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International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 1
Mapping The LandscapeHow RFID is Revolutionising
The World Around US
Alfio GrassoDeputy Director
Auto-ID Lab, ADELAIDEUNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 2
AUTO-ID LABS Objective
RFID Basics
History Rising from the ashes!
Current Status EPCglobal ISO Regulatory
Future
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 3
RFID Basics
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 4
AUTO-ID LABSTag reading
L ab e l
T ra n sm itte r
R e c e iv e rController
Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain AntennaBut propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically µWOn tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulationMore loss back to Reader RxTherefore a very weak reply is obtained
The black spot
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 5
AUTO-ID LABS RFID Tags
Tags Attached to objects or items Contains electronics (chip), and antenna Most are passive (no power source) Active tags have a battery
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 6
AUTO-ID LABS
Matrics (Symbol) TagsClass 0
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 7
AUTO-ID LABS
Alien Technology TagsClass 1 Gen 1
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 8
AUTO-ID LABS
Intermec Tags18000-6TB
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 9
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 10
AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers
Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control Connected to antenna(s)
mostly external Energise tags (passive tags) Commands tags (wake up active tags,
enables management of the tag population)
Receive tag replies
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 11
AUTO-ID LABS RFID Readers
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 12
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliant Readers
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 13
AUTO-ID LABS RFID Antenna(s)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 14
AUTO-ID LABS Host CPU
Application Do something with the tag information Potential to generate massive amounts of
data Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING
to read a tag! Real time data => real time decisions OHIO (Zero Human Involvement
Operations)** Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 15
History
RFID concept in WWII
Steady development ever since
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 16
AUTO-ID LABS Early UHF work1979 Surface Acoustic Wave RFID
University of Adelaide, University of New South Wales
TABTEK, X-cyte (XCI) MircroDesign
1988 Modulated Backscatter Technology
Discrete diodes ISD Amtech
Late 90’s single chip UHF RFID SCS Philips IBM=>Intermec
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 17
AUTO-ID LABS ISOSC31 established in 1996
Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques
SC31/WG4 RFID for Item Management 1st meeting 26-28 August 1998
SC31/WG4/SG3 Air Interface 1st meeting 12th Jan 1999
UHF activity started in 2000 Ad-hoc meeting in September
2000 18000-6 WD by Dec 2001 18000-6 CD Sept 2002 FCD BRM Sept 2003 18000-6 Published 2004
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 18
AUTO-ID LABS Key Events
Auto-ID Center, formation and EPC (2000)
RFID Chair at University of Adelaide, April 2001
Adelaide Auto-ID Lab, established 2002
Gillette purchase (2003)
WAL*MART mandate (2003)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 19
AUTO-ID LABS Metamorphous
Auto-ID Center Terminated 31/10/2003
Spawned two organisations Auto-ID Labs
MIT, Cambridge (UK), Adelaide, Fudan (China), Keio (Japan), St Gallen/ETHZ (Switzerland) and in 2005 ICU (Korea)
EPCglobal
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 20
AUTO-ID LABS 2000+ PlayersMatrics
Founded 1999 Product July 2002
Symbol
Alien Founded 1995 Cheap Tag Program, 2001 Product Q1 2002
Impinj Founded 2000 Auto-ID Center HAG 2003 C1G2 chip 8 Apr 2005 EPCglobal certified 14 Sep 2005 Partnered with Texas Instruments
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 21
AUTO-ID LABS Why Now!
Recent improvements in tag and reader technology Better performance Easier deployment and maintenance Better use of existing infrastructure and
technologies
Improvements in tag and reader manufacturing Cheaper tags and readers
Industry standardisation EPCglobal and ISO
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 22
AUTO-ID LABS
RFID Market To Reach $7.26Bn In 2008 *
A new market research report covering RFID from 2005 to 2015, researched by IDTechEx.
Bottom line is that this year’s global market for RFID including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it will be driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015.
1.8 billion RFID tags have been sold to 2005. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers) Active tags: 1390 million (cards)
Key volume applications for RFID technology access cards for the financial, security and safety markets automotive and passenger transport sector smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.
* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 23
AUTO-ID LABS More Trends *
3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in 2006. By 2008
6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books, tickets and other non retail markets
But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/cases
The market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14 billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billion in the same year for other interrogators, such as Near Field Communication interrogators.Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48% of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia, followed by 32% to North America.
* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 24
Current Status
EPCglobal
ISO
Regulatory
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 25
EPCglobal Standards Development Process
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 26
AUTO-ID LABS EPCglobal structure
TechnologySteering Committee
Public PolicySteering CommitteeAuto-ID Labs
Business ActionGroup - CP
Business SteeringCommittee
President,EPCglobal
GS1 GS1 USEPCglobal Boardof Governors
StaffArchitecturalReview Committee
Work Groups
Hardware ActionGroup
Software ActionGroup
Work Groups
Work Groups
Business ActionGroup - HLS
Work Groups
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 27
AUTO-ID LABS Membership Aug 2005
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 28
AUTO-ID LABS Standards Development Process
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 29
AUTO-ID LABS Working Groups
Business Steering Committee (BSC) Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Healthcare and Life Sciences (HLS) Transport and Logistics (TLS)
Technical Steering Committee (TSC) Hardware Action Group (HAG) Software Action Group (SAG)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 30
AUTO-ID LABS FMCG – Working GroupsData Exchange
European Adoption Programme (EAP)
Pilot and Implementation (P&I)
Reusable Transport Items (RTI)
Strategic Planning
Tag and Inlay Standards
Asian Adoption Program (AAP)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 31
AUTO-ID LABS HLS – Working Groups
Strategy
Policy
Process
Information
Technology
Research
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 32
AUTO-ID LABS TLS - Working Groups
Transportation
“Four walls”
Import Export Clearance
Integration
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 33
AUTO-ID LABS HAG – Working Groups
Class 1 Generation 2 (Work completed)
Gen 2 Testing & Certification
Joints Requirements Group for Item Level Tagging
Others planned
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 34
AUTO-ID LABS SAG Working Groups
Reader Protocol
Reader Management
Filtering and Collection
ONS
Security
Tag Data Translation
EPCIS Phase 2
Tag Data Standards
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 35
AUTO-ID LABS Future Working Groups ?
Automotive
Aerospace
Electronics
Biologics
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 36
EPCglobal Technical Standards
Hardware Action Group
Software Action Group
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 37
AUTO-ID LABS
EPCglobal network: roles and interfaces
2004 EPCglobal
• Green boxes represent Specs.
• Blue boxes represent roles, not necessarily discrete components
ReaderReader
Reader Protocol / Mgmt Interface
F&C MiddlewareF&C Middleware
EPCIS Capturing Application
EPCIS Capturing Application
F&C Interface
EPCIS Query Interface
EPCIS Repository
EPCIS Repository
EPCIS Accessing Application
EPCIS Accessing Application
Partner Accessing Application
Partner Accessing Application
TagTag
Sec
uri
ty
SystemsMgmt
Tag Protocol (Gen2) / Tag Data Std
EPCIS Capture Interface
CaptureBusinessXactions& F&C Events
FirewallPushSharing
PushSharing
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 38
AUTO-ID LABS EPC Event Layers
Reader
RFID “Middleware”
Palletizer(Operational App)
EnterpriseApp
Reader Protocol
Reader
ALE
EPCIS
dozens of individual tag read events from specific antenna
“between the time the case crossed the first beam and the second beam at location L, the following tag was read”
“at time T, the association of the following case tags to the following pallet tag was created at palletizer #3”
R R
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 39
AUTO-ID LABS
EPCIS Concepts
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 40
AUTO-ID LABS Capture Application
EPCIS Events
Operational Apps
Palletizer DockPortal
DockPortal
DockPortal
BackroomReceipt
Rack
CommissionObserve
ObserveAggregate
ObserveShipment
ObserveReceipt
ObserveDisaggregate
ObserveRestock
ObservePutaway
ImpactDoorway
ObserveShipment
Manufacturer Retailer
Dist Ctr Dist Ctr Store
Tagging Station
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 41
Gen 2
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 42
AUTO-ID LABS Inlay Costs
Alien C1G1 US$0.129 Qty > 1m - 13 Sept 2005 *
Avery Dennison C1G2 US$0.079 Qty > 1m - 20 Sept 2005 *
Inlay is the functional part of the tag Includes the integrated circuit and antenna Usually "converted" to a tag
by being placed in a plastic sleeve, adhesive, or other housing that allows it to be stuck to items.
The final tag cost is therefore considerably more than that of the bare inlay, often by two or three times.
*Source RFID Update
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 43
AUTO-ID LABS Tag Costs
RSI ID Technologies Finished, fully-validated, ready-to-use Gen2
RFID labels Under US$0.149, Qty > 1m 22 Sept 2005 *
*Source RFID Journal 23 Sept
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 44
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 - Reader Costs
Applied Wireless Identifications (AWID) MPR-3014
EPCglobal Gen 2 certified 4 antenna port reader WITH 4 antennas US$1,000 each *.
* Source RFID Update 26 Sept 2005
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 45
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance CertificatesReader Vendors Alien Technology Applied Wireless
Devices (2) Impinj Intermec
Technologies (2) MaxID Group Symbol
Technologies ThingMagic
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 46
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance Certificates
Chip Vendors Impinj Inc.
Monza
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 47
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Compliance Certificates
Test Centres Pacific RFID Performance Solutions;
Hsinchu, Taiwan Kimberly-Clark Corp. Auto-ID Sensing
Technologies Performance Test Center; USA
METRO Group AG/GS1 Germany RFID Test Center, Germany
RFID Research Center, University of Arkansas, USA
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 48
AUTO-ID LABS Gen 2 Chip Suppliers
Impinj Monza 96 epc
ST Microelectronics XRAG2 Supports KILL 432-bit memory (2 offerings)
Three memory banks (64 bits TID, 304 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved)
Four memory banks (128 bits user, 64 bits TID, 176 bits for EPC code and 64 bits reserved).
