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Part 3. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BASICS OF INHERITANCE. DNA is the hereditary molecule BLUE PRINT for all traits Universal and Interchangeable. DNA EXTRACTION LAB. HUMAN CHROMOSOMES. Coiled strands of DNA 23 pairs of chromosomes 23 from ♀ egg 23 from ♂ sperm. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
Part 3
BASICS OF INHERITANCE DNA is the
hereditary molecule
BLUE PRINT for all traits
Universal and Interchangeable
DNA EXTRACTION LAB
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES Coiled strands of
DNA 23 pairs of
chromosomes 23 from ♀ egg 23 from ♂ sperm
I. Sexual reproduction ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
II. Hybrid Offspring produced by the mating of
different species. Every cell contains DNA from both species Can you name some hybrid animals?
Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo Horse and a donkey= mule
ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
Wolf/dog hybrid
Liger or tigon
Zonkey or zedonk
Llamal llama/camel hybrid
III Chimera Produced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera
IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATIONTest tube babies
Procedure female injected with hormones to cause
ovulation of many eggs Male donates sperm Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a
lab to create embryos Embryo implanted in surrogate mother
Test Tube Babies In Vitro
Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET)
20% success rate
Can be used for : Infertile couples Experimentation Increase the population of
endangered species QUESTION? What do we do with
the left over human embryos?
V. Surrogate Motherhood
Make it exciting
Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal Diagram in your notes.
Identical
Fraternal
Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the individual and society
Morals: Practicing right and wrong
Questions from Article 1. What is the danger of being able to
create embryos? 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and
ET? 3. What is an ethical question raised w/
frozen embryos? 4. What was the problem raised w/ the
death of the American who died and left 2 frozen embryos?
VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes -Human Genome Project (video) HGP
READ pg. 236 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in
the human genome (2-3 billion pairs) (100,000
genes) -genome -all the possible bases in a
species or individual
gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc)
Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)
MOVING GENES (the basics) Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps Procedure 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery
into another cell 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are
made by allowing the host cell to multiply 4. screening- cells with the new gene are
sorted from the multitude produced
BT Corn Insulin from bacteria
Artificial insemination or embryo transfer
How is the DNA cut? Restriction enzymes- recognize a
specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every location
How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used.
A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria cell.
The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid.
Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion.
The gene is now part of the host’s DNA
How is the DNA separated? electrophoresis
KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$
VIII Moral and Ethical issues WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? HOW IS THIS BEING DONE? WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE
TO?
Cloning Around (reproductive cloning)
All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism
Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual
HISTORY OF CLONING
1953 frog 1996 sheep 277 2002 cat 82 2003 horse 841 2005 dog
ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS
CLONING BASICS
Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient
CC cost $50,000 Horse 1/841 .12% Sheep 1/277 .36%
STEM CELL RESEARCH What’s so special
about Stem Cells?
Biological immortality
Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell types
Therapeutic potential○Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve diabetes
○Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve Parkinson’s disease
○Regrowth of missing limbs
ADULT STEM CELLS
“cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated”
Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell types)
Sourcesbone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin, adipose cells, More are known
Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell… bone marrow stem cells