PEER GROUP DISCUSSIONON

DEMOGRAPHY TRENDS

Presented by:Ms. HemlataM.Sc.Nursing 1st yearRoll no- 1915722

DEMOS - People GRAPHO - To writeThe word was coined by JOHN GRUNT

DEFINITION• "study of human populations in

relation to the changes brought about by the interplay of births, deaths, and migration"

-PRESSAT

• "statistical description and analysis of human population".

- WRONG

ASPECTS

CompositionDensityDistribution growthMovementsize

and structure 

EducationQualitycrimeDevelopmentdiet and

nutritionrace, social class

CONCEPTS

CONCEPTS

  SCOPES

DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE

HIGH STATIONARY (1st).

EARLY EXPANDING (2nd)

LATE EXPANDING (3rd)

LOW STATIONARY (4th)

DECLINING (5th)

High Birth RateHigh Death Rate

Unchanged Birth RateDecline Death RateFall in Birth RateDeath Rate further

Low Birth RateLow Death Rate

Birth rate lower than Death Rate

SOURCES• CENSUS

• NATIONAL SURVEY

• REGISTRATION OF VITAL EVENTS

• DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES

• RECORDS

DEMOGRAPHIC TREND

Demography- studies the characteristics of human populationsTrends- general tendency to change

It measure the size of the group will change over the time , as result of economic, politics etc.

DEMOGRAPHIC TREND• population trend• After china, India

population ranks second in the world.

• According the some projects India may overtake china in 2045, to become most populatory country in the world

VITAL STATISTICS

BIRTH DEATH

MARRIAGE DIVORCE

CIVIL REGISTRATION (administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations)

Vital statistics is defined as that branch of biometry which deals with data and the law of human mortality, morbidity and demography”

OBJECTIVE AND USE

determine the basic reason for the contrast

MECHANISM OF COLLECTION• In countries, where the

machinery for the collection of statistics for each rural areas has been set up.

• The village is an agent is appointed to report the events. The responsibility for registration generally rest the head of the household.

Current population of India in 2015 1,283,112,876 (1.28 billion) as per April 22, 2015

Population of India in 2014 1,270,272,105. (1.27 BILLION)

Total male population in India. 662,471, 177 ( 662 million) (2015)

Total female population in India. 620,513,386(620 million) 2015

Sex ratio 943 female per 1000,males.

0-25 years 50% of India current population.

Currently there are about 51 births in India a min.

india population 2012 1.22 billion.

India population 2011 1.21 billion.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

CENSUS“ the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited territory".‘Census’ comes from the Latin world ‘Sensere’ means value or tax.10 year intervalImportant source of health information

INTERVIEWS• Interviews are undertaken on personal, one to one basis or in a group.The advantages of interview method are as follows.

1.It is the best means to collect an indepth information.

2.The feedback and response rate is good.

3.The information is recorded immediately and

complete.

4. Help can be provided immediately.