US$0.07, Qty > 100,000
PhilipsTexas Instruments
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 49
ISO Standards
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 50
AUTO-ID LABS RF Regulations
Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and
Medical useISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2) 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 51
AUTO-ID LABS
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 52
AUTO-ID LABS Other RFID StandardsISO_IEC_18000-1
Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardizedISO_IEC_TR_18001
Application requirements profiles ISO_IEC_18046
RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test MethodsISO_IEC_TR_18047-2
Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3
Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4
Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6
Test methods for air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7
Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz ISO_IEC_19762
Harmonised VocabularyISO_IEC_24710
Elementary Tag Licence Plate functionality, for 18000-2 to 18000-7
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 53
AUTO-ID LABS Other Relevant ISO Standards
ISO_IEC_15418 EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data Identifiers and
MaintenanceISO_IEC_15424
Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers) ISO_IEC_15434
Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1 & 2
Unique identification of transport units Part 1: General Part 2: Registration procedures
ISO_IEC_15961 Data protocol: application interface
ISO_IEC_15962 Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO_IEC_15963 Unique identification for RF tags
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 54
Regulatory
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 55
AUTO-ID LABS
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 56
AUTO-ID LABS
ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)EN300-220 & EN302-208
CEPT countries 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC<10% 865.6 - 867.6 MHz : 2W erp : LBT
South Africa 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp 915.2 - 915.4 MHz : 8 W eirp
Note: all of the above operate in < 250kHz channels
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 57
AUTO-ID LABS
ITU Region 2 (Americas)FCC Part 15.247
USA, Canada and Mexico902 - 928 MHz : 4W EIRP FHSS, 500kHz wide channels permitted – relaxed emission requirements within the whole band.
Central & South AmericaGenerally similar to North America but varies from country to country.
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 58
AUTO-ID LABS ITU Region 3 (Asia)
Australia 918 - 926 MHz : 1W EIRP 920 – 926 MHz : 4W EIRP
Experimental Strict conditions apply
New Zealand 864 - 868 MHz : 4W EIRP
Elsewhere in Asia Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below China 917 to 922 2W ERP Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP & 920-925 4W EIRP Japan 952 - 954 MHz : 4W EIRP (licensed) Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP & 923-925 2W ERP (licence) South-Korea 910 – 914 MHz Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 59
Australian 4W RFID licence
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 60
AUTO-ID LABS Experimental Licence
The original licence for RFID 1W EIRP, 918 to 926 MHz
Experimental 4W EIRP Licence Granted to GS1 Australia 12 July 2005 Operates from 920 to 926 MHz Only licence that will be granted
Statistics needed to determine possible interference to Vodaphone Receiver base station at 915 MHz
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 61
AUTO-ID LABS GS1 Contact
For details contact Fiona Wilson
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 62
Future?
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 63
AUTO-ID LABS Future
RFID deployed in supply chainsAnything that is mobile is a candidateRFID used for item management Retail, Pharmaceutical, Asset
Management, Access, Airline Baggage, Credit Cards, Money, Food Traceability, Security, Authentication, etc.
Integrated Mobile Phone Connected to internet RFID reader
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 64
AUTO-ID LABS RFID and Sensors
RFID with sensors Ubiquitous Sensors
Bio-sensors and RFID VeriChip Ubiquitous Health
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 65
AUTO-ID LABS
ISA combines three systems:
•GPS for location
•Video recognition of speed signs
•RFID devices in speed signs which transmit information to passing cars.
Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)
25th Sept 2005
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 66
AUTO-ID LABS New Technologies
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems )
Printed & Organic Electronics
Atomic Electronics
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 67
AUTO-ID LABS New Technologies - 2
Smart Dust or eGrains (Smart Stones) Tiny smart
processors Wirelessly connected
to each Invisible network, ad-
hoc Sharing data Reporting sensor
information
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 68
Conclusions
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 69
AUTO-ID LABS Conclusions
RFID is NOW Gen 2 available, inlays less than 10 cents
Many RFID related Standards Published Many people working on those standards
> 1500 people within EPCglobal workgroups Multi-vendor support for the standards Conformance documents being published/developed
UHF band opening up Many GS1 countries already have band allocations Australia well placed (2nd best in the world)
4W EIRP 12 by 500 kHz wide channels
Future RFID Limited by Imagination
International Quality & Productivity CentreRFID Integration 2005 70
AUTO-ID LABS Further Information
Alfio GrassoDeputy DirectorAuto-ID Lab, AdelaideGeneral Manager
RFID AutomationUniversity of AdelaideWeb: www.rfidautomation.orgEmail : [email protected]: (08) 8303 6473Mob: 0402 037 968