1.Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

2. Human Cloning-The Science In The News 3. Biotechnology

Use of scientific & engineering principals to manipulate organisms or their genes

4. Products of Biotechnology

Organisms with special biochemical, morphological, and/or growth characteristics

Organisms that produce useful products

Information about an organism or tissue that would other wise not be known

5. Classical Biotechnology

Propagation to get selected characteristics

Plants derived from wild mustard 6. Techniques for Classical Biotechnology

Selection

Hybridization

Mutation

7. Hybrid

Offspring from crossing two genetically similar varieties of a species

Cross between two different species

8. Hybrid Vigor

Hybrid improved in certain ways over parents

• Stronger

• With higher yields

9. Important Microbiology Events

Pasturization

• Louis Pasteur (1860s)

• Process to kill microorganisms that cause fermentive change

Germ theory

• Robert Koch (late 1800s)

• Germs cause infection

• Developed pure culture methods

10. Antibiotics

Alexander Fleming (1927)

• Mold that contaminated cultures killed bacteria

• Began process of screening for antibiotics

11. Molecular Biotechnology

Manipulating genes

Genetic recombination

• Exchange of DNA sequences between molecules

12. Bacterial Exchange of DNA

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

13. Transformation

Donor bacterium

• Lysed

• Releases DNA

Recipient bacterium

• Take up DNA

Can be induced

14. Transduction

Virus transfers DNA from donor to recipient

15. Conjugation

Donor & recipient make contact

DNA is transferred

Transfer in bacteria with plasmids

16. Plasmids

Extra chromosomal pieces of DNA

Replicate independently

Small portion of bacterias DNA

Contain genes that promote transfer

17. Engineering Gene Transfer

Recombinant DNA technology

Individual genes isolated and transferred

18. Applications of Biotechnology

Producing proteins for therapeutic use

Producing vaccines

DNA fingerprinting

Research on genome structure & function

Gene therapy to treat disease

Modification of food

19. Producing Therapeutic Proteins

Insert genes into bacteria

Manipulate bacteria to produce proteins

Purify proteins for use

20. Finding the Gene of Interest

Shotgun cloning

• Isolating & purifying genomic DNA

• Cutting DNA into fragments

• Insert fragments into bacteria or yeast

• Results in complete genomic library

• Library screened to find desired gene

21. DNA into Gene Fragments

DNA clipped with restriction enzymes

• Recognize certain DNA sequences

22. Cloning Genes

Restriction fragments into bacteria or yeast using plasmids or viruses

23. 24. 25. Complementary DNA (cDNA) Cloning

Gene of interest is known

Messenger RNA from gene available

Use reverse transcriptase to make gene

Can be expressed in bacterial systems

26. Gene Synthesis Cloning

Desired sequence must be known

Laboratory made gene inserted into yeast or bacteria

Used for insulin cloning as example

27. Screening for Desired Genes 28. DNA Probes

Molecule that binds to a specific gene

Types of DNA Probe

• Molecules of RNA

• Complementary sequences of DNA

29. Genetically Engineered Vaccines

Vaccines stimulate an immune response

Benefit of genetically engineered vaccine

• Non pathogenic

30. DNA Vaccines

DNA sequence of pathogen injected

Immune system develops antibodies

Advantages

• No risk of infection

• No risk of illness from contamination

• Long lasting immune response

• Can administer many vaccines in a single shot

31. DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fragments amplified

Fragments drawn through gel

Bands visualized by dyes

Humans have unique patterns

32. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Makes copies of DNA fragments

Allows for analysis starting with small samples

Gives large number of copies

33. 34. PCR can be Automated 35. Electrophoresis

Separates DNA fragments

36. DNA Fingerprints & Paternity 37. Human Genome Project

Sequence of Human DNA

3 billion base pairs

30,000 to 40,000 genes

38. Genomics

Subdiscipline of genetics

Mapping, sequencing, & analyzing

Two areas

• Structural genomics

• Functional genomics

39. DNA Arrays (DNA Chips)

Allows screening of thousands of genes

40. Gene Therapy

Uses recombinant DNA to treat genetic disorders

Replaces defective genes

Includes targeted gene repair

41. Food Modification with Biotechnology

Increase yield

Increase quality

Modification of genes in organisms

Example: transgenic plants

• Genetically altered

42. 43. Transgenic & Cloned Animals

Dolly

• First cloned animal

• Nuclear transfer from cell to produce embryo

44. Transgenic & Cloned Animals

Bioengineered animals

• Combine desired traits

• Cow example:

• • Heavy muscle

• • Low fat

45. 46. Genetic Engineering Controversy

Potential dangers exist

Experiments governed by National Institute of Health

Genetically modified foods

• Common in U.S.

• Opposed by Europe

47. Arguments Against Bioengineering

Long term safety of engineered foods

Spread of bioengineered genes

48.