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HOLMES : CHAPTER 9LANGUAGE CHANGE
By SHARIFAH FATIN ATHIRA BT
SYED UZIR1218106
SECTION 1 GROUP 3
LANGUAGE
CHANGE
VARIATION AND
CHANGE
HOW DO LANGUAG
E CHANGES SPREAD
STUDYING LANGUAG
E CHANGE
REASONS BEHIND
LANGUAGE
CHANGES
Language changes over time. Changes occur in:
- Pronunciation eg: knight, knit
- Meaning eg: nice- Vocabulary eg: hie-hurry, stilly-softly
VARIATION AND CHANGE
Language varies in :- - Time - Physical space / setting - Social context Speaker innovation : changes of
language are done by the speakers.
New form Spread usage Replace
- Eg: Really good – cool, wicked, awesome Sounds change over time - Eg: in New zealand : new, nuclear These changes are usually proposed
people in higher social class Changes from above : changes in
language that people are aware of
Changes from below: changes in language that people are not aware of. Eg: changes in the vowel pronunciation. (beer, bear)
The spread of the vernacular forms - Imitating the speech that are considered prestigious - Expression of solidarity
HOW DO LANGUAGE CHANGE SPREAD?
1) From group to group2) From style to style3) From word to word
STUDYING LANGUAGE CHANGE
Apparent-time studies of language changes
- Comparing the speech of people of different age; younger speakers use more of the newer forms - Looking at the frequency of the increase and decrease of a form by age group
Language change in real time - Observing the changes that occur over a period of time - Known as real time studies - A very reliable method - Consider the social factors affecting the language use
REASONS FOR LANGUAGE CHANGE
Social status - People of higher social status in the community introduce changes from other communities which are considered prestigious. - Eg: Upper-class London - Lower class people spread less-conscious linguistic changes. - Eg: to express solidarity.
Gender - Differences in the speeches of men and women can cause linguistic change - It can be either of the two who introduce the change - Women tend to introduce changes associated with both prestigious and vernacular forms - Men introduce changes associated with vernacular forms
Interaction - Interaction among people is crucial in channeling linguistic change - Linguistic change in communities with little interaction with the outside world progress slowly - Isolation causes linguistic conservatism - Eg: Iceland
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