Genetic engineering & biotechnology

T r i s h a M a y n e M a n a l o

M e l C h e n C a m p o m a n e s

S a m N i c o l e R e y e s

GENETIC ENGINEERING

alteration of an organism's genetic, or hereditary and to produce desirable new ones

used to increase plant and animal food production; to help dispose of industrial wastes; and to diagnose disease

HISTORY2500 B.C.: Oral records describe the selective. breeding of

horses

350 B.C.: 1831: 1866:

1903: Chromosomes are identified in dividing cells as the

probable carriers of genetic material.

1910: 1944: 1953:

HISTORY1960: An unusual chromosome called the Philadelphia

chromosome is found to be diagnostic in chronic

myelogenous leukemia. Forty years later, a drug is

developed specifically for the gene product from this

chromosome.

1962: 1971:

1979: The human insulin gene is expressed in bacteria.

This is first drug made using genetic engineering, and a

new industry is born. Smallpox is eradicated through

vaccination.

HISTORY1985:

1995: The first genome of an organism is sequenced: a

bacterium that causes meningitis.

1996: Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, is born.

Other mammals are soon cloned.

2000: Drafts of the entire human genome sequence are

completed (the final sequence is announced in 2003).

2001: Salt-tolerant tomato plants are made by genetic

modification, opening up the possibility of genetically

adapting crops to the environment.

2005: The chimp genome is completed, leading to

comparisons with the human genome to find differences.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

TECHNIQUES

SELECTIVE BREEDING

HYBRIDIZATION

RECOMBINANT DNA

SELECTIVE BREEDING

first-known genetic engineering technique and still used today

only those plants or animals with desirable characteristics are chosen

for breeding

BREEDING OF PLANTS

BREEDING OF ANIMALS

HYBRIDIZATION

also crossbreeding

combining different strains of a species

HYBRIDIZATION

RECOMBINANT DNAGENE

SPLICINGCLONING

process of creating an exact copy of a single gene, cell, or organism

the process of isolating a single gene from among all the different genes in an organism to determine its structure

one or more genes of an organism are introduced to a second organism and if the second organism incorporates the new DNA into its own genetic material, recombined DNA results

TRANSGENIC ORGANISM -plant, animal, or bacteria that has been genetically modified to contain a gene from a different species

CLONING

world's first cat clone, named "CC,"

- carbon copy or courtesy copy

nuclear transfer -nuclei from cells of an adult animal are inserted into egg cells with nuclei removed

two of eight calves cloned from cells obtained from one adult cow stand in a field in Ishikawa,

Japan

cloned by researchers

at Kinki University

in Nara, Japan

CLONING

Food production

Pollution control

Medicine

FOOD PRODUCTION

Sweet potato and strawberry

POLLUTION

altered bacteria - used to decompose many forms of garbage and to break down petroleum products

recombinant DNA -used to monitor the breakdown of pollutants

1982 - the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the first time the medical use of a recombinant DNA protein, the hormone insulin

Recombinant DNA - used to monitor the breakdown of pollutants

MEDICINE

G E N E S A R E S T O R E D I N

D N A , G E N E T I C

E N G I N E E R I N G I S D O N E

W I T H D N A

T E C H N O L O G Y. B U T D N A

T E C H N O L O G Y C A N B E

U S E D F O R M O R E T H A N

G E N E T I C

E N G I N E E R I N G .

R ATE OF GEN E

D I S C O V E RY A N D

C H AR AC T E R I ZAT I O N

P R E V E N T I O N

O F D I S E A S E S

H U M A N

R E P R O D U C T I O N

E C O N O M I C

I N V E S T M E N T

M E D I C I N E S ,

M OR AL

I SSU ES

AL L ERGI C

R EAC TI O N S

TEMPTATION

TO APPLY THE

KNOWLEDGE OF

HEREDITY

TO EUGENICS