I VA N A A E N I N S T I T U T F O R D ATA L O G I

I VA N @ C S . A A U . D K

2 0 . S E P T. 2 0 1 6

PROJEKTLEDELSE OG SOFTWARE INNOVATION

E S S E N C E O G P R A G M AT I S M E

1

A Third Paradigm for Software Development?

1.The document-oriented

• Top-down, static, plan-oriented

2.The agile

• Incremental, dynamic, user-oriented

3.The pragmatic

• Hypercomplex, problem-oriented

2

Main Strategies in Essence

• Using diverse viewpoints – Values, Views. Roles, and more.

• Seeing maturation of ideas as a basic and evident principle. Ideas develop over time. Typically via evolution – but not always.

• We therefore need to see and embrace change early - we must be able to steer.

3

What is a Problem?

• A problem represents the partial transformation by inquiry of a problematic situation into a determinate situation.

• Situation suggests that problems are contextual – they are conceived in a world of objects and events.

• Inquiry suggests that problems are part of an intellectual effort to resolve a problematic situation – problems are perceived and this perception serve as instrument in this effort.

• Partial transformation suggests a fleeting quality – problems may be replaced by other problems as our understanding develops through inquiry.

4

Situation

5

What is designated by the word "situation" is not a single object or event or set of objects and events. For we never experience nor form judgments about objects and events in isolation, but only in connection with a contextual whole. This latter is what is called a "situation." (Dewey, Logic p66).

This definition introduces a number of concepts in Deweyan pragmatism:

• Object

• Event

• Contextual whole

• Experience

• Judgment (appreciation)

Existential vs. Ideational

• Existential subject-matter is able to interact with and modify other existential subject-matter

• E.g. components, builds, objects and events

• Ideational subject-matter is able to explain the situation and suggest what to do

• E.g. backlog items, planned objects and events, plans, procedures, criteria, ideas

6

Means – Material and Procedural

• Means are instruments used to attain an end – something useful in achieving a result.

• Material means – including observed data, facts and artifacts – combined serve to create a resolved situation.

• Procedural means – including operations, plans, requirements, and test cases – serve to determine how and if such a resolved situation is attained.

7

Ends and Ends-In-View

• An end-in-view is an idea of an end to be reached. It represents the purpose of taking a step towards an overall resolving end.

• The end-in-view is the anticipated consequence of taking a step – the existential change effected by that step.

• Inquiry aims to resolve a problematic situation via existential changes. Such an end represents a fulfilling close and termination of the project.

8

Deweyan Inquiry ConceptsReflection and action

Inquiry Reflection Transaction Reason Appreciation

Indeterminatesituation

PresciencePatterns

Materials(realandideational)SuggestionsIdeas

Elementsofaproblematicsituation

Elementssuggestedforsolution

VisionsReasoning

Valuations

Determinatesituation

Resolution

9

Essence Configuration Table

View Paradigm (Reflection)

Product (Transaction)

Project (Reasoning)

Process (Appreciation)

Rationale(Why?)

ChallengeProblem

Keytechnologies

Vision Warrant

Rationalereview

Strategy(What?)

Keyelements Keycomponents BackingQualifierRebuttal

Strategyreview

Tactics(How?)

Keyscenarios Keyfeatures Keymapping Tacticsreview

10

The Psyche Project

The team is charged with this challenge:

• Can wearable technologies serve to improve the life of ambulant psychiatric patients?

Major decisions at the start:

• The patient is the main user.

• Improvement means intervention.

11

Psyche Case – First Configuration12ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision are

listed in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision arelisted in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

Psyche Case – First Configuration13ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision are

listed in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision arelisted in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision arelisted in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

Psyche Case – First Configuration14

ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision arelisted in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

ponents that could be useful but not strictly required for fulfilling the Vision arelisted in italics to suggest possible later additions to the system.

View Paradigm Product Project Process

Value Reflection Transaction Reasoning Appreciation

Ratio-nale:

Why?

Challenge Improve Quality of Life (QoL) for citizens with affective disorders.ProblemAcute depression is acommon and serious threat to QoL.

