M oz ambicus , Hwass .
mutabil is , Chem .
nimbosus, Hwass .
ni tidu s , Reeve .
nivosus , Lam .
ochroleucus , Gmel.
papillosus , Kien .
parius , Reeve .
pastinaca, L am .
pauperculus , S ow .
pica , Adams and Reeve .
pictus , Reeve .
P orto-Ricanus , Hwass .
puncticulatus , Hwass .
purpurescens , B rod .
pygmaeus , Reeve .
radiatus , Gmel.raphanus , Hwass.
regalitatis , S aw .
rhododendron , Cou th .
rivularis, Reeve .
G erm s CYLINDER, M ontfort .
S he l l sub -coni c , smoo th spire e levated , po inted, whorls
numerou s ; body-whorl ven tricose , no tched at the su tu re ;aperture e ff use at the fore part .
S yn . T extilia , S w a ins .
E x . C . textile, L innwus, pl . 2 6 , fi g . 5 . S hell, C ,
tex tile,fig . 5
,a .
T he spe cies of this genu s are very ri ch in the style o f
the i r colouring , and a somewhat similar re tic ulated kind
o f pattern runs throughout the entire series ; some o f
them are she lls o f great rari ty as well as beau ty, fo r
example , C . y lor ia -ma ris and C . oma ria .
rusticus , L inn .
sangu inolentus , Reeve .
scalptus , Reeve .
sc itulus , Reeve .
S indon , Reeve .
spectrum, L inn .
stercus-muscarum, Linn .
stillatus , Reeve .
stramineus, L am .
s triatus , L inn .
striolatus , Kien .
subulatus , Kien.
succinctus , A . Adams .
terminus, L am .
testudinarius , M a rt.
T imorensis , Hwass .
T inianus , Hwass .
tristis , Reeve.
trochulus , Reeve .
unicolor, S aw.
ustulatus , Reeve .
venulatus, Hwass .
verulosus , Hwass .
z ebra, L am .
HERMES . 255
Species of Cylinder .
abbas , Hwass .
arch iepiscopus , Hwass .
aulicus , L inn .
auratus , Brng .
aureus , Hwa ss .
canonicus , Hwass .
colubrinus, Lam .
crocatus , Lam .
E lisae, Kien .
episcopus , Brug .
gloria-maris , Chem .
legatus , L am .
magni fi cus , Reeve.
G enu s HERMES M ontfort .
S he ll sub -cylindrical, generally ribbed transversely ;S pire e levated , ob tu se , c onvex ; apertu re l inear .
S yn . T heliconus, S wa ins .
E x . H . terebra , Born, pl . 26 , fi g . 6 .
T he surfac e o f the she l l in th is genu s is rough,ribbed
,
or granu lar, and th e fo rm is more cy l indrica l than cone
shaped the o u tl ine o f the spire , though e levated,is obtu se
there are between twenty and thirty species , all partaking
o f the characters common to th e genu s .
Speeies of Hermes .
artOptuS , S ow . clavus , L inn .
atramentosus , Reeve . coccineus , Gmel.austral is , Chem. cylindraceus , Brod .
circumcisus, Born. dactylosus , Kien .
N eptunus . Reeve .
omaria , Hwass .
panniculus , L am .
prwlatus , Hwass .
pyramidalis , L am .
reticulatus , S ow .
rubiginosus , Kien .
solidus , S aw .
telatus , R eeve .
textile , L inn .
verriculum , Reeve
vicarius , L am .
Victoriae , Reeve .
2 56 RO STRJFERA .
fabu la , S aw .
festivus, Chem .
glans , Hwass .
granulatus , L inn .
h ieroglyphicus , Duel.
luteus , Brod .
mitratus , Hwass .
nucleu s , Reeve .
G enus DIBAPHUS , P hil ippi .
S he l l invo lu te , subcylindrical , covered w i th a th in epi
dermis ; spire acu te ; apertu re narrow, linear, abrup tly
truncate in front ; colume lla simple ; inner lip none ;
ou ter lip thickened , rec tilinear, and abbrevia te anteriorly .
E x . D . edentulus , S wa inson, pl . 2 6, fig . 7 .
T he only spec ies o f th is genu s known was considered
by Swainson to b e a too th less spec ies of his genu s C o
u cclia , and by R eeve i t has been considered a C one . T he
general fo rm and truncate c o lume lla re semble Terebellum ,
and w ere i t not for the absence o f pla its i t m ight b e
regarded a s a Cylindra .
S ub-order RO ST R IFERA .
Head moderate , wi th a more or less e longated, pro
duced, contractile , transversely-annu lated ro strum ; ten
taele s subu late , far apart, on the s ide s o f the rostrum .
L ingual membrane o ften very long , ex tending far into the
body o f the animal .
T he rostrum is only furnished w i th contrac tile mu sc les ,and varies in length and shape ; in S tru thiola ria i t is
very long and coni cal -subula te , bu t i t is no t retractile ,
N ussatula , L inn .
pertusus , Hwass.
spectabilis , A . A dams .
strigatus , Hwass .
tendineus , Hwa ss.
terebra , Barn .
vimineu s , Reeve .
violaceus , Reeve .
2 58 sraonsmn .
S ub -fam . S T R OMBIN ZE .
T entac les on the m iddle o f the eye-pedice ls . Foo t
w ith the hind part narrow,subcyl indrical
, elongated .
S hell wi th the outer lip m ore o r less expanded and
no tched towards th e fore part .
T he inner mantle -margin is dilated and covers the
co lumellar lip o f the she ll , ending posterio rly in a lobe
the ou ter is fu rnished at the margin wi th loba te and
tapering pro cesses, which vary in the ir deve lopment ac
cording to the genu s .
G enus STROMBUS , L innaeus .
R ight edge of mantle entire .
O percu lum ungu i cu late , w i th the margin serrated .
S he ll ovate o r turreted ; aperture e longated, narrow,
emarginate or w i th a short c anal in front, canalicu lated
po steriorly ; ou ter l ip often lobed and deeply no tched
in front near the c anal .
S yn . A lata (part), K lein . A latus,Hump h . C assida ,
L inn . o lim,no t L ang . L ambis, Bolt . C onchilium,
Browne . P yramea , L ink. P ugil,Fa br .
E x . S . vittatus , L innaeus, pl . 2 7 , fig . 1 . O percu lum,
S . galeatus , Wood,fi g . 1
,a, 1 , 6 . S he l l , S . pugilis , .Lin
na ms , fig . 1 , c .
T he S trombidce are often called “ S trombs and “ Wingshe l ls .
”O wrng to the great development of the ou ter li p ,
they present a very different appearance in the adu l t state
to that in the young individuals . T hey are pre tty gene
S TROMBUS . 2 59
ral ly distribu ted, b ut by far more numerou s in tropica l
seas than in those of temperate countries .
Species of S trombus .
accipitrinus , M art.
alatus , Gmel.
galeatus, Wood .
gigas , L inn .
G oliathus,Chem.
gracilior, Wood .
granulatus, Wood .
inermis, S aw .
S ub -
gen . M ONODACTYLU S , K lein .
O uter lip with a lobe at the posterior part much produced.
adustus , Chem . gallus, L inn .
aratrum , M a rtyn . guttatus , M a rt .
auris-D ianae, L inn . P eruvianus , Swa ins.
australis, Sow. striato-
granulatus , M a r t .
costo-muricatus, M art. tricornis , M a rt .
S ub -gen . GALL INULA , K lein .
Inner lip restricted, not spread widely over the body-whorl
posterior canal frequently long, ascending the spire.
Campbellii , Gray . L isteri , Gray .
canarium, L inn . marginatus , L inn .
columba , Gmel. m inimus, L inn .
deformis, Gray . pu lchellus , Reeve .
epidromis , L inn . S ibbaldii , S aw .
fusiformis , S ow . succinctus , L inn .
gibbus , M a rt . Swainsoni , Reeve .
Japonicus , Reeve. variabilis , Swa ins .
lab iosus , Wood . vittatus , L inn .
laciniatus, Chem.
latissimus, L inn .
lentiginosus , L inn .
papilio, Chem .
pugilis , L inn .
rosaceus, M a r t .
Thersites , Gray .
260 sraonsrnn .
S ub-gen . CANARIUM , S chumacher (Aporrhais , Klein , not A ldrov.
S trombidea, Swa ins. S trombella, S chlitt).
Inner lip restricted ; ou ter lip not dilated ; posterior canal
short or obsolete .
albus , M art .
bulbulus , S aw .
coniformis, S ow .
corrugatus . Adams andReeve.
decorus , Bolt.
dentatus , L inn .
elegans , S ow .
erythrostoma , Chem .
fasciatus , Born .
flosculosus , M a rt .
gibberulus , Linn .
G enus HARPAGO , K lein .
O uter margin o f mantle digitated .
O percu lum c law-shaped, wi th the edge serrated .
S he l l turre ted, ovate -ob long ; apertu re e longated, with
a long,re curved canal in front, and ending posteri orly
in a canal ascending the S pire ; ou ter lip thi ckened, ex
panded and digi tate , with a deep sinu s at the fore part .
S yn . S trombu s, H ump h . , no t L inn . D igi tata, Fa br .
P tero ceres, fi l ontf . P teroc era , L am. P teroceras, S aw .
P teroc erus , Thu rm .
E x . H . lambis, L innaeus, pl . 2 7 , fi g . 2 . O percu lum,
H . lambis, fi g . 2 , a , 2 , b . S he ll , H . lambis , fig . 2,0 .
When young, the ou ter l ip o f the shel l in this genus is
simple , the c laws gradually appearing in the fo rm o f open
canals, which afterwards be come closed and so l id . T hey
are some times c al led S pider-c laws and S corpion
shel ls,”and are principal ly from the Indian seas .
haemastoma , S aw .
Hellii , Roas .
L uhuanus , L inn .
maculatus, N u tt .
plicatus , Lam.
rugosus, S ow.
Ruppellii , Reeve.
scalariformis , Duel.
terebellatus, S ow .
u rceus , L inn .
262 TEREBELLIN/E .
and muz z le , and is from Borneo ; the other Species are
also from the Indian A rch ipelago, wi th the ex ception of
G . magnus, wh i ch is from the R ed S ea .
Species of Gladins.
curtus, S ow . magnus, Chem.
Favanni , Pf eifi melanocheilus , A . Adams.
fusus, L inn . P owisii , Petit.
S ub-gen. RIMELLA , Agassiz .
Whorls cancellated ; beak short .
cancellatus, L am. crispatus, S ow .
S ub -fam . TEREBE LLIN lE .
T entac les none ; eye s on the ends of long cyl indrica l
pedunc le s . Foo t w i th the hind part compre ssed and
ovate , anterio r part smal l and rudimentary . O percu lum
narrow and c law-l ike . S he l l subu late, with the ou ter lipsimp le .
In this sub -fami ly the rostrum i s produ ced, annu lated,
and deeply grooved b eneath th e mantle -margin is entire ,di lated anteriorly and fo lded into a rudimentary siphon
in front ; posteriorly i t is pro longed in to a slender fi la
ment, which ex tends into the channel led su ture o f the
S pire ; the foo t i s compressed and ovate , wi th a smal l,horiz ontal lobe in front the O percu lum is inserted in the
h ind edge o f the compressed foo t, and is small,narrow,
and three-c lawed ex ternal ly, and furni shed internally
wi th a free, fi n-l ike , membranou s lobe .
CYPRZEIDJE .
G enus TEREBELLUM , K le in .
S he l l e longated, sub cyl indri cal, S lightly convo lu ted ;
Spire prom inen t, obtu se at the apex , whorls smoo th ;
aperture l inear, di lated anteriorly, emarginate in fron t ;inner lip spreading, glabrou s ; co lume lla straight, trun
c ated, ending in a po int ; ou ter lip thin, margin acu te ,
anteriorly trunca te .
S yn . S eraphs , M antf . S erapis,L ink. S eraps, Fe
’
ru ss .
S eraphy s, Gray . T erebrina,Rafi n . L u cis and A rtopoia,
Gistel. T ereb ellopsis, L eym .
E x . T . subulatum , Chemni tz , p l . 2 7 , fi g . 4 . O percu
lum , T . subulatum,fi g . 4
,a,4, b. S he l l , T . sub ulatum,
fi g. 4 , c .
T he Terebellnm l ive s in rather deep water, and is found
in the C hina S ea and among the islands o f the Indian
and P hilippine A rchipelagoes . In its mode of progression
i t re semb les the S trombi , ro l l ing th e shell over and over,and performing a serie s o f irregu lar jumps ; when first
taken from the water i t wi l l even leap severa l inches from
the ground . I t is ex treme ly shy and sensi tive in its
habits, po ising the shel l in a vertica l po sition,and pro
truding the longer te lesc ope eye (for, s ingularly enough ,
one eye-pedice l is longer than the o ther) from the no tch
in the front o f the Shel l ; i t w il l thus remain perfe c tly
immovab le until assured o f se curi ty, when i t begi ns to
roll over and exam ine the ground wi th its rostrum .
Fam . CYPR rE ID zE .
L ingual riband rather long, w i th seven series o f tee th
each row compo sed o f one broad, quadrate , unci
264 crraa mn .
nated, axile too th , flanked on each side by three unci
nated, hooked laterals ; ou ter latera l tee th c onica l, entire
or toothed . H ead broad, ro strum sho rt ; tentac les long
and subu late , w ith the eyes on b u lgings at the ir ex terna l
base s . M antle furnished w i th a siphon , and wi th large ,expanded side -lobe s covering the She l l ; branchial p lume
single . Foo t s imple .
O percu lum none .
S he l l u sual ly po l ished,th e last who rl large , convo lu te ,
wholly or partially conceal ing the o thers ou ter l ip greatly
infi exed and too thed ; inne r lip den tate or co rrugated .
T he mantle -lobes are often ex ternally o rnamented w i th
fo rked or po inted beards o r fi laments , though some times ,
as in Trivia , they are papillo se , and o c c asionally th ey are
smoo th and simp le the foo t is large and expanded, and
o ften greatly produced beh ind, and the end o f th e siphon
is frequently fi mbriated . In the i r habits , the C owries are
shy , and crawl slowly ; they are nearly all tropical ani
mals, l iving in warm c o un tries , and as they gl ide along
among the co ral -reefs and in the shelter o f ro cks, with
the lateral lobes o f the i r mantles adorned wi th showy
colours , they present to the eye o f the N atural ist obj e cts
o f singu lar interest and beau ty .
G enu s CYPRJEA , L innaeu s .
S he l l ova te ly cyl indri ca l,pol ished ; spire obso le te , or
concealed by ename l ; aperture narrow,linear ; inner lip
denti cu lated ; ou ter lip greatly inflected , denticrrlate or
c renate .
.S yn . P orc el lana (part), Rumph . P eribo lu s (young),Adans . C yprea, M ontf . C ypriarius, D am . E rythraea,Ba rrel.
266 crranmn .
E x . A . annu lus , L innaeus, pl . 2 8 , fig . 2 . S he ll , A .
mone ta , L innwu s , fig . 2,a .
T he genus Ar ic ia fo rms a na tural group o f C owrie s
charac terised by the flattened base o f the last whorl , the
th i ckened c a llou s lips , and the gibbous back .
Species of A vicia .
achatina , S oland .
annulus , L inn .
A rabica , L inn .
A rabicula , Lam .
arenosa , Gray .
b icallosa , G ray .
caput-angu is , P h il.capu t- serpentis , Linn .
h istrio , L inn .
icterina , Lam .
M au ritiana , L inn .
G enu s LUPONIA, G ray .
S he l l ovately pyriform, ventric ose , smoo th
,po li shed ;
Spire concealed, often depre ssed ; aperture narrow ,linear ;
inner lip pl ic ato -dentate , the pla i ts o ften obsole te poste
rio rly ; ou te r l ip inflexed and c renate .
S yn . C ypraedia, S wa ins .
E x . L . tigris, L innwu s, pl . 2 8 . fig . 3 . S h e ll,L . Al
goensis , Gray , fig . 3 , a .
T h is genu s c omprises the pyriform C owrie s , wh ich
u sually have a few strong, irregu lar plai ts at th e fore part
o f the co lumella ; many o f the rarest spec ies o f the C owry
tribe are included in the L up ania group .
moneta , L inn .
mus , L inn .
obvelata , L am .
punc tulata , Gray .
rattu s , L am .
S cottii , B rod .
scurra ,Chem.
stercoraria , L inn .
sulcidentata , Gray .
tessellata , Gray .
CYPRE OVULA .267
Species of
albuginosa , Gray .
Algoensis , G ray .
angustata, Gmel.atamaria , Gmel.Au rora , S oland .
Boivinii , Kien .
camelopardalis , P erry .
caurica ,L inn .
citrina , Gray .
clandestina , L inn .
cribraria , L am .
C umingii , Gray .
eburnea , Ba rnes .
edentula , S ow .
erosa ,L inn .
esontropia , Duel.
ferruginosa, Kien .
fuscodentata , Gray .
gangrenosa , S oland .
Grayi , Kien .
gu ttata , Gmel.
helvola , L inn .
Humphreysii , Gray.
irina , Kien .
L amarckii , Duel.
lentiginosa , Gray .
L isteri , Gray .
lynx ,L inn .
mappa , L inn .
miliaris , L inn .
G enu s CYPRE OVULA ,G ray .
S hell oval , ventricose , su rfa ce covered w i th e levated
striae ; aperture narrow ,l inear ; inner lip denticulated ;
ou ter l ip infle cted and transverse ly striated .
Luponia .
nebu losa , Kien .
nigropunctata , Gray .
ocellata , Kien .
onyx , L inn .
ovum , L inn.
pallida , Gray .
panth erina , S oland .
picta , Gray .
poraria , L inn .
pri nceps , Gray .
pulch ella , Swa ins .
pyriformis , Gray .
pyrum , Gmel.
sangu inolenta , Gmel.
S imilis , Gray .
S owerbyi , Kien .
spadicea, S wa ins .
spurca ,L inn .
stolida , L inn .
subviridis , Reeve .
tigris , L inn .
tu rdus , L inn .
undata , L am .
variolaria, L am .
vitellus, L inn .
Walkeri , Gray .
xanthodon , Gray .
z icz ac , Gmel.
z onata , Chem.
268 CYPR/EIDA’
S.
S yn . C ypraeova , S w a ins . C yprovula , Anet . C ypreo
vu la , Flem . C ypraeovulum ,S ow .
,J un .
E x . C . C apensis , S owerby , pl . 28 , fig . 4 .
T he only rec ent example s o f th is genu s, charac terised
by the transverse ly striated back o f the sh e ll , are inhab i
tants o f the C ape ; th ey are rare , and the animal has no t
h i the rto been observed .
Species of Cyp ; ceovu la .
Adamsonii , Gray . C apensis , Gray .
G enus TRIVIA , G ray .
S hel l oval , rather depressed, surface covered wi th ele
vated, transverse ribs or tubercles ; spire c onc ealed ;
aperture narrow ; inner lip su l cated ; ou ter lip transverse ly
gro o ved .
S yn . C o ccinel la , L ea ch , no t L inn . T rivea, S w a ins .
E x . T . E u rop aea, M ontagu ,p l . 2 8
,fig . 5 . S he ll , T .
E uropaea , fig . 5,a .
T he Shells o f th e Tr iviae are some times covered w ith
transverse , ra ised ribs a cross the back,as in T . E u ropcea
and T . p edi cu lus, and some times wi th e leva ted tuberc le s ,a s in T . p u stu losa while in o thers there are bo th tuber
cles and rib s,as in T . staphylaea .
Species of Tr ivia .
acutidentata , Gash. candidula , Gask.
armandina , Duel. Ch ildreni , Gray .
australis , L am . coccinella , L am .
Beckii , Gask. depauperata , S aw .
270 AMPHIPERAS ID/E .
large , broad, ovate , with num erou s long , linear, equal,
cu rved digitations on the upper edge .
M antle - lobes expanded,covering the S ides of the she ll
bearded externally .
O percu lum none .
S hell po inted at each end,smoo th , polished , the ex tre
m ities more or less produc ed ; inner l ip wi thou t tee th ;margin o f ou ter lip inflexed .
G enus AMPHIPERAS , G ronovius .
M antle -margin simple ; foo t large , thin, expanded .
S hel l ovate , ventric ose ; apertu re narrow, ex trem i ties no t
pro longed into c anals ; ou ter lip inflex ed and transverselywrinkled ; inner lip smo o th, simple .
S yn . C onchylium,Tou rney . L ic ium ,
Hump h . S em i
porce llana , D a C osta . Birostris, Fa br . O vulus,M an if .
O vu la , Brng . O vu lum,S ow .
E v . A . ovum,L innaeu s
,pl . 28 , fig . 6 . S he ll , A . ovum
,
fig . 6,a .
T he shells o f th is genus are never ornamented w i th rich
or vari ed c olours , like those o f the C owry tribe , b u t are
u su ally white , pink, pale vio le t,or ye l low ,
withou t exhi
biting any partic u lar markings or pattern .
Sp ecies of Amphipera s .
Adriatica , S ow . concinna , S aw .
angulosa , L am. dentata , S owbrevis, S ow . dorsuosa , H inds .
bulla , S ow . formosa , S ow .
bullulata , S ow . hordacea , L am.
carnea, P oiret. lactea, L am.
CYPHOMA .
marginata , S ow . striatula, S ow .
nubeculata ,S ow . punctata , Duel.
ovum , L inn . triticea , L am .
pyri formis , S ow . umbilicata , S ow .
G enus CALPURNUS , M ontfort .
M antle -margin reflexed, simple,partly coveri ng the
she ll ; foo t w ide, expanded .
S hell cypraeiform ,dorsally gibbou s, wi th a c ircu lar, de
pressed line at each ex trem i ty,leaving a wart- like tuber
cle ; apertu re narrow,l inear ; inner lip smoo th , produ ced
posteriorly into a po int as long as the hinder end o f the
ou ter lip ; ou ter l ip inflex ed, dentato - l irate , th e ridges
ex tending transversely .
S yn . C ypraella, S w a ins .
E x . C . verru co su s, L innw us,pl . 2 8
,fi g. 7 . S hell , fig .
7 , a .
T he sh ell o f C a lp nrnu s is known a t onc e by the pec u
liar tuberc le at each end i t is a so l id She ll,longitudinally
striated a s ingle spec ies only is known .
G enus CYPHOMA , Bo lten .
S he ll oblong,ova te , wi th an obtuse , dorsal , transverse
ridge ; ex trem i ties rounded , no t produ ced into e longated
beaks apertu re nearly straight, almost central , contrac ted
beh ind,e fi use in front ; inner lip smoo th , S imple ; ou te r
l ip inflex ed, the margin sligh tly c renate .
S yn . Ul timu s, M anif . C arinea, S wa ins. Binovo
lu ta,S chlilt .
E x . C . gibbosa , Linmeu s, pl . 2 8 , fi g . 8 .
From the mark on the back o f the shel l and the po
272 AMPHIPERA S IDJE .
lished,callou s surfac e the mantle -margin o f the animal is
probably dilated into lobes c overing the sides o f th e
shell ; the transverse e levated ridge is a very peculiar
feature in the sh e ll o f Cyphoma .
Sp ecies of Cyphoma .
emarginata , S ow . intermedia , S ow .
gibbosa , Linn .
G enus VOLVA Bolten .
M antle -margin wi th glandular tubercles ; foo t narrow,
longitudinally fo lded .
S he l l elongately oval, spindle -shaped,ventric ose ; aper
ture narrow ,wi th the ex trem i ties more or less pro longed
into channe lled beaks ; c o lume lla smoo th ; ou ter l ip re
flec ted, thickened ex ternally .
S yn . R adius , M antf . Biro stra , S w a ins . Rhiz oru s,
E x . V . vo lva,L innaeu s, pl . 2 9 , fi g . 1 . S he ll , V . vo lva
fig . 1 , a .
T he foo t in this genu s is narrow and fo lded lengthway
on i tself, be ing adapted for c reeping on the rounded
narrow branch es o f Gorgonice and c o rals , on wh ich i t i s
supposed to fe ed ; th e an imal progre sses very slowly ,
bu t is to lerably bold in dispo si tion .
Species of Volva .
acicu laris , Lam . deflexa , S ow .
acuminata , S aw . form icaria ,S aw.
b irostris , Lam. frumentum , S ow .
coarctata , S ow . gracilis , S ow .
274 PEDICULARIIDJE .
and three -spined . Eyes sessile on the ou ter bases o f the
tentac les . M antle enclosed, not pro du ced into a siphon
in front . Foo t smal l .
O pe rcu lum none .
S he ll irregu lar, parasi tic ; spire la tera l , m inu te ; aper
ture very w ide ; o u ter l ip th in , simple .
T he cu rious M ollu sk,fo rm ing the type of th is family,
was first disc overed by M r. S wa inson on the c oast o f
S icily , parasi tic on c oral . T he lingual dentition some
wha t re semb le s that o f Tr ichatrop is, b u t the she l l has
m ore the aspec t o f C onchap a tella .
G enus PEDICULARIA , S wa inson .
S he l l ovate -oblong, su rface irregu lar, radiately ribbed
in the young state ; spire m inu te,apex lateral , inc l ined
towards th e left side ; aperture very w ide , channe lled in
front ; inner l ip s imple ; ou ter lip a cu te,irregular .
S yn . T hyreus , P hil .
E n . P . S i cu la, S wa inson , pl . 2 9 , fig . 3,3,a .
T he only spec ies known is parasi tic on M editerranean
c o rals ; in the young state,there a re regu lar, conspic uous
ribs , radiating from the spire to the margin o f the ou ter
l ip ; in an e xam ination o f an imperfec t spec imen,we
found tha t the eye s were seen at the o u ter bases o f the
tentac les , tha t th e mantle -margin was th ickened,and
that there was no O percu lum .
CANCELLARIIDJE .
Fam . CAN C EL LAR IID/E .
L ingual membrane and tee th none . R o strum very
short ; ten tac les w ide apart, wi th th e eyes on the o u ter
side near the ir bases . M antle enc losed, w i th a rudimentary
s iphonal fo ld . Foo t small , triangular, simple .
O percu lum none .
S hel l wi th the aperture more or less channelled in
front ; columella plicated .
T he animals o f th is family are remarkable for the
s imple natu re o f the o ral apparatus, b o th tongue and
tee th be ing wanting ; the head, moreover, doe s no t seem
to b e e longated, the rostrum be ing rudimentary .
G enu s CANCELLARIA , L amarck .
S hel l oval , c anc ellated , ribbed or re ticulated , last whorl
ventricose ; aperture oblong, channe lled in front ; canal
short, some times recu rved c o lume lla wi th several strong,
obl ique pla i ts .
S yn . C anc ellarius , M ontf . Bu c c inella, P erry . P li
caria, Fa br .
E x . C . tex tilis, K iener , pl . 2 9 , fi g . 4 . S he ll, C . can
c ellata , L innaeu s, fi g . 4 , a .
M . D eshaye s states that the C a ncella r ia is a vege tab le
feeder ; the genu s is remarkable for the e legance and
rarity o f the she lls ; it is numerou s in spec ies,and is
found in the We st Indies , C h ina, S ou th America , and the
E astern Archipe lago ; the spe c ie s range from low-water
to forty fathoms .
276 CANCELLARIID/E .
Sp ecies of
acuminata, S aw.
aflinis, C . B . Adams .
albida, H inds .
asperella , L am.
australis , S aw .
buccinoides , S aw.
cancellata , L inn.
candida , S ow.
chrysostoma , S ow.
decussata, S ow .
gemmulata, S ow .
granosa, S ow .
haemastoma , S ow.
lactea, Desh .
laevigata , S ow.
lyrata, Adams and Reeve.
macrospira,Adams and Reeve.
S ub-
gen . TRIGONO STOMA , Blainville .
S hell ovately con ical , widely umbilicated whorls angulated ,
longitudinally ribbed ; aperture triangular, acuminate in front .
antiquata, H inds .
articularis , S ow .
bicolor, H inds .
brevis , S ow .
bullata , S ow .
contabulata , S aw.
costata, Gray .
costifera, S ow.
crenifera , S ow .
criSpata , S ow .
C umingi i , S ow .
excavata , S ow .
foveolata , S ow .
funiculata, H inds .
goniostoma , S ow .
lamellosa , H inds.
littoriniformis , S ow .
obliquata , L am .
pygmaea , C . B . Adams .
scalarina , C hem.
scalata , S ow.
semidisjuncta , S ow .
spirata , L am .
tenera , P hil.textilis , Kien .
trigonostoma, L am .
tuberculata , S ow.
Verauxii , Kien.
Cancellaria .
nodulifera, S ow .
obesa , S ow.
ovata , S ow .
piscatorum, Chem.
pulchra, S ow .
reticulata , L am .
rugosa , L am.
scabricula , L inn .
semipellucida , Adams
Reeve .
S imilis, S ow .
Spengleriana , Desh .
undulata , S ow .
unidentata , S ow .
urceolata, H inds .
ventricosa, H inds .
27 8 TRICHOTROPIDJE .
S ub-gen . MAS SYLA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovate , turbinate ; Spire obtuse, whorls transverselystriated ; aperture contracted and emarginate anteriorly ; columella truncate .
corrugata , H inds .
G enus ADMETE, K royer .
S hel l ovate , thin, covered w ith an epidermis ; spire
acu te , last whorl ventricose ; apertu re oval , channe lled
anteriorly ; co lume lla w ith a few rudimentary fo lds ou ter
l ip th in,simple , acu te .
E x . A . v iridula , M a ller , p l . 2 9 , fig . 5 . S hel l, A . viri
du la , fi g . 5 , a .
T he an ima l resemb les that o f Cancella r ia,and there is
no operculum on the foo t ; there are but a few spec ies ye t
known , though , doubtle ss, many rema in to b e discovered
in the N orthern S eas, where the genu s appears to repre
sent C a ncella r ia , in the same manne r that Trop hon re
presents M u rex ,and Bela certain spe cie s o f M angelia .
Sp ecies of Admete.
abnormis , Gray . C outhouyi , S ow .
arctica , M idd . viridula ,M
’
o’
ll.
Fam . TR ICHO T R O P ID/E .
L ingual membrane short and broad ; tee th in seven
series the centra l hama te and denticu la ted , the
TRICHOTROPIS . 27 9
lateral cu rved, the inne r one denticu lated, th e two ou ter
simple . R o strum bro ad and sho rt ; tentac les w ide apart,bearing th e eyes on bulgings at the ex trem i ties of the ir
lower ha l ve s . M antle enc losed,wi th a rudimentary si
phonal fo ld . Foo t smal l,S imp le .
O percu lum sub annular, ovate , horny , w i th a sublateral
nu c leu s .
S hel l spiral , more o r less tu rbinate ; whorls covered
wi th an epidermis ; aperture sub -emarginate anteriorly ;co lume lla not plicate .
In the ir denti tion ,these an imals have a strong analogy
to Velntini dce and N a ticidae, b u t the head o f the anima l
is fu rnished w ith a ro strum ; the foo t is ra ther smal l and
s imp le , and the form o f the she ll varie s cons ide rably,be ing e i ther imperfo rate or wide ly umbil ica te , smo o th or
c anc e llated , turbinate o r tu rre ted . T he spec ie s are
ch iefly from the N orthern S eas, where th ey inhabi t deep
wa ter ; a few ,howeve r, are from the warm er parts of the
globe , as T . fl a vidnla and T . ca ncella ta .
G enus TRICHOTROPIS , Broderip and S owerby .
S hel l turb inate , or somewhat e levated , th in ,more or less
distinc tly umbili cated , Spirally fur-rowed or cancellated,
the ribs often furnished w ith epiderma l fringe s ; apex o f
spire acu te ; apertu re pyriform,angu lated in front ; colu
me lla ob l iqu ely truncated, c ana l rudimentary ; inner lip
flattened, arcu ated ; ou ter lip simple , acu te .
S yn . T rc phore , D esh . T richo tropus, L ess . T ri
chopodu s, S ow .
E x . T . borealis, Broder ip a nd S ow erby , pl . 2 9 , fig . 6 .
280 APORRHAID/E .
O percu lum ,T . bo real is, fig . 6 , a , 6 , b . S hell , T . bicari
nata , B roderip a nd S ow erby , fig . 6,0 .
T here are more than a do z en spe cie s, mo st o f them
be ing natives o f the Boreal seas ; the few from warmer
lati tudes were dredged from very deep water .
Sp ecies of Triehotrap is .
acuminata , J efi r .
A tlantica , Beck.
b icarinata , Brad . and S ew
borealis , Brad . a nd S ew .
cancellata , H inds .
clathrata, A . Adams .
S ub -
gen . IPHIN O E , H . and A . Adams .
Shell thin aperture subtrigonal axis widely and deeply per
fora ted .
ciliata, Kruger . unicarinata , S ow .
Fam . APORRHA ID AZ.
L ingu al membrane w i th seven serie s o f tee th
the med ian hooked, dentic u lated , the first lateral unc inate ,th e second and third c law-Shaped . R o strum e longa te ,
tapering ; tentac les subu late , bearing the eye s on slight
prom inences at the ir e x ternal bases . M antle w i th the
ou ter margin expanded o r lobed,and w i th a rudimentary
S iphon in front , bent to th e righ t . Foo t small , oblong,simple .
O percu lum annular, ovate or po inted, the nu cleus small ,
apical .
conica, M oll.
dolium , P etit .
flavidula , H inds .
inermis , Hinds .
insignis , M idd .
umbilicata , Brown .
282 APORRHAIDzE .
G enu s STRUTHIOLARIA, L amarck .
M an tle w ith the ou ter edge simp le .
O perculum ungu icu late , w i th the nuc leu s apical .
S he l l oblong-oval ; spire acum inated , apex obtuse ;aperture wi th a short c anal in front ; c o lumel la th ickened,po lished, truncate an teriorly ; ou ter l ip thickened and
sinuou s .
E x . S . vermis, M a r tyn, pl . . 26,fi g . 6 . O percu lum ,
S . vermis, fig . 6,a . S he ll, S . papu lo sa , Ill a r ty i i , fig . 6
,b.
T he Spec ies o f this genu s are no t numerou s, and are
inhabitan ts o f the seas o f N ew Zealand and A u stra l ia ;the name is derived from th e form o f the aperture
,which
is supposed to re semble an ostrich’s fo o t .
Species of S tru thiola ria .
canaliculata , Spengl. scutulata, M a rtyn.
papulosa , M a r tyn . vermis, M artyn .
G enus HALIA , R isso .
S he ll oblong- ova te , ventri co se , th in, po lished ; S pire
produced, apex obtu se , papillary ; co lume l la c urved,trunca te anterio rly ; ou ter lip simple , th in, e ffuse , slightly
s inuated near the fore part .
S yn . P ryamus, S ismonda . P riamus,Beck.
E x . H . P riamu s,M enschen , pl. 26 , fig . 7 .
T he type o f this genus is the Bu lla helicoides o f
Bro c chi , a fo ss il Shell ; th e only rec ent spec ies is the one
mentioned above , the H a lia F leminy iana O f M acgill
CERITHIIN/E . 283
ivray be ing founded on a young B ucc inum . N e i ther the
anima l nor O perculum are known, but fr om the c ircum
stance o f the surfac e of the re cent and fo ssi l she lls
be ing some times partly c overed by C o rall ines, and the
fo ssil spe cie s o c cu rring w ith marine she l ls, i t is doubt
less an inhabitant o f the sea , and has even been s tated
once to have been pro cured from the Bay o f N aple s ;the po sition of the genu s in a natu ral system is
,how
ever, diffi cult to de term ine until the an imal is known ;th e shel l has been called an Acha tina
, a Bu lla , a Buc
cinum, and a Bu limu s .
Fam . CER IT HIID E .
L ingual membrane long and l inear,armed wi th a
single series o f median tee th,and th ree lateral serie s o f
hooked, mu l ticu spid uncin i ou ter lateral teeth
conical, curved . R o strum broad and short ; tentac les
wide apar t, subu late ; ey es on short pedi cels uni ted to
the ou ter sides of the tentac les . M antle -margin w i th a
rudimentary siphonal fo ld in front ; gill composed o f a
single series o f plates . Foot broad and short, angu lated
in fron t .
O percu lum horny, spiral or subspiral .
S he l l spiral , many-whorled ; aperture more or less
channe l led in front ; outer lip often expanded in the
adu l t .
S ub -fam . CERITH IIN/E .
O percu lum ovate or semi c ircu lar, of few,rapidly- en
larging whorls .
284 CERITHIINJE .
S he l ls u sually wi thou t epidermis, with the aperture more
o r less beaked, and produ ced in f ront .
M arine .
G enu s CERITHIUM , Adanson .
S hel l turre ted, many-whorled, w i th indistinc t varice s ;
canal produ ced in front and slightly rec urved ; c o lume lla
th i ckened, wi th a c al losi ty at the hind part .
S yn . A nas,K lein, not L inn . C lava , Hump h . C e
rite s, D elameth . C amillus , M ontf‘
.
E x . C . vu lgatum ,Brugu iere , pl . 2 9 , fig . 7 . O per
culum , C . vu lgatum ,fi g . 7
,a,
6 . S hell, C . vulgatum,
fig . 7 , 0 .
S ome o f the spec ies o f th is genus em i t a bri gh t green
flu id wh en molested . C eri thia are fo und in all parts
o f the world,in the E ast and We st Indies , a long the
c oasts o f the P ac i fi c , the G allapagos Islands, A u stralia,
C hina, and the M editerranean .
Species of C erithium .
Adansonrr, Brug .
adustum , Kien .
algicola , C . B . Adams .
alternatum ,P hil.
armatum , P hil.
a tratum, Barn .
balteatum , P hil.
Billeheusti , P etit .
breve , Q uay and Ga im .
breviculum , S ow .
carbonarium , P hi l.
columna , S ow .
corall ium ,Kien .
crassilabrum , Krauss.
dialeucum, P hil.
eburneum , Brug .
echinatum , L am .
famelicum , C . B . Adams .
ferrugineum , S ay .
fuscatum , Costa .
granosum , Kien .
heteroclites,L am .
inflatum , Q uay .
irroratum , Gould .
lacteum , Kien .
lemniscatum , Qu ay .
286 POTAMIDINZE.
maculosus, M artyn.
M artinianus , Pf eifi‘
.
pharos , H inds .
pictus , Wood .
rugatus , M a rtyn .
semigranosus , L am.
G enu s COLINA , H . and A . Adams .
S he l l e longated , tum id in the m iddle , many-whorled ;whorls rounded, longi tudinally ribbed and nodose
,trans
versely striated ; apertu re ova l , produced in front into a
short, recu rved c anal ; c o lumella S imple,obliqu e ; ou ter
l ip expanded, the margin reflexed .
E x . C . macrostoma , H inds, pl . 30 , fi g . 2 .
In this cu riou s l ittle group th e m iddle whorls o f the
shel l are gibbou s , and the last whorl is nearly smoo th and
somewha t pel lu c id the ou te r l ip, mo reover, is remarkably
dilated and reflex ed . T he spec ie s known are inhabitants
o f deep wa ter, l iving in coarse sand among the P hil ippine
Islands, and in the C hina S ea .
Species of Colina .
macrostoma, H inds . pupiformis , A . A dams .
S ub -fam . P O T AM ID IN ZE .
O percu lum circu lar, o f many whorls .
S he lls u sually covered wi th a brown epiderm is ;fore part o f the aperture more or less channe l led,produced into a b eak .
lnhabi ting the mou th s o f rivers, or sal t marshes .
S inensis , Gmel.S owerbyi, Kien .
subulatus , L am .
taeniatus, Q uay .
torulosus , L inn .
vulgaris , S chum .
TRIPHORIS .
G enus BITTIUM , L each .
O percul igerous lobe w i th rudimentary ex pansions on
e ach side , and furn ished wi th a roundish , lanceo late
c irrhu s (L ové n) .
O percu lum subc ircu lar, o f four vo lu tions .
S he l l turre ted, many-whorled, granular, often with irre
gu lar varice s ; aperture wi th a sl igh t canal in front, no t
produ ced or recurved ; inner lip simple ; ou ter lip acu te ,not reflex ed or ex panded .
E x . B . re ti culatum, D a C osta,pl . 30 , fig . 3 . O per
c ulum ,B . re ti cu latum,
fig . 3,a . S he l l
,B . reti culatum ,
fi g . 3 , b .
T h i s genus inc ludes several smal l northern forms,re
sembling dex tral Tr iphares , and rangi ng from low-water
to e ighty fathoms .
Species of Bittium .
elegans , Bla inv. neglectum , C . B . Adams .
gibberulum , C . B . Adams. pu lchellum , C . B . Adams .
granarium , Kien . reticulatum, D a Costa .
G reenii , C . B . Adams . scabrum , O liv.
iota , C . B . A dams . z ebrum ,Kien.
G enu s TRIPHORIS , D e shayes .
T entac le s c lava te at the tips , uni ted at the ir bases by
a sinu ated ve il .
O percu lum orb icu lar, few-whorled .
S hel l turre ted, s ini stral ; ape rture round , produced an “
teri orly into a c lo sed, tubular canal , sometime s wi th a
po sterio r, c losed c anal .
288 POTAMIDINrE .
S yn . T ristoma , B la inv. T riphora,S wa ins . T riforis ,
D esh .
, O lim . M astonia,H inds .
E x . T . perversu s, L innwus, pl . 30 , fi g . 4 . S he ll , T .
perversu s . fig . 4,a .
T he spe cie s o f Tr iphoris are very numerous , and are
from deep water ; they are inhabitants o f the S tra i ts o f
M alac ca , A u stral ia , N ew G u inea , N ew Ire land , the We st
Indie s,and the M editerranean . T he th ird po steri o r canal
is only o c casional ly pre sent ; the scu lpture o f the whorl s
is very varied, beau ti fu l , and constant .
Species of Tr iphoris .
adversus , H inds .
candidus , H inds .
C ateretensis , H inds .
clemens , H inds .
concinnus , H inds .
festivus , A . A dams .
granulatu s ,Adams and Reeve .
hilaris ,H inds .
labiatus , A . Adams .
monilifer, H inds .
nigrofuscu s , A . Adams .
ornatus , Desh .
S ub -
gen . INO , H inds .
Shell cylindraceo -subulate , elongate , acuminate .
acu tus, Kien . cingulatus , A . Adams .
aemulans , H inds . collaris , H inds .
albidus , A . A dams . consors , H inds .
alveolatus , Adams and Reeve . corrugatus, H inds .
asperrimus , H inds . dextroversus , Adams and
bilix , H inds . Reeve .
cancellatus , H inds .
perversus , L inn .
roseus, H inds .
ruber, H inds .
scitulus , A . A dams .
speciosus , A dams and Reeve .
su turalis, Adams and Reeve .
tristoma , Bla inv.
variegatus , A . Adams .
verrucosu s ,Adams andReeve .
violaceus, Q uay and Gnim .
vulpinus, H inds .
290 POTAMIDINJ’E.
G enus POTAM IDES , Brongniart .
S hell turre ted,whorls angula ted or coronated ; aper
ture produced in fron t into a nearly s traight c anal ; ou ter
lip th in, sinuated in the m iddle .
S yn . P o tamida, S chw eigg . P o tamidium,F lem . P o
tomis, S wa ins . P o tamis, S aw .
, ju n .
E x . P . eb eninu s, Brugu iere , pl . 30 , fig . 6 . O percu
lum,P . eb eninu s
,fig . 6
,a,6,b . S he ll , P . P ac i fi cu s ,
S ow erby , fig . 6,c .
T he spe cies now ex isting, mo st nearly re sembling the
fossil she lls on wh ich this genu s is founded , are those
we have indic ated ; they are distingu ished by the ir c o ro
nated whorls and the i r rather straight c anal .
Species of P otamides .
ebeninus , Brng . P aci fi cus , S ow .
L amarckii , Va lene.
G enus TYM PANO TONO S , K le in .
S hell turre ted , whorls spinu lose or mu ricated ; aperture
round, w i th a sho rt anterior canal ; c o lumella tortu ous ;ou ter l ip th in , sinu ated
,produc ed towards the fo re part .
S yn . T ympano stoma , S aw . P o tam is, S wa ins .
E x . T . fuscatu s, L innaeu s, pl . 30 , fi g . 7 . S hell , T .
fu scatus,fig . 7
, a .
In general appearance,the shells o f th is genu s resemble
tho se o f Vibex o f O ken ,b ut the twisted c o lume lla and
distinc t canal o f the aperture will at once distingu ish
them .
TELESCOPIUM .
Species of Tympanotonas .
alatu s , P hil. fuscatus , L inn .
cingulatus , Gmel. macroptera , Kien.
fluvia tilis, P ot . and M ich . radula , L inn .
G enu s PYRAZUS , M ontfort .
S he l l turre ted, subu late , many-whorled, whorls rugose ,transversely su lc a te and granu lar, varice s few,
indistinc t ;
aperture w i th a sho rt c anal in front ; c o lumella w ith an
O bl ique,spiral c allo si ty in the m iddle ; ou ter lip dilated
and th icken ed,uni ted at the fore part to th e inner lip .
S yn . T e reb ralia,S w a ins .
E x . P . pa lustris , L innaeus, pl . 3 0 , fig . 8 . O perou
lum ,P . palu stris , fi g . 8
,a . S hell , P . palus tris, fig . 8
,b .
T he P . p a lustris oc cu rs in grea t abundance in the sal t
marshes of the E astern A rchipe lago,and is assiduously
co lle cted and eaten by the natives , who roast them and
suck the c ontents o f the she l l through an aperture made
by breaking o ff the tip o f the Spire .
Species of P yraz us.
palustris , L inn . sulcatus , Barn .
semistriatus , Bolt.
G enu s TELESCOPIUM, C hemni tz .
S hell pyram idal , turre ted, last whorl angulated ; aper
ture subquadrate ; c o lume lla tortuou s, ending anteriorly
in a po int ; o u ter lip thin, sinuous .
29 2 POTAMIDINZE .
E x . T . fusc um,Chemni tz , pl . 3 1 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
T . fu scum ,fig . 1 , a . S hell , T . fuscum ,
fig . 1,b .
T . f uscum inhabits the salt -marsh es and swampy tracks
near the mou ths o f rivers in the E ast Indian islands,and th e ir po inted spire s may b e seen s ticking ou t o f the
soft mud in incredible numbers ; they are so abundant
near C alcu tta as to b e u sed for bu rning into lime , be ing
ex posed in heaps to th e sun to kill the animals ; in
Borneo they are eaten by the natives in the same manner
as P yra z u s .
Species of T elescop ium .
fuscum , Chem . lmve , Q uay and Gu im .
G enus CERITHIDEA , S wainson .
E ye-pedi cels very long and thick, connate wi th the
tentac les nearly to the i r tips .
S hel l turreted , many-whorled ; apex o f spire more or
less dec ollated,whorls longitudinally ribbed ; aperture
rounded , sligh tly emarginate anteriorly ; o uter lip ex
panded, with a dilated , thickened margin .
Em. C . C harb onnieri, P eti t,pl . 3 1 , fig . 2 . O percu
lum , C . dec o llata,L innaeu s , fi g . 2
,a . S hell, C . obtusa ,
L ama rck,
fig . 2,b.
T he C eri thidem are amphib iou s,crawling on the stones
and leaves in the ne ighbou rhood o f brackish water in
mangrove -swamps, and at the mou ths o f rivers ; during
the dry season they c lose the mou th of the she ll wi th
the opercu lum,and hang
,su spended by glu tinous threads ,
to smal l branches and mangrove roo ts .
2 94 MELANIINfE .
T hese an imals are fluviatile , be ing inhabitants o f fresh
water lake s and rivers throughou t the warmer parts o f the
world . T he apex o f th e spire is o ften eroded by the
a c tion o f the water in which they l ive . In the British
Islands th ey only o c cur a s fo ssils ; in th e sou thern S tates
o f N orth America they are numerou s , and form pecu liar
groups ; those wi th th e many -whorled opercu lum appear
to abound most in the O ld World ; in some instances
these anima ls are viviparous .
S ub -fam . M E LAN IINAE].
O percu lum ovate and subspiral , or subcircular, and o f
few whorl s .
S he l l covered wi th a dark,h o rny epidermis ; aperture
u sually s imp le in front,wi thou t a distinct no tch .
G enu s TIARA , Bo l ten .
S he l l ovate ; spire and aperture o f nearly equal length ;whorls c o ronated w i th spine s or tuberc les ape rture ovate
en tire in front,po inted behind inner lip very th in ou ter
l ip S imple, acute .
S yn . S pirilla , H umph . M e las,M antf . M elacantha ,
S w a ins . Amarula , S ow . , jun .
E x . T . amarula, L innaeu s , pl . 3 1 , fig . 3 . O percu lum,
T . acanthica , L ea , fig . 3,a,3,b . S he ll , T . amarula
,
fig . 3, c .
T his group c omprises the ovate fo rms of the M elan i incc,
in which the whorls are spinose they are e i ther smoo th
and black, c o ve red w i th a villose epidermis, o r trans
versely stria ted and variega ted .
MELANELLA . 29 5
Species of T ia ra .
acanthica, L ea .
amarula , L inn .
cornu ta , Lea .
crenularis , Desh .
Cybele , Gou ld .
denticulata , L ea .
diadema , L ea .
S ub -
gen . P L O T IA , Bol ten .
S hell ovate , fusiform ; whorls spinose , transversely sulcate ;aperture elongate , simple in front .
bellicosa , H inds . m irifi ca , A . Adams
coronata , V. d . Busch . pugilis , H inds .
corrugata , L ea . scabra , L am .
crenu lata , Chem . scabrella , P hil .
elegans , Bens . spinulosa , L am .
furfurosa , Gou ld . tenuis,L ea .
gran ifera , L am . T erpsichore , G ou ld .
granum , V. d . Busch . tetrica, Gou ld .
Herklotz i , P etit . Winteri , V. d . Busch .
lineata , Gray .
G enu s MELANELLA , S wainson .
S he l l ovate ; spire as long as the apertu re , whorls
smoo th or tubercu late ; apertu re ovate , entire in fron t,
acuminate po steriorly ; inner l ip thickened ; ou ter lipsimple , no t produ ced in front .
S yn . T hiara , Mnhlf .
E x . M . glans, Von dem Busch , pl . 3 1 , fig . 4 . O per
culum ,M . glans, fi g . 4 , a . S he ll , M . H ollandri , Ferussa c ,
fig . 4, e .
orientalis , A . A dams .
pagoda ,L ea .
setosa, S wa ins .
speciosa , A . Adams .
th iarella , L am .
villosa , P h il.
29 6 MELANIIN/E.
T his genus c omprises the ova te forms o f M elani ince
wh ich are no t spinose ; th e head o f the animal is fur
nished wi th a very broad m u z z le , and the margin o f the
mantle is thi ckened and c rena te .
Species of M cla nella .
afra , L ig . Hollandri, Fer .
crassa , V. d . Busch . siccata, V. d . Busch .
glans , V. d . Busch . z onata , V. d . Busch .
S ub -gen . S ERM YLA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell mitriform ; whorls longitudinally plicate , the last transversely sulcate anteriorly ; ou ter lip sinuated in the middle .
harpu la, Dkr . semicostata , P hil.
m itra , D kr . tornatella , Lea .
nana , L ea .
G enu s MELANO IDES , O l ivier .
O percu lum sub circu lar, subspiral, O f few rapidly-en
larging whorls .
S he l l subu late , so l id, whorls o ften nodulous or rugose
aperture subcircu lar, produced in fron t ; inne r lip some
wh at c allous ; ou te r lip sinu ated, thickened, dilated, and
produc ed ante rio rly .
E x . M . Indic a , E ydoux ,pl . 3 1
,fig . 5 . O percu lum
,
M . glaphyra , M orelet,fig . 5
,a,5,b . S hell , M . aspe ra ,
L ama rck,fig . 5
,e .
T he form o f the aperture in th is genu s' is rounder
than in M e la nia, the inner l ip is th ickened, the whorls
are nodose and striated, and the o perc u lum is sub c ir
c ular and o f few who rls .
298 MELANIIN/E.
Species of
acu ta , L ea .
Alexandrensis , L ea .
annulifera , Conv.
canaliculata , S ay .
elongata, L ea .
exarata, L ea .
Haleiana , L ea .
K irtlandiana , L ea .
lugubris, L ea .
G enus PACHYCHEILUS , L ea .
O percu lum suborbicu lar, o f several whorls .
S hell fusiformly conical , smoo th, so lid ; apertu re ovate ,entire anteriorly c o lume llar lip thickened posteriorly ;
ou ter lip thick .
E x . P . laevissim us,S ow erby , pl . 3 1 , fig . 7 . O perou
lum,P . c orvinus, M orelet
,fig . 7 , a , 7 , b .
T he chief pec u l iari ty o f this genus is the thickened
outer lip ; i t diff ers from Al elanap sis in having no sinus
a t the fo re part o f the aperture,and from M elania in
having a c al lou s c olumel la . T he opercu lum has th e
nuc leu s subcen tral , and is c omposed o f two or three
spira l revo lu tions .
Species of P a chyeheilus .
amoenus,M orel. ferrugineus, Lea .
corvinus , M orel. graphium, M orel.
dubiosus, S ay . Indiorum, M orel.
Ceriphasia .
lu tosa , Gou ld .
O rdiana ,L ea .
regularis , L ea .
spurca , L ea .
subularis , L ea .
sulcosa , Lea .
symmetrica ,Ha ld .
Vainafa , Gould .
Virginica , Gmel.
L a. Guayia , S a llé .
laevissimus , S aw .
nigritus, M orel.
S implex , S ay .
sulcospira , M ouss.
testudinarius , V. d . Busch .
verus , P a z .
Z anguebarensis, P etit.
S ub-
gen . AYLACO STOMA , Spix .
S hell elongately fusiform,thick, solid, whorls smooth , cari
h ated or geniculate near the suture ; inner lip th ickened,callous aperture entire in front ; ou ter lip th ickened internally .
coarctatus , Lam .
cochlidium, L ea .
costellaris, L ea .
C um i ngi i , L ea .
impurus, L ea .
mcestus, H inds .
rectus , L ea .
scalaris , Wagn .
sobrius , L ea .
S ub -gen . P OTAD OMA , Swainson .
Shell ovate , solid ; spire short, whorls smooth ; innersomewhat th ickened ; aperture produced in front ; outeracute , S imple .
depygis, S ay .
fontinalis , P hil.gracilis , L ea .
inornatus , Anthan .
leevigatus , Lea .
N iagarensis , L ea .
O cocensis , L ea .
ovoideus , L ea .
perfuscus , L ea .
rufescens , L ea .
sordidus , L ea .
subcylindraceus , L ea .
subsolidus, L ea .
Warderianu s,L ea .
G enu s IO,L ea .
S he l l fusiform,whorls spino se ; aperture large , ovate ,
dilated anterio rly, produ ced in front into a grooved beak ;ou ter lip simple , acu te .
300 MELANIIN/E .
S yn . M elafusu s, S wa ins . G lotella , Gray .
E x . I . fluviatilis , S ay , p l . 3 1 , fi g . 8 . O perculum, I .
fluviatilis, fig . 8,a , 8 , b .
T he spec ies o f Io inhabi t the rivers o f N orth Americ a ;
the she lls, l ike those o f most o f the M ela ni idae, are
covered w ith a brown, black, or o l ivac eous epiderm is, and
are remarkab le for the pecu l iar e longa tion o f the ax is
anteriorly, and fo r the spinose nature o f the last whorl .
Species of‘
lo .
armigera , Lea .
D uttoniana , L ea .
Florentiana , L ea .
fi uviatilis , S ay .
fusiformis, S ay .
nobilis, Lea .
pagodula, Gou ld
S ub-
gen . E LIM IA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell fusiformly ovate ; whorls reticulate or nodulose , carinatein the middle ; aperture greatly produced anteriorly ; outer lipth in , simple , acute .
acu ticarinata , L ea .
apis , L ea .
bella , Conr .
Boykiniana , L ea .
caliginosa , L ea .
cancellata, S ay .
carinocostata, L ea .
catenaria, S ay .
pernodosa , L ea .
plicata , L ea .
robulina , Anthon .
spinigera, L ea .
spinosa , L ea .
tenebrosa, L ea .
tuberculata , L ea .
catenoides , L ea .
elevata , L ea .
fi lum ,L ea .
Holstonia , L ea .
nodulosa , L ea .
P otosiensis , Lea .
Spinalis , L ea .
torta , L ea .
302 MELANIIN/E .
perpinguis , H inds .
P hilippii , H . and A . Adams
(picta , P hil ).
picta, H inds .
P lutonis, H inds .
porcata , Jonas .
rivu laris , P hil.rufa , L ea .
S cipio , Gou ld .
semicancellata , V d . Busch .
spadicea , P hi l.strigosa, L ea .
S ub —
gen . MELASMA , H . and A . Adams .
S hel l solid ; Spire elevated, whorls smooth , longitudinally plicate ; aperture produced anteriorly ; inner lip simple , thinouter lip acute , simple .
blanda , L ea .
brevispira, Anthan .
clavaeformis , L ea .
comina , Conr .
concinna , L ea .
costata , Q uay .
costulata , L ea .
crebricostata, Lea .
G enu s HEM IS INUS , S wa inson .
S he ll subulate , whorls smoo th , simple , numerous aper
ture o vate , anteriorly contrac ted, c analicu late and emar
ginate‘
in fi '
ont ou ter l ip thin,crenu lated at the edge .
S yn . T an ia,Gray . Basistoma , Lea .
E re . H . lineolatus , Wood,p l . 32
,fig . 2 . O percu lum
,
H . lineolatus,fig . 2
,a,2,b.
subula , L ea .
subularis , L ea .
subulata , Chem .
T ahitana , L ea .
tenebrosa , L ea .
terebra , V d . Busch .
terebralis, L ea .
teres , L ea .
T irouri , Fe’
russ .
turriculus , L ea .
uniformis , Q uay .
verruculum , M orel.
C urreyana, L ea .
D eshayesiana , L ea .
E dgareana , L ea .
laqueata , S ay .
L econtiana , Lea .
nitens, L ea .
plicatula , L ea .
plicifera, L ea .
V IBEX . 303
T his genu s comprises many fi ne spec ies o f fresh -wa ter
she lls , principally from S ou th America,though a few
have been regarded as inhabitants o f o ther countries .
Sp ecies of Hemisinus .
adspersus T rasek .
Braz iliensis , M a rie .
breviformis , P hil.
bulbosus , Gou ld .
contractus , L ea .
conus, J a cq.dermestoideus, Lea .
G enus VIBEX, O ken .
S he l l tu rreted, whorls tubercu lated, spiral ly ridged or
muri cate ; apertu re sub circ u lar, produc ed and broadly
channe l led in front ; ou ter lip thin,simp le .
S yn. C laviger, H eld . M e lania,S w a ins .
,not L am .
E x . V . aurita, M uller , pl . 32 , fi g . 3 . O percu lum, V .
au rita, fi g . 3,a,3,b . S he l l , V . auri ta , fig . 3
,e .
In this genu s the shel l is usual ly ra the r th ick and so lid,
and the co lume llar lip is somewhat ex cavated and flat
tened an teriorly , the whorls, moreover, are u sual ly rough
with tuberc les or e leva ted ridges .
Species of Vibecc.
aurita , M u ll. fusca, Gmel.balteata , P hil. tuberculosa , Rang .
E dwardsn , L ea .
Guayaquilensis , P etit .Hugelii , P hi l.
lineolatu s , Wood .
perfuscus , L ea .
ruginosus , L ea .
symmetricus , Conr .
304 MELANIINfE .
S ub-gen . D ORYS S A , H . and A . Adams .
S hell subulate , turreted ; Spire dec ollated, whorls longitudinally plicate and decussated with transverse ridges ; aperturesub -canaliculated in front ; ou ter lip incrassated .
atra , Richa rd . mu tans , Gou ld .
brevior , Troseh . subimbricate , P hil.decollata , L ea . transversa , L ea .
S ub -
gen . TARBE IA , H . and A . A dams .
S hell ovato-fusiform , whorls granulose or tessellated withnodules ; outer lip sinuated towards the h ind part ; interior ofaperture often furnished with spiral grooves .
armillata L ea .
C elebensrs, Q uay .
coff ea , P hi l.
crenifera , L ea .
cribrum , L ea .
dembea , Rupp .
flavida , D kr .
granifera , V. d . Busch .
lateritia , L ea .
lineata , T roseh .
l irata , M ke .
L u z oniensis , L ea .
S ub-
gen . JUGA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell th in , whorls rounded, transversely lirate or furnishedwith elevated transverse lines ; apertu re produced anteriorlyou ter lip simple , acute .
Buddii, S ay . exilis , Ha ld .
c ircincta , Lea . M aluccinosa , Q uay .
m icrostoma , L ea .
monoz onalis , L ea .
pyramis, V. d . Busch .
quadriseriata , G ray .
Riqu etii , Gra tel.rudis , L ea .
sem igranosa , V. d . Busch .
su turalis , P hil.
tenuis , L ea .
tessellata , L ea .
turgidula , P hi l.
verrucosa, H inds .
306 MELANIIN/E .
S ub-gen . MEGARA ,H . and A . Adams .
Shell ovate , solid, whorls transversely sulcate ; apertureovate-oblong, sub-canaliculated anteriorly ou ter lip th in , simple ,acu te .
alveare , C onr .
arctata , L ea .
auriculaeformis, L ea .
basal is , L ea .
brevis , L ea .
crebristriata , L ea .
harpa, L ea .
Haysiana , L ea .
Hoeydei , L ea .
impressa, L ea .
G enu s TRICULA , Benson .
She l l elongately oval ; spire produ ced , apex more or
less truncated,last who rl ro unded, slightly umbilic ated ;
aperture ovate , en tire in front, peritreme c on tinu ou s,
sub reflex ed .
E x . T . m on tana,Benson
,pl . 3 2
,fig . 5 . O percu lum
,
T . montana , fi g . 5 , a , 5 , b .
T h e anima l o f T ricu la has an e longa ted prob osc is and
fi liform tentac le s with the eyes at th e ir ou ter base s ; in its
th ickened inner lip , the sh e l l somewha t resembles P a lu
domus , b u t i t is distingu ished by its e longated spire and
truncated apex the only spe cies known is an inhabitan t
o f the river K amaan ,in India .
lateralis, L ea .
lima , Conv .
O liva ,L ea .
olivula , Conr .
o valis , L ea .
pumila , L ea .
solida ,L ea .
torquata , L ea .
undulata , S ay .
Vanuxemiana ,
LEPTOXlS .
G enus LEPTOXIS, R afi nesque .
S hel l ovate or globose , so l id , sub perforate ; spire verysho rt ; aperture oval inner lip w i th a po sterior cal losi ty
,
often anteri orly c allous and produ ced ; ou ter l ip th in,
sinu ou s, w ith a posterio r, ascending canal .
S yn . Anculotus , S ay . Anculosa, S wa ins . Ancylo tus ,
E x . L . praerosa , S ay , pl . 32 , fig . 6 . O percu lum ,L .
praerosa , fig. 6,a, 6 , b .
T he spec ie s of this genu s are pec u l iar to th e N orth
American rivers ; the spire o f the shel l has a truncated ,
eroded apex,and, in the typic al spec ie s, the shel l is so l id
and subglobose , w ith the aperture s imple in front .
Sp ecies of L ep tovis .
abrupta , L ea .
angu lata , Conr .
crassa , Ha ld .
flammata , L ea .
fuliginosa , L ea .
fusca , Ha ld .
fusiform is , L ea .
gibbosa , L ea .
globula , L ea .
Griffi thsiana , L ea .
H ildrethiana , L ea .
integra , S ay .
melanoides , Conr .
N ickliniana , L ea .
nigrescens , Conr .
obtusa , L ea .
picta , Conr .
pilula , L ea .
pisum ,Ha ld .
plicata , Conr .
praerosa, S ay
pumilis , Conr .
rubiginosa , Lea .
squalida , L ea .
subglobosa , S ay .
taeniata , S ay .
tintinnabu lum, L ea .
trivittatus, D e K ay .
T roostiana , L ea .
turgida , Ha ld .
variabilis , L ea .
virgata, L ea .
viridis , L ea .
308 MELANIIN/E .
S ub-
gen . N ITO CR IS , H . and A . Adams .
S h ell th in , subglobose , whorls angu lated, often carinate ;inner lip subtruncate , or ending in a tubercle .
carinata , L ea .
costata, L ea .
dentata , C ou th .
dilatata , Conr .
di ssimilis , S ay .
chena , L ea .
S ub -
gen . VERENA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell sub turbinate , whorls transversely l irate , carinated at
the h ind part ; aperture not produced in front inner lip S imple ,
w ithou t a posterior callu s ; columella subtruncate anteriorly ,forming a very Short canaliculation .
crenocarina , M orel.
S ub —
gen . L YTHAS IA , L ea .
S hell th ick , sol id, ovate , wh orls gibbose or tuberculated at
the h ind part aperture sub-canal icu lated and produced in front ;inner lip wi th a callus posteriorly , subtruncate anteriorly .
genicu la ,Ha ld . salebrosa , Conr .
neritiformis , Desh . semigranulosa , Desh .
obovata, S ay .
G enus PYRGULA, C hristie and Jansen .
S hell turreted, whorls numerou s, carinated ; aperture
oval,emarginate anteri o rly co lume llar lip free , reflected,
produ c ed in front ; ou ter lip thin , S imple .
infi ata, L ea .
K irtlandiana , Anthon .
monodontoides , Gou ld .
occidentalis , L ea .
Rogersii , Conr .
subcarinata , Ha ld .
3 1 0 MELANOPS INAE.
S ub-gen. CANTHTD OMUS , S wainson .
S pire generally short, whorls coronated with spines , or markedw ith longitudinal ribs , the last obtuse anteriorly .
cariosa, L inn . P arreyssrr, M nhlf .
costata , O liv. T heminckiana , P etit.
H elena , M odeer . tigris ,'
e’
russ .
K otschyi , V. d . Busch .
S ub-
gen . LYRCEA , H . and A . A dams.
Shell ovately fusiform , whorls transversely sulcate ; innerlip w ith a large , posterior callus ; columella subtruncate anteriorly ; aperture canaliculated posteriorly .
D ufourn , Graells . nodosa, Fe’
russ .
G enu s FAUNUS , M ontfort .
S hell subu late ; spire e longated, many-whorled, whorls
smoo th , c overed wi th a dark- co loured epiderm is ; apertu re
w ide ly emarginate in front ; inner l ip thi ckened,w ith a
cal lus posteriorly ou ter lip dila ted , the margin sinuated
towards the hind part .
S yn . P irena, L am . E b ena , S chum . Pyrena, M ke .
M elanomona,Baw d .
E x . F . a ter, L innwus , pl . 32 , fig . 9 . O percu lum ,F .
a ter, fi g . 9 , a , 9 , 6. S he ll , F . a ter,fig . 9 , c .
T he spec ies of this genu s , which diff ers from M elanopsis
in the length o f the spire,and in the sinuated
,broadly -ex
panded ou ter l ip , inhab i t the beds o f tropical rive rs and
rivu lets, where th ey may b e seen crawling on the so ft
mud at the bo ttom , feeding, apparently, on the de cayed
vege table ma tter .
CLIONELLA . 3 1 1
Species of Fa unus .
princeps, L ea .
S ub -
gen . MELANATRIA , Bowdich .
Whorls subnodose ; aperture with the notch at the fore partwide and somewhat obsolete outer lip slightly sinuated .
fluminea , Gmel.
G enu s CLIONELLA, G ray .
S he l l fu siform,who rls longitudinally ribbed, the las t an
teriorly c ontrac ted ; apertu re produ ced in fron t into a
rather wide channe l ; outer l ip with a deep sinu s at the
h ind part .
S yn . ?M elatom a, S wa ins .
,no t Anthony .
E x . C . bu c c ino ide s, L ama rck,p l . 32 , fig . 1 0 . O per
culum , C . b u c c ino ides , fig . 1 0 , a ,1 0
,6 . S he l l
, C . bu cc i
noides , fig . 1 0 , c .
T he shells comprised in this genu s have very much
the aspec t o f fre sh -water C la va tu lae some o f th e Spec ies
are sai d to b e inhabitants o f the rivers o f A frica .
Species of C lianella .
bu ccinoides , L am . stolida , H inds .
semicostata , K ien. striata , Kien .
s igillata , Reeve .
3 1 2 LITTORINIDI’E .
Fam . L IT T O RIN IDE .
T ongue long, armed w i th seven rows o f tee th
the median broad and hooked, the la teral , or uncin i ,hooked and oblong ; the outer lateral tee th conical , cu rved .
R ostrum moderate,entire ; eyes sessi le on the ou ter si de
o f the tentacles ; no neck-lobes or lateral c irrhi . M antle
w i th a rudimen tary siphonal fo ld in front ; gill s two , one
very large , o c cupying nearly the who le su rfac e o f the
branchia l cavi ty , and fo rmed o f flat, free plates . Fo o t
w i th a l inear dupl i cation in fron t, and a groove a long th e
under surface .
O percu lum ho rny, spiral , o f few wh orls .
Sh e ll spiral , tu rbinated or depressed ; aperture simple
in front, never pearly wi thin .
G enus LITTO RINA , Fé russac .
E ye s se ssile near the ou ter bases o f the tentacles .
O percu lum pau cispiral .
S he ll turb ina te , so l id , few -whorled , ax is imperforate ;spire short ; aperture subcircu lar, entire ; c o lume llar lip
rath e r flattened ; o u ter l ip simple , acu te .
S yn . T ro chu s, Adans .,not Linn . T urbo , S w a ins . ,
not L inn . Bac alia,Gray .
E x . L . littorea , Linnwus, pl . 33 , fig . 1 . O perc u lum,
L . l i tto rea , fi g . 1 , a , l , b . S he ll , L . l i ttorea,fig . 1
, c .
T he animals o f th is genu s are , in a great measure , am
phib ious , l iving on th e ro cks a long the shore ; many Spe
c ie s are nearly a lways ou t o f the wa ter, b u t u sual ly plac e
th emselves wi th in the wash o f the tide . T hey are very
3 1 4 LITTORINIDAB.
S ub-gen . ME LARAPHE , M uhlfeldt (M elaraphis , S tentz ).
Shel l th in , imperforate ; spire acum inate , whorls flattened,usually transversely striated, and adorned with coloured mark
ings ; aperture effuse anteriorly ; columella excavated.
Africana , Krauss .
angulifera , L am .
antipodum, P hil.
A raucana , D’
O rb.
aspera , P hi l.
carinata , D’
O rb .
carinifera , Mke .
cincta , Q uay and Guim .
cingulifera , D kr .
columellaris , D’
O rb.
conspersa , P hil.
decollata, Krauss .
D iemenensis , Quay and
Gnim .
D’
O rbignyana , P hil.
fasciata, Gray .
flava , Brod .
G undlach i , P hil.
guttata , P hil.
intermedia, P hil.K ynsnaensis , Krauss .
lineata, D’
O rb .
M au ritiana , L am .
melanostoma , Gray .
S ub —
gen . NERITOIDE S , Brown .
Shell turbinate , solid, imperforate ; spire v ery short , apex
obtuse ; ou ter lip th ickened internally .
obtusata, L inn .
minima , Wood .
nebulosa , L am .
neritoides , L inn .
parvu la, P hil.P aytensis , P hil.
P eruviana , Lam .
phasianella , P hil.
picta , P hil.
pintado , Wood .
planaxis , N u tt.
pu lchella , D kr .
pulchra , Swa ins .
punctata, Gmel.
puncticulata, P hil.
pusilla , P hil.reticu lata , Anton .
scabra , Linn .
striata , King .
Syriaca , P hil.tessellata , P hil.tigrina , D
’
O rb.
undulata, D’
O rb.
z ebra , Wood .
z ic - z ac , Chem .
TECTARIUS .
G enus TECTARIUS, Va lenc iennes .
O perculum subcircu lar, pau c i spiral , w i th a broad,mem
b ranous edge .
S hel l turb inate , sub con i ca l , tubercu late or muri ca ted ,ax i s imperfora te spire acum inated apertu re oval
,en tire ;
inner lip w i th a c a l lo si ty anteriorly ; ou ter l ip thin , striated
internally .
S yn . ?Hamus , K lein . T e c taria , G uer . P agodu s,
Gray . P agoda , M rs . Gray . P agodella , S wa ins .
E x . T . pagodus, L innaeu s, pl . 3 3 , fig . 2 . O percu lum ,
T . pagodus, fig . 2 , a , 2 , b . S hel l , T . pagodu s, fi g . 2,c .
T he ape rture in this genu s is ova te , and not pearly
w i th in ; the ax is is imperfo rate , the whorl s are tub erc u
late o r mu ri cated, and the opercu lum is o f few whorls .
Species of T ecta riu s .
affi nis , D’
O rb .
Antoni , P hi l.bicolor , L am .
breviculus , P hil.
dilatatus , D’
O rb.
granosa s , P hil .
granularis , Gray .
leucostictus , P hil.
m iliaris , Q uay and Gnim .
millegrana, P hil.
muricatus, L inn .
N atalensis , Krauss .
nodosus , Gray .
nodulosus , Pf eifi .
pagodus , L inn .
papillosus , L am .
perlatus , P hil.
pyramidalis , Q uay and Ga im .
rugosus , Gray .
subnodosus , P hil.
tectum-
persicum , L inn .
trochiformis , D illw .
trochoides , Gray .
tuberculatus , Gray .
vilis , Mke .
31 6 LITTORINID/E .
G enus ECHINELLA, S wa inson .
O percu lum c irc ular, many
-who rled .
S he l l turb inately c ono idal , ax i s mo re or less distinctlyperfo rated, who rls mu ri cate o r granu lated ; aperture ova te ;inner lip arc uate
,edentu lou s, or w i th an obscu re too th -l ike
callu s a t th e fore part ; ou ter lip acu te .
S yn . N ina , Gra y .
E x . E . C umingii, P hi lipp i , pl . 3 3,fig . 3 . O percu lum
E . C umingii, fig . 3 , a ,3,b .
In E . corona r ia th e too th i s incon spicu ou s,b u t th e
ax is is pe rfo rated, and the opercu lum is o rbicu lar and
many-wh orled ; th e same charac ters are presen t in E . C u
m ingi i , which c onstitu tes the type o f th e N ina o f G ray .
Species of E ehinella .
coronaria , L am . granulata , Swa ins .
C umingii , P hil.
Genu s MODULUS,G ray .
Eyes on the m iddle o f the tentacles .
O percu lum o rbicu lar, m any-whorled .
S he l l tu rb ina te , depressed o r troch iform,porcellanou s
,
ax is perforate ; apertu re ova l ; inner lip w i th a strong ,pla i t-l ike to o th at th e fore part ou te r lip acu te .
S yn . M onodonta , S wa ins .,no t L am .
E x . M . te ctum ,Gmelin, pl . 3 3 , fig . 4 . O percu lum ,
M . tec tum ,fig . 4
,a, 4 , b . S he l l , M . lenticu laris, C hem
n i tz,fig . 4
,c .
3 1 8 LITTORINIDJE .
Sp ecies of R isella .
imbricata , Gray . nana , L am .
livida , P hil. plana , Q u ay and Gaim.
lutea , Q uay and Gnim . vittata , P hil.melanostoma
, Gmel.
G enu s LACUNA, T urton .
O percu ligerou s lobe w inged at the s ides and furnished
behind w i th two filamen ts .
S he ll tu rbinated, so l id o r th in , subglobo se or con ic al ;Spire sho rt o r somewh a t produ ced ; apertu re sem ilunar ;co lume llar l ip flattened , w i th a paral le l
,umbil ic al fissure
ou te r l ip a cu te .
S yn . T emana, L ea ch .
E x . L . d ivaric a ta , 0 . Fa briciu s, pl . 33 , fi g . 6 . O per
c ulum,L . pallidula , D a C osta
,fi g . 6 , a
,6,b . S he ll, L .
pallidula , fi g . 6,c .
T he L a cunce feed upon sea -weed , and L oven O b serves
that when the f u cu s i s o f a brown co lou r, the an imals b e
come gre en,but if red
,they assume a rosy tint . T hey
principally inhabit the shores of northern countries, and
spec ie s o c cu r bo th in E ngland and N orth America .
Sp ecies of L acuna .
pallidula , D a Costa . rufa , D a Costa .
puteolus, Turt.
FOS SAE .
S ub-gen . E PHERIA , L each .
Shell th in , usually with coloured bands spire rather elevated ;inner lip th in, acute ; umbilical fissure linear .
albella , L ove'
n. fasciata , Adams .
canalis , M ont. fragilis , M ke.
carinata , Gou ld . frigida, L ové n .
carinifera, A . Adams . glacialis , M u ll.
divaricata, 0 . Fa br . quadrifasciata , M ont .
S ub-
gen . MED ORIA , L each .
Shell conical , solid ; Spire elevated ; peritreme dilated and
reflexed anteriorly ; inner lip th ick, flattened ; umbilical fissureobsolete .
crassior, Wa lker . solidula, L ovén .
labiosa , L ove’
n .
G enu s FO SSAE , Adanson .
T entac les furnished, in ternally, wi th a fronta l lobe .
O percu lum ovate , sub spira l .
S hel l sem iglobo se , whorls ribbed or c ancellated, axis
perfo ra te aperture sem i -ro tunda te , entire ; inner lip
s traight, edentu late , neve r callous ou ter lip a cu te , smoo th
internally .
S yn . Fo ssarus, P h i l. M aravignia, Ara da s and M ay .
N atic ella , M unster . P hasianema,S . Wood .
E x . F . ambiguu s,L innaeu s, p l . 33 , fi g . 7 . O percu lum
,
F . variegatus , A . Adams, fi g . 7,a, 7 , b . S hel l , F . c ostatu s
,
Brocchi , fi g . 7 , c .
T he grea t pecul iari ty o f th is genu s is the fac t o f the
anima l having two fronta l lobes be tween the tentac les .
3 20 LITTORIN IDIE .
T he recent spec ies are few in number, one is from S enegal ,
two are from th e M editerranean ,and the o thers are from
the E astern S eas , and S outh America .
Sp ecies Fossa r .
abjec tus , C . B . A dams
(Adeorbis).ambiguus , L inn .
angiostoma , C . B . A dams .
bicarinatus, A . A dams .
clathratus , P hil.
costatas , Brace .
C umingii , A . Adams .
G en u s ISAPIS H . and A . A dams .
S hel l umbilica ted ; spire e levated, whorls rounded,transverse ly ribbed and c anc ellated ; aperture o va te ;co lumella sl ightly arcuated
,with a strong too th in the
m iddle ; ou ter l ip simple ex ternally,strongly lira te inter
nally,margin dentate .
E x . I . anomala,C . B . Adams
,pl . 33
,fig . 8 .
T his genu s , o f which b u t a s ingle spec ie s is known ,
is founded upon a curiou s li ttle she ll de scribed by the
late P ro fesso r A dams as N a r ica a noma la ; the to o th in the
m i ddle o f the inner lip is the p rinc ipal charac ter wh ich
distingu ishes the genus from Fossa r
G enus LITHO GLYPHUS,M u llfeldt
T en tac les subulate ; eyes at the ir ou ter base s .
O pe rc u lum ovate , few -whorled .
S hel l semiglobo se , thick, so l id ; spire Short, obtuse ,
excavatus , C . B . Adams .
foveatus , C . B . Adams .
megastoma , C . B . Adams .
pusillus , Gou ld (T richotropis).
reticu latus , A . A dams .
troch learis , A . Adams .
variegatus, A . Adams .
322 PLANAXIN/E .
nidae, but the presence o f a s iphon , and a distinct no tch
at the fore part o f the aperture , prevent the i r be ing asso
c iated w i th that group .
S ub -fam . P LAN AXIN ZE .
S ides o f the foo t and opercu ligerou s lobe simp le .
O percu lum ovate , subspiral .
L itto ral .
G enus PLANAXIS, L amarck .
S he ll so l id, ovatelv coni ca l ; spire acum inate apertu re
ob long,w ith a distinc t no tch in front c o lumellar lip flat
tened, smoo th,trunc ate anterio rly, wi th a wide c allo s ity
at the h ind part ou ter l ip thickened, grooved internally .
E x . P . n igra , L esson , pl . 34,
fig . 2 . O perc u lum ,
P . su lc ata , Barn ,fig . 2
,a,2 , 6 . S he ll
,P . sulc ata
,fig .
2 , c .
T he an ima ls o f this genus are marine and somewhat
amph ibious in the i r habits, c rawling on the stones near
the margins o f poo ls left by the re tiring tide some o f the
S pec ies a ffe c t the vic ini ty o f mangrove swamps,and may
b e seen adhering to the roo ts above the surface o f the
water .
Species of P lanawis .
acu ta , Krauss .
areolata , L ess.
atropurpurea , R ecluz .
brevis, Q uay .
buccinea , A . Adams .
buccinoides , Desh .
cingulata . A . Adams .
circinata , L ess .
labiosa , A . Adams .
lineata , D a Costa .
lineolata , Gould .
nigra , L esson .
nigritella , F arbenucleus , Lam .
QUOYIA .
obscura , A . Adams .
obsoleta , M ke.
pigra , F orbes .
planicostata , S aw .
semisulcata , S ow.
S ub-gen . B INEA , G ray .
Shell smooth , covered with a brownish-
yellow epidermis ,whorls flattened ; ou ter lip th ickened, and grooved internally .
Braz il iana , L am . laevigata , L each .
fulva , A . Adams .
G enu s QUOYIA , D eshayes .
S he l l solid, elongately c oni cal ; spire produc ed,the
apex de co llated , wh orls flat, the last subangu lated aper
ture small , semi c ircu lar, slightly no tched in front ; c o lu
me lla smoo th , rounded, trunc ate anterio rly , and w ith a
spiral , acu te callu s towards th e h ind part ; ou ter lip
grooved internally .
S yn . Fissilab ra,Brown . L euco stoma , S wa ins .
E x . Q . dec o llata, Q uay a nd Ga ima rd,pl . 34
,fi g . 3 .
O percu lum , Q . decollata , fi g 3,a ,3,b . S hell , Q . de co l
lata , fi g . 3 , c .
In th is genus the anterior no tch o f the apertu re is no t
so distinc t as in P lanax is, the co lumellar l ip is not flat
tened, and is furnished w i th a spiral , cal lous kee l which
winds round the hind part .
succincta, A . Adams .
su lcata , B orn .
taeniata , P h il.undulata, L am.
z onata , A . Adams .
324 e rorrrva .
G enus HO LCO STOMA, H . and A . Adam s .
Shell ova te,thin spi re Short , ac um inate , su ture chan
me lled ape rtu re obpyrifo rm,posteriorly canal icu lated,
anterio rly emarginate ; co lumella arcu ate , smoo th , w ith a
po sterior callo si ty ou ter lip expanded, the margin
everted, posterio rly fre e and asc ending on the body
w horl .
E x . H . piligerum,P h i lipp i , pl . 3 3 , fig . 4 .
T he shel l on wh ich we have founded th is genu s differs
from Q a ay i d and P lanax is in being th in, and in th e aper
ture be ing furnished wi th a po sterior canal which ex tends
up the las t whorl ; i t is c overed w i th an epidermi s cu
riously ado rned w ith rows o f go lden bristles .
S ub -fam . L IT IO P IN/E .
S ide s o f the foo t and O pe rcu l igerou s lobe furnished
wi th tentacu lar filaments . O percu lum horny, o f many
whorls .
P elagian .
G enu s LITIO PA , R ang .
S hel l th in , horny, sem ipe lluc id,cono idal Spire ac u te ,
who rls rounded, th e las t large apertu re oval, emargina te
anteriorly ou ter l ip thin, S imple , acu te .
S yn . Bornbyx inu s , Belanger , L esson .
E tc . L . melano stoma,E ydoux a nd S ouleyet, pl . 3 4 ,
fig . 5 . S he ll , L . bombyx , Rang . fi g . 5,a .
T he singu lar li ttle o c eanic M o llusks which constitute
th is genus have the powe r o f spinning glu tinous threads
326 RIS S OELLIDAJ.
O percu lum half-ova te, annu lar, nu cleu s near the inne r
s trai ght edge,wi th a c entral internal pro cess .
S he ll thin, spiral
,coni cal or subglobo se , transparen t ;
aperture ova te , rounded and S imple in front, peri stome
th in, en tire .
S yn . Je ffreysia , A lder .
E x . R . diaphana, Alder , pl . 3 4 , fig . 6 . O percu lum,
R . diaphana, fig . 6,a,6 , b, 6 , 0 . S he ll , R . glabra, fig . 6
, d .
T hese curious l ittle animals are found adheri ng to
floating sea-weeds , in pools between tide -marks ; the ir
eyes are si tuated so far behind on the head, that the trans
parency o f the shel l seems to b e essential to the vision o f
the animal .
Species of R issoella .
conica , C . B . Adams . globularis , Jefi r .
diaphana , A lder . opalina, Jefifr .
glabra, A lder .
G enus HYALA,H . and A . A dams .
T entac les w ith fi ne se tae at the summi t ; eyes sessile on
the c en tre o f th e ir bases .
O percu lum th in , h o rny , simple , subspiral .
S he l l th in, hyaline , spiral , subc onical ; apertu re ova te ,emarginate an teriorly ; ou ter lipthin , simple , s traigh t .
E ar. H . vi trea , [Montagu , pl . 34 , fi g . 7 . S he ll , H .
vitrea , fi g . 7,a .
T he foo t 1 s S imple behind, and there is no filament on
the margin o f the opercu ligerou s lobe . Were i t no t for
the persistent ro strum,the po si tion o f the eye s and general
RIS S OID/E . 327
character o f the shel l wou ld indicate P yramidellidae to b e
the best posi tion for this genu s .
Fam . R IS S O ID ZE .
L ingual membrane wi th the inner lateral tee th very
broad, the apice s incurved,lobed ; ou ter laterals di ssi
m ilar, all wi th den ticu lated apic es . R ostrum mo re or le ss
adnate , be low , to the fore part o f the foo t ; tentacles seta
c eou s, w i th the eyes on bulgings at the i r ou ter bases ;ne ck-lobe s none . Foo t angulated in front
,ac um ina te
behind opercu ligerou s lobe w i th deve loped lateral expan
s ions, and u sually furnished w i th a cau dal , tentacu lar
filament .
O percu lum horny, sub spiral .
S hell general ly white , Spiral , more or less tu rreted ;aperture u sually s imple in front .
G enu s RIS SO INA , D’
o rbigny .
O percu lum sem ilunar, sub spira l ; mu scu lar impression
longi tu dinal , wi th an e longated pro ce ss be fo re i t .
She l l tu rre ted , ribbed or c ance llated, many-whorled ;
spire a cum ina te apertu re ova te , e ffuse anteriorly, slightlychannelled in fron t ; ou ter lip anteriorly dilated, thickened
interna l ly .
E d . R . C um ingi i , Reeve , pl . 35 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
R . c aelata, A . Adams, fig. a,l,b.
T he spe cies o f th is genus are very numerous, and are
u su a lly regarded as Rissaae the mou th o f the she l l be ing
somewhat c anal icu lated , and the pecu liar opercu lum ,
328 R i ssoa .
which is fu rnished, as in N er ita and R issaella,w i th an
‘
internal appendage , serve , however, to distingu ish them .
Species of R issaina .
bellula , A . A dams .
Brugu ié ri , P ayr .
Bryerii , M ont .
oualata , A . A dams .
cancellata ,P hil.
cerithina , P hil.
Chesnelii , M ich .
clandestina, C . B . Adams .
clath rata , A . Adams .
costata , A . Adams .
C umingi i , R eeve .
decussata , Duge.
deformis , S ow .
delicata , P hil.D
'
O rbignyi , A . A dams .
dubiosa , C . B . Adams .
excavata , Phil.
fasciata , A . Adams .
fi rmata ,C . B . A dams .
fortis , C . B . A dams .
grandis, P hil.Inca , D
’
O rb.
insculpta , Recine .
S ub-gen . Z EBINA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell white , sol id, opaque, polished, smooth or partiallystriated ; ou ter lip th ickened, often with one or more tuberclesinternally at the fore part .
albida , C . B . A dams . concinna , A . A dams.
insignis , A dams and Reeve .
micans , A . Adams .
m inu tissima , M ich .
monilis, A . A dams .
nitida , A . Adams .
nivea , A . Adams .
nodicincta , A . A dams .
notabilis , C . B . Adams .
P hilippiana, Pf etfif .
plicata , A . Adams .
pulchra , C . B . A dams .
pusilla , Brace .
pyram idalis , A . A dams .
scalarella , C . B . A dams .
scalariana , A . Adams .
scalariformis , C . B . Adams .
scalarioides, C . B . Adams .
semistriata , P h il.
spirata , S ow .
striata , Q uay and Ga im .
striolata ,A . Adams.
subangulata , C . B . Adams .
tridentata , M ich .
330 Ri ssorea .
fragilis , M ich .
granosa , M ich .
hyal ina , Desm .
inconspicua , Alder .
infrequens , C . B . Adams .
Janus , C . B . Adams .
labiosa , M ont .
laevigata , C . B . Adams .
lilacina , Reclus .
lineolata, M ich .
monodonta , P hil.multicostata , C . B . Adams .
oblonga ,Desm .
parva , D a Costa .
pigmaea , M ich . o
S ub-
gen . ACME , Hartman (Z ippora ,L each).
Shell aciculate , smooth or longitudinally ribbed, whorls very
numerou s ; aperture oval , entire ; peritreme w idely reflexed .
acicula, S ow . D rummondii , L each .
auriscalpium , L inn .
G enus ALVANIA,R isso .
O percu l igerous lobe winged on each side , usually wi th
three c au dal c irrhi .
O percu lum s imple,subspiral .
S hel l ovate -acu te , somewhat tu rbiniform ; spire short,whorls rounded
, u sually cance l lated ; apertu re subc ircular,o ften c renate internally ; ou ter lip with a marginal
varix .
S yn . P ersephona , L ea ch . C yclostrema , Flem .,
no t
M a rrya tt . T urb ona,Lea ch .
pinnae, Kra uss .
pu lchella , P h il.
punctulum , Ph il.
radiata, P hil.ru fa , P hi l.
ru fi labris , L ea ch .
scalaris , M ich .
solidula , P hil.
striosa, C . B . Adams .
stricta , Mke .
variabilis , M uhlf .
ventricosa , Desm .
venu sta , P hil.violacea , Desm .
vitrea , P hil.
ONOBA . 33 1
Em. A . abyssicola, Forbes, pl . 3 5 , fig . 3 . S he ll, A . c a
lathiscu s, M ontagu , fi g . 3 , a .
In this genu s the She lls are turbinate , wi th roundedapertures and c ance llated whorls
, and there is a c onspi
c uons varix on the o uter lip ; the spec ies appear chiefly to
abound a long the sho res o f temperate countries .
Sp ecies of A lvania .
abyssicola , Forbes .
Beanii , H anley .
calath iscus , M ont .
cancellata , L am .
cimex , L inn .
costulata , R isso .
crenulata , M ich .
E uropaea , R isso .
fenestrata , Kra uss .
G enus ONOBA,H . and A . Adams.
O percu lum ova te , S imple , subspiral .
S hel l e longated, whorls numerou s, rounded, spirallystriated ; apertu re oval
,ent ire in fron t
,peri treme c onti
nuons , thickened , straight o r s lightly everted .
S yn . T urb onilla, L ea ch , not R isso .
E m. O . striata , M on tagu , pl . 35 , fi g . 4 .
T his genus inc ludes a small group o f e legantlyformed she lls, m ore or le ss partaking o f the characters
o f R issoa , bu t the ir whorls are no t longi tudinally ribbed ,and the peritreme is no t dila ted .
fulva , M ich .
Gougeti , M ich .
grossa ,M ich .
marginata , M ich .
M ontagu i , P ayr .
sculpta , P hil.striatula , L inn .
troch lea , M ich .
Z etlandica , M ont .
332 RIS S OlD/E .
Sp ecies of Onoba .
arctica , L ove’
n . striata , M ont.
bella , A . Adams . tenella, A . Adams .
multilineata , S timp . turriculus , M igh .
robusta, M igh .
G enus BARLEEIA, C lark .
O percul igerous lobe simp le ; foo t sl ightly emarginate
posteriorly .
O percu lum testaceous, sub annular, under surface w i th a
raised rib , and a long,po inted, testaceou s apophysis pro
c eeding from the nucleu s .
S he ll turb inately coni cal,who rls tumid , smoo th o r
transversely s triated ; aperture oval, entire , contracted b e
hind,rounded ih front ou ter lip acute , simple .
E x . B . rubra , Adams, pl . 3 5 , fig . 5 .
T he tentacles in th is genus are short, broad, rounded at
th e tips , and not se taceou s ; the eyes are large , on infla
tions at th e outer base s o f the tentacles ; the rostrum is
S imple and not c loven the foot is emargi nate behind,and the opercu lar lobe is S imple . T he opercu lum is sub
annu lar, as in R issaella , and is furnished wi th a similar
appendage pro ceeding from the nucleus , wh ich latter is
nearer the base than the centre . T he position of the
eyes is similar to that o f the o ther genera o f R issoidce,
and the genus seems to difler from C ingu la in the c ircum
s tance o f the annu lar ope rcu lum ,wi th its long
,po inted
apophys is ; R issaina has a sim ilar appendage , b ut the
opercu lum in that genus is subspiral .
334 RIS S OIDJE.
Species of S etia .
fulgida ,Adams . soluta ,
Ph il.
pulcherrima , J efi r .
G enu s CINGULA, Fleming .
O percular lobe and caudal c irrhus indistinct or rudi
mentary .
O perc u lum ovate , simp le , subspiral .S he l l th in , elevately c on ic al , smoo th or transverse ly
s triated, variegated or banded, who rls flat apertu re pyri
fo rm O r oval ou ter lip straight, th in , acu te , not reflexed ,
or furnished with a marginal varix .
S yn . S ab inaea, L ea ch .
E x . C . c ingillus, M ontagu ,pl . 35
,fig . 8 . O percu lum ,
C . c ingillus, fig . 8,a, 8 , b . S he ll
, C . c ingillus, fi g . 8,c .
Sp ecies of Cingula .
arenaria, M igh . and Adams .
cingillus , M ont .
concinna , C . B . Adams .
conica , C . B . Adams .
eburnea, S timp .
inconspicua , C . B . Adams .
interrupta , Adams.
laevis , Dekay .
latior, M igh . and Adams .
minu ta , Gould .
modesta , H . C . L ea .
nigra , Krauss.
paupercula , C . B . Adams .
porifera , L ovén .
punctura , M ont.
S arsii , Lovén .
saxicola, C . B . Adams .
semicostata , M igh . and
A dams .
semistriata , M ont .
solida , C . B . Adams.
terebellum , C . B . Adams .
turrita , C . B . A dams .
unifasciata , M ont.
HYDROBIA .
G enus S K ENEA, Flem ing .
O percu ligerou s lobe with small la teral w ings and a
rudimentary posterio r cirrhu s .
O percu lum o f few whorls, nu cleu s central .
S hell o rbicu lar, S piral, depressed and disco idal, deeplyumbili cated, few-whorled ; peritreme c i rcular, continu ou s ,
entire .
E x . S . planorbis, 0 . Fa br iciu s,pl . 3 5 , fi g . 9 . O per
culum , S . planorbis , fig . 9,a,9,
l
b . S he l l , S . planorb is ,fi g . 9
,c,9,d .
T h is small genus, known by its plano rb ular, depre ssed
Shell , has the eye s on b ulgings a t the ou te r base s o f the
tentac les,and the O percu lar lob e as in R issoa th e o ther
small,depressed Bri tish she ll s, u sually assoc iated w i th i t ,
appear to belong to th e genus Cyclastrema o f M arryatt;
not o f Flem ing, and c onsti tute the D elp hinoidea o f Brown .
G enu s HYDROBIA , Hartman .
O percu ligerou s lobe S imple .
O percu lum sub spira l .
She l l elongately c onic al,thin
,smo o th
,covered wi th an
olivaceou s epiderm is, ax is imperforate ; apertu re oval ,peritreme continuous, ou ter l ip acu te , s imple .
S yn . L eachia , R isso, not Lesueu r or J ohnst. L i ttori
nella, Bra un .
E ar. H . ulvae,P ennant, pl . 35 , fig . 1 0 . O percu lum
,
H . ulvae, fi g . 1 0 , a , 1 0 , b . She ll , H . ulvae, fi g . 1 0,e .
T he spec ies o f this genus inhab it fresh or brackish
water and muddy e stuaries ; the tentac les are subu late ,
336 Ri ssoren .
wi th the eyes at the ir ou ter bases ; the opercu l igerou s
lobe is S imple,and the she lls are th in and co vered wi th an
epi dermis .
Sp ecies of Hydrobia .
acu leus , G ou ld .
acu ta , Drap .
anatina , J efi r .
anthracina , M igh .
antipodarum , Gray
badia , Gou ld .
castanea , M'
o'
ll.
ciliata, Gou ld .
cincta, Gou ld .
cingulata , M idd .
corol la , Gou ld .
coronata , Pf eifi .
crystallina , Pf eifi .
E gena , Gou ld .
Ferussina, Desm .
G enus AMNICOLA, G ou ld and Haldeman .
S he ll thin,tu rb inate , covered wi th an epiderm is, ax is
perforated, wh orls rounded ; apertu re c ircular , peritreme
continu ou s ; ou ter lip s imple,acu te .
E x . A . porata, S ay , pl . 3 5 , fig . 1 1 . O percu lum, A .
porata , fig . 1 1,a .
T his genu s comprises a su i te o f smal l fresh -water
M o llu sk s with thin ,umbil icated shells having rounded
whorls the Spec ies appear to b e most numerou s in N orth
Ameri ca ; the pos ition o f the eye s, which are'
stated to b e
sessile at the ou ter base s o f the tentac les,will distingu ish
them from P a ludinella , wh i ch they very much re semble
a s regards th e sh e l l .
gracilis, Gould .
Jamaicensis, C . B . Adams .
nigra , Q uay and Guim .
parvula , Gou ld .
pornicta , M igh .
P reissii , P hi l.
saxatilis , M oll.
scrobiculata , M oll.
spinifera , C . B . Adams .
spinulosa , Gou ld .
subumbilicata , M ont.
u lvae , P enn .
unicolor, O liv.
ventricosa, M ont .
Z ealandica, Gray .
338 VIVIPARIDa} .
vaceou s epidermis ; pe ristome thin, continuous, S imp le
anterio rly .
S yn . V iviparu s , M ontf . P aludina , L am . C yc lo
stoma, O ken ,
not L am . P leu ro cera , B la inv. Viviparella ,
O mphemis, O xytrema,Raf in . H enterum , Hu bn .
E a“
. V . fasc ia ta, M uller , pl . 36 , fig . 1 . O percu lum,
V . fasc ia ta,fig . 1
,a,l,b . S he l l , V . fasc ia ta
,fig . 1
,c .
T he Vivip a rae inhabi t the rivers and lake s throu ghou t
the northern H em isph ere . T he female s are o vo -vivipa
rou s, and the yo ung fry are not forsaken by the ir parent
until the end o f the se cond month o f the ir ex istenc e,by
wh ich time the bands o f c ilia,which ornament thei r shells,
have disappeared .
Species of Vivipa ra .
angularis , M u ll.
angulata , L ea .
atra, Villa .
Bengalensis , L am .
bicarinata , Desm .
Boissieri, Charp .
C oosaensis , L ea .
costata, Q uay .
crassa , N u tt .
cyclostomatiformis , Lea .
dissimilis , Mull.doliaris, Gou ld .
elongata , S wa ins .
fasciata , Mull.gigan tea , V. d . Busch .
Haleiana , Lea .
Hamiltoni , M etca lf e .
inflata, Bens .
intertexta , S ay .
Javanica , V. d . Busch .
lacustris, Beck.
lecythoides , Bens .
melanostoma , Bens .
nucleus , Thamp .
pyramidata , V. d . Busch .
quadrata , Bens .
Remossii , B ens .
subpu rpurea, S ay .
S wainsonii , M arch .
tricarinata , A nton .
T roostiana , L ea .
unicolor, O liv.
Warrenrr, S hu ltl.
PALUDOMUS .
S ub-
gen . MELANTHO , Bowdich .
S hell ovate, solid, axis imperforate , whorls S imple apertureoval ; inner lip th ickened.
contorta , S hu ttl. incrassata , L ea .
decisa, S ay . integra, S ay .
decollata , S ewasch . obesa, P hil.fontinalis , P hil. obtusa , T rash .
genicula , Conr . patu la , Bruma ti .
G eorgiana , L ea . ponderosa , S ay .
imperialis , L ea . subcarinata , S ay .
S ub-gen . L AGUNCULA , Benson (Bensonia,
Shel l turbinated, subglobose ; aperture large , oblong, entire ,peristome interrupted outer lip somewhat reflected umbilicusdeep and tortuous .
pulchella , Bens .
G enu s PALUD OMUS , Swa inson .
An ima l wi th th e mantl e -margin fringed .
O percu lum annu lar,nuc leus subcentral .
S hel l th ick, subglobo se or c onic al , so l id, imperforate ,
smoo th or tubercu lar, c overed w ith an o livaceou s epider
m is ; spire small , shorter than th e apertu re , apex o ften
eroded ; apertu re ova te ; inner l ip c onvex , th ickened ;
o u ter l ip acu te,the margin slightly reflex ed .
S yn . Hemimitra , S w a ins .
E x . P . spu rcu s , E ydoux and S ou leyet, pl . 36 , fig . 2 .
O percu lum , P . c onicus, Gray , fig . 2 , a . Shell , P . glo
bulosus,Gray , fi g . 2
, b .
T he mantle -margin in this genu s appears to b e fringed
34 0 VIVIPARIDJE .
or festooned, as in M ela nia, and the operculum is com
posed o f c oncentric e lements arranged around a sub c en
tra l nu cleu s . T he spe cie s, fo r the mo st part,come from
India and C eylon .
Sp ecies of P a ludamus .
abbreviatu s , Reeve .
acutus, Reeve.
bacu la , Reeve .
bicinctus , Reeve .
bifasciatus, Reeve .
ch ilinoides , Reeve .
clavatus , Reeve .
conicus , Gray .
constrictus Reeve.
decussatus , Reeve .
globulosus , Gray .
G runeri , J onas .
maurus, Reeve.
G enu s TANALIA , G ray .
O percu lum lamel lar, w ith th e nu c leus near the front of
the ou te r edge .
S he l l tu rbinate , sol id, imperfo ra te , whorls transversely
striated,mu ric a ted, o r grooved , c overed w i th a black
,
horny epiderm is spire short, obtuse aperture semiova te ;inner lip u su ally flattened ; ou ter lip wi th the margin
c renu lated .
E x . T . ac u lea ta,Chemni tz
,pl . 36 , fig. 3 . O perculum,
T . G ardneri, Reeve, fig . 3,a,3,b .
T he opercu lum in th is genu s is remarkable for the
latera l arrangement of the e lements and th e marginal
modicella,L ea .
nigricans , Reeve .
olivaceus , Reeve .
ovatus , Gray .
paludinoides, Reeve .
phasianinus , Reeve .
punctatus , Reeve.
sanschauricus , Gmel.
Spiral is , Reeve .
sparens, E yd . and S au l.
S tephanu s, Reeve .
Z eylanicus, Reeve .
34 2 VIVIPARIDrE .
Species of Bithynia .
balthica , S chmidt .
bulimoides , O liv.
carinigera , Beck.
goniostoma , N u tt .
M ichaudi , D nva l.
C rou la , Bens .
P reissii , P hil.
G enus NEMATURA , Benson .
O percu lum annu lar, ova te , thick, shelly, nuc leu s sub
central , margin grooved .
S he ll oval , c ompre ssed ; apex O f spire rather acum inate ,whorls few,
the last large and ventrico se apertu re nearly
o rbicu lar, small , obliqu e , contracted, peri treme conti
nu ou s, entire .
E ar. N . D e l tas , Benson,p l . 36 , fi g . 5 . O percu lum,
N .
po l i ta , C an tor , fi g . 5,a, 5 , b .
T he spe c ies o f N ema tu ra’
are inhabitants o f India and
th e Islands o f the E astern A rchipe lago,and are found
e i ther a ttached to the unde r su rface of floating leave s, or
c rawling ou t o f the wate r on th e muddy m argins o f ponds,
leaving, as they progress , slender tracks beh ind th em .
Species of N ema tura .
coarctata , L ea . olivacea,A . Adams .
D eltas, Bens . polita , Cantor .
glabrata , A . Adams. puncticulata , A . Adams .
minima , Bens . ven tricosa , Q uay and Guim.
pulchella , Hutton .
rubens , M ka.
tentaculata , L inn .
thermalis , L inn .
ventricosa , Gray .
viridis , P oiret .
VALVA’I‘IDIE .
Fam . VALVAT ID ZE .
L ingual membrane w i th the tee th in seven serie s
the c en tral tee th broad, w i th a ho oked and den
ticulated apex , the lateral lanceola te , hooked, and den
ticulated . R os trum produc ed ; tentac les cy lindric al ; the
ey e s sessile at the ir ex terna l bases . M antle simple in
fron t ; gill plumo se , expo sed , the lamina pinna te , spirally
tw isted , pro tec ted by a long,slende r
,respiratory lobe .
Foo t bilobed in front .
O perc ulum horny , orb icu lar,
spiral , many - whorled,whorls wi th a thin ,
e levated edge .
S he ll spiral , turbinate or disc o idal , covered w i th an
epidermis ; apertu re wi th the peritreme en tire .
T he spe cies o f th i s fam ily are distribu ted throughou t
the tempera te regions o f the globe , l iving in S low -runningrivers
,ditches
, and lakes .
G enus VALVATA , O . F . M u ller .
S he l l turbinate or disco idal, umbilicated,th in
,whorls
round,simple or kee led
,covered w i th a horny epidermis ;
aperture c ircular, peristome continuous .
S yn . Valveari us , D um . C onc inna, H u bn .
E ar. V . cristata, M uller , p l . 36 , fi g . 6 . O pe rc ulum , V .
pisc inalis , dI itller , fig . 6,a , 6 , 6 . S he ll , V . piscinalis,
fig . 6 , e . V . (T ropidina) tricarinata , Lesu eu r , fig . 6, d .
T he spec ies o f th is small genus inhabit the ponds and
di tches o f E u rope and N orth Americ a . When th e
an imal progresses, the de licate , retrac ti le branch ial plume
i s projec ted over the neck . T he female depo si ts her eggs
344 AMPULLARIIDE .
in a single , c o riaceous , spheri ca l c apsu le , which is affi x ed
to stones or the stems o f aquatic plants .
Sp ecies of Va lva ta .
contorta , M u ll. naticina , M ke .
Guatamalensis , M orel. piscinalis , Mull.
humerosa ,S ay . pupoidea , Gould .
inconspicua , Gou ld . S chmidtii , C . B . Adams .
mucronata ,Mke.
S ub-
gen . GYRORBIS , Fitz inger (Flanella, S chla t).
S hel l discoidal ; Spire depressed, whorls rounded ; umbilicusvery w ide and deep.
annellata , Mka. minu ta , Drap .
cristata , M ull. pygmaea , C . B . Adams .
depressa , Pf eifi . Spirorbis , Drap .
gemma, Z iegl.
S ub -
gen . TROP IDINA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls rounded, carinated ;aperture circu lar.
b icarinata , L ea . tricarinata, Lesueur .
Fam . AM PUL LAR IID AE.
L ingual membrane with seven series o f tee th
cen tral tee th ac ute , lateral , subulate . R o strum d ivided
into two long tentacu lar lobes in front ; tentacles long
and fi liform eye s on pedunc le s at the ou ter bases o f the
tentac les . M an tle wi th a more or less elongate s iphon on
34 6 AMPULLARIIDJE .
support to the th ick , she lly O percu lum . T he spec ie s
appear to b e mo s t numerou s in the rivers o f A frica and
India . T he ir eggs are large , and are c ontained in c ap
sules , usual ly o f a green ish c o lour, di spose d in masses ,
and a ttached to plan ts under the wa ter .
Species of Ampu lla r ia .
ampullacea , L inn .
aperta , P hil.A ulameri , D ev. and Hupp .
carinata , Swa ins .
crassa , Swa ins .
corrugata , S wa ins .
dubia , Gu ild .
eximia , D kr .
fasciata , Gray .
G evesensis, Desh .
lineata , Wagn .
oblonga , Swa ins .
G enus POMUS , Humphrey .
S iphon e longate .
O pe rcu lum horny,dex tra l .
S he l l dex tra l , globose , w idely umbilic ated, last who rl
ve ry large , ventrico se ; S pire sh o rt ; aperture entire , oh
long, large , expanded,peritreme simple , a lways th in
,
some time s sub reflex ed .
S yn . Ampu llaria , Gu i ld ,no t L am .
E x . P . scalaris , D’
O rbigny , pl . 3 7 , fig . 2 . O percu lum ,
P . u rc eus, M iiller , fi g . 2,a,2 , b . S hell , P . u rceu s ,
fig . 2 , c .
T he genus P omu s di ffers from Amp u lla r ia in the ah
sence o f the th ickened ledge w i thin the peritreme fo r the
orbata ,P erry .
orienta lis, P hil.O rocconensis, Z iegl.
ovata , O liv.
oviformis , Desh .
pallens , P hil.
polita , Desh .
puncticulata , Swa ins .
pygmaea , Recluz .
S inamarina , Brng .
speciosa, P h il.sulcata , M ouss .
MARISA . 34 7
o perculum ,wh ich latte r, moreove r, is entirely ho rny .
T he specie s inhabit the lakes and rivers o f warm c oun
tries,more espec ially tho se o f S ou th Americ a and the
We st Indie s . In the dry season,they bury them selve s
deeply in th e mud , where they rema in in a state o f t or
pidity , and on ac c oun t o f th e ir possessing a pu lmonary
c avity in addition to the gills,they are enabled some
trmes to survive a c onside rable pe riod after having been
removed from the water . T he S ou th Americ an Indians
term them “ Idol she lls,”
and are sai d to hold th em in
grea t vene ration .
Species of P amue .
angulata , J ona s .
balanoidea , Gou ld .
canaliculata , L am .
C ecillii , P hi l.
conica, lVood .
cyclostoma , Sp ix .
decussata , M arie .
insularum ,D
'
O rb .
intermedia , Fe’
russ .
G enu s MARISA , G ray .
S iphon e longa te .
O percu lum h orny, dex tra l .
S hell dex tral , depressed, d isc o idal , deeply and widely
umbil icated ; Spire ve ry sh ort,whorls rounded ; aperture
suborbicu l ar, entire , peristome th in, S imple .
S yn . C eratodes , Gu ild . M arissa, M enke .
E ar. M .cornu -arie tis, Linnaeus, pl . 37 , fi g . 3 . O per
L argillierti , P hi l.
mallea ta , J ona s .
marginata , J onas .
papyracea , Sp ix .
Rossii , D’
O rb .
scalaris , D’
O rb .
teres , P hil.u rceus , M u ll.
z onata , Weyn .
34 8 AMPULLARIIDJE .
onlum,M . c ornu -arie tis , fig . 3
,a . 3
,b . S he ll , M . cornu
arie tis,fig . 3
,c .
T he shells o f th is genu s are more or le ss disc o idal ,and
,until the animal was made known by G uilding, were
o ften regarded as spec ies of P la norbis .
Species of M a r isa .
castanea , Desh . fasciata , Gu ild .
cornu -arietis , L inn . luteostoma ,S wa ins .
eff usa , M iill. pachystoma, Ph il.
G enu s POMELLA, G ray .
O percu lum ho rny, dex tral .
S he ll so l id ; spire sho rt,whorls transverse ly s triated,
the last ve ry large ; aperture sem i -ovate ; inner lip c on
c ave , broad , flattened,peritreme s imple , acu te .
E x . P . megastoma, S owerby , pl . 3 7 , fig . 4 . O per
c ulum,P . megastoma , fig. 4 , a
,4,b .
T he animal o f th is genus, O f which b ut a single spec ies
is known ,has not hitherto been ob served . T he she ll is
transverse ly grooved, of dense stru ctu re , and the c olu
me llar lip is pecu liarly flattened . I t is an inhabitan t o f
the rivers o f S ou th Am eric a .
G enu s LAN ISTES , M ontfort .
O perc ulum horny, sinistral , or wi th the nuc leus on the
left margin .
S he l l depressed, thin , sinistral , deeply and widely um
b ilicated ; S pire S hort ; aperture oblong, entire ; inne r lip
expanded over the last who rl,peristome S imple , acu te .
3 50 TURRITELLIDZE.
S yn . Ampullo idea , D’
O rb . Ampullaro ides , Gray .
A solen, Aga ss . A solena, H erm .
Em. A . P la tae,M a tan , p l . 3 7 , fi g . 7 . S hell, A . P latae
,
fig . 7 , a .
T he an imal o f th is genu s appears to b e wi thou t the
respirato ry s iphon so c onspicuo us in the o ther genera o f
the family . I t is an inhabi tant o f th e rivers o f S ou th
Ameri ca .
Fam . TURR IT E LL ID ZE .
L ingual membrane m inu te,very short
,tee th in seven
serie s each series c onsisting o f a subquadrate
median too th , w i th an inc urved dentic u lated apex ,and o f
th ree s imilar, ligu late unc in i on each side,
all wi th
hamate , serru la ted summi ts . R o strum short, broad ; ten
tae le s long and subu la te , the eyes slightly prom inen t on
the ir ex terna l base s . M antle w i th a fringed margin,ob scure ly siphonated at th e right side ; branchial plume
s ingle , very long . Foo t very short,trunca te in front
,
rounded behind, grooved beneath ; O percu ligerous lobe
simple .
O perculum horny, c ircu lar, mu l tispiral, edge of the
whorls fi mbriated .
S he ll spiral, m any-who rled ; apertu re s imple in front .T h is is stric tly a marine group
, the spe cies ranging
from low-wa ter mark to the depth o f 1 0 0 fathoms ; the i r
geograph ical distribu tion ex tends over mo st o f the countrie s o f the globe, one spec ies being an inhabitant o f
the British seas . In famil iar language they are u sually
termed “ S c rew- she lls,”
on ac count o f the i r pe cu liar
fo rm ; in o rganisation , they appear c losely to re semb leM elania and C er i thium . A s many as 1 7 0 spec ies o cc ur
TURRITELLA . 3 5 1
in a fossi l state in the N eocom ian fo rmation o f Bri ta in,
S ou th America , and A u stral ia , and on e genu s (P rato) is
al toge ther ex tinct .
G enu s TURRITELLA,L amarck .
S hel l turre ted, subu late , many-whorled , imperfo rate ,who rls rounded , spiral ly grooved, the su ture deep ; ape r
ture o rbicu lar, entire in fron t ; ou ter lip simple , a cu te .
S yn . M ono ceros,M ensch
,not B lack or L am . Xy
loh elix,C hem . T erebe llum ,
B rown,not K lein . T urris ,
H ump h .
,no t Bolt . T erebra, Fa br .
,no t Ada ns . Epi
tomium,L ink.
, not Bolt . A cu lea , P erry . T urritellu s ,
E x . T . communis , Risso, pl . 38 , fig . 1 . O perc u lum ,
T . terebra , L innaeu s , fig . 1,a,1,b . S he l l , T . terebra ,
fig . 1 , c .
T he She l ls in this genu s are spo tted and variega ted,
generally wi th red brown the spec ies inhabi t all parts o f
th e wo rld,be ing, however, mos t numerous in tropica l
countrie s .
Species of T urritella .
annulata , Kien .
aquila , Adams and Reeve .
bicingulata, L am .
cerea , Reeve.
cingulifera , S ow .
communis , R isso .
cornea, L am.
crocea Kien .
E schrrchtii , M idd .
ferruginea , Reeve .
flammulata , Kien .
lentiginosa , Reeve .
maculata , Reeve .
nivea , G ray .
polaris, Beck.
punctata , Kien .
sanguinea , Reeve .
spectrum , Reeve .
terebra , Linn .
torulosa, Kien .
ungulina , L inn .
3 52 TURRITELLIDJE.
S ub -
gen . HAU STAT OR , M ontfort .
Aperture sub -quadrangular whorls with a broad groove in themiddle ou ter lip sinuated .
Banksu , G ray .
bicolor, A dams and Reeve .
Broderipiana , D'
O rb .
canaliculata, Adams and
Reeve .
candida , Reeve .
columnalis , Kien .
conspersa , Adams and Reeve .
C umingii , Reeve .
goniostoma , Va lene .
G unn ii , Reeve .
H anleyana ,Reeve .
imbricata , L inn.
G enu s TORCULA , G ray .
S hel l tu rre ted, subu late , ax is imperforate , many-whorled,Whorls transversely spirally grooved , the last angu lated at
the periphery ; aperture sub -quadrate,entire and simple
anteriorly ; ou ter l ip a cu te , sinu a ted in the m iddle .
S yn . H au stator, Gray , not M ontf .
E x . T . ex oleta , L innaeu s, pl . 35 , fig . 2 .
In th is genu s the las t who rl i s angu lated at the base ,the form o f th e mou th o f the she l l is more or less square ,and the Whorls are furnished w i th spiral groove s ; many
o f the species exh ibi t a pecu l iar e roded appearanc e,and
are gene rally devo id o f c o lou r .
incisa , Reeve .
leucostoma , Va lene .
monil i fera ,A dams andReeve .
multilira ta,Adams and
Reeve .
nodulosa , K ing .
pagodus , Reeve .
radula , Kien .
rosea , Q uay and Ga im.
rubescens , Reeve .
sinuata , Reeve .
tigrina, Kien .
variegata , L inn .
3 54 TURRITELLIDJE .
sl ight c anal, the margin sinuated and reflex ed inner lip
somewhat twisted and flattened ; ou ter l ip thin , sinuated
po steriorly .
E x . M . b revialis, L ama rck, pl . 38 , fig . 4 . O percu
lum,M . b revialis, fig . 4
,a,4,b .
T h is genu s , founded on the C er ifli ium M esa "o f Adan
son ,mo st nearly re semble s the fo ssil P aolo o f M . D e
franc e , b u t th e fo re part o f the aperture i s no t so de
c idedly no tched, and the last who rl is rou nded ; the
o u ter l ip, moreover, is posteriorly s inuated in M esa lia .
Species of M esa lia .
brevialis , L am . melanoides , Reeve .
decussata , A . Adams . opalina ,A dams and Reeve .
lactea , M oll. striata , A . Adams.
G enus EGLIS IA , G ray .
S hel l elongately turreted, whorls numerous , rounded ,w i th obso lete longitudinal varic es
,su tu re depressed ; aper
ture orbi cu lar, small ; inner lip flattened, incrassated ,angu lated at the fo re part, no t re fi ex ed anteriorly ; o u ter
lip th ickened internally .
E x . E . S pirata , S owerby , pl . 38 , fig . 5 .
T h e an imal o f th is genus is no t known ; the she lls
somewhat re semble ac umina ted spec ie s o f S ca la,to wh ich
re semb lance the rudimentary varic es and c ancellated
whorls contribu te ; the spec ies are few in numbe r, and
are native s o f Japan and the Indian S eas .
CE CIDxE .
Species of E glisia .
Cumingii , A . Adams . spirata , S ow .
lanceolata , Reeve . tri carinata ,Adams and Reeve .
Fam . C fE C ID ZE .
L ingual membrane short ; tee th in two series
c entral dentic les none,the lateral unc ini wi th the inner
one broad and serru lated . R o strum long and flat ; ten
tacle s short, subc lava te at the tips ; eyes se ss ile beh ind
the bases of th e tentac les . M antle thick,fle shy , c irc u lar,
c lo sely embrac ing the ne ck ; a s ingle branchial p lume .
Foo t short, narrow , trunc ate in fron t,obtuse beh ind .
O perc u lum horny,c irc u lar
,mu l tispiral, c oncave , or
ex ternally c oni cal,edge s simple .
T he discoverer o f the an imal o f this fami ly, William
C lark , ob serve s that i t is no t at all shy , b ut shows i tsel f
in all its po ints, march ing wi th grea t vivac i ty ; i t appears
to have the grea test afli nity w i th th e Vermeti dce .
G enus CfECUM , Flem ing .
S hell , when young, disc o idal , when adu l t, decolla ted ,tubular, cy l indrical , arcuated ; aperture round , entire ;
apex c lo sed by a mam illated septum ,marking the po int
at wh ich th e original spire has been c ast o ff .
S yn . B rochu s , Brown . O dontidium,P hil. D enta
liopsis , C la rk. C orniculina , M unster . C aecalium ,M a cgi ll.
O dontina, Z borz . O dontostoma , C antv. ,not D
’
O rb .
Em. C . trachea , [Montagu , pl . 38 , fig . 6 . S hell , C .
trachea , fig . 6,a .
3 56 VERMETIDJE .
A s may b e inferred from the synonymy, th is cu rious
l i ttle genus has pu z z led many Zoo logi sts ; among o ther
genera i t has been referred to the P teropodou s S tyliola ,
and to the ex tinc t, C ephalopodo u s O r tlzocera s ; there are
two Bri ti sh sp e cie s , l iving in abou t ten fathoms wa ter .
Sp ecies of Oceeum .
diminu tum , O . B . Adams . monstrosum , C'. B . Adams .
eburneum, O . B . Adams . parvum , O . B . Adams .
fi rmatum, O . B . A dams . pu lchellum , S timp .
glabrum , M ont. pygmaeum , C . B . Adams .
laeve , 0 . B . Adams . trachea , M ont .
laqueatum , C . B . Adams .
Fam . VE RM E T ID/E .
L ingual dentition R ostrum produ ced ; tentac le s
short,triangular
, eye s small , at the ir ex ternal bases .
M antle w i th the margin enti re , embrac ing the neck gills
enclo sed in a line on the left side o f the mantle -c avity .
Foo t cylindric al,no t serving for loc omo tion ,
dilated, sub
c lavate , or trunc ated in front .
O percu lum horny , c ircu lar, many-whorled, or wanting .
S he ll irregu larly twisted, tubu lar , a ttached , often regu
larly spiral when y oung ; apertu re round .
T he O percu lum is very large in Vermetu s, wanting in
S erpnlorbis , ve ry small in B ivonia , and singu larly deve
10 ped in Tenayoda .
G enu s S IPHONIUM , Browne .
O percu lum large , smoo th , c ircular, concave ; scar c en
tral , circu lar, rugo se .
3 58 VERMETID fE .
A danson ; the spe cie s are inhabitants o f tropical seas ,
b u t at present are bu t imperfec tly known .
Species of Vermetus .
annu lus , Rouss . qu adrangulus , P hil.b icarinatus , Desh . radicula , S timp .
H indsii , Gray . spiratus , P hil.
lumbrical is , L inn . tenu is , Rouss .
N ovae Hollandim, Rouss . tulipa , Rouss .
P anamensis , Rouss .
G enu s BIVON IA , G ray .
O percu lum rudimentary, sma l l , Spira l .
S he l l tubular, i rre gu larly twisted, u su ally adhering in
masses ; aperture ro und, peritreme ac ute , c on tinuou s .
S yn . Verm icu laria , b, S chum .
E x . B . glomerata, B ivona , pl . 3 9 , fi g . 1 . O percu lum ,
B . glomera ta , fig . 1 , a , l , 6. S hell , B . glomerata,fig . 1
,c .
T he opercu lum i s red, convex in the m iddle , wi th a.
thin,flat margin
,and a c entral mu scular sc ar the she lls
resemble S erp u la ,are i rregu larly twisted and entw ined
toge ther in masse s,often o f considerable s i z e ; there are
several spec ie s, inhabiting the M editerranean .
Species of B ivonia .
decu ssata , Gmel. subcancellata, P hil.
glomerata , R ivan . triquetra , P hil.semisurrecta , P hil.
CLADOPODA .
G enus SERPULORBIS , S assi .
Fo o t truncate , radia ted at the end, the fron t part pro
duced into tentacu lar pro c esses .
O percu lum none .
S he ll tubular,irregu larly tw isted, attached ; aperture
circular, pe ritreme acu te,c ontinuous .
S yn . L ementina, R isso . S erpulo ides, Gray . Ha
tina,Gray .
E ar. S . gigas, P h i lipp i , pl . 3 9 , fig . 2 . S he ll , S . gigas,fig . 2 , a .
T he genus L ementina o f R isso is most probably a
badly-observed and incorre c tly -fi gured S . a rena r ia , an
inhabitant o f the M edi terranean .
Sp ecies of S erpu lorbis.
arenaria , Chiaje. inopercu lata , Rupp .
dentifera , Q uoy and Ga im. varians , D’
Orb.
gigas , P hil.
G enus CLADOPODA , G ray .
Foo t elonga te , fron t end simple , hinder ex trem i ty oh
long, c lavate , o r sub trunc ate .
O percu lum none .
S he l l tubu lar, irregu larly subspirally tw isted , whorls dis
un ited ; aperture round , peritreme a c u te, c ontinu ou s .
S yn . V e rme tu s, sp . Q uay a nd Ga ima rd .
E x . C . arenaria , a y a nd Ga ima rd, pl . 3 9 , fig . 3 .
S he ll , C . Q uoyi, H . a nd A . Adams, fi g . 3 , a .
In this genu s, the species o f which are chiefly from
360 VERMETIDE .
N ew Z ea land, the opercu lum is wanting, and the foo t is
produc ed and c lub -shaped, w ith the front part simple .
Species of C ladopoda .
arenaria , Q uay and Ga im . N ovas Z ealandiae, Q uay and
elegans , Q uay and Ga im . G a im .
grandis , a y and Ga im . Q uoyi , H . a nd A . Adams .
G enu s SPIRO GLYPHUS , D audin .
An imal fo rming a groove on the surfac e o f o ther shel ls
o r stone s, covering i t o ver w ith she lly m atter, and fo rm ing
a tubu lar c ase .
S he ll tubu lar ; apex subspiral , who rls disunited and
irregu larly c onto rted , partly imbedded in stone s o r sh ells .
E x . S . spirorbis, D i llwyn, pl . 3 9 , fig . 4 .
M any Zoologists cons ider the Sp iraglyphns to b e an
Annu lo se anima l al lied to S erp u la , b ut o f th is there is no
po si tive proo f. T he young an imal , when first hatched,is
covered w ith an o va te,regu lar she ll, c ons isting o f a who rl
and a half ; i t soon a ttache s i tse lf to the su rfac e o f some
s tone or o the r she ll , in wh ich it fo rm s a c anal , at first
shallow ,bu t afte rwards deepe r.
G enus TENAGODA G ue ttard .
Foo t w ith the end trunca te and circ ular .
O percu lum cy li ndrical, fo rme d o f a horny lamina,
ro lled spirally, abou t fi ve times, on its ax is .
S he l l tubu lar, cylindric al , irregu larly twisted ; apex
ub spiral, whorls with an artic u lated fissure ex tending
along the upper part ; ape rtu re c i rc ular .
862 oausrma .
M o l lusks, bu t the form o f the ir foo t is admirably adapted
to th e nature o f the floor on wh ich they live , which is
u sually c omposed o f the dé bris of dead she lls .
G enu s ONUSTUS , Humphrey .
O perc u lum sub -quadrate , e lements e levated on the
upper su rface at regu lar intervals , forming continuou s
ridges radiating from th e lateral nu cleu s .
S he ll tro chifo rm,depressed , whorls flat, wi th fo liac eou s
o r ste llated margins, c overed with fragments o f shells and
stones near the sutures and apex,periph ery surrounded
w ith tubu lar spines or radiating pro cesses ; umbil ic us
w ide and deep ; o u te r l ip much produ ced above,receding
far benea th .
E re . O . exutu s,Reeve
,pl . 4 0 , fig . 1 . O perculum,
O .
exu tu s, fi g . 1 , a ,l,6 . S hell
,0 . so laris , L innaeu s , fi g .
T he th in , produced margins o f the whorls,the wide
and deep umbil i cus,and the very pecu liar opercu lum ,
serve to distingu ish th is genu s .
Species of O nustus .
calculiferus, Reeve . Indicus , M a rt .
exutus , Reeve. solaris , L inn .
G enus XENO PHORA , Fi scher .
O percu lum thin, ovate , e lements s imple , sub annular,
nuc leus lateral .
S he ll tro chiform , concave benea th , i rregu lar, whorls
flat, more or less concealed by fragments o f sh el ls and
stone s ; spire depressed ; aperture wide umbili cu s small .
CA
'
LYPTRID/E . 363
S yn . P horu s,M anlf . Xenophorus, P h i l.
E x . X . solarioides, Reeve, pl . 4 0 , fi g . 2 . O perc u lum ,
X . solarioides, fi g . 2 , a , 2 , 6 . S he ll , X . trochiformis, B orn,
fig . 2 , c .
T he C arriers inhab i t deep water, and are most
numerous in the Java and C hina S eas . E ach species
appears to have its own pe cu liar me thod o f c o l le cting the
fragments o f she lls and stones wh ich cover the ground
wh ere i t l ives, and each cements to the ou tside o f the
sh e ll its particu lar kind of m aterials . T he adventi tiou s
piec e s o f she ll are so di sposed as not to cu rve downwards
beyond the edge of th e she l l so as to impede th e progre ss
of the animal , b ut are u sually placed wi th their conc ave
sides uppermost .
Species of Xenophora .
cerea, Reeve . solarioides , Reeve .
corrugata, Reeve . trochiformis, Born .
pallidula , Reeve.
Fam . C ALYP T RID Z-E .
L ingu al dentition as in C apu lidce . H ead large , trans
verse ; mu z z le sligh tly produc ed , furnished anteriorly
with bu c cal appendages ; ten tac le s short, subulate , eyes
small,on bulgings at th e ir ex ternal base s . M antle c on
siderab ly deve loped, lin ing the sh e ll, s imple -edged in
front ; branch ial plume single , placed obliquely acro ss
the mantle -cavity; Foo t flat, ex panded .
O percu lum none .
S he l l pate l liform ; apex more or le ss spira l (in th e
364 CALYPTRIDzE .
young regu larly spiral ) ; aperture wide , with an internal
testac eou s appendage .
L ike th e an imals o f C apu lidze , th e members o f this
fam ily carry and hatch the ir spawn unde r the neck, in
fron t o f the foot . T he simple nature o f the i r pedal disk,and the internal testaceous appendage o f the shell , tend
to preserve them as a distinc t group . T he u se o f th e
c al careous lamina , wh i ch is the first stage in the forma
tion o f a co lume lla , is to support the viscera and separa te
them from the foo t or lo c omo tive o rgan, as th e C a lyp
tr idce have greater powers o f lo como tion than the C ap u
lidce or the P a tellidae (O wen).
G enus CALYPTRA , Humphrey .
Foo t large , sub -triangu lar .
S hel l coni cal, sub -ac um inated, suppo rted upon a so l id,
c al careou s, basal plate apex subc entra l , a l ittle posterior,
w i th a m inu te , spiral nu c leu s aperture w i th the internal
appendage half-cup-shaped, O pen in front, on the po sterio r
s ide , attached to the apex .
S yn . C alyptraea , L am . C alyptrus, fi l onlf . C alyp
tria , O w en . M itrularia , S chum . L ithedaphus, L i tho
lepas, O w en .
E x . C . equ e stris, L innaeu s , pl . 4 0 , fig . 3,3,a .
C a lyp tra , like C ochlolep as, is furnished wi th a c al
c areous plate , secre ted by the foo t, by means o f wh ich i t
is fixed to ro cks and the under surfac e o f stone s, a dis
c overy made by M r. C am ing, who found, on turning ove r
some large s tonespartly buried in the sand, several living
individuals affixed to the under s ide ; these spec imens
were desc ribed as a new genus by P rofe ssor O wen under
366 CALYPTRIDJE .
Species of Crucibulum .
auriculatum, S ow . radiatum , Brod .
extinctorum, S ow . rugosum , Desh .
fastigiatum , Gou ld . spinosum , S ow.
h ispidum , Brod . T onganum , Quay and Ga im .
imbricatum , Brod . trigonale, Adams and Reeve .
macu latum , B rod . umbrella , Desh .
pez iz a , Gray . undulatum,M art.
pileolus , D’
O rb . Vanicorense, Q uay and
pileopsis, Q uay and Ga im . Ga im .
S ub-gen . D ISP OTZEA , S ay (Calypeopsis , L ess
Internal appendage entire , cup-shaped, laterally adherent .
cancellata, Adams and Reeve . striata , S ay .
G enu s TRO CHITA , S chumacher .
Foo t transverse ly ob long,b ilobed at the m iddle in
front .
S he l l orbicu lar, tro chiform, more or less spiral ; apex
central, whorls convex ,
radiately rugosely plic ate , ax is
imperfo rate ; aperture w ide , w i th an oblique,transverse ,
subspira l lam ina,simple on the c o lumellar margin .
S yn . L una,K lein . Infundibu lum
, D’
O rb . , not
M an if . T rochatella , L ess . ,no t S w a ins .
E x . T . o c c idental is, Gray , pl . 40,fi g . 5 . She l l, T .
radians,L ama rck
,fi g . 5
,a .
T he apex o f the cone in th is genu s assumes a more or
less spira l fo rm,and th e interna l lamina o f the apertu re
is partly twisted,and partakes o f the charac ter o f a rudi
GALERUS . 367
mentary colume lla . T he spec ie s are princ ipally native s
o f the shores of S ou th Ameri ca .
Species of Trochita .
L amarckii , Desh . radians , L am .
occidentalis , Gray . spirata , Forbes .
S ub-
gen . HAL IOT IDE A , S wainson (not Humphrey).
S hel l umbilicated spire excentric , u sually of two whorls , and
placed latero-posteriorly , whorls rounded, simple , not radiatelyplicate .
comma-notata, S ow . dilatata, S ow.
G enu s GALERUS , Humphrey .
M uz z le bilabiate , bu cc a l appendage s short,rounded ; a
slightly-deve loped plain-edged neck-lobe ; foo t au riculate
in front .
S he ll depressly conica l ; apex vertical,produc ed, sub
spiral , nearly cen tral , whorls flattened, smoo th,ribbed or
spino se aperture deep , wi th the internal appendage entire ,sub spiral , la teral, and adherent ; the c o lume l lar edge fo lded
back on i tse lf, forming a false umbi li cu s ; the front edge
produ ced .
S yn . PAnc ile , M ensch . M ite lla,D
’A ryenvi lle , L ea ch ,
no t O ken . M itrula, Gray . T ro chilla,Sw a ins . Infundi
bulum ,J . S aw .
,not D
’O rb . o r M an if . S igapatella , L ess .
S iphopatella, L ess .
E x . G . C hinensis, L innaeus, pl . 40 , fi g . 6 . S he ll,
G . C hinensis, fi g . 6, a .
368 CALYPTRIDZE .
T he inner testaceou s lam ina is fixed at the ou ter mar
gin , and fre e and re curve d at its inner edge, where i t
o ften is fo lded back and forms a fa lse umbil icu s, o r i t is
th i ckened,and fo rms a rudimentary c o lume lla .
Sp ecies of Ga lerus .
aberrans , C . B . Adams .
apertus , Brand .
aspersus , O . B . A dams .
C hinensis, L inn .
conchaguus , O . B . Adams .
conicu s , Brad .
l ichen, Brod .
G enu s CRYPTA , H umphrey .
Head large , transve rse , depressed ; foo t rounded, sligh tly
truncate in front .
S hel l ovate or oblong ; apex posterior, obliqu e , sub
margi nal ; aperture e longated, po lish ed w i thin , the pos
terior hal f c overed by a horiz ontal testac eous lam ina
edge o f lam ina rather straight .
S yn . C repidu la L am . C repidu la s, M an if . S anda
lium , S chum . P roxenula, P erry . L ephyrob olu s, S chlut.
E x . C . acu leata , C hemni tz , pl . 4 0,fi g . 7 . S hell ,
C . fornica ta , L innaeus , fig . 7,a .
T he chie f lo c ali ty for C ryp ta is S ou th Americ a , b ut they
also inhabit th e West Indies , Au stral ia, C hina , S enegal,and the M editerranean ; they are found adhering to the
rocks,and
,ac c o rding to Adanson , seem to prefer those
p l aces where the sea beats wi th the gre atest vio lence ;some species , ac c ording to the same ob se rver , adhere to
mamillaris , Brod .
regularis , O . B . Adams .
serratus , Brod.
sordidus, Brod .
striatus , Brod .
ungu is , Brod .
370 CAPULIDJE .
septum wi th an impressed groove at the columellar margin,
edge of septum incised internally .
excisa , P hi l . plana , S ay .
exuviata , N u tt . squama , Brod .
glauca , Brod . uncata , Mke .
L essoni i , Brod . unguiculus , S ow .
pedum , M'
o'
rch . unguiformis , L am .
S ub-
gen . Enema"
, H . and A . Adams .
S hell depressed ; apex lateral ; internal lamina flat , producedanteriorly , w ith a tubular rib at the columellar margin .
plana , Adams and Reeve . Walsh i , H erm .
Fam . C AP UL IDAZ} .
T ongue -membrane winged on each s ide in front , tee th
arranged in seven serie s centra l tee th sm al l and
broad , wi th the apex hooked , the lateral tee th long and
hamate . R o strum length ened ; tentacles subu late , w i th
the eye s on b ulgings at th e ir ou te r base s . M antle simple
in fron t ; gill form ing a s ingle plume p lac ed oblique lyac ro ss the man tle -c avity , lam inae e longate , l inear, partlyexpo sed . Fo o t fo lded on i tse l f, the s ides simple , ante
rio rly th in and strap -shaped, posteriorly th ick, o rbicu lar,
and c onc ave .
O percu lum none .
S he ll l impet-like ; apex sub spiral , in the young, re
gularly spiral ; aperture wi th the interior simp le ; mu s
cular impre ssion h orse -shoe shaped .
T hese an imals are said to feed on the sea -weed tha t
CAPULUS . 87 1
grows around them , and on small marine o rgan isms ; theyare inhabi tan ts O f nearly all the c ountrie s o f the world
,
and appear to b e posse ssed O f bu t l im i ted lo c om o tion ,
being genera lly O bserved adh ering to stone s and to o ther
shells,the margins o f th e apertu re bec om ing m odified ac
c o rding to th e su rfac e on wh ich they l ive , as in the genu s
C ap u lu s ; some times , h owever , they w ear away the spac e
benea th their fo o t,fo rming shallow ex c avation s, as in
Ama lthea or th ey secre te a sh el ly base by means o f the
same o rgan, as in C och lolep a s . T he egg- c ases in this
family are membranou s,and are a ttach ed in a tu ft at the
front O f the fo o t under the ne ck .
G enu s CAPULUS, M on tfo rt .
M an tle fringed at the margin ; foo t strong , orbicu lar ,
side s plain .
S h el l c on ica l ; su rfac e stria ted , u sually c overed w i th a
horny epidermis ; apex inc lined po steriorly,recu rved,
sub - spiral ; aperture dilated .
S yn ._
P ile opsis , L am . G alerita , Bronyn . A c tita , Fisch .
S pirac ella , R ang (young). A c ro culia , P h illip s .
E x . C . U ngaric us , L innaeus, pl . 4 1 , fig . 1 . S hell,
C . U ngaric u s , fig . 1 , a .
In C ap u lus th e mantle -margin is fringed, and the foo t
is c ircu lar ; the animal is ra ther sluggish and sedentary,
and some time s se c re tes an imperfec t she l ly disk from its
foo t , show ing its a ffin i ty to C ochlolep a s . T he name Ga
ler ita h as prio ri ty ove r tha t O f C ap ulu s, b u t had been
previously appl ied by Fabricius to a genu s O f Bee tle s .
372 CAPULIDJE .
Sp ecies of Cupu la s .
militaris , L inn . radiatus S ars .
paleaceus , M ke . sagittiferus, Gould .
pilosus , Desh . Ungaricu s , L inn .
S ub-
gen . THYCA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell crystalline , acu tely conical , sligh tly curved, longitudinally grooved parasitic on star-fi shes .
astericola , A dams and Reeve. crystallinus , Gould .
G enus AMATHINA , G ray .
Head e longated ; eye s se ssile on the posterior la teral
margins beh ind th e tentac les ; tentacles short, obtu se ;man tle -margin entire
, a tentacu lar median fi lament at the
h ind part .
S hel l somewhat depressed , su rface w i th prominent,di
verging , longitudinal ribs apex re cu rved po steriorly and
contorted ; apertu re large , expanded , O blong, emarginate
anteriorly .
E x . A . tricarinata , Chemn i iz , pl . 4 1 , fig . 2 , 2 , a .
S he ll , A . tric arinata,fig . 2
,b .
Ama th ina di ff e rs from C up u la s in having prominen t
longitudinal ridges in front O f the shell,which is never
c overed w ith epidermis . T he an imal,wh ich we h ave
ex amined from a spec imen in spiri ts, in M r . C um ing’s
c o lle ction , has a very long head, w i th th e eye s sessile at
th e side s beh ind the base o f the tentacle s, and there is a
pec uliar tapering filamen t, si tu ated c entrally , at the pos
terior e x tremity O f the m antle .
3 74 VANIK ORID/E .
A . c oni ca , S chuma cher,fig . 4 , a . S hell , A . conic a
,fig .
4,b,4,c .
T his genu s is l ike C ochlolep a s , b u t i t simply ex cava tes
w i th i ts foo t a superfic ial c av ity in the surfac e o f the she l l
o r s tone on wh ich i t fixes i tse lf, no t form ing a she llyplate distinc t from the sub stra tum .
Species of Ama lthea .
au stralis , Q uay and Ga im . P anamensis , O . B . Adams .
conica , S chum .
Fam . VAN IK O R IDAE.
L ingual denti tion R o strum m oderate ; ten tac les
e longate,subulate , dilated in the m iddle ; eyes se ssi le on
the ou ter bases o f th e tentac le s . M antle -margin inc luded,s imple in front . Fo o t small , c ircu lar
,w i th a dilated,
membranou s , w ing-like expansion on each side , and pro
du ced in front into a narrow , strap -shaped, trunc a ted
lobe .
O percu lum thin , ho rny, ova te , nonspiral .
S hel l white , spiral , last whorl large ; aperture entire in
front .
T hese an imals are l i tto ra l in th e ir habits, b e ing found
adhering to s tones at low -wa te r . (C um ing ) In the i r
genera l appearance the sh ells resemble those O f th e Ve
lu tinidce,b u t the an imal is ve ry different .
G enu s VAN IK ORO, Q uay and G aimard .
S hell th in , white , spiral,o ften c overed w i th a velve ty
epidermi s ; spire short,who rls few ,
rounded,irregu larly
VANIK ORO . 37 5
ribbed, c anc el lated or spirally striated ; ax i s perfo ra ted ,umbilicu s ending in a distinc t
,arched c anal behind the
inner lip ; inner l ip simple ; apertu re sem ilunar, m ore o r
less modi fi ed by the last whorl .
S yn . M erria , Gray . N arica , R eclu z . N ioma , Gray .
L eu c o tis , S w a ins . Vanic oro,Gray .
E x . V . c ance lla ta , Q uay a nd Ga ima rd,p l . 4 1 , fig . 5 ,
5,a . O perc u lum , V . cance l lata , fig . 5
,b,5 , 0 . S hell ,
V . c anc e lla ta,fig . 5
,d .
T h is genu s was named by the N atu ralists O f the A stro
labe ”after Vanikoro , one o f the P ac ific Islands
,whe re
they firs t discovered i t ; afterwards , howeve r, they errone
ou sly regarded i t as a S iga re tu s .
Sp ecies of Van ikoro .
acuta , Recluz .
Blainvilliana , Recluz .
cancellata , Chem .
cidaris , Rec ive .
clath rata , Recluz .
C umingiana ,Reclu s .
C uvieriana , Reclu z .
D eshayesrana ,Reclu z .
distans , Recluz .
Gaimardi , H . and A . A dams
(Q uoyi , A . Adams) .
granu losa , Reclu z .
G u eriniana , Recluz .
helicoidea, L e Gu illou .
lamellosa , D’
O rb .
ligata , Recluz .
M au ritiee , Recluz .
O rbignyana , Reclu z .
P etitiana , Recluz .
plicata , Recluz .
Q uoyi , Recluz .
rosea , Reclu z .
rugata , A . Adams .
sigaretiformis , P o tiez .
S ouleytiana , Recluz .
striata , D’
Orb.
sulcata , D'
O rb.
376 S CUTIBRANCHIATA .
G enus NERITOP SIS , G rateloupe .
S hell spiral , obovate , white , so l id ; spire short, whorls
rounded, canc e llated ; aperture sem i lunar ; inne r lip th ick,ra the r flat, wi th a large , squ are no tch in the middle ; ou ter
lip in ternally thickened and grooved .
S yn . R adula , Gray , not K lein .
E a . N . radu la , L innaeu s, pl . 4 1 , fig . 6 .
T he animal O f th is genu s is not known , b u t from the
pecu l iar white appearance and Sc u lpture o f the shell i t
appears to belong to this family ; from the O percu lum
never having been met w ith , i t is probably ve ry th in,and
has e scaped the no tice O f c ol lec tors . T he recen t spec ies
is from the P ac ific,and there are abou t twenty fo ssil
spe cies .
O rder S CUT IBRANCHIATA .
G il l c onsisting O f two series O f lamellw,form ing one or
two serie s over the back o f the neck, or on th e under edge
o f the mantle , ro und the foo t . Anima l hermaphrodite .
S he l l spiral, or symme tric al and coni cal .
T he S c u tibranchiate G asteropods c omprise a vast as
semb lage O f M o l lu sks, all marine,and chiefly li tto ra l in
the ir hab its, living u pon the sea -weed c overing the ro cks
along the shore . T hey are hermaphrodite and se lf-im
pregnating, th e sexe s no t be ing separate in differen t in
dividuals, as in the P ec tinib ranchs . In the N er i tida,
Troch idee , and Fissu rellidce the heart is traversed by the
re ctum , while in the Tec tu r idaz,Ga dini idce
, P a tellidce,
and Ch ilanidoe , the heart is separate from the re ctum .
378 NERITID/E .
nal po rtions O f the who rls ; aperture semi-ova te , no t
pearly wi thin .
In th is tribe O f S cu tibranchiate M ollusks the s ides
o f th e foo t are wi thou t m embranous fringes and tenta
onlar filaments, the animal is no t vo lum inous,and the
foo t is small and neve r enve lope s the she ll ; in thei r
den ta l sy stem they resemble the Troch idce,a s also in
th e ir mu z z le -shaped heads and peduncu lated eyes .
T hey are li tto ral animals , inhabiting the stone s and
ro cks along the shore , feeding on the algae that abound
in that si tuation . T hey appear to b e more ac tive during
the night,resembling, in this respec t, the P a lellida’ ,
which are said to enj oy c onsiderable lo como tive p owers
at that time .
G enu s NERITA , L innwu s .
An imal w i th th e mantle -margin fe stooned .
O percu lum horny, so lid , w i th a she lly c oat on each
s ide,th e ou ter surfac e u sually granu lar, when sm o o th ,
wi th c i rcu lar gro oves, th e edge channe lled .
S hel l generally so l id, th ick, sem i-globo se , smoo th o r
spirally groo ved, O ften c ove red w i th a horny epidermis ;aperture sem ilunar ; inner l ip broad , flattened
,the fron t
edge straigh t , w i th a few ve ry prom inent tee th ; ou ter
l ip th ickened, dentate , c renu late or gro o ved in terna lly .
S yn . O dontostoma,K lein
,not D
’
O rb . N eritariu s
D um .
E x . N . po lita , L inna us, pl . 4 2 , fig . 1 . O percu lum,
N . po l ita , fig . 1, a , l , 6. S he l l , N . pol i ta , fi g . 1
, c .
T he N erites proper may b e known a t once from the
sub -genera by the septiform plane O f the inner lipbe ing smoo th or nearly smo o th . All th e spec ie s are
NERITA . 37 9
marine , and they are princ ipal ly inhabi tants o f warm
and tropical c ountries ; they are litto ral in the ir h abits,
l iving on the rocks and s tone s, and are said to b e
mo st ac tive during the n igh t , when they roam abou t,feeding on the algae ; the i r eggs are ovate
,c overed wi th
a ho rny skin, and a ttached to o ther sh ells .
Species of N erita .
Aurora , D kr .
australis , G ray .
Chemnitz ii , Reclus .
dens- sanguineus , Chem .
D oreyana , Quay and Ga im .
fasciata , M eusch .
flava , M eusch .
flavescens , Chem .
Forskaalii, Reclus .
Georgina , Reclu z .
G uarn ensis , Q uay andGu im .
hieroglyphica , Chem .
hi strio , L inn .
S ub -
gen . PILA , K lein (P eloronta , Oken).
S eptiform plane of inner lip rugose ; outer lip internallydentate .
antiquata , Recluz . grossa , L inn .
aurantia , Recluz . L agar, Adanson .
chrysostoma , Reclu z . L e Gu illouana , Recluz .
corrosula , Recluz . maculifera , L e Guillou .
costata , Gmel. maxima , Chem .
costulata , V. d . Busch . multijugis , M ke.
crassa , Gou ld. musiva , Gou ld .
Essingtoni , Reclus . N ovae Gu ineae, L ess .
flammulata , Recluz . N ovae H ibernise , L ess .
incerta , V. d . Busch .
insculpta, Reclu z .
K iset , Adanson .
lineata , L inn .
O livaria , L e Gu illou .
O rbignyana , Recluz .
P aci fi ca,Recluz .
P eruviana , P hil.
polita , L inn .
radiata , Reclus .
Rumph ii , Recluz .
tenebrosa , Reclu z .
Umlaasia , Krauss .
380 NERITIDfE .
ornata , S aw .
P apuana ,R eclu z .
peloronta , L inn .
plicata , L inn .
scabricosta , L am .
S clot , A danson .
S ub -
gen . THE L IO STYLA , M orch .
S eptiform plane of inner lip granular or tubercular .
alb icella , L inn .
anth racina,V. d . Busch .
A rgus , Recluz .
atrata , C hem .
Bernhardi , Reclu z .
biz onalis , L am .
C hammleon ,L inn .
chlorostoma , L am .
diversicolor, M a rtyn .
D ombeyi , Reclus .
D umar , A danson .
exuvia , L inn .
fulgu rans , Gmel.
L argillierti , P h il.
L ongii , Recluz .
G enus NERITELLA , H umphrey .
O percu lum testac eou s , th e ou ter su rface smoo th, with
two apophy ses, the upper shorter, some time s d ilated
and c rested , the lateral in the fo rm O f an arched rib .
S he l l globo se , oval , turriculated or c onic al, thin, often
dep ressed, covered wi th a horny epidermis ; aperture
sem ilunar ; inner lip straight,
fla ttened, th e margin
smoo th or dentic u la ted ; o u ter lip simple inte rnally .
striata , M a r tyn .
trifasciata , L e Gu illou .
undu lata , Gmel.
variegata , Chem .
venusta , D kr .
Winteri , P hil.
marginata , Gmel.
morio , S ow .
nigerrima , Chem .
ocellata , L e Gu i llou .
oryz arum , Reclu z .
petechialis , M eusch .
picea , Recluz .
planospira ,Anton .
plexa , Chem .
reticulata , Ka rsten .
squammulata , L e Gu illou .
T adim,Adanson .
varia , M eusch .
Yoldii , Reclu s .
382 NERITID/E .
S ub-gen . N ERITINA , Swainson (C lithon , Recluz ).
S hell globu lar, oval or tu rricu lated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned w ith vivid and varied colours inner lip septiform ,
crenu lated, rarely s imple .
Adansoniana , Recluz .
affi nis , Reclu z .
apiata , Recluz .
arctilineata , S ow .
aterrima , P hil.
bella , P hi l.
cassiculum , S ow .
ch rysocolla , Gou ld .
O ochinsinae, Recluz .
communis , Q uay .
cornea , L inn .
C umingiana , Reclu z .
C uvieriana , Recluz .
D esmoulinsiana , Recluz .
dubia , Chem .
elegantissima , V. d . Busch .
G aimardii , S ou leyet.
gagates , L am .
granis , M orel.
Guerinii , R ecluz .
Jovis , Recluz .
L isteri , Pf eifilitturata , Recluz .
lugubris , L am .
microstoma , D’
O rb.
M oqu iniana , Recluz .
nebulata , Reclus .
S ub -
gen . VITTA , K lein (T heodoxus, M ontf . E lea ,
S hell transverse , smooth or nearly smooth ; spire lateral , irrclined over the aperture , more or less prominent ; inner lip
nux , Brod .
O ualaniensis , L ess .
P feifferi , Reclu z .
phasiana , R eclu z .
plumbea , Recluz .
ramosa , M eusok
reclinata , S ay .
Royssii , Reclus .
S ayana , Recluz .
sem iconica , L am
serrulata , R ecluz .
Smith ii , G ray .
sobrina,Recluz .
strigillata , Recluz .
striolata, Reclu z .
triangu laris , M eusch .
tristis , D’
O rb .
turbida , M orel.
turrita, Chem .
variegata , L ess .
vestita , S ou leyet .
Waigiensis , L ess .
Wallisiarum, Reclus .
Webbei , Reclus .
Z ealandica , Recluz .
z ebra , B ruy .
NERITELLA . 383
usually flat , w ith the margin simple or denticulated operculum
uniform , w ithou t coloured z ones .
Anatensis , Recluz .
Bensoni , R ecluz .
Boetica , L am.
Bourguignati , Reclus .
callosa , Desh .
C eylanensis , Reclus .
chlorina , L ink.
C olombana , Reclus .
cornucopia , Bens .
D anubialis , L inn .
e lliptica , L e Gu illou .
elongatula , M orel .
fluviatilis , L inn .
intexta , Villa .
inqu inata , M orel.
Jayana , Recluz .
M atoniana , R isso .
meridionalis , P hil.
m inima , L e Gu illou .
M ittreana, Recluz .
n igrita , Z iegl.N umidica , Reclus .
obtusa, Bens .
S ub-
gen . D O S TIA , G ray (S andaliformes , M itrula , M he . )
Shell slipper-shaped, solid ; apex entirely posterior , rolled in a
half-turn on the side peritreme continuous and free inner lipseptiform, the margin un ited to the inner portion of the peritreme , slightly arched in the centre , and den ticulated
crepidularia , L am . ovalis , S ow .
depressa , Bens . Phrygia , M eusok .
exaltata , Reclu z . pileolus , R ecluz .
melanostoma , T rasek . T ouraunensis , S ou leyet .
P anayana , R ecluz .
P eloponensis , Reclus .
P erotitiana, Recluz .
picta , S ow .
P revostiana , F e’
rus .
pu lchella , Wood .
pupa , L inn .
Rangiana , Reclus .
reticularis , S ow .
serratilinea , S ow .
siderea, Gou ld .
S iqu ijorensis , Reclu z .
strangulata , M iihlf .
succinea , Recine .
thermalis , Baubé .
trabalis , M eusch .
transversalis , Z iegl.trifasciata , M ke .
tu rricu la , M ke .
v irginea , L inn .
viridis , L inn .
z ebrina , Reclus .
384 NERITID/E .
S ub-gen . AL IMA , Reclu z .
S hell depressed, sub -orbicular , wi th the upper ex trem ity of
the ou ter margin prolonged into a lateral wing ; spire sub
posterior and lateral ; inner lip septiform , margin finelydenticu late .
aequ inoctialis , M orel. Jordani , S ow .
Bahiensis , P hil . latissima , Brod .
globosa , S ow . N uttall ii , Reclus .
granosa , S ow . O weniana , Gray .
intermedia , S ow .
S ub-gen . NERIP TERON , L esson .
S hell catilliform , with the two extremi ties of the ou ter margin
prolonged into lateral auricles ; spire sub-
posterior and lateral ;inner lip septiform ; margin fi nely denticula te .
auriculata , L am . M auritiae , L ess .
b iau riculata , Recluz . navicularis , M erch .
dilatata , Brod . subauriculata , Reclus .
florida , Recluz . T ahitensis , L ess .
L amarckii , Desh .
G enu s CLITHON , M ontfo rt .
S he ll s ub -globo se o r sub -o rbic u lar,whorls u sually
crowned w ith spines ; apertu re semilunar ; inner l ip
septiform and denticu la te,
one o f th e median te e th
always stronge r and more prom inent th an th e o thers ,obtu se , and fo rm ing a spira l internal ridge ; o u ter lipmo re o r le ss emargina te in the m iddle .
S yn . C liton ,L ess . C o rona , Raclu z .
386 NERITIDfE .
squarrosa , Reclu z . T ritoniensis, L e Gu illau .
subgranosa , S aw . T roschelii , Reclus .
subpunctata , Reclu z . unidentata, Recluz .
triserialis , S ow .
G enu s CATILLUS , Humphrey .
H ead large ; foo t a ttached on each s ide to the
v isc eral m ass, form ing a c avi ty O pen beh ind .
O percu lum smal l,th in, rudimentary, c al c areous ,qu a
drilateral, surfac e radiated , wi th a subu late to o th at the
b inder edge , the o th er edge s sh arp and th in .
S h e l l ova te , depre ssed, patel lo id, c overed w i th an
epide rmi s ; apex nonspi ral , nearly symme tric al , re
flex ed po steriorly ; aperture very large ; inner lip sep
tiform ,m argin simple , sh arp
,edentu la te .
S yn . C imber, M an if . N avic e l la,Lam . C ib ota ,
Brown .
E x . C . lineatu s, L ama rck, pl . 42 , fig . 4 . O peren
lum , C . porc ellanu s , L innaeu s, fig . 4, a , 4 , 6. S he ll ,
C . po rc e llana s , fig . 4, c .
T he O percu lum in th is genu s is appl ied to the dorsa l
su rfac e O f the foo t,
and is conc ealed in the c avi tywh ich i t forms wi th th e visc e ra l mass . In C a ti llu s
p rope r the apex is entire ly po sterior, O ften eroded,
and distinc t from th e h ind margin . T he spec ie s are
u sual ly found on the banks o f rivers adhering to floating
st icks and to the pe tio les and roo ts O f the N ipah palms
and o ther plants tha t l ive near rivers ; t hey are also
fo und attach ed to smoo th stones . T he ir princ ipal lo ca
lities are the P hilippines , N ew H o lland, N ew G u inea ,
the Fe ejees , N ew Ire land, and the M auritius and adjacent
TROOHID fi E. 387
islands ; they are not found in E urope and the We stern
H em isphere .
Species of C a ti llus .
apiatus , L e Gu illou .
Borbonicus , Bary .
Bourgainvillei , Recluz .
C umingianus , Reclu z .
depressus, L ess .
Freycineti, Recluz .
Janellei , Reclu z .
S ub-
gen . SE PTARIA , Fé russac .
Apex sub -marginal , entire .
aponogetonis , Va hl. E ntrecastreaux i , Recluz .
C ookii , Recluz . lineatus , L am .
S ub-
gen . ELARA , H . and A . Adams .
Apex a little in front of the h ind margin , entire , laterallyrecurved .
ambiguus , Reclu z . D urvillei , Recluz .
caerulescens , Recluz . L aperousei , Recluz .
Clypeolum ,Recluz . maculiferus, M ouss .
compressus , Bens . suborbicularis , S ow .
Fam . T R O C HIDXE .
T ongu e e longate , median tee th broad, late rals fi ve ,
denticu la ted, unc ini very numerous , slender, w ith hooked
po ints . H ead probosc idifo rm tentac le s subu late , some
L u z onicus, S ou leyet.
macrocephalus , L e Gu illou .
parvu s , M ou ss .
porcellanus , L inn .
S ufreni , Recluz .
variabilis , Recluz .
388 TROCHID/E .
times c ilia ted ; eye s on fi n e pedunc les at th e ir ou ter
bases ; two mo re o r le ss deve loped h ead- lobes be tween
the tentac les . G i ll single , long, and l inear . S ides of
th e foo t w i th a large neck- lappe t near the eye-pedunc le ,
c on tinuou s w i th a c onspic uous side -membrane bearing
on its free margin from th ree to fi ve tapering filaments ;O percu l igerou s lobe O ften o rnamented wi th c irrh i .
O perc u lum horny, spiral , O ften wi th a so l id, c onvex,
c alc areou s c oat , rarely wanting .
S hell pyramidal , turbinate , or ear-sh aped ; aperture
pearly wi th in .
T he T rocho id S cu tib ranch s embrace an ex tensive
series O f h erbivo rou s, l ittoral M ollusks, ch ara cterised by
the fringed lobe s and tentacu lar c irrhi o f the head and
sides, th e i r peduncu lated eye s, and by the pearly natu re
O f the ir she lls,wh ich exh ib i t a brill iant nac re when the
epiderm is and ou ter coa t are removed . T hey are in
variably marine , feeding ou the sea -weeds wh ich abound
along the sho re and are distribu ted universal ly in all
parts o f the globe , be ing mo st numerou s, and O f larger
growth and more beautifu l c o lo urs in tropic al seas . T he
shells o f the Troch idce,though fo rmed on one type ,
assume grea t variety o f c on tou r and sculpture , be ing
tu rb inate and provided wi th stony opercu la in the E u
tr op i ince and T urbin inve c anc el la ted and disco idal , w ith
c orne o -c a lc areou s opercu la in the L ial iince ; c on ic al o r
pyram idal , w i th h o rny , mu l tispiral opercu la in the Tro
chince ; and ear-shaped, w i th th e opercu la rudimentary o r
wanting in the S toma tellince , which sec tion graduallyleads to the fam i ly O f H a liotidce
,in which the branch ial
plumes are symm e tric al, the mu sc le o f attachment is
c entral, and the mantle is fi ssured in front .
39 0 EUTROPIIN fE .
T he larger spec ies,all of wh ich have beau tifu lly varie
gated she lls,are princ ipally from A u stralia and the
I slands in the P ac ific , and the smaller spec ies are from
the We st Indie s and the M editerranean .
Sp ecies of E ntrop ia .
E thiopica , Pf eifi . solida , Born .
gra ta , P h il. T ritonis , Chem .
lineolata , Wood . turgida , P hil.
perdix , Gray . variegata , L am .
rubens , Lam.
S ub-
gen . TRIC O L IA , Risso .
Head-lobes not developed ; shell small , polished .
amoenula, P hil. marmorata , D uf r .
articulata , A nton . meleagris, Beck.
bicarinata , P hr . perforata , P hil.brevis , C . B . Adams . pu lch ella , R ecluz .
C apensis , D kr . pu lchra , Gray .
concinna , C . B . A dams . pu llu s , L inn .
concolor , C . B . A dams . pygmaea , P hil.coturnix ,
Koch . spec iosa , M uhlf .
elongata ,Kra uss . splendida , P hil.
flammulata , P hil. strigata ,P hil.
flava , Anton . tenu is , M ich .
fulgens, Koch . tessella ta , Beck.
gu ttata , P hil. umb ilicata , D’
O rb .
inconspicua , P hil. unifascialis , Kien .
intermedia , S ca cchi . ventricosa , Q uay and Guim .
K ochi , P hil.
TURBININ/E .
S ub -fam . T URBIN IN E .
O percu lum o rbicu lar, ho rny , w i th a so l id , c onvex,
calc areou s c oa t .
S hel l tu rbinate , the la st wh orl rounded and ven trico se
aperture sub -c ircu lar inne r l ip smoo th,s imple .
G enu s TURBO , L innae u s .
O percu lum wi thou t spiral ridges , external ly c onvex
smo o th o r granu lar .
S hel l turbinate,light
,rathe r thin, c overed w ith an
epidermi s, ax is imperfo rate ; spire e levated , wh orls no
do se , or w ith ho llow spine s ; apertu re sub -c ircu lar, longer
than w ide ; inne r lip flattened, produ c ed anter iorly ;ou te r lip th in
,s imple .
S yn . Fo rnax ,K lein ,
not L ap or te . O learia , K lein .
S accu s, K lein . L unaria , Fa br . L unaris, L ink . C idaris,
Cheni . , not Bolt .
E x . T . smaragdu s,M a r tyn ,
pl . 43,
fig . 1 . O per
culum ,T . smaragdu s, fig . 1
,a,l,b . S he ll , T . mar
moratus,L innaeu s, fig . 1
,c .
T he spec ie s O f Tu rba are princ ipally inhabitants O f
the Islands O f th e E astern A rch ipe lago , Au stral ia, and
N ew Zea land .
Species of Tu rbo .
cornu tus , Chem . mil itaris , R eeve.
imperialis , Gmel. petholatus , L inn .
Jourdeni , Kien . smaragdus, M a rtyn .
magni fi cus , J ona s . variabilis, Reeve.
marmoratus, L inn .
39 2 TURBININAE.
G enu s SENECTUS , H umph rey .
O percu lum wi thou t spiral ridges, ex ternally c onvex
and granu lar .
S h e ll turb inate , so l id , ax is u su al ly p erforate ; spire
e leva ted, whorls w ith transverse , granu lar , sc aly , or spi
no se ribs ; apertu re o va te,longe r than w ide
,produ ced
an teriorly ; co lumella narrow , rounded, circumsc ribed
by th e umbilicu s , th e fore part produc ed into a broad ,channe l led lobe .
S yn . L unatic a , Ball . Batillus,S chum .
E a . S . spinosu s,Chemni tz
,pl . 4 3 , fig . 2 . O per
c ulum , S . argyrostoma,L innaeu s, fig . 2 , a
,2,b . S he ll ,
S . chry so stoma,L innaeu s
,fig . 2
,c .
T he“ S nake S hells,
”as th ese spec ie s o f Tu rbo are
c alled,may b e re adily distingu ish ed by the i r variegated
c olours , r ibbed whorl s, and th e pe cu l iar character o f
the inner lip .
Sp ecies of S enectus .
argyrostoma , L inn .
articulatus , R eeve .
C hemni tz ianu s , R eeve .
chrysostoma , L inn .
c ircu laris , R eeve .
crassus , Gray .
crenu latu s , Chem .
gemmatus , R eeve .
h istrio ,R eeve .
Japonicus, Reeve .
L ajonkairii , Desh .
laminiferus , Reeve .
margaritaceus , L inn .
nivosus , Reeve .
N ova; Z ealandiae, Chem .
pu lcher , R eeve.
pustulatu s , Reeve .
radiatu s , Gmel.setosus , Gmel.sparverius, Gmel.
speciosus , R eeve.
S penglerianus , Chem .
spinosus , Chem .
squamiger, R eeve .
T icaonicu s , R eeve .
trochoides , R eeve .
tumidulus , Reeve .
tu rcicus , R eeve .
394 TURBININJE.
E x . L . undu la ta,C hemni tz
,pl . 4 3 , fig . 4 . O percu
lum ,L . c omplanata , Chemni tz , fig . 4
,a,4,b . S he ll ,
L . c omplanata , fig . 4 , c .
T he shells O f this group may b e readily distingu ished
by the i r smoo th who rls,depressed spire , deep umbilicus ,
and produ c ed and fla ttened c o lumella .
Sp ecies of L unella .
complanata , Chem . mespilus , Chem .
crenifera, Kien . porcata , R eeve .
granu lata , Chem . porphyrites , M a r tyn .
lugubris , Reeve . undu lata , Chem.
G enu s M ODELIA , G ray .
O perc ulum w i th a convex,sub - c entral , granu lar rib , and
a sharp -edged, sub -marginal keel.
S hel l turbinate,thin
,granu lar ; spire rath er e levated ;
apertu re sub - c i rc u lar , w ider than long ; inner l ip ex ca
vated , wi th an ex tended , th in c allus .
E x . M . granosa,M a r lyn , pl . 4 3 , fig . 5 . O percu lum ,
M . grano sa , fig . 5,a,5,b .
T he Tu rbo ru bicundu s o f C hemni tz is ano the r spec ies
o f th is genu s,wh ich , be side s the pec u l iarities o f the oper
eu lam ,is remarkably th in and granu lar on the surfac e , re
m inding one very mu ch o f Z i z iphinu s among the Tro
china . T he spec ies are from th e sho res O f N ew Zealand .
Species of M odelia .
granosa , M a rtyn . rubicunda , Chem.
CALLOPOMA .
G enus PRISO GA STER, M o rch .
O perc u lum ovate , convex , granu lar, w i th an e levated ,grooved rib ex tending from th e nu c leu s to the h inder
margin, nearly paralle l to the stra i ght or inner edge .
S he ll so lid,turbinate , ax i s imperfo rate ; spire eleva ted,
whorls transverse ly grooved ; aperture o vate , longer th an
w ide c o lume lla w i th a parallel groove o uter lip margined
w i th wh ite,l ira te internally .
E x . P . n iger, G ra y , pl . 4 3,
fig . 6 . O percu lum ,P .
niger, fig . 6,a,6,b . S he l l, P . ni ger , fig . 6 , c .
T he an ima l O f this genu s,
figu red by M . D’O rb igny ,
appears to b e furnish ed w i th a single , e longated, posterior
filament, numerou s shorter,an terio r
,ten tacu lar fi lamen ts
on the lateral membrane O f th e fo o t, and two conspicu ous
c irrh i on the sides O f the O percu lar lobe .
G enu s CA LLOP OMA , G ray .
O pe rcu lum w i th a broad c en tral , and three o r fi ve sub
marginal, spiral rib s, ou ter ribs toothed .
S he ll turbinate , thick , ax is imperforate spire e leva ted,whorls smoo th , or w ith transve rse nodu lose o r squamose
ridges aperture circu lar,expanded inner lip broad, flat
tened, ex c ava ted, produ ced anteriorly, and furnished cw ith
a paralle l, cu rved groove .
Em. C . fluc tuatum, Gray , pl . 4 3 , fig . 7 . O perculum ,
C . flu c tuatum,fi g . 7
,a, 7 , b .
T his genu s somewhat re sembles L unella, b ut the ax is
is imperfo rate the aperture is dilated , and the O percu lum
39 6 TURBININA‘
C.
is characterised by an ex treme beau ty and c omplex i ty o f
stru c tu re .
Species of Ca llop oma .
fluctuatum , G ray . tessellatum , Kien.
saxosum , Wood .
G enu s N INELLA, G ray .
O percu lum c oncave ex ternally , w i th two marginal ,
raised, spiral ribs, and a thrn edge .
S he l l tu rbinate , depressed, rugo se , ax is w idely umb ili
c ated, umbilic us perspec tive ; apertu re c i rcu lar ; inner
l ip broad, exc avated , w ith a pearly, spoon -shaped pit near
th e c o lume lla , and a deep , longitudinal gro ove ex ternally .
E x . N . stam inea , M a r lyn , pl . 4 4 , fig . 1 . O percu lum ,
N . s taminea , fi g . 1 , a , l , b . S hell , N . staminea , fi g . 1, c .
T here are two spec ies at pre sent known O f this c uriou s
genu s, which seems to b e intermediate be tween A stra lium
and Tu rbo the fo rm o f the aperture and opercu lum ,
however, would refer i t to th i s divi sion .
Sp ecies of N inella .
lamellosa, Brod . stam inea , M a rt .
G enus C O LLONIA , G ray .
O percu lum c i rcu lar, with many gradually -enlarging
whorls , a c onvex ex ternal rib , and a c entral pit .
S he ll small, so l id,turbinate , smoo th
,transve rse ly
s triated , ax is impe rfo ra te aperture c irc ular, c ontrac ted a t
398 AS TRALIINE .
S he l l tro ch iform , depre ssed ; whorls c onvex,rugose
,la
m ellated , the las t O ften angu la ted and wi th ho llow spino se
scale s round the periph ery ; ax is perfo ra ted , some time s
c overed by a callous depos i t ; aperture sub -quadra te , ar
c uated, sub-truncate anteriorly .
S yn . Imperato r,
.M an if . H erc oles, M anif . C an
th o rb is, S w a ins . T ub icanthus,S w a ins .
E x . A . hel io tropium , M a r tyn, pl . 44 , fi g . 3 . O per
c ulum,A . c alcar
,L innwu s
,fi g . 3 , a
,3,b . S hell , A .
so lare , C hemn i tz , fi g . 3,0 .
Species of A stra lium .
aster, P hil. heliotropium , M a rtyn .
calcar , L inn . P hoebia , Bolt .
cicatrosum , J ona s . planum , Gmel.
costulatum , L am . solare,Chem .
h eliacum , P hil.
G enu s S TELLA , K le in .
O pe rc u lum thick,wi th a sl igh t c onvex i ty over the ax is ,
o ute r edge th in , ax is perforated .
S he l l tro ch ifo rm spire e leva ted,whorls w i th radiating,
S piny scales,ax is imperfo ra te aperture sub -c ircu lar ; c O
lumella rather fla ttened, inc rassated, continuous anteriorlyw i th th e ou ter lip .
S yn . C y c locantha , S wa ins . C a lcar, M an if . S ol,
K lein . S te l laria , S chmidt .
E a'
. S . Spengleriana , C hemni tz , pl . 4 4 , fig . 4 . O per
culum,S . s te llata, C hemni tz , fig . 4
,a,4, b .
I
S he ll, S .
S pengleriana , fig . 4 , c .
T h e shells o f th is gro up are so l id, spino se , and tro ch i
form,w i th the axis imperfo rate . T he spe c ie s are ch iefly
GUILDFORDIA . 39 9
A u stralian in the ir geographic a l range , a few ,however,
al so o ccu rring in N ew Zealand .
Species of S tella .
armata , P hil. nobilis, Gray .
asperata, L am . laciniata , Gou ld .
asteriscus , R eeve. papillata ,P o t . a nd M i ch .
au ripigmentum , J onas . rotularis , L am .
bicrenata, Gou ld . Spengleriana , Chem .
columellaris , P h il. stellaris , Gmel.
confragosa , Gou ld . stellata , Chem .
C abana , P hi l. tuberosa , P hil.
G enu s GUILFORDIA , G ray .
O percu lum flat w i th a ve ry slight ridge near the arched ,o r ou ter margin .
S he ll tro ch iform,depressed ; who rls with an iridescen t ,
go lden nac re , and w ith tran sverse rows of granu le s, th e
last whorl angu lated, the p eriphery surrounded by long,tubu lar, radia ting spines apertu re trapez ifo rm inner lip
sharp,incu rved ; ou te r lip thin , irregu lar ; ax is impre ssed ,
n ot p e rforate , umbilica l region surrounded by a smoo th ,e levated c a l lu s .
S yn . A stralium,P hi l. , not L ink .
E x . G . triumphans, P h i lippi , pl . 44 , fi g . 5 . O per
culum , G . triumph an s , fig . 5,a, 5 , b .
T he sh ell in th is genu s h as th e same tex tu re and
go lden nac reou s appearanc e that are to b e found in
some o f the spec ies of Z iz iphinu s . T he animal has
no t been O bserved, and the only spec ies at present
known is a beau tifu l shel l from the shores o f Japan .
4 00 ASTRALIIN/E .
G enu s UVANILLA , G ray .
O perc u lum flat, w i th two distinc t, c onvex ,radia ting ribs
,
the lowe r straight and n early paralle l to the edge , the
upper arch ed, sub -c entra l , th e ax is imperforate and c al lou s .
S he l l tro ch iform , acum inate,whorls flattened, fi mb ri
a ted, ax is imperfo ra te , base ex cava ted ; aperture sub
quadrangular ; inner l ip acu te , arcuated , sub -trunca te in
fron t .
E x . U . fi mb riata , L ama rck, pl . 44 , fig . 6 . O percu
lum,U . o livacea , Wood, fig . 6
,a,6 , b . S hell
,U . o l iva cea ,
fig . 6 , 0 .
S everal spec ies o f th is genus are known,the she lls
being remarkable fo r the ir tro ch iform appearance and
the sharp kee ls or fi mb riated edges o f the who rls .
Sp ecies of Uvanilla .
acuta , L am .
brevispina , L am .
Buschii , P hil.
eryth roph thalmus , P hil.
fi mbriata , L am .
gibberosa ,Chem .
hexagona , P hil.
G enus PACHYP OMA , G ray .
O perculum O b long, sub -quadrangu lar, very c onvex ex
ternally .
S he l l troch i fo rm,e levated, ax i s imperforate , whorls wi th
spinu lose sc ale s ; apertu re sub -c irc u lar ; inne r lip wi th a
prom inent, ex te rio r, c urved c a llus, anterio rly sub -truncate .
latispina ,P hil.
occidentalis , Chem .
olivacea , Wood .
orichalcea , Koch .
tentoriiformis , J ana s .
tentorium , Anton .
unguis , Wood .
4 02 AS TRALIINE .
G enu s POMAULAX, G ray .
O percu lum flat, w ith three convex , radiating ribs , the
upper sub -marginal ; ax is perfo ra ted .
S he l l tro ch ifo rm whorls nodu lou s, fi mb riated at the
su tu res ; ax is imperfo ra te , impressed, umbil ical region
wi th a cu rved,e leva ted cal lus ending in a sharp po int at
the c o lume lla ; co lumel la rounded , arched , anteriorly sub
trun c ate .
E x'
. P . undo su s , Wood,pl . 4 5
,fig . 2 . O p erc u lum
,
P . undo su s,2,a,2,b .
In th is genus , wh ich , on ac c ount o f its tro ch u s-l ike
fo rm ,h as o ften been plac ed w i th the T roch ince , there is a
pecu liar c ircu lar c allu s round the c o lume lla ending in a
po in t, as in the genera Chlorostama and O xy stele .
Sp ecies of P omau lax .
Japonicu s , Dkr . undosus , Wood .
G enu s C O O K IA, L esson .
O percu lum ovate , smoo th, flat, w i th a broad, spiral ,
sub -ma rginal rib .
S he l l depre ssly turbinate ; whorls rugose , scaly, the
last wi th sho rt , s caly spine s at the periphery ; ax is impe r
forate, the umbil i cal region concave ly depressed and
surrounded by a spiral callu s term inating in a po int atth e end O f the c olum e lla .
S yn . T ub ic anthu s , S w a ins .
LIOTIINzE . 4 0 3
E x . C . su lc ata, M a r lyn ,pl . 4 5
,fi g . 3 . O percu lum
C . su l ca ta , fig . 3,a , 3 , b . S he l l , C . su l ca ta , fig . 3
,c .
T his genus appears to b e intermediate be tween A stra
lium and Bolma,bu t does not qu i te a c c ord with e i th e r .
M . L esson founded i t upon the Tu rbo C ooki i o f Gmelin,
so named after the grea t c ir cumnavigato r, bu t the spec ific
name o f M artyn has priori ty ; the spe c ies comes from
N ew Zealand .
G enus BOLMA, R isso .
O percu lum o vate , sub -o rbicu la r, c onvex , w i th a sub
c entral tubercle o ver the ax is , and a bro ad, sub -marginal
,
spiral rib .
S he l l turb inately tro chifo rm ,e levated, rugo se , ax is im
perfora te ; apertu re c ircu lar ; inner lip wide,
flattened,
ex cavated , c overed wi th a th ickened c allu s .
E a'
. B . ru gosa , L innaeu s, pl . 4 5 , fig . 4 . O percu lum ,
B . rugo sa , fig . 4,a,4,b . S hell , B . rugosa , fig . 4
,c .
In this form th e periphery o f the whorls is rounded,
and the ape rture is c ircu lar ; th e inner l ip be ing c overed
w i th a thick c allo si ty is ano the r pecu l iarity .
Species of Bolma .
aurea , Jona s .
gibberosa , Gmel.
modesta , Reeve .
S ub -fam . L IO T IIN/E .
O percu lum ho rny,w ith an ex ternal c alc areou s c oa t
fo rmed o f separa te , pearl-l ike , shelly partic le s p lac ed in
spira l l ines .
4 04 Lrorrrra .
S he ll mo re o r less disc o idal , white , transversely sul ca te
or cancel lated ; aperture orbi cu lar, scarce ly pearly w ithin .
G enus LIO TIA , G ray .
Shell turbinate , globo se , or disco i dal ; who rls longitudi
nally ribbed o r cance l la ted ax is perforated, umbili cus
usually w ide and deep ; apertu re c irc u lar, pearly w i th in ,
peristome th ickened, wi th a regu lar, marginal cal lus .
E x . L . P eronii, K iener , pl . 4 5 , fi g . 5 . O percu lum ,
L . P eronii, fig . 5,a,5 , b . S he ll, L . scalario ides, Reeve ,
fi g . 5 , c .
T he spec ies o f this genus are never spiny or laciniated ,l ike those of Anga r ia , w i th which they have been c on
founded, and there is an expanded border round the aper
ture . M any fo ss il spe cies o ccur in the E o cene fo rmation
o f Britain and Franc e ; the re c en t species inhabi t the
C ape , the P hi l ippines , and A ustralia .
Species of L iotia .
adamantina, Duclos .
aflinis, A . A dams .
australis , Kien .
cancellata , Gray .
cidaris , Reeve .
clathrata , Reeve .
crenata , Kien .
depressa, Reeve .
discoidea , Reeve .
S ub-
gen . ARENE , H . and A . Adams .
S hell radiately painted with red ; whorls muricated, the last
K ieneri , P hil.
nodulosa , A . Adams .
P eronii , Kien .
pulcherrima , A . A dams .
scalarioides , Reeve .
siderea , Reeve.
tuberculosa , D’
O rb .
varicosa, Reeve .
4 06 LIOTIINJE .
the more typical forms they w il l take the name o f D e l
phinoidea , Brown .
Sp ecies of Cyclostrema .
angula ta, A . Adams .
cancellata , M a rrya tt .
cingulifera , A . Adams .
costulata , Mull.
elegantula , P hil.
exigua , P hil.exilis , P hil.
laevis , P hi l.micans, A . Adams .
S ub -
gen . CYNIS CA , H . and A . Adams .
Shel l depressly turbinate umbilicus wide and deep, perspec
tive , surrounded by a Spiral callus ; whorls with transverse ,granular ribs ; aperture circu lar ; inner lip straigh t ; outer lipth ickened, lirate with in , continued posteriorly on the penul timatewhorl beyond the inner lip.
granulata , A . A dams .
S ub-gen . SERPULABIA , Romer Spira , Brown).
S hell orbicular , discoidal , evolu te spire depressly concave ,
whorls rounded, disunited ; aperture circular, peritreme corr
tinuou s .
spirula, A . Adams .
nitens , P hil.n itida , A . A dams.
nitidissima , A dams .
nivea , Chem .
paulla , P hil.
Reeveana , H inds .
rota , Forbes and Hanley .
serpuloides , M ont.
sulcata, A . A dams .
UMBONIINJE . 4 07
G enus ADEORBIS , S earles Wo od .
S he l l depressly c oni cal , o rbicu lar,deeply umbi l i cated ;
wh orls few ,not nacreous
,flattened
,smoo th or striated ,
the last more o r less angu la ted at th e periphery ; aper
tu re transversely oval , peristome interrupted ; inner l ip
s inuated ; ou ter lip arcu ate,simple
,acu te .
E x . A . sub c arinata , M ontagu ,pl . 4 5 , fig . 7 .
T he principal difference between this genu s and C yclo
s trema cons i sts in the more or less tro chifo rm appearanc e
O f the shell, and in the peritreme no t be ing c ircu lar and
continu ou s . A few spec ies were de scribed by one o f the
au tho rs under th e generic name O f Cyclostrema .
Species of Adeorbis .
elegans , A . A dams . porcata , P hil.
plana, A . A dams . scabra , P hil.
planorbula , A . Adams . subcarinata , M ont .
S ub -fam . UM BO N IIN ZE .
Ro strum rudimen tary ; fron tal lobes greatly deve loped .
O percu lum ho rny,th in
,o f many gradual ly-enlarging
wh orls fine ly c iliated on the ou ter edge .
S he ll orbi cular, depressed, po lished, porce llanous, the
umbi l i cal region O ft en covered wi th a cal lou s depos it .
G enu s UMBON IUM , L ink .
S he ll o rbicu lar, depre ssed, porc e llanou s ; whorls
smo o th , po l ished, umbil ic a l region c overed wi th a large
4 08 UMBONIINJE .
prominent c al losi ty ; apertu re small , transverse ; inner lip
ending in a s imple po in t ou te r li p acu te .
S yn . G lob ulus, S chum .
,not J . S ow . H e lic ina
,Gray ,
not L am . R o te lla , L am . P itonnillus, M anif . P tychom
phalu s, Aya ss .
E x . U . ve stiarium ,L innceu s
,pl . 46 , fig . 1 . O per
culum , U . ve stiarium ,fig . 1
, a , 1 , b .
In the animal o f Umbonium,wh ich has been first ca r
rectly de scribed by D r . G ray,the la teral fringe o f the
foo t is distinc t , w i th th ree tentacu lar filaments on each
s ide ; at th e front o f the right s ide , near th e base o f the
tentac le s, i t i s produ ced into an O blong, fleshy lobe .
T he righ t tentacle is the larger and free , wi th an O blong,compressed lobe on its hinder s ide wh ich has an indis
tinc t indic ation o f an eye the left ten tac le is sma ller and
partly a tta ched to the upper si de O f th e left eye -pedic e l ,which is cyl indrical
,bearing a very distinct eye , and fur
nished w ith a large , membranou s expans ion attached to
the who le of its length on its left side , and which is
fringed a t th e edge . T h is fron tal appendage , when the
animal is al ive , is folded on i tse lf to fo rm a tube , wh ich
has caused i t to b e m istaken for a siphon .
Sp ecies of Umbonium .
anguliferum , P hi l.
articulatum , P hi l.
australe , P hil.chalconotum , A . Adams .
conicum , Adams and Reeve.
depressum , A . Adams .
elegans , Beck.
giganteum , L ess .
moniliferum , L am .
parvulum , Anton .
sagittatum , H inds .
su turale , L am .
vestiarium ,L inn .
4 1 0 TROOHINAE.
false umbi licus wi th the margin s imple ; c o lume lla with
th e edge edentu late and ending in a po int .
E'
x'
. C . pu lcherrima, Gray , pl . 4 6 , fig . 3 .
C ami lia somewhat re sembles C la ncu lu s , b u t its surfac e
is entire ly smoo th l ike that o f Umbonium . A s in Gla non
lu s , moreove r, th e aperture c ommun ic a tes with the c avi tyo f the false umbil icu s by means o f an O pen , transve rse fi s
sure . T here are b u t two spec ies a t present known .
Species of Camitia .
G rayi , A . A dams . pulcherrima, Gray .
G enu s CHRYSO STOMA , S wa inson .
S he ll turbinate , sol id, smoo th,umbil icated , umbili cus
a lmo st c overed by a large c allus ; whorls few , c onvex ;
apertu re e ffu se , round ; inner lip wi th a large , spreading
c allus , covering, and nearly c onc eal ing,the umbil ic us .
E x . C . paradoxum ,Born,
pl . 46 , fig . 4 .
T he an imal O f th is genus is unknown ; the she ll some
what re sembles Umbonium,bu t the surface is no t po
lished ; the ou ter lip is marginate internally , and the
interio r o f the aperture is coated w ith a beauti fu l , go lden,nacreou s deposi t .
S ub -fam . T R O C H IN fi l .
O percu lum horny, orbic ular , compo sed o f numero us,narrow wh orls, w i th the nu c le us c entral .
S hel l cono ida l o r py ram idal , the last who rl more or
less angu lated at the c ircum ferenc e , and u sual ly flattened
ANGARIA . 4 1 1
benea th ; aperture mo re o r le ss transverse,w ider th an
long .
G enus ANGARIA Bo l ten .
S he ll turb inate, sub disco idal , umbilicated , umbilicu s
w ide , perviou s ; whorls rounded, scaly o r S pinose ; ape r
ture c irc u lar, entire , peritreme c ontinuous, sub -reflexed,
wi thou t a marginal varix .
S yn . C yclos toma,L am . (olim). D elphinula , R oissy .
D elph inu lu s , M on tf . S c ala tor, G ist .
E x . A . a trata , Ch emni tz , pl . 4 6,
fig . 5 . O percu lum ,
A . M artini i , A . Adams,
fig . 5, a
, 5 , b . S he ll , A . del
ph inu s , L inna u s , fi g . 5,c .
We have adopted Bo l ten ’
s appe llation for th is genu s ,in a cc ordance w i th the law O f priority
,thereby prevent
ing the nec e ssi ty o f u sing the name C yclostoma,which ,
however, was afterwards discarded by L amarck fo r that o f
D e lphinu la , suggested by R o issy .
Species of
aculeata , R eeve .
utrata , Chem .
calcarella ,H . and A . Adams
(calcar , A . Adams).
coronata , A . Adams .
delph inus , L inn .
distorta , L inn .
euracantha , A . Adams .
Angar ia .
formosa , R eeve .
incisa , R eeve .
M artinii , A . A dams .
melanacantha , Reeve
nodulosa , Gmel.sphaerula , Kien .
stellaris , Adams and Reeve .
T yrie , R eeve .
4 1 2 TROCIIlN/E .
G enu s LIVO NA , G ray .
L atera l membrane o f the foo t with numerou s, c om
pound appendages .
S he l l c ono idal , sub -globo se , smoo th,so lid
, umbil ica ted ,umbili cu s moderate , w ith a too th - shaped p roc ess at the
entrance ; aperture c ircu lar,peri treme simple
,th in,
ac u te .
S yn . T u rbo,Adans .
,n ot L inn . T igris, K lein, not
L inn . M e leagris , M ontfi ,no t L inn . M eleager, G rij
'
.
C ittarium, P hi l. T ro chus , S w a ins . , no t L inn .
E ar. L . pic a,L inna us, pl . 4 6 , fig . 6 . O percu lum ,
L . pic a,fig . 6 , a , 6 , b . S he l l , L . pica , fig . 6
,c .
T he appendage s o f th e lateral membrane o f the foo t
a re c ompound in th is genu s, wh ile in th e o ther genera o f
T rachidce th ey are , as far as w e know, simple .
G enus TRO CHUS , L innaeus .
S hel l c oni cal , ax is imperfo ra te , last whorl angu lated at
the periph ery co lumella superio rly spirally twisted, form
ing a c anal , an terio rly simple , straight, ending in a
po in t .
E tc . T . N ilo tic u s , L innaeus , pl . 4 6 , fig . 7 . O per
c ulum , T . N iloticu s , fig . 7,a . S h ell
,T . N iloticu s, fig . 7
,b .
T he genu s T r ochu s, as stric tly defined
,c omprise s b u t
few species, all inhabitants O f equ a torial countries . T he
ax is o f th e sh e l l is no t tru ly perfo ra ted , bu t the co lu
me lla be ing tw isted abruptly on i tsel f at the h ind part,
gives the appearance o f a false umbilicus , and produ ce s
th e kind o f c anal which serve s to dis tingu ish the genus .
4 1 4 TROCHIN/E .
T he genu s Tectu s h as th e appearanc e o f be ing umbi
licated,b u t
,in real ity, th e ax is is impe rfo rate ; the shel ls
are at once re c ognised by th e sh o rt, spiral tw ist fo rmed by
th e f ore part o f the co lume l la , and which serves to cha
rac teri z e th e genu s .
T ectus .
architectonicus , A .
caperatus , P hil.
crenulatus , L am .
dentatus , Forsk.
fenestratus , Gmel.
ferruginosus , P hil.
G enu s P OLYDO NTA S chumacher .
S h e l l c ono idal, ax is imperfo rate wh o rls almo s t a lway s
granu la ted,th e las t angu lated aperture nearly rhom
h o idal ; c olumella spirally twisted,fo rm ing a funne l
sh aped, false umbilicu s , the margin furnished an terio rlyw i th many teeth .
S yn . L ampro stoma,S w a ins .
,no t Rafi n .
E x . P . S andwich ensis, E ydoux ,pl . 4 7
,fig . 2 . O per
culum ,P . lineata , L ama rck
,fig . 2
,a . S he l l , P . l inea ta ,
fig . 2,b .
T h e front, sh arp , free edge O f th e c o lume l la in P olydon ta
is armed w i th numerou s tee th , and do e s no t end in a sim
ple po int, as in Tec tu s ; the genu s is distingu ished from
C lancu lus by the c ono idal shape and s imple ou ter lip o f
the Shell .
Species of P o lydonta .
aspera , Chem . concinna , P hil .
callicoccus , P h il. conspersa , Gmel .
Forskali i , Bolt .
leucogaster, A . A da-ms .
M auritianus , Gmel.
pyramis , Born .
prasinus , M ke .
triserialis , L am .
CLANCULUS . 4 1 5
corr ugata , A . Adams .
costata , Gmel.elegantula , Wood .
eucosomus , P hil.
eustephes , P hi l.
flammulata , Lam.
gibberosa , Chem .
gibberu la , A . Adams
granularis , B o lt .
Hanleyana , R eeve .
ignobilis , P hil .
incarnata , P hil.
incrassata , L am .
lineata , L am .
maculata , L inn .
ochroleucos , Gmel.
S ub -
gen . IN FUND IBULUM , M ontfort (Carinidea ,
Shel l depressly con ical ; whorls s imple , flattened, the lastconcave at th e base , with the periphery acu tely angulated ; columella edentulate , or with Obsolete teeth .
C alifornica , A . A dams . depressa, Gmel.
carinifera , Beck. eugramma , P hi l.
chloromphalus , A . Adams . K och ii , P hil.concava , L inn . radiata , Gmel.
delicatula, P hil. S aga , Phi l.
G enus CLANCULUS , M ontfort .
S hell c ono idal o r turb inate , ax is imperfora te , whorls
almo st always granu lated , the last rounded at the peri
phery ; aperture usually narrowed or ringent ; c o lume lla
spirally twisted ab ove,fo rming a false umbil icus w i th a.
c rena te margin ,edge o f c o lumella w i th numerou s, strong,
pallidula , A . Adams .
pustulosa , P hil .
reticulata, Wood .
rubricata , P hil.rugu losa , Koch .
S pengleri , C hem.
S andwichensis , Eyd .
squammigera , A . A dams .
squarrosa L am .
tentorium , Gmel.
tiarata , Q uay and Ga im .
turboides, Bolt .
turris , P hil.
vernalis , Chem .
verrucosa , Gmel.
viridis, Chem .
4 1 6 TROCHINAE.
too th -like plai ts ; ou te r l ip O ften strongly denta te inter
nally .
S yn . C langu la s , B la inv . Fragella , S wa ins. O tavia,
R isso , not Gray .
Em. C . P atagonicus , D’
O rbiyny , pl . 4 7 , fig . 3 . S h ell,
C . P haraonis , L innceu s , fig . 3 , a .
In th is genu s the she ll is turb ina te , the last who rl is
ro unded,and bo th lips O f the aperture are fu rnished w i th
numerou s tubercu lar tee th .
Sp ecies of C lancu lus .
acuminatus, A . Adams .
agrestis , Chem .
albinus , A . Adams .
amaenus, Koch .
anus , P hil.
a tropurpureus , Gould .
Bertheloti , D’
O rb .
b runneus , A . Adams .
carinatus , A . Adams .
cerasinus , P hil.
cingulifer, A . Adams .
clanguloides , Wood .
clangu lus , Wood .
conspersus, A . Adams .
corallinu s, Gmel.
edentulus , A . A dams .
elegans , Koch .
erubescens , P hi l.flagellatus , P hi l.
gibbosu s, A . Adams .
glomu s , P hil.
Gu ineensis , G mel.
Jussieu i , P ayr .
K rau ssii , P hi l.
L argillierti , P hil.
limbatus, Q u ay and Ga im .
lupinus , Mke .
L udwigi , Kra uss .
macu losus , A . A dams .
margaritarius , P hi l.
M augeri , Wood .
M editerraneus , Wood .
microdon,A . A dams .
m iniatus , Anton .
m inor , A . Adams .
morum , Phil.
multigranu s , P hil.
nigricans , A . A dams .
nodiliratus , A . Adams .
nodulosus , A . A dams .
omalomphalus , A . A dams .
ormophorus , A . Adams .
P atagonicus , D’
O rb.
personatus , P hil.
P haraonis , L inn .
puniceus , P hil;r ingens , M ke .
rotellaeformis , P hil.
scabrosus , P hil.
Smith ii , Wood .
4 1 8 Taocnmn .
T here is u sually a single , strong too th at the fo re part
o f the c o lume lla in this genu s,and the O perc u lum is
o rbicu lar and many-who rled .
Sp ecies of M onodonta .
australis , L am . parva , T rasek .
canalifera , L am . rugu losa , A . Adams .
circumcincta , A . Adams . spilota , A . Adams.
dama , P hil. tubercu lata , A . Adams .
exigua , A . Adams . turbinata , Gmel.
labia , L inn . viridis , L am .
neritoides , P hil.
G enu s EUCHELUS, P h il ippi .
O percu lum ovate,o f few
,rapidly-enlarging whorls .
S hel l turb inately c ono i dal,whorls rounded , w i th trans
verse,granu lar ribs , ax i s u sual ly perfo rated ; c o lumella
a cu te,w i th a smal l to o th at th e fore part ; aperture c ir
cular ; ou ter l ip thick,~
obtuse , rounded, inte rnally crenate .
S yn . E u chele , P h i l . A radasia , Gray .
E'
x'
. E . denigratu s , C hemni tz , pl . 4 7 , fig . 6 . O per
culum , E . denigratus , fig . 6,a . S hell , E . denigratus , fig .
6,b .
T he shells o f th is genu s are u su ally umbilica ted, and
the who rls are a lways adorned w i th transverse , granu lar
ribs ; the re is a single to o th on the c o lume lla , and the
O percu lum is ova te, and o f comparative ly few whorls .
Species of Ruckelns .
alveolatus , A . Adams. baccatus , M ke.
asper, Chem . circulatus , A nton .
DILOMA . 4 1 9
clathratus , A . Adams . lacteus , P hil .
denigratus , Chem . oxytropis , P hil.D ankeri , Koch . P hilippii , Kochedentulus , A . A dams . P hilippinus , A . Adams .
exasperatus , A . Adams . pullatus , P hil.
foveolatus , A . Adams . punctigerus , A . Adams .
gemmatus , Gou ld . ruber , A . Adams .
G u ttadau ri , P hil. S trangei , A . A dams .
horridus , P hil. sulciferus , A . Adams .
incisu s , M ke . tricingulatus , A . Adams .
inconspicuus , P hil.
S ub -
gen . P E RR IN IA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell troch iform ; whorls flattened ,cancellated aperture
quadrangular ; columella nearly straigh t , with several tuberclesat the fore part ; ou ter lip strongly l irate internally .
anguliferus , A . Adams . lirostoma, A . Adams .
G enu s BILOMA , P hilippi .
S he l l c ono ida l,smoo th , imperforate , umbilic al region
c overed w i th a th in,po rc e llanou s expans ion o f th e c o lu
mella ; c o lum e llar margin produc ed anteriorly, form ing
an e leva ted ridge round the inner margin O f the o u ter
lip .
E x . D . nigerrima,Chemni tz , pl . 4 7 ,
.
fi g . 7 . O pe r
c ulum, D . nigerrima
,fig . 7 , a , 7 , b . S hel l , D . nigerrima
,
fig . 7,c .
T h is genus c lo sely resembles Oxystele , the c olume llar
margin, however , do es not ex tend in to th e ou te r edge o f
th e labrum,b u t fo rms an e le va ted border w i thin and
paralle l to i t .
4 20 TROCHIN/E .
Species of D iloma .
atrovirens , P hil.
carbonaria , P hi l.
cingulata , Q u ay a nd Ga im .
coracina,T rosch .
melanoloma , M ke .
m orio , T roseh .
nigerrima, Chem .
G enu s THALO TIA , G ray .
S he l l so l id, ovate , turre ted, ax is imperfo ra te , whorls
fla t,granu lated o r transverse ly ribbed ; aperture oval,
longe r than w ide ; c o lum ella anteriorly tubercu lar , sub
trunca te ; ou ter lip thickened and c renu lated inte rnal ly .
E x . T . c onica, Gray , pl . 4 8 , fig . 1 . O percu lum,
T . pu l cherrima, fi g . 1,a, 1 , b .
T he she lls o f Tha lotia are elevately cono idal , w i th
sub -quadrangu lar apertures,
the c o lumel la is ra the r
strai gh t, truncated and tuberc u lar at the fore part, and
the whorls are transverse ly gro oved o r furnish ed w ith
granu lated ribs . T he spec ies appear to b e c on fi ned ,in geo graphical range , to A u stralia and N ew Zea land .
Sp ecies of Tha lotia .
balteata , P h il.
conica , Gray .
crenellifera , A . Adams .
elongata , Wood .
L ehmanni , M ke .
obscura , Wood .
Odontis , Wood
piperina , P h il.radula , P a rreyss .
scorpio , Gray .
sulcata , Wood .
undulosa , A . Adams .
picta , Wood .
pulcherrima, Wood .
S chayeri , Trosch .
strigata , A . Adams .
su turalis , A . Adams
tricingulata , A . Adams .
4 22 TROCHINJE .
decussatus , A . A dams .
dubius , P hil.duplicatus , A . Adams .
elegantulus, A . A dams .
erythraeus , Chem.
euglyptu s , A . A dams .
exasperatus , P enn .
eximius , R eeve.
fi losus , Wood .
fi rmus , P h il.
flavus , A nton.
fragrum , P hi l.
fu lvus , P hil.
gemmosus , R eeve .
gilvus , P hil.
Gmelinii,P hil.
goniostoma, Mke.
granulatus , Born .
hyacinth inus , Ren .
impressus , A nton .
indistinctus , Wood .
interruptus , Wood .
incrassatus, P hil.
Japonicus, A . Adams .
Javanicus , L am .
jujubinus , L inn .
laevigatus , P hil.lepidus , K och .
liratus , A . A dams .
lima , P hi l.
luridus , N u tt.
maculatus , P hil.metaformis, P hil.
m illegranus , P hil.
M ontagui , Gray .
nebu losus , A . A dams .
nitidulus , P hil.
nobilis , P hi l.nocturnus , P hil.
nubilus , P hi l.
nudus , P h il.
ornatus , L am.
parvulus , P h il.
perspectiva s , Koch .
picturatus , A . Adams .
polychroma , A . Adams .
pu lchellus , P hil.
pu lcher, C . B . Adams.
pumi lio , P hil.
punctulatus , M a rtyn .
puncturatu s, A . A dams .
pyrgos , P hil.quadrisulcatus , P hil.rubropunctatus , A . Adams .
scitulus , A . Adams .
scobinatu s , A . Adams .
selectus , C hem .
solidus , P hil.speciosus , A . A dams .
spectabilis , A . Adams .
squarrosus , P hil.striatus
,L inn .
strigosu s , Gmel.T icaorricus
,A . Adams .
tigris , M a r tyn .
torqu atus , A nton .
T ranquebaricus, Chem .
unicinctus, A . Adams .
unidentatus , P hil.
viridulu s , M ke .
CANTHARIDUS . 4 23
G enu s TURC ICA , H . and A . Adams .
S hell c ono idal , thin, sub -diaph anou s, imperfo rate
whorls w i th transverse rows o f granu le s, the last rounded
at th e periphery ; c o lume lla thick, spirally twisted pos
teriorly , ending ante riorly in an obtuse , prom inent po in t ;ou ter l ip th in
,simple
,ac u te .
E x . T . m on il ifera , A . Adams,pl . 4 8 , fi g .
'
3 .
T his genu s is founded on a beau tifu l trocho id shel l
from Au stralia,having somewhat the asp ec t O f Z i z i
p h in a s , w i th the whorls shin ing wi th a go lden nacre and
o rnamen ted w i th transverse serie s o f granu les . T he
ch ief pecu l iari ty o f the genus cons ists in th e spiral ly-c on
torted co lume lla .
G enus CANTHARIDUS , M ontfort .
S hell th in,o va te ly cono i dal , ax is imperforate , whorls
striated or rugose ; apertu re sub -tetragonal , longer than
w ide,iridesc ent w i th in c o lume lla rathe r straigh t, s imple ,
ending anteriorly in a simple po int ; ou ter lip thin .
S yn . C an tharis , Ferns , no t Bolt . C antharius , Voight .
E a) . C . i ris , Hump hrey , pl . 4 8 , fi g . 4 .
T he shells O f C a ntha r idu s are ovate and th in, the ou ter
lip is acu te , and the c o lumel la wants the c onspi cuou s
tooth se en in E lenchu s ; the wh o rls, mo reover, are no t
po l ish ed , as in that genu s , b ut are u su al ly transverse lystria ted .
Species of Cantha ridus .
articularis , A . A dams . cingulifer, A . Adams .
artiz ona , A . Adams . i ris , Hump h .
4 24 TROCHINAE.
moniliger. A . A dams . pu rpuratus , M a rtyn .
nigricans , A . A dams . rufoz ona , A . Adams .
nitidulus , P hil. tenebrosa s , A . A dams .
pallidulus , A . A dams . Z ealandicus , A . Adams .
porcatus , Ph i l.
G enus ELENCHUS , Humph rey .
S he l l elevately cono idal , ax is imperfo ra te ; spi re ele
vated, acu te , whorls flat, smoo th
,u sually poli sh ed ; aper
tu re ovate , longer than w ide inne r l ip u sually w i th a c on
spicu ous too th o uter lip internally th i ckened and
groove d .
E x . E . iriodon, Q u ay a nd Ga ima rd , pl . 4 8 , fig . 5 .
S he ll, E . b adiu s, Wood , fig . 5 , a .
T he shells in th is genu s are th ick and po li shed , and
there is u sually a single too th , more or le ss produc ed , at
the fore part o f the c o lume lla the aperture is vivi dly iri
descent w i th in , and the su rfa ce is o ften ornamented w ith
varied and beau tifu l markings . T he spec ies are Austra
l ian in the ir geographical distribu tion .
Species of E lenchus .
apicinus , Mke .
australis , Q uay and Gnim .
badius , Wood .
bellulus, P hr .
elegans , Gmel.gracilis , A nton .
iriodon , Q uay and Ga im .
leotus , Phil.
leucostigma , M ire .
lineatus , L am.
minor , T rosch .
roseus , L am .
rutilus , A . Adams .
Splendidulus , S wa ins .
virgulatu s , P hi l.
4 26 TROCHIN/E .
In this genu s the ax is is impe rforate , the inner lip is
broad and ex cava ted, and the c olumel la , instead o f ending
in a prominent too th as in M onodonta , has on ly a blunt
tuberc le at the fore part .
Sp ecies of T rochocochlea .
angulata , Q uay and Ga im .
capillacea , P hi l.
concolor , A . A dams .
constricta , M a cleay .
corrosa , A . Adams .
fuliginea , A . A dams .
gallina ,F orbes .
lineata , D a Costa .
melaleuca , L ink.
mu tabilis , P hil.
S ub -
gen . TEGULA , L esson .
Whorls with transverse , granular ribs ; columella Spirallycontorted, ending anteriorly in a large , obtuse , prominent tuberele .
pellis-serpentis , Wood .
G enu s OXYSTELE , P hilippi .
S he ll cono idal , smoo th,imperforate
,umbilic al region
covered wi th a thin, porc e l lanou s expansion o f th e c olu
mel la c o lumella flat,trenchant , gradu ally blending with
the th in ou ter lip .
E x . 0 . m eru la , Linnaeu s, pl . 4 8 , fig . 8 . O percu lum,
O . meru la , fig . 8, a , 8 , b . S hell , O . meru la , fig . 8 , c .
In this genus the neck-lappe t appears, from the figure
neritoides , Barn .
porcata , A . Adams .
rudis , A . Adams .
sanguinea , Gray .
subrostrata , Gray .
tzeniata , Q u ay and Ga im .
turbinata ,Born .
turbiniformis , S a lis .
z ebra ,Wood .
z ebrina , P h il.
PHOTINULA . 4 27
given by P o li , to b e b i fi d, the side -membrane c renated ,and the O percu ligero us lobe furnished w i th thre e tenta
onlar filaments on each s ide . T he ou ter lip o f the shel l
is acu te , and the umbilic al region is no t su rrounded by
a spiral c allu s ending in a po int,as in C h lorastoma .
Species of Oxystele .
Adelaida , P ll ll.
fasciata , Anton .
fulgurata , P h il.impervia , M ke
indecora ,P hil.
merula , Chem .
meruloides , Kra uss .
perdix , Koch .
G enu s PHOTINULA H . and A . Adams .
S he l l orbicu la r,depre ssed ; whorls smoo th , po l ished,
u su ally transversely lineated, umb il ic al region c overed
w i th an impre ssed c al lus ; aperture w ide ; inne r lip c on
vex,thick, ending in a simple po in t .
S yn . M argarita,sp . Au ct . P ho tina , H . a nd A . Adams
(O lim), no t B u rmeis ter .
E x . P . c aeru le sc ens , K ing ,pl . 4 8
,fig 9 . O perculum ,
P . c aeru lesc ens , fi g . 9,a , 9 , b .
T his genu s include s a smal l group o f
i
shells u su a lly c on
sidered a s spe cie s o f M a rga r i ta ,b u t wh ich appro ach stil l
neare r to th e O .vystcle o f P hi lippi ; the ax is is imperfo ra te ,
the inne r lip is no t ac u te , and the whorl s are lineated and
smoo th .
sagittifera , L am .
sauciata,Koch .
S aulcyi , D’
O rb .
suavis , P h il.
tabularis , Kra usstenera , T rosch .
tigrina , Chem .
variegata, Anton .
4 28 TROCHINAE .
Species of P hotinu la .
caerulescens , King . S andwichiana , A . Adams .
expansa , S ow . sigaretina , S ow .
fusca , A . A dams . tmniata , Wood .
lineata , G ray . violacea , King .
n igra , A . A dams .
G enus CHLORO STOMA S wa inson .
S hell c ono idal , u sually deeply umbil icated, or w i th the
umb il ic a l region cove red by a c allus ; whorls smoo th o r
longitudinally co rrugated, the last generally keeled at the
periphery ; aperture obliqu e ; inner lip w i th an acu te tu
b ere le at the fo re part, c ontinuou s wi th a Spira l ridge which
enc irc les th e umbilicu s ou ter l ip angular at the base , u su
ally w i th one o r two tuberc les .
E x . C . argyro stoma,Chemni tz , pl . 4 9 , fig . 1 . O per
c ulum, C . atrum,L esson
,fi g . 1
,a .
T he pecu l iar featu re in the she l l of Chlorostoma is the
spiral ridge wh ich enc ircle s the umb ilical region and ends
at the fore part O f the inner,lip u sual ly in a sho rt too th or
tuberc le ; the she lls are remarkab le for the ir b lack or
dingy c o lo ur .
Sp ecies of Chlorostoma .
argyrostoma , Chem . luctuosum, D'
Orb.
atrum , L esson . lugubre , Gmel.bicanaliculatum , D kr . maculosum , A f Adams .
bicarinatum , P o t . and M ich . marginatum , N u tt .
brunneum , P hil. m itra ,Anton .
castaneum , A . A dams . moestum , J onas .
leucostigma, A . Adams . nigerrimum , Gmel.
4 30 raccnrNa .
S ub -
gen . ANAD EMA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell conoidal , depressed ; whorls with transverse rows of
granules ; umbilicu s with a spiral cal lus , wh ich gradually becomes broader, and blends w ith the outer lip ; columella thin ,
simple ; ou ter lip smooth internal ly .
en lata , A . Adams .
G enu s M ONILEA, Swainson .
S hell orb icu lar, depre ssed, wh orl s tran sversely grooved ,
ax is widely perforated , umbilicus su rrounded by a s triated
c al lus , last whorl rounded at the periphery ; c o lume lla
ending an teriorly in one o r two tuberc les .
S yn . T alopia, Gray .
E r . M . c alyc u lu s, Wood, pl . 4 9 , fi g . 3 . O percu lum ,
M . c alycu lus , fig . 3,a,3,b .
In th is genu s th e umbili cu s is furni shed w ith a th i ck,
Spiral callu s, dilated an teriorly where i t j o ins the ex ca
vated c olume lla, and w i th ano ther striated , spira l callus
more ex ternal , which ends anterio rly in a po in ted too th .
In the sub -genu s S ala r iella the internal c allus is ab sent,and there is no ex ternal , striated callus .
Sp ecies of M onilea .
Benz i , Kra uss .
callifera , L am .
calycu lus , Wood .
corrugata , Koch .
crenulata , Mke.
kalisoma ,A . Adams
lirata , A . A dams .
M enkei , A . A dams .
nucleus , P hil.P hilipprr, A . A dams .
pu silla , A . A dams .
rigata , P hil.
S wainsonii , A . Adams .
GIBBULA . 4 3 1
S ub-gen . S OLARIE LLA , S earles Wood .
Shell th in ; whorls transversely fi nely striated ; umbilicus
perspective , the margin crenulated, no external striated callus .
angulata, A . Adams . solariiformis , S ow .
au reonitens, A . Adams . vitigilinea , M ke .
delicata , A . Adams .
G enus GIBBULA , L each .
S hel l c ono idal, u sually umbili cated , the umbilic u s c v
lindric al or infundibu lifo rm ,who rls O ften superiorly gib
bou s ; apertu re sub -rhombo idal , wi th rounded angles,entire above , simple below ; columella some times ending
in a tuberc le o r too th .
S yn . P horcu s , R isso . S teromphala, L ea ch .
E a'
. G . M agu s , L innaeu s, pl . 4 9 , fig . 4 . O percu lum ,
G . umb ilic aris , L innaeu s, fig . 4 , a , 4 , b . S he ll G . M agu s,
fig . 4 , c .
T he spec ies o f G ibbu la are very numerous, and are
found in all parts of the world the gibbosi ty o f the whorls ,
th e perforated ax is , and s imple termination O f the c olu
mella serve to charac terise the genu s .
Sp ecies of
Adansonrr, P ayr .
Adriatica, P hil.Agathensis , Reclus .
alveolata , P hil.
amoena , Gou ld .
ardens , S a lis .
articulata ,A . Adams .
balteata , A . Ada-ms
G ibbu la .
bicarinata , A dams and Reeve .
b icincta , P h il.
C andei , D’
O rb.
C apensis , Gmel.cineraria , L inn .
cervus , P hil.crinita ,
P hil.
divarica ta , L inn .
4 32 TROOHINA .
Gundlach i , P hi l.
guttata , Koch .
helicoides, P h il.instrictu, Gou ld .
jucunda , Gou ld .
kalinota , A . Adams .
K otschyi , P hil.L ehmanni , M ke .
l ivido — m acu lata , C . B .
leucophaea , P hil.leucosticte , A . A dam s .
M agus , L inn .
M indorensrs , A . Adams .
mu l ticolor, Krauss .
N assaviensis , C hem .
nebu losa , P h il.nivosa , A . A dams .
obtusa , C hem .
S ub -
gen . FORS K A L IA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls nodosely pl icate at
the sutures , granulated, the last whorl with a conspicuou s grooveat the periphery .
declivis , Forsk. pulcherrima, A . Adams .
familiaris , P etiv. puncto-costata , A . Adams .
fanulum , Gmel.
G enu s TRO CHIS CUS , S owerby .
O percu lum w i th th e edges O f th e whorls eleva ted and
scaly .
S hel l orbicu lar, sub -disco idal,c overed wi th an epiderm is
,
sol id, smoo th,w ide ly and deeply umbilicated ; apertu re
nearly c i rcular, peritreme not c ontinu ous ; inner lip flat
tened and produ c ed an te rio rly ; ou ter lip th in , acu te .
omphalium , P h il.
P hilberti , Reclu z .
pisum , P hil.
P reissiana , P hi l.
punctata , A nton .
quadrata , Gmel.
rosea , Gmel.
scabra , L inn .
sulcosa , A . Adams .
tessellata , A . A dams
tum ida , M ont.
varia , L inn .
variegata , R isso .
venusta , A . A dams .
umbil icalis , D a Costa .
umb iliearis , L inn .
nu dosa , A . Adams .
u sta,P hi l.
4 34 TROCHIN/E.
multilineata , De K ay .
obscura ,C outh . .
ornata , D e K ay .
P ersica , Gou ld .
polytrope , A . Adams .
pupilla, Gou ld .
purpurata , Forbes .
striata , L ea ch .
G enu s VITRINELLA C . B . A dams .
S he ll turbin ifo rm,vi treou s, m inu te , w i th a large , orbi
onlar apertu re ; e i ther umbilic ated , o r w i th the umbilical
region deeply and w idely indented .
E x . V . valvatoides, C . B . Adams,p l . 4 9
,fig . 7 .
T h is genu s c omprises a group O f small,transparent
Sh el ls h aving large apertu re s , and rapidly -enlarging
whorls ; i t c onsi sts o f numero us species .
“ T hey are no t
th e young o f any o ther S pe cies , for the first one , or one
and a h alf, whorls are distingu ished from the fo llowingw h o rls by nuc lear pe cu l iari tie s , as want O f sculp ture , &c .
We are a cquain te d wi th the young o f all the larger spec ies
which inhabi t the same lo cal itie s, and none O f them re
semble these shel ls .
”
(C . B . Adams .)
Sp ecies of Vi trinella .
anomala, D’
O rb. (Rotella).concinna , C . B . Adams .
exigua , C . B . Adams .
helieoidea , C . B . Adams .
hyalina , C . B . Adams .
interrupta, C . B . A dams .
Janus , C . B . Adams .
megastoma, C . B . Adams .
sulcata , S ow.
tessellata , A . Adams .
umbilicalis , B rod . and S ew .
undulata , Moll.
Vahlii , M all.
variabilis , A . Adams .
venusta , P hil.
minu ta , C . B . A dams .
modesta, C . B . A dams .
P anamensis , C . B . A dams .
parva , C . B . Adams.
perparva , C . B . A dams .
pusilla , Pf e ifi . (Rotel la).regularis , C . B . Adams .
seminuda , C . B . Adams .
S TOMATELLINA}. 4 3 5
semistriata , D'
0 rb . (Rotella). tricarinata , C . B . Adams .
striata , D’
O rb. (Rotella) . valvatoides , C . B . A dams .
tincta, C . B . Adams .
S ub -fam . S T OM AT E LL INAC .
Fo o t O ften very th ick , fle shy, deve loped po steriorly .
O percu lum th in ,horny , ovate , o f few rapidly-inc reasing
who rls , O ften entirely wanting .
S he ll more o r less ear-shaped, o f few w-horls ; ape rture
very w ide .
G enus STOMATELLA , L amarck .
Animal spiral , re trac ti le wi thin the shel l ; frontal lobes
triangu lar, the ir edge fringed ; foot smal l,no t tuberc u lar,
not posteriorly produ ced , O pe rcu l igerou s ; lateralmembrane
very w ide , the edge fi mb riated .
O percu lum o rbicu lar, thin ,h o rny, many
~whorled .
S he l l spiral, sub -o rb icu lar, depressed, transverse ly ribbed
or sulciferou s ; spire more o r less elevated, whorls rounded ;aperture large , w ider than long .
E x . S . macu lata, Q u ay a nd Ga ima rd , pl . 4 9 , fig, 8 ,8 , a . O percu lum , S . sulc ifera , L ama rck
,fi g . 8 , b, 8 , 0 .
S he ll, S . imbric ata, L ama rck, fi g . 8 , d .
T he S tama tellce are m ost numerou s in the Phi l ippines,
six teen species be ing inhab i tants o f the se islands .
Sp ecies of S toma tella .
Arabica, A . A dams . b iporcata , A . Adams .
articulata , A . A dams . ealliostoma , A . Adams .
Buconi , A . A dams . cancellata , Kra uss .
bicarinate , A . A dams . candida, A . A dams .
4 36 S TOMATELLINJE .
clathratula , A . A dams .
coccinea , A . A dams .
compta, A . A dams .
costellata , A . Adams .
decolorata , Gou ld .
decorata ,A . A dams .
elegans , G ray .
fulgurans , A . Adams .
haliotidea , S ow .
imbrica ta , Lam .
inflata , C . B . Adams .
macu lata , Q uay and Ga im.
M alukana , A . Adams .
G enu s STOMATIA , H elbling .
Animal spira l,too large entirely to enter the shell ;
frontal lobes d igi tated ; foo t large , tube rcu lar, grea tly pro
duced behind, latera l membrane fringed, ending anterio rly ,on the left s ide , in a fi mb riated cre st under the ey e -pedice l ,and on the righ t, in a slightly
-
projec ting fo ld or gu tter lead
ing to th e re spirato ry c av i ty .
O percu lum none .
S hel l sub - spiral , Oblong, o r sub -orbicu lar ; spire prom i
nent, whorls pl i ca ted at the su ture , c arinated or tuber
cular aperture wider than long, pearly wi thin .
S yn . H aliotidea, H ump h . ,no t S w a ins . S tomax , M onty .
S igare tus, S chum .,no t L am . o r Guv .
E x . S . rubra , L ama rck, pl . 4 9 , fi g ._
9,9,a,9,b . She ll ,
S . phymo tis, Helbliny , fig . 9,c .
S toma tia, like H a rp a and some N udibranchs
,has the
power O f spontaneou sly throwing O ff the hind part o f the
fe e t when the animal is irri tated, and Gena exhibits thesame pecu liari ty ; spec imens in spirits have the foot u sually
trunca ted from this c ause . T he spe cies of S tama tia are
margari tana, A . Adams .
monilifera , A . Adams .
notata, A . A dams.
orbicu lata , A . Adams .
pallida , A . Adams .
papyracea , Chem .
ru fescens , Gray .
sangu inea ,A . Adams .
selecta, A . Adams .
speciosa , A . Adams .
sulcifera , L am .
tigrina , A . Adams .
4 38 S TOMATELLIN fE .
O percu lum none .
S hel l sub - spiral,O b long, ear-Shaped, depressed , smoo th
or s triated ; spire flattened, nearly obso lete ; apertu re
large .
S yn . S tomatella , b . B la inv .
E x . G . planulata , Lama rck,pl . 5 0
,fi g . 2
,2,a . S hel l ,
G . lu tea, L innazu s , fi g . 2 , b .
T hirteen S pec ies o f th is genu s we re discovered by M r .
C uming among the Islands o f the P hilippine A rchipe lago ,where they appear to represent H a liotis .
Sp ecies of Gena .
aSperulata, A . A dams .
concinna , Gou ld .
irasata , Dufo .
lineata , A . A dams .
lintricula , A . A dams .
lutea , L inn .
minima , Duf o .
nebulosa , A . Adams.
G enus BRODERIPIA, G ray .
S he l l non -Spira l , ancyliform ,O blong
,ova te , fla ttened
apex po sterior, sub -invo lu te ; apertu re very large, oval
,
iridescent and nac reou s w i thin .
S yn . S cu te l la,sp . Brod .
E x . B . ro sea , Broder ip, pl . 5 0 , fi g . 3 .
T he sma l l and s ingu lar genu s Broderip ia is known only
by its she ll , wh i ch d iffers from tha t O f the rest o f the
genera in the fam ily in no t be ing spira l ; three specre s
only are known,all native s O f the P hilippines .
nigra , Q uay and Gu im .
ornata , A . A dams .
planulata , L am .
plumbea , A . Adams .
pulchella , A . A dams .
striatula , A . A dams .
strigosa ,A . A dams .
varia, A . Adams .
HALIOTIDJE . 4 39
Sp ecies of Broderip ia .
C umingii, A . Adams . rosea , Brod .
iridescens, Brod .
G enus ANATOMUS , M ontfort .
O percu lum thin ,horny, sub -spiral .
S hel l m inu te , spiral , he l ic ifo rm , depre ssed , w ide ly um
b ilicated spire short ; ape rture sub -o rbicu lar, no t pearly
w i th in ; o u ter lip w i th a narrow fissure o r sl i t .
S yn . S c iss'
u re lla , D’O rb .
E at . A . crispatus, F leming , pl . 5 0 , fi g . 4 .
T he animal O f Ana tomu s has no t hitherto been accu rately
O bserved , so tha t th e systema ti c po s i tion o f the genu s is
rather doubtful . T he aperture o f the she l l is not nac reo us
o r pearly internally ; the fissure in the ou ter lip is some
time s incomple te . M ontfo rt, speaking o f h is A . Indicus,
O b serves that i t inhabits the S argassa or Gu lf-weed .
Sp ecies of Ana tomus .
angulatus , S ow . D’
O rbignyi , A udouin .
asper , P hil. Indicus , M ontf .
Bertheloti , Webb. laevigatus , D’
O rb .
conicus, D’
O rb . striatulus , P hil.
costatus , D’
O rb . reticulatus, P hil.crispatus , F lem .
Fam . HAL IO T ID AE.
T ongue w i th a small median too th , flanked by two beam
l ike laterals and numerou s u nc in i w i th dentic u la ted hooks ,
44 0 HALIOTIDrE .
the fo ur inner be ing very large . H ead wi th a short, b road
mu z z le ; tentacle s sub u late , w i th th e eye s on stou t,cylin
dric al peduncles at the ir ou ter bases, and w ith a fi mb riated
lobe , or an emarginate ve il , between them . M antle -margin
fi ssured in front, the left lobe e longated into an anal
S iphon o ccupying the an terior perfo ration o f the she l l ;gills two , unequ al . Foo t th i ck and fleshy, the side s w i th
a double m embrane , furnished wi th se rra ted lobe s and fi laments on the edge s, and c ontinu ed, anteriorly
,in a free
crest, under the head .
O percu lum none .
S hell ear-shaped ; aperture large , nacreou s and i rides
cent internally , perforated wi th a series o f ho les .
In the fam i ly o f H a liotidw or E ar-sh e l ls,
”we fi nd the
l ingual dentition very S imilar to th a t O f the Trochidce, the
eye s,moreover, are pedunc ulated, and there are analogo u s
head-lobes and la teral fringe s ; there are , however, two
branchia l plumes,and th e musc le o f attachment, instead
o f be ing crescenti c round the mantle , is centra l and
ovate . In the perforated She l l and double gi ll , as we ll as
in the great deve lopment O f the foo t, this fam ily seems
to resemb le that o f F issu rellida ,b u t
"
the she l l is sub
spiral , and the apertu re is l ined wi th an iride scent nac re .
G enu s HALIO T IS , L innaeus .
Foo t moderate , n ot grooved and produced posteriorly .
Shel l depre ssly o vate , or ear-shaped S pire small , obtuse ,
sub -lateral , surface rough , wrinkled, o’
r tubercu lar ; aper
tu re very w ide , broader than long, i ride scent and pearlyw i th in
, the left s ide pe rfo rated with a series O f ho les .
44 2 I—IALIOTID/E .
nebulata , Reeve .
pertusa , Reeve .
planilirata , Reeve .
pustulata , Reeve .
rubiginosa , Reeve .
rufescens , S wa ins .
rugosa , Reeve .
rugoso-plicata , C hem .
scutulum , R eeve.
semistriate , Reeve .
G enus TEINOTIS , H . A . A dams .
Foo t very large and th ick, greatly produced, and wi th
a de ep, superio r, longitudinal groove po steriorly.
S hel l depressed , e longate , ear -sh aped ; spire sub -Spiral ,po sterio r
,produc ed beyond the last whorl aperture very
large , mu ch w ider than long, pearly w ithin and perforated
w ith a series o f ho les .
S yn . Halio tis,M ontf ,
no t L inn .
Ex . T . asinina,L innaeus
,pl . 5 0
,fig . 6
,6 , a . S he ll,
T . asinina , fig . 6,b .
I
Te inotis, in its deve lopment o f foo t and consequent
greater lo como tive power, seems to bear the same re lation
to the o the r genera o f this family that C ryp tOp lax does
among the C h i tonidce . A s in Ha liotis, the anal lobe o f
th e mantle -margin is pro truded from the last-formed per
foration o f the she ll , th e o ther ho le s pro gre ssive ly clo s ing
wi th the growth o f the she l l . T he Te inotis l ive s among
the rocks and reefs a long the shore , and crawls wi th c on
siderab le vivac ity ; in the typical spec ie s, the latera l
membrane o f the foot, when fu lly expanded, is slightlyreflexed over the dorsal su rface of the sh e ll .
sepiculata , Reeve .
S ieboldii , Reeve .
squamata , Reeve .
squamosa , Gray .
T ayloriana , Reeve .
tubercu lata , L inn .
varia , L inn .
viridis , Reeve .
Z ealandica , Reeve .
z ic — z ac , Reeve .
PADOLLUS . 4 4 3
Species of T einotis .
asinina, L inn . stomatellaeformis , Reeve .
G enu s PADOLLUS , M ontfort .
S hel l depre ssed , ear-shaped ; spire small , sub -lateral,
surfac e c orrugated or tubercu lar,wi th a prominent, spiral
ridge in the m iddle ; aperture very large,pearly wi th in ,
perfo ra ted with a few ho le s, and wi th a deep furrow paralle l
wi th the series o f perfo rations .
S yn . P adolla, O ken . P ado la , Flem .
E x . P . tricostalis, Chemni tz , pl . 5 0 , fig . 7 .
T he ch ief pec u liarity o f th is genus c ons ists in the groove
wh ich runs para lle l wi th the l ine o f perfo rations in the
she ll,and which , doubtle ss, is a ttended wi th a c orrespond
ing pecu l iari ty in the an imal ; the spe cies are from A frica
and N ew H ol land .
P adollus .
cla thratus , Reeve . papulatus , Reeve .
D ringii, Reeve . pulcherrimus , M a rtyn .
Emma , Gray . Roei , Gray .
excavatus, L am . tricostalis , Chem .
naevosus , M a rtyn . venustus , A dams and Reeve.
ovinus , Chem .
S ub -gen . SUL CULUS , H . and A . Adams .
S hell with an elevated dorsal ridge , running parallel with the
row of perforations ; aperture with a corresponding spiral de
pression apex sub-spiral , the spire nearly terminal .
incisus , Reeve . parvus , L inn .
Janus, Reeve. reticulatus , Reeve .
444 FISSURELLIDE .
rosaceus, Reeve. striatus , L inn .
sanguineus , Hanley . virgineus, Chem .
speciosus , Reeve .
S ub-order EDRIO PHTHALMA .
E yes sessi le , or on sligh tly-raise d tubercles on the
ou ter s ide o f the base of the tentac les . O perculum none .
S he l l , in the adul t, symmetri cal , coni cal , not Spiral ;aperture no t pearly internally .
Fam . FIS SURELL ID/E .
T ongue with a cen tra l median too th , fi ve denti cu lated
uncini, and numerou s, slende r, hooked laterals . Body
broad and con i cal . H ead wi th a sh ort, wide muz z le ;tentac les subu late , wi th the eye s on slightly-elevated
tubercles at the ir ex ternal base s . M antle -margin fi ssured
in front, the free e dges forming an anal siphon o ccupy ingthe anterior fissure or perfora tion in the apex of the shel l
gills two , symme trical , on the back o f the neck . Foo t di
lated, sides w ith the upper part fu rnished wi th a series o f
short c irrhi or rudimentary filaments .
O percu lum none .
S he ll , in the adu l t,con i cal
, symmetri cal, not spiral ,e i ther pierced at th e apex , or more o r less grooved or fi s
sured anterio rly aperture wide, not pearly w i thin ; mus
cu lat impression crescentic , open in front .
T he animals c ompo sing this fam ily, l ike those o f the
S cu tibranch G asteropods general ly, are li ttoral and phyto
phagous in the ir habits . In the ir lingual dention, and in
the si des o f the ir foo t be ing ornamented w i th c irrhi, they
4 46 FIS S URELLIDZE .
crassa, L am .
crenifera , S ow .
C umingii, Reeve .
D arwinii , Reeve .
exqu isita , Reeve .
galericulum , Reeve .
grandis , S ow .
grisea , Reeve .
Hondurasensis , Reeve .
lata , S ew .
latimarginata , S ow .
limbata , S ow .
maxima , S ow .
M exicana , S ow .
S ub-
gen . CREM IDE S , H . and A . Adams .
Shell conical , surface rough , muricated or cancellated ;ture with the margin denticulated .
alabastrites , Reeve .
asperella , S ow.
balanoides , Reeve .
Barbadensis , Gmel.coarctata , King .
compressa, Reeve .
conoides , Reeve .
edititia , Reeve .
glaucopis , Reeve .
H umphreyi , Reeve .
macrotrema , S ow .
microtrema , S ew .
S ub-gen . FIS SUR IDEA , Swainson .
Shel l sub -conical , cap- shaped, the apex close to the posterior
margin perforation narrow .
pileus , S wa ins . (pileopsoides , Reeve).
mutabil is , S ow .
nigra , L ess .
nimbosa, I/inn .
criens , S ow .
Philippiana , Reeve .
picta , Gmel.
pu lchra , S ow .
radiosa , L ess .
rota , Reeve .
rudis , Desh .
sagittifera , Reeve .
stellata, Reeve .
virescens , S ow .
muricata , Reeve .
N atalensis , Krauss .
nigro-
punctata , S on .
nodosa , Born .
obscura , S ow .
obtusa , S ow .
olivacea, Gray .
ostrina, Reeve .
P eruviana , L am.
rugosa , S ow .
T ougana, Q uay .
volcano, Reeve .
G enus LUCAPINA, G ray .
M antle -margin fi mb riated, reflexed more or less ove r
the edges of the shell .
S he ll oblong, oval , depressly coni cal, surface canc e l
lated ; apex sub -central , wi th an oval perforation ; aperture
expanded, the margin crenu lated ; perforation su rrounded
by a callus, truncated po steriorly, and sometimes produced
into a transverse lamell a .
E x . L . re ticu lata , D onovan,pl . 5 1 , fig . 2 . S hell , L .
crenu lata , S ow erby , fig . 2,a .
T his genu s include s all those re t i cu lated and c anc e l
lated forms, generally referred to Fissurella , wh ich have
th e margin o f th e aperture crenu lated , and in wh ich th e
perforation,interna lly , is transversely truncate and some
times sli ghtly c oncamera ted .
L u capina .
aegis , Reeve . elongata , P hil.a lta , C . B . Adams . excelsa , Adams a nd Reeve .
alternata , S ay . fi mbriata , R eeve .
aspera , S ow . fumata, Reeve .
austral is , K rauss . funiculata , Reeve .
Benguelensis, Dkr . gemmulata , Reeve .
calyculata , S ow . gibberula , L am .
cancellata , S oland . inaaqualis , S ow .
candida , S ow . Ince i Reeve .
C ayennensis , L am . indusrca , Reeve .
crenu la ta , S ow . Jukesii , Reeve .
cruciata , Kra uss . larva , Reeve .
cyathulum , Reeve. lentiginosa , Reeve .
densiclathrata, Reeve . L incolni , Gray .
digitale , Reeve . M enkeana , D kr .
Dysoni , Reeve. M etcalfi i , Reeve .
44 8 FISSURELLID/E .
neglecta, Desh .
nigro-ocellata , Reeve.
nigro-radiata , Reeve .
octagona , Reeve .
P anamensis , S ow.
P h ilippiana , D kr .
pica, S ow .quadriradiata , Reeve .
reticu lata , Donov.
Ruppellii , S ow .
G enu s CLYPIDELLA, Swa inson .
M antle -margin double , the edges scalloped and fringed ,anal siphon surrounded by a fi mb riated membrane foo t
large , fleshy and tubercu lar,w ith a series o f rud imentary
,
tentacu lar fi laments on th e s ide s near th e fo re part .
S he ll ovate , scu ti form, surface rugose , the an terior ex
trem ity sl ightly e levated, truncate and sub -emarginate ;perfo ration large , si tuated near the fore part o f the sh e ll .
Ex . C . pu stu la, L innwns, pl . 5 1 , fi g . 3 . S he ll, C .
pustula, fig . 3,a .
In this genu s the side s o f the she l l are covered by the
upper fo ld of the double -edged mantle , th e anal siphon is
encircled by a fringed and plicate membranou s expansion ,and the foo t is fle shy and tube rcu lar .
Species of C lyp idella .
aculeata , Reeve. pustu la , L inn .
Baikiei , A . Adams . salebrosa , Reeve .
dubia , Reeve . scu tella , Gray .
fascicularis , Lam .
S ieboldi i , Reeve.
S ingaporensis , Reeve .
solida , P hil.
su ffusa , Reeve .
tegula . R eeve .
T icaonica , R eeve .
venusta , R eeve .
viminea , Reeve .
viridula , L am .
4 50 FIS SURELLID/E .
she ll is much nearer the front margin than in the o ther
genera o f the fam ily .
Species of M acrochisma .
angustata , A . Adams . hiatula , Swa ins .
compressa , A . Adams . maxima , A . A dams .
cuspidata , A . Adams . megatrema , A . A dams .
dilatata , A . Adams . producta , A . Adams .
G enu s PUPILLIA , G ray .
M antle coriace ou s,en tire ly c overing the she ll , o rifice
o f anal siphon small , oblong, at the anterior third ; foot
granu lated, shorter than the mantle .
S hel l internal , depressly -c onic al , su rface nearly smoo th
pe rfo ra tion large , oblong, sub -c entra l ; aperture wide
ovate , th e margin entire,double , sharp
,white -limbed .
S yn . P upillac a , P h i l.
E ar. P . apertura , Born, pl . 5 1 , fig . 6 . S he ll , P . aper
tura , fig . 6 , a , 6 , b .
T he striking pe cu l iari ty o f this genus is the fac t of
the she l l be ing entire ly covered and c oncealed by the
mantle . T he she l l may readily b e known by the sharp
edged, white border, which is re ce ived into the integu
m ent o f th e an imal,l ike one o f the valve s o f a C h i ton .
P ap i llia aper tu ra is an inhabitant o f S ou th A fri ca .
G enu s CEMORIA, L each .
M antle -margin simple , ana l siphon prominent,tubular,
w i th six papillae in front, and fou r behind ; foo t wi th a
rudimentary , operculigerous lobe .
RIMULA . 4 5 1
She ll ovate , conical , e levated, surface w i th radiating
ribs ; apex entire , sub -spiral, slightly recu rved posterio rly ;
perfo ra tion linear, b etween the apex and front edge , vau l ted
ove r internally by a she l ly plate aperture o val, expanded ,
the margin en tire .
S yn . S ipho , Brow n,no t K lein . D iadora, Gray . R i
mu la, L ové n, no t D ef rance . P unc tu rella
,L ow e .
E x . C . N oach ina , L innmus, pl . 5 1 , fig . 7 , 7 , a,7,6 .
S he ll , C . N oachina , fig . 7 , c , 7 , d .
T he range o f c irrh i on th e sides o f the foo t in this
genu s is interrupted, beh ind , on each s ide ; the spe c ie s
inhabi t the Bri tish Islands , G reenland , N orway,Boreal
Americ a, and T ierra del Fuego .
Species of C emoria .
cognata, Gould . galeata , Gou ld .
conica , D’
O rb . N oach ina,L inn .
cucullata , Gou ld . princeps , Gou ld .
fastigiata , A . A dams .
G enu s RIMULA , D efrance .
S hel l ovate , depre ssly -c on i cal , th in , su rfac e cancellated
apex re cu rved towards the hinder ex tremi ty, entire ; per
foration e longate,fi ssure -like
,be tween the vertex and the
front edge .
S yn . R imularia , D ef'
rance . R imulus, D’
O rb . D itre
maria , D’
O rb .
E ar. R . exqu isi ta , A . Adams,pl . 5 1 , fig . 8 .
T h is genu s was founded on some foss il spe cies o f the
Ba th O o li te ; several recen t spec ies, however, have been
disc overed by M r. C am ing among th e Islands o f the
4 52 FIS S URELLIDJE .
P hilippine A rch ipe lago , princ ipally dredged from ten to
twenty- fi ve fathoms water . T he genu s is easily re cognised
by th e posi t ion o f the perforation .
Sp ecies of R imu la .
Blainvilln , B ej r . exqu isita , A . Adams .
carinata , A . Adams . propinqua , A . Adams .
G enus EMARGINULA‘
, L amarck .
M antle -margin simple , reflexed over the edges o f the
she ll , anal siphon w i th prominent, membranou s margins
projecting from the fissu re in th e sh e ll foo t w ith a rudi
mentary, opercu ligero u s lobe .
S he l l o val , conical , surfac e radiated o r cance llated ;apex entire , recu rved poste riorly ; aperture oval , expanded,the front edge fi ssu red , th e fissure continu ous with a groove
which ex tends as far as th e vertex .
S yn . Emargi nulu s, M ont/f. ?P almarium
,M ont/T
E x . E . ro sea , Bell, pl . 5 1 , fig . 9 . S he l l
, E . c rassa ,S owerby , fig . 9
,a .
T he angu la ted s ide s o f th e anal siphon are seen , in the
l iving animal , proj ec ting from the fissu re in th e front
margin o f the sh e ll ; th e opercu ligerou s lobe ex ists in the
form o f a single , c entral c irrhu s on th e h ind part o f the
foo t . M o st o f the spec ies are from c onside rable depths,
wh i le the spec ie s o f Fissurella , on the c on trary, are ch iefly
l itto ral . A u stral ia , the We st Indies,and the P hilippines
harbo ur the greates t numbe r, a few only being inhabitantso f tempe ra te c l ima tes .
4 54 FIS SURELLIDfE .
G enu s SCUTUS , M ontfort .
M antle -margin s imple , permanently more or less pro
duc ed and covering the s ides o f the sh ell ; foo t moderate ,smoo th
,w ith a series o f short, la te ral c irrhi .
S he ll depressed , oblong, shie ld -shaped, surfac e smoo th
or s triated ; apex at the h inder third ; aperture wi th the
front edge trunc ate,arched, and sl igh tly emarginate , w ith
an internal groove leading to the sinu s ; margin smoo th ,rounded beh ind .
S yn . D asc inu s, Raf in . P armOphorus, B la inv. P ar
m ophora , D esh . S cu tifera , B la inv. S cu tum ,S ow . jun .
E x . S . ungu is,L innaeu s , pl . 5 1
,fig . 1 0 . S he ll , S .
ungu is, fig . 1 0,a .
T h e an imal o f S cu tu s does not differ mu ch from that
o f Ema rginu la , bu t the she l l is not fi ssured anterio rly ,and is , moreover, smoo th
, depre ssed, and sub -qu adrangu lar
,wi th the m argin permanen tly cove red by the re
flexed border o f the mantle . T he shells are all wh ite
or devo id o f c olour , al though th e anima l is black ;the spec ie s are found in shallow wa ter, and are not verynumerous ; th ey are ch iefly inhabitants o f the P hili ppines ,Aus tralia , and N ew Zealand .
Species of S cutus .
angustatus , A . Adams . granulatus , Bla inv.
australis , Bla inv. imbricatus , Q u ay a nd Ga lm .
corrugatus , Reeve . tumidus , Q uay and Ga im .
elonga tus , L am . unguis, L inn .
DENTALIIDZE . 4 55
S ub-
gen . TUGAL I , Gray .
S hel l white, oblong, surface cancellated ; aperture wi th the
margin crenulated.
carinatus, A . A dams . elegans , Gray .
cicatrosus , A . Adams . osseus , Gou ld .
cinereus , Gou ld . radiatus , A . A dams .
decussatus, A . Adams .
Fam . D E N T AL IID ZE .
L ingual ribbon w ide , ova te , ra chis s ingle - tooth ed, nu
c in i single , flanked by single , unarmed plate s . Body
e longated ; head rudimentary , w i thou t tentacles o r ey es ;
mouth with c irrhated lips . M antle c irc u lar, anteriorly
th i ck and fleshy, inve sting the fore part o f the body ; gills
two, symme trical . Foo t rudimentary
,small
, c onical,
wi th two symme trica l s ide -lobes , and an attenua ted, ho l low
base, communi cating w ith the stomach .
O percu lum none .
S he ll elonga te , or elevately-con i ca l, su rface smoo th o r
longi tudinally striated ; vertex perfora ted, posterio rly in
clined ; apertu re c irc u lar, no t constri cted .
A c cording to the ob servations o f C lark, the b lood o f
the se animals is red,the sexes are united, and the gills
are po sterior to the heart . S hou ld these views b e c on
firmed, the fam ily mu st b e remove d from th e P ro sob ran
chiate division o f M o llu sks . T he most usu a l way o f re
garding th e D enta liidce has been to consider them as
e longated F issurella , w ith the eyes and tentacles wanting,
and the fo o t rudimentary and tubu lar ; the perforated,
4 56 DENTALIIDJE .
small end o f the she ll,co rresponding w i th the ori fi ce in
the vertex o f Fissu rella,and subserving the same pur
pose . T he s tomach o f the D enta li idee is fu rnished wi th
a strong giz z ard, and the vent is sub -central .
G enu s DENTALIUM , L innaeu s .
S he l l symme tric a l , tubu lar, tap ering, rec urved, su rface
longi tu dinally ribbed o r striated ; apex perfo rated, per
foration en tire , w itho u t any fissure or emargination ; aper
ture c ircu lar .
S yn . T ubu lu s, S c i lla . D en tale,L ist. D entalis
,
L lwyd . S yringites, Au c t . C analis, D’
Aryenv. C ana
l ites, Vagel.
E x . D . vu lgare , D a C osta,pl . 5 2
,fig . 1 . S hell
, D .
arcuatum ,L innaeu s, fi g . 1
,a .
A cc o rding to C lark, the T o o th S he lls , as they are
often termed, are animal feeders , devouring wi th avidi ty
Foraminifera , and some times smal l bivalves . T hey are
u sually found in deep wa te r, and often bu ry themse lve s in
mud and sand .
Sp ecies of Denta lium .
abbreviatum , Desh .
alternatum , L ea .
ambiguum , C henu .
aprinum , L inn .
arcuatum , L inn .
dentalis , L inn .
elephantinum ,L inn .
ellipticum , S ow .
fasciatum ,Gmel.
formosum , Adams and Reeve .
giganteum , Brng .
Indicum , Chenu .
L essoni , Desh .
lacteum , Desh .
multistriatum , Desh .
nigrum ,L am.
N ovmH ollandiae, Chenu .
novem-costatum , Lam .
octogonum , L am .
P anormum , C henu .
politum , L inn .
pseudo-sexagonum, Desh .
4 58 TECTURID/E .
Fa in . T E C T URID ZE .
L ingual riband long, w i th two cen tral , and two hooked
lateral tee th on each s ide in an obl iqu e l ine , the inner
o ften the larger . H ead wi th a sh ort mu z z le m ou th w i th
c artilaginou s j aws ; tentac les subu late ; eyes on b ulgings
at the ir ou ter bases . M antle -margin simple or fringed ;
gill form ing a single pec tinated p lume on the side o f the
back o f the ne ck . Foo t large , ova te , wi th a simp le , im
pressed groove .
O percu lum none .
S he ll depressed, coni cal, or c ap-shaped apertu re wide
,
wi th a c rescenti c , musc u lar impression, interrupted in the
region o f the head .
T he fami ly o f Tec turidce , or False L impets,”is dis
tingu ished from tha t o f the P a tellidae, o r T rue Lim
pets,” by the gill be ing single , and si tuated in a cavi ty on
the righ t side o f the neck, instead o f forming a series o f
lamellae be tween the mantle and foot . T hey are l ittoral
in the i r habits , feeding on the se a-weed be tween tide
marks ; the ir lo como tion is very l im i ted, and in the ir
geographical distribu tion, they are found bo th in tropical
and temperate countries .
G enu s TECTURA , Audou in and M ilne E dwards .
M antle -margin fringed ; foo t oval, flat .
S hel l patell iform,regu lar, depressly-coni cal , surface
smoo th or wi th radiating striae ; apex anterior, sub -c en
tra l ; aperture very wide , muscular impression non-sym
me trical, the anterior part unde r the right side .
S OUREIA . 4 59
S yn . A cmaea , E schscholtz . P atelloida , Q u ay a nd
Ga ima rd . L o ttia , Gray .
E x . T . testudinalis, M u ller , pl . fig . 3, 3 , a . S h e ll ,
T .
”
testudinalis,fig . 3 , 6 .
S pe cie s o f Tec la ra are found in We stern America ,A ustral ia , and on th e shores o f northern countries ; theyrange from low-water to th irty fathoms .
Species of T ectura .
mruginosa, M idd .
alveus , C ou th .
ancylus , E sch .
araneosa, Gou ld .
A sm i , M idd .
cassis , E schr .
conoidea , Q uay and Ga im .
conspicua, P hil.cymbiola, Gou ld .
digitalis , E schr .
discors , P h il.
elongata , Q uay and Ga im .
flammea , Q uay and Ga im .
fragilis , Q uay and Guim .
fungus , M eusch .
leuCOpleura , Gmel.
limbate, P hil.melanoleuca , Gmel.
melanosticta , Gmel.
mitella ,M ke .
orbicularis , Q uay and Guim .
G enus SOUREIA , G ray .
M antle -margin with a series of lame llar papi l lae ; foo t
oval, thi ck .
S he l l elevately-conical , sol id, surface smooth ; apex
parasitica , D’
O rb .
patina , E schr .
persona, E schr .
personoides , M idd .
pileolus , M idd .
pileopsis , Q uay and Ga im .
pintadina , Gmel.
pustula , H elb .
rugosa , Q u ay and Ga im .
scabra , Gou ld .
septiformis , Q uay and Ga im .
squamosa , Q uay and Guim.
stellarie, Q uay and Ga im .
striata , Quay and Ga im.
subrugosa , D’
O rb.
testudinalis , M ull.
textilie, Gould .
variabilis ,‘
S ow .
virginea , M ull.viridula , Lam .
4 60 TECTURIDE .
central, mamillated ; apertu re wide , oval , margin regu lar,
entire .
E x . S . scurra, L esson,p l . 52 , fi g . 4 , 4 , a . S he ll , S .
scurra , fi g . 4 , b .
T h is genus is founded upon th e P a tglla scurra o f L es
son, which is the A cmcea m i tra o f E sch scholtz , and th e
L ai lia p a llida o f S owerby . T he margin o f th e mantle is
su rrounded by a number o f singu lar, sub -annu lar, c urved ,
lame l lar pro cesses, which resemble gills ; the branchia l
plume , however, ex ists in a cervi cal cavi ty, as in Tec
tura ,
Species of S curria .
conica , Gou ld . scurra , Lesson .
G enus HELCION , M ontfo rt .
S he l l oval, depressly -coni cal , cap-shaped, su rface w i th
radiat ing, pec tinated ribs ; apex ex centri c , recurved, sub
marginal interior covered wi th a vitreou s deposi t, margin
o f aperture c renate ; mu scu lar impression crescentic , in
terrupted in the region of the h ead .
E x . H . pec tinatu s,L inna us, pl . 52 , fig . 5 .
T he shel l o f H elc ian does not appear to di ffer generi
c ally from th at of S cu lellina, ex c ept that the interior o f
the aperture is c ove red w i th a pecu liar glaz ed deposi t .
T he nature o f the gills has not been we ll made ou t ; D r.
G ray, however, states tha t they resemble those o f P a tella .
G enus S CUTELLINA , G ray .
Animal provided wi th eyes .
4 62 GADINIIDZE .
G enus LEPETA , G ray .
An imal bl ind .
S he ll obova te , depressly -coni cal , surfac e wi th radia tingstriae apex exc entric , posterio r ; aperture oval
,mu scu lar
impression horse -shoe -shaped, open anteriorly .
S yn . P ropilidium,Forbes and Hanley . P il idium
,
M idd . ,no t Forbes .
E ar. L . c aeca,M u ller , pl . 5 2 , fig . 7 . S hell, L . caeca ,
fig . 7 , a .
In th is genus , which is established on the P a tella cur ed
o f M uller, the anima l is deprived o f eyes , the tentac les
are sho rt and ob tuse,and there is a s ingle , central , rach i
dian too th on the l ingual membrane .
Species of L epeta .
caeca , M u ll. commoda , M idd .
candida , Couth . rubella , M illl.
Fam . GAD IN IIDAE.
H ead distinct,
flattened ; tentacle s expanded, funne l
shaped ; eye s sessile . G il l single , plac ed oblique ly ac ross
the back o f the neck . Foo t,flat
,th in
, simple .
S he l l depressly -coni cal ; apertu re w i th a siphonal
groove anteriorly on the right side .
In this family the gill is single and cervi cal as in
Tectu r idce,b ut the tentacles are expanded and infundi
b uliform . T he groove in the interior o f the shell , fo r th e
anal siphon, resemble s tha t o f S ip honaria , bu t the genera
PATELLIDZE . 4 63
are unlike each o ther in the posi tion o f the gi ll and inthe form o f the head .
G enu s GADINIA, G ray .
S hel l depre sssly -c oni cal , surfac e radiated ; apex sub
central , ar a li ttle posterior ; apertu re w ide , expanded, mu s
c ular impression horse - shoe-sh aped, the right side shortest,te rm inating at the siphonal groove ; siphonal groove in
the front o f the righ t side o f the mu scu lar scar .
S yn . M oure tia , S aw . Lyria, Gray . C lypeus, S ca c
ch i, not K lein .
E x . G . G arno ti i, P ayra udea u ,
pl . 52,fi g . 8 . S he ll ,
G . A fra , Gray , fig . 8,a .
T he animals of this genu s h ave very similar habits to
those of the P a tellida . Adanson , who first ob served
them,l iving on the ro cks o f the Island o f G oré e , and o f
C ape M anuel , named them G adin .
”
Sp ecies of Gadinia .
A fra , Gray . P eruviana , S ow .
costata, Krauss . reticulata , S aw .
Garnotii , P ayr . stellata, S aw.
Fam . PATE LL IDA‘J.
M ou th armed wi th horny j aws ; l ingual riband very
long ; tee th in numerou s transverse rows c entral,two pairs ; lateral, two on each s ide , the inner one larger
and lower down,uncin i three . H ead w i th a short mu z
z le ; tentacle s subu late , wi th the eye s on the ou ter side o f
the ir swo llen b ase s . M antle -margin fringed ; gi l l on the
4 64 PATELLID/E .
inner surface o f the man tle , fo rming a mo re or less c om
plete ring j u st beneath the margin . S ide o f foo t wi th a
sunken groove .
O perc u lum none .
S he l l simple,c on i cal ; muscu lar impre ssion c rescenti c ,
interrupted in front .
T he c ontinuous series o f branch ial lame llae form ing a
fixed c ordon be tween the mantle and fo o t , toge ther w i th
the pecu liari ties o f the ir lingual dentition , serve to distin
gu ish th is fam ily from the Tec tu ridaz ; from the C h i ta
n idee th e pre senc e o f tentac les and ey es , and th e simple ,
c on ic a l natu re o f the shel l at onc e separa te them . T he
P a tellidee are stric tly li tto ral in the i r habits, l iving upon
the rocks be tween tide -marks ; they are chiefly seden tary ,
adhering firmly by a tmospheric pressu re , and fe eding on
the sea -weed with in reach o f the ir long tongues ; du ring
the n igh t-time,however, they make short ex c ursions, in
d icated by the irregu lar tracks they form , probably byrasping the surface o f th e ro cks w i th the ir foo t .
G enus PATELLA , L innaeu s .
M ou th emarginate be low ; gills ex tending nearly round
the body,interrupted on one side near th e neck .
S h e ll non-spiral , orbicu lar or oval , depressly - c onica l,
su rfac e smo o th,or w ith radiating ribs o r striae ; apex sub
central, inclined an teriorly ; aperture w ide , the margin
entire or spino se , simple wi th in .
S yn . P atellaria, L lwyd . E ruca , Tou rnef . ,no t S w a ins .
P atellu s , M an if . P atellariu s, D um . G oniclis, Rafi n .
E re . P . vu lga ta , Linnaeus, pl. 5 2 , fig . 9 . S he ll , P . te s
tudinaria , L inn .,fig . 9 , a .
4 66 PATELLIDJE .
rota, Chem.
rustica , L inn .
saccharina , L inn .
sagittata , Gou ld .
scu tellarie, L am.
spectabilis , D kr .
spinu losa , M eusch .
stellifera , Gmel .
stellularia, Quay and Ga im.
S ub-
gen . S CUTE LLASTRA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell stellate, surface radiately ribbed ; vertex sub -central ;margin of aperture with radiating processes .
garganica , Humph . plicata, Born .
pentagona , Born .
S ub -
gen . CYMBULA , H . and A . Adams .
Shell oblong, laterally compressed, surface radiately striated ;vertex hooked ; aperture with the margin entire .
compressa , L inn .
S ub-
gen . OLANA, H . and A . Adams .
S hell ovate , oblong, depressed, narrowed in front , dilated androunded beh ind, surface radiately striated ; vertex obtuse ;aperture with the margin slightly irregular .
cochlear, Gmel.
talcosa , Gou ld .
T arentina , L am .
testudinaria, L inn .
tramoserica , Chem.
T ranquebarica , Gmel.tuberculifera , L am .
Ulyssiponensis, Gmel.
vulgata , L inn .
z onata , S chub. and Way .
cuirouma . 4 67
G enus NACELLA , S chumacher .
M ou th entire be low ; gills interrupted in front o f the
head , and ending nearly symme trically on each s i de of
the neck .
S hell thin, semi -pel lu cid, cap-shaped
,surface smoo th ;
apex anterio r, recu rved, nearly marginal ; apertu re w ide ,oval , internally opalescen t, margin s imp le, entire .
S yn . P a tina , Lea ch . Ansates,S ow . jun .
E ar. N . pellucida , L innaeu s , pl . 52 , fi g . 1 0 . S he ll , N .
cymbalaria,L ama rck, fi g . 1 0 a .
T he S ea-weed L impe ts are readily distingu ished
from the R o ck L impe ts even by the ir shel ls,which are
smoo th , th in , sharp -edged, and cap-shaped . T hey are
u sually found parasi tic on sea -weed , adhering to the fronds
or even imbedding themse lve s in th e parenchyma of the
s talks, as N . insessa , and a varie ty o f N . p ellu cida on our
own shores . S pe c ies o f N a calla are inhabi tants of the
British Islands, the C ape o f G ood Hope, C ape Horn, and
Austral ia .
Species of N acalla .
caerulea , L inn . insessa, H inds .
cymbalaria , L am . pellucida, L inn .
D elessertii , P hil. plumbea, L am .
depicta , H inds . radians , Gmel.hyalina , P hil. vitrea , P hil.
Fam . CHIT O N ID ZE .
L ingual riband long and l inear,furn ished with nume
rous transverse series o f tee th three central or rachidian
4 68 cnrror ina .
the median smal l ; the laterals large , wi th dentated hooks ,unc ini fi ve
,trapez o idal , one o f them erect and hooked .
H ead surro unded by a sem i -c ircu lar vei l or h ood ; ey es
and tentac le s none ; mou th wi th c artilaginou s j aws .
G ills,in a series o f lamellae , be tween the mantle and foo t
round the side s and posterio r part o f the bo dy . Foo t
oblong, rounded at e ach end .
S hel l composed o f e i ght transverse valve s o r imb ri
c ated plates, immersed in th e co riaceous mantle which
forms an expanded margin beyond them .
T he re are severa l anatom ic al pecu liari tie s in these
animals, which h ave c au sed many em inen t au tho rities to
hesi tate even in c onsidering them M ollu sca . T he number
o f she lly valves covering the i r bodies give s them an arti
c ulated appearance the ir heart is c en tral and e longated,l ike the do rsal ve sse l o f the Annelida ; the ir o rgans
o f reproduction are symme trical, and have two o rifice s ;the sex es are uni ted ; and the intestine is straigh t, wi th
the anal o rifice posterio r and median . T hese c ansi
derations indu ced M . Blainville to consti tu te a spec ial
group for them be tween the M ollusca and Annelida , and
which he named P olyp lax ip hara . T he opinion of C uvier,
h owever, that they are G asteropodou s M o llu sks is more
in acc o rdanc e wi th natu re ; the ir gills are l ike those o f th e
P a tellidae ; the ir foo t is that o f a true G asteropod ; and
in the ir l ingu al armatu re and stomach they re semble the
P rosobranch ia te M ollusca ; the ex tra portions o f sh ellycovering, moreove r
,are c onsidered by D r . G ray a s so
many de tached plates separated from the fore part o f the
h ind valve , wh ich he regards as the homologue o f the
she ll o f P a tella .
4 7O CHITONIN/E .
Adelaidensis , Reeve .
serens , Reeve .
albolineatus , S ow .
aquatilis , Reeve .
articulatus , S ow .
assimilis , Reeve .
au stralis , S ow .
Barnesii , Gray .
Bowenii, K ing .
Canariensis, D’
O rb.
C apensis , Gray .
concentrions , Reeve .
C oreanicus, Adams and
Reeve .
C um ing i i , F rembl.
dispar, S ow .
dissimilis , Reeve .
divergens , Reeve .
evanidus , S ow.
excavatus , Gray .
fasciatus, Wood .
gemmulatus , S hu ttl.
glaucu s , Gray .
Goodalli i , Brad .
granosus , Frembl.
jugosu s , Gould .
Incei , Reeve .
insculptus , A . A dams .
G enu s CALLO CHITON , G ray .
M antle covered wi th very m inu te , elongate , rhombi
fo rm ,c lo sely-pressed scales , producmg a reti cu lated ap
pe aranc e .
S hel l wi th the valves ex ternal , broad , transverse ;
hinde r va lve wi th the apex sub -central .
Sp ecies of L ophyrus .
laevigatus , S ow .
lyratus , S ow .
magnifi cus , Desh .
marmoratus , Chem.
muricatus , A . Adams .
N ovae Hollandiae , Gray .
patulus , S ow .
pell is- serpen tis , Quay and
Ga im .
petaloides , Gould .
picus , Reeve .
pru inosus , Gould .
quercinu s , Gould .
Q uoyi , Desh .
rugulatus , S ow .
scarabaeus , Reeve .
S iculus , Gray .
S inclairii , Gray .
squamosus, L inn .
S tangeri , Reeve .
S tokesii , Brod .
striatus , Ba rnes .
su lcatus , Wood .
tulipa , Q uay .
virgulatus , S ow .
undatus , Sp enyl.
viridis, Spengl.
LEPIDOPLEURUS . 4 7 1
E ar. C . fuliginatu s, Adams a nd Reeve, pl . 53 , fi g . 2,
2, a . C . laevis, P ennan t, fi g . 2 , b .
In this genus, wh i ch is remarkab le for the smoo th,
re ticu late aspe c t of th e mantle-margin, th e plate o f in
sertion o f the termina l valve is many-lobed , and that o f
the m iddle -valves four-lobed .
Species of
castaneus, Wood .
cerasinus , Chem .
fuliginatus , Adams and
Reeve .
fulgetrum , Reeve .
G enus LEPIDOPLEURUS , R isso .
M antle covered wi th m inu te , flattened, longitudinally
grooved scale s .
S hell wi th the valves ex terna l, broad ; the hinder va lve
w ith the apex sub -central .
S yn . Ischnochiton, Gray . Ischnoradsia, S hu ttlew .
E x . L . limac iformis, S ow erby , p l . 53 , fig . 3 . L . C aje
tanus, P oli , fig . 3 , a . L . pe ctinatus, S ow erby , fi g . 3 , b .
T he plates o f insertion o f the va lve s in this group are
th in and smoo th -edged ; tho se o f the centra l valves have a
single no tch in some spe cies, b ut in o thers they are fo ur
to fi ve -lobed ; the lam inae o f insertion o f the terminal
valves are many-lobed . T he spec ies are numerou s, and
have a world-w ide di stribu tion .
Species of L ep idap leuru s .
alatus , S ow. Cajetanus, P oli .
antiquus , Reeve . caliginosus, Reeve .
Ca llachiton .
interstinctus, Gould .
laevis , P enn .
pu lchellus, Gray .
punctu latissimus , S aw.
puniceus , Cou th .
4 7 2 CHITONIN/E .
canaliculatus, Q uay a nd
G a im .
carinulatus , Reeve .
castus, Reeve .
catenulatus , Wood .
catillus , R eeve .
circumvallatus , Reeve .
colubrifer, R eeve .
contractus , R eeve .
corrugatus , R eeve .
crispus , R eeve .
decussatus , Reeve .
D ieffenbach ii , Reeve .
divergens , R eeve .
erythronotus , C . B . Adams .
floccatus, S ow .
granulosus , Fr embl.illuminatus, Reeve.
incarnatus, R eeve .
inquinatu s, Reeve .
Janeirensis , Gray .
lateritius , S hu ttl.
limaciformis , S ow .
longicymba , Bla inv .
lutulatus , S ha ti t.
G enus LEPTO CHITON , G ray .
M antle -margin c overed with m inute , granu le -like,
round, smo o th scales, no t imbricate .
S he ll wi th the va lve s ex ternal , broad, transverse ; the
h inder valve w ith the apex sub -central , superior .
S yn . S tenosemu s,M idd .
E x . L . ase llus , C hemni tz , pl . 53 , fig . 4 . L . c ine reus ,L innaeus , fi g . 4
,a .
In L ep tochi ton the plates o f insertion are rudimentary ,w i thou t any notche s in e i ther the terminal or central
L uz onicus, S aw.
M agdalensis , Hinds .
M editerraneu s , Gray .
metallions , R eeve.
pallidulus , R eeve.
pallidus , R eeve .
papillosus , C . B . Adams .
pectinatus, S ow .
pertusu s , R eeve .
platessa , Gould .
productus, Reeve.
P roteus , Reeve .
pulcherrimus , S ow .
purpurascens , C . B . Adams .
reticulatus , R eeve .
Bissoi , P ayr .
sculptus , S ow .
segmentatu s , R eeve.
squamu losu s, C . B . A dams .
stramineus, S ow .
striolatus , Gray .
textilis , Gray .
ustulatus , Reeve .
viridulus , Cou th .
virgatus , Reeve .
4 74 cuironmn .
the spec ies inhabit G reenland , P eru ,C hi l i , the Phi lip -s
pine Islands, and N ew Zealand .
Sp ecies of Tanicia .
atrata , S ow . G rayi , S ow .
Brandti i , M idd . insignis , R eeve .
C h ilensis , Frembl. lineata , Wood .
Chiloensis , S ow . lineolata , Frembl.
crenu lata , Brod . marmorea , O . Fabr .
disjuncta , Frembl. M erckii , M idd .
elegans , F rembl. picta , Reeve .
E schscholtz ii , M idd . S itchensis , M idd .
fastigiata , G ray . S wainsoni , S ow .
granifera , S aw . truncata , S ow .
G enu s CHITON , L innaeu s .
M antle densely bese t w ith unequal , cornea — cal careous,often very long spines, or w i th small , calcareou s spic u la,giving it a spinu lo se appearance .
S he l l wi th the valves ex ternal, broad, transverse ; the
hinder valve w i th the apex sub -central .
S yn . S c u tigerulu s, M eusch . A c anthOpleura , Gu i ld .
C anthapleura , S w a ins . C orephium ,G ray , not Browne .
E x . C . b revispinosu s, S owerby , p l . 54 , fi g . 1 . C .
acu lea tu s , L innwu s, fi g . 1,a .
T he c al careou s nature o f the spicu la wh ich c over the
m an tle -margin , w ill at onc e d istingu ish th e spec ie s o f th is
genu s from tho se o f C heetopleu ra , in which they are
h orny . T he plates o f insertion o f the term inal valves
are many -lobed , o f the poste rior some time s somewhat
obsole te , and o f the m iddle b i - lobed . T he C orephium o f
Browne,
figured previo usly by P etiver under the name
o f Asellu s ma rina s , is a C ru stace ou s animal .
CHE TOPLEURA . 4 7 5
Sp ecies of Chiton .
acu leatus , L inn . micans , Gou ld .
acutirostratus , Adams mucronulatus , S hu ttl.
Reeve . muscosus , Gou ld .
brevispinosus , S ow . O wenii , Gray .
caelatus , Reeve. piceolus , S hu ttl.
C alifornicus , N utt . picea s , Gmel.C olumbiensis , S ow . P olii , P hil.C unninghami , R eeve . pulcherrimus , S ow .
fortiliratus , R eeve. salamander, Speny l.Fremblii , Brod . scaber , Reeve.
gigas , C hem . scabriculus , S ow .
labeculatus , Reeve . S owerb ianu s , Reeve .
linter , C hem . spiniger , S ow .
luridus , S aw . spinosus , Brug .
Magellanicus , Chem. spinulosus , G ray .
magnifi cus, Gray . tuberculiferus , S ow .
G enus CHZETOPLEURA , S hu ttleworth .
M antle b ese t w i th h orny bristles .
S hell wi th the valves ex ternal , broad, transverse ; the
h inde r va lve w i th the apex sub -c entral .
S yn . E udoxo ch i ton,
S hu ttlew . C raspedo chiton ,
S hu t/lew .
E x . C . P eruv iana,L ama rck
,pl . 5 4
,fig . 2 .
In thi s genu s the lam inae o f insertion o f the hinder
valve are many-lobed,tho se o f the m iddle valve s b i- lobed,
or six -lobed , b u t the obvious featu re o f d istinc tion c on
sists in the mantle -margin be ing c overed w i th hairs o r
ho rny bristle s, instead o f wi th calcareous spines .
4 76 CHITONINzE .
Species of Clicetap leura .
f ulva , IVood . nobil is , Gray .
Hanleyi , Bean . P eruviana , L am.
Hennahi , G ray . rugosa , S ow .
laqueata , Reeve . Watsonii , S aw.
G enu s ONITHO CHITON , G ray .
M antle-margin densely covered wi th short bris tle s o r
cha ff-like scale s .
S he l l w i th the va lves ex ternal,transverse , broad ; the
b inder va lve w ith the apex term inal .
B an 0 . undu la tus, Q u ay a nd Ga ima rd,pl . 5 4
,fig . 3 .
T he lam ina o f insertion o f the ante rior valve in this
genu s is few -lobed , that o f the posterior sub -emarginate
and entire,and that o f the m iddle b i-lobate . T he specie s
o f O ni thochi ton are not very numerous, and are found
chiefly in Austral ia and N ew Zealand .
Species of Onithochiton .
concentricus , Reeve . S uez iensis , Reeve .
Lyellii , S ow . undulatus, Q uay and Ga im.
puncticulatus , Reeve .
G enus ENO PLO CHITON , G ray .
M antle horny, sparse ly covered with oblong, unequal,
e longa ted , fla ttened, cal careous s cales .
S hel l wi th the valves transverse , ex ternal , sub -cordi
fo rm ; the h inde r valve w i th the apex term inal .
E a‘
. E . niger, Ba rnes,pl . 5 4
,fig . 4 .
4 78 CHITONINAZ.
S he ll wi th the valves ex ternal,narrow
, e longate , sub
cordate ; the h inder valve large,wi th the apex posterio r
,
and w i th a deep notch on its h ind lower edge .
E ar. S . inci sus, S ow erby , pl . 5 4 , fi g . 6,6,a .
T he p lates o f insertion are nearly the same in this
genus as in Ch i ton, tha t o f the terminal va lves b e ing few
lobed, tha t o f the poste rior deeply fi ssured,and that o f
th e m iddle tri -lobed 5 th e fi ssured m antle -margin is the
most obviou s ex ternal chara cter . T wo spe cies only, from
the P hil ippines , are known .
Species of S chiz ochi ton.
elongatus, R eeve . incisus, S ow .
G enus M OFALIA, G ray .
M antle -margin moderately wide , b ristly or hai ry, w ith a
sinuosi ty on the hinder lowe r edge .
S hel l wi th the valves almo st ex ternal , broad, transverse ,slightly c overed at the sides by the mantle ; the h inder
valve large , w i th the apex sub -central , and posterio rly
slightly sinu a ted .
E x . M . H indsu,S ow erby , pl . 5 4 , fig . 7 .
In this genus the p late o f insertion of all the valves
has only a single no tch on each s ide . T he fron t edge o f
th e mantle is some times greatly dilated, and a smal l por
tion o f the lateral areas o f the valves o f the shell is
c overed by th e mantle .
Species of M opa lia .
asperrima, Cou th . cilia ta , S ow .
Blainvilli i, Brod . H indsii , S aw .
CRYPTOCHITON’
. 4 7 9
petasus , Adams and Reeve. vespertina , Gou ld .
S impsonii , Gray .
G enu s K ATHARINA , G ray .
M antle -margin horny, smoo th .
S he ll Wi th the valve s deeply immersed in, and partly
c overed by,the man tle
,th e exposed parts small, c ordate ,
as broad as long ; the hinder va lve w i th the apex sub
c en tra l .
E x'
. K . tuni cata,Wood , p l . 5 4
,fi g . 8 .
In th is genu s th e lam ina o f insertion i s grea tly pro
duc ed, that o f the anterio r valve nine -lobed, tha t o f the
posterior fo ur-lobed, and that o f the m iddle b i - loba te . T he
margins o f insertion are nearly as in hi ap a lia , b u t th e
valve s are more c overed , and the mantle -margin is bare
and ho rny .
Species of Ka tharina .
D ouglasi fe , Gray . tunicata , Wood .
submarmorea , M idd .
G enus CRYP’
I‘
O CHITON, G ray .
M antle w i th tu fts o f spic u la ; gil l ex tending all round .
S he l l wi th the valves internal , en tire ly c oncealed by the
m antle ; umbo o f growth o f all the valves c entral .
E x . C . S telleri, M i ddendorf ,pl . 5 5
,fig . 1
,l,a .
In th is genu s th e beak o f all the valves is central, and
the shel l is qu i te inte rnal, be ing entirely enclo sed on
every s ide by the mantle , which c overs the b o dy l ike a
capsule the epidermis is somewhat pu stu lose , the pustu les
4 80 carrrort acmzu .
everywhere covering the back and containing fasc ic les o f
bristles . A single species only i s known, from the shore s
o f K amtschatka .
S ub -fam . CRYP T O P LAC IN E .
M antle w ith a doub le series o f pore s bese t w ith hornybristles , o r a single series o f pores furnished wi th tu fts o f
ca lcareou s spine s .
In this sub -fami ly the general simi larity o f the animals
to the annu lose tribes is even more striking than in the
last division,on ac count o f th e tufts o f spicu la su rround
ing the po re s a long the si des o f the mantle . T here are
four genera , no t very numerou s in spe c ie s,and all remark
able for the large portion o f the valves c overed by the
mantle .
G enus AM ICULA, G ray .
M antle covered wi th scattered fasci c les o f ha irs, and
having two series of se tigerous pores ; gills posterio r .
S he l l w ith the va lves ex ternally sc arce ly conspicuous,the exposed parts smal l
, sub- co rdate , as broad as long .
E x . A . ve stita,S owerby , pl . 5 5 , fig . 2 .
In this genus the sh el l is concealed under the mantle ,except in the median dorsal l ine , where the valves are free
from the mantle and conspicuou s ex ternal ly ; the plates
o f insertion are sim ilar to those o f C ryp tocanchu s . T here
are four spe c ies described, all from northern shores .
CRYPTOPLACINrE .
G enu s CRYPTOCONCHUS , Blainville .
M antle w i th a single series o f pore s, th ick, smoo th
e leva ted at the pores into con i ca l tuberc les .
S he ll wi th the valves sub - co rda te , wi th the exposed
par t very small, linear, mu ch longer than broad .
E x . C . poro sus, Bla inville , p l . 55 , fig . 4 .
In this genu s the valves are immersed in , and c overed
by , the mantle , ex c ept‘
in the m iddle line the pla tes o f
insert ion o f all the valve s have only a s ingle no tch on
each side,which is some times rudimentary, and the
mantle -margin is not bese t wi th calcareou s tufts o f spicu la
as in A canthochi tes . A s ingle species only i s known, from
N ew Zealand .
G enus ACANTHO CHITES , R isso .
M antle dense ly spinu lo se , surrounded with a series
o f se tigerous po res .
S hel l w i th the valve s deeply immersed, sub -equal , ex
ternal ly contiguous, wi th the exposed part modera te ,corda te
,as broad as long .
S yn . A cantho chitona, Gray . A c anthochitus, P hi l.
P hakellO pleu ra, Gu ild . A c antho chiton, H errm .
E x . A . fasc icu laris,L innaeus, pl . 5 5 , fig . 5 .
In th is genus the plate o f insertion o f the anterio r
valve s is six - lobed, tha t o f the m iddle bi -lobed, and tha t
o f the po sterior fi ve -lobed . T he spec ies a re from N ew
Zealand, the C anary Is lands, the Ind ian O cean, the
M edi terranean, and the British I slands ; the margins of
insertion do no t materially di ffer from those o f C ryp to
conchu s .
CRYPTOPLAX. 4 83
Species of A canthochites .
astriger , R eeve .
castaneus , Cou th .
cancellatus , Adams and
R eeve .
coarctatu s , S ow .
discrepans , Brown .
echinatus , T i les .
fascicularis , L inn.
formosus , A dams and Reeve .
Garnottii , Bla inv.
G enu s CRYTOPLAX, Blainville .
Body verm iform,thick . M an tle spinu lose
, encirc led
w i th a serie s o f se tigerous pores .
S he l l wi th the va lves sub -in ternal , the three o r fou r
anterior continuou s, the o thers interrupted ex ternally by
bridge s o f the mantle ; the expo sed part linear, lan
c eolate , e longa te .
S yn . C hitonellus , L am . C h itonella , D esh . C h i to
nisc us, Herrm . Ame trogephy rus, [Midd .
R a m C . fasc iatu s, Q u ay and Ga ima rd, p l . 5 5 , fig .
6, 6 , a .
T he valves in this genus are deeply immersed in
the th ick,
fleshy man tle,the four anterior be ing c an
tiguous , th e po sterio r distinc t, gradual ly becoming nar
rowe r and diminishing in si z e . T he plate o f insertion o f
the anterio r va lve is four-lobed, those o f the m iddle and
hinder ones en tire and thick . T he spe c ies enj oy cansi
derable powers o f lo como tion compared wi th o ther genera
in the fam ily .
granatus , Reeve .
hastatus , S ow.
laqueatus , R eeve .
porphyreticus , Reeve .
scu tiger , A dams and Reeve.
spiculosus , Reeve .
strigatus , S arv.
violaceus , Q uay and Ga im .
Z ealandicus, Q uay a nd
Ga im .
4 84 CRYPTOPLACINJE .
Spec ies of C ryptop lazv.
fasciata , Q uay and Ga lm. oculata , Q uay and Gu im .
Gunnii , Reeve . rostrata , R eeve.
laevis , L am . striata , L am .
larviformis, Bla inv.
E ND O F VO L . I .
Wo od fa ll and K i nder , P r in ters , Angel Cou rt , S kinner S treet, L ondon .