Key technologies

• Text processing.• Touch screen for

slider-input.• Handoff between

smartphone and laptop.

• Multiple ways to signal user: Visual, sound, vibration.

• Sensors, GPS, cam

Vision Psyche (Foresight) - anticipating and alle-viating acute depressionWarrantEarly treatment may alleviate depressive periods and reduce self-destructive behavior

Rationale review

Expectations: Antici-pation is possible.If so, alleviation is possible.Findings: Ineffective intervention.

Unused platform potential.

Strate-gy:

What?

Key elements:

• Platform tied with personality.

• User having a pro-file suggesting mood indicators.

• Mental health kit (MHK).

• Acute depression period (event).

• Professional and oth-er caretakers.

Key components

• Digital diary.• Digital

questionnaire.• Anticipation

module.• Alleviation

module.• Sleep analysis

module.

• Communication monitor.

Justification

• Backing: Inexpen-sive and popular platform. Extensible.

• Qualifier: Only for light depressions.

• Rebuttal: Still manycan benefit from it.

Strategy review

Expectations: The key components are necessary and suffi-cient to implement vision.Findings: Intervention is inadequate. Substan-tial alleviation must fit user’s context.

Tac-tics:

How?

Key scenarios

• Writing diary.• Answering the

questionnaire.• Experiencing acute

depression.• Sleep. Physical activ-

ity. Social activity.

Key features

• Anticipating de-pressive periods.

• Detecting acute depression.

• Alleviating acute depression.

• Sleep analysis. Con-text monitoring. Pan-ic detection. Panic intervention.

Key mapping

• Anticipation and detection rely on diary and questionnaire.

• Alleviation is trig-gered by anticipation.

Tactics review

Expectations: Antici-pation, detection, and alleviation is effective.Findings: Anticipation works but is inaccurate.

Alleviation measures are weak and sometimesmisplaced.

Table 5.1: Configuration Table for the Foresight Prospect

The Prospect is justified by backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Backing could ex-plain the attractiveness and utility of the solution. The qualifier indicates limita-tions in the solution with respect to the problem – why the solution may notsolve the problem completely. The rebuttal then argues why such limitations maybe acceptable anyway. Finally, Strategy review questions are outlined and findingsfrom the actual review are listed in italics. These findings serve as input to thenext configuration.

50

Psyche Case – 4 Configurations15

Product

Process

Project

Paradigm

1 Foresight 2 TimePlace

3 Janus 4 Guardian

Argumentation & mapping

1 Self-insight 2 Context

3 Caretakers 4 Biometric

Key elements & scenarios

1 Diary+Questions 2 Context

3 Assistance 4 Ecosystem

Key components & features

1 Irrelevant help 2 Weak help

3 Panic attacks? 4 ?

Review questions & findings

Means and ends are Inseparable

Product

Process

Project

Paradigm

Articulated elements

Articulated scenarios

Alternative elements

Discovered scenarios

Designed solution

Untapped potential

Design alternatives

Emerging options

Visiont(relative to the problem perceived at a given time t)

Evaluationst• Rationale• Strategy• Tactics(all relative to the vision at time t)

Solutions create needs we didn’t know aboutAny solution is a new beginning

16

Key elements & scenarios

Argumentation & mapping

Key components & features Review questions & findings

Reviews in Essence

– Agile model

17

• Problem: What we need to solve • Vision: Our intentions • Warrant: Our motivations

Problem, Vision & Warrant

Problem, Vision & Warrant

Review

2-4 weeks

24 hours

SprintPlanning

Potentiallyshippableproduct

SprintReview

ProductBacklog

SprintBacklog Tasks

Reviews in Essence – General (ETVX) model

18

• Entry Criteria – criteria that should be satisfied before beginning the task.• Task – descriptions of what is to be accomplished.• Validation – procedures to ensure the quality of what is accomplished by the task.• eXit – criteria that should be satisfied for the activity to terminate.

TaskTransaction

Entry

crit

eria

Reflection

eXit

crite

riaReasoning

ValidationAppreciation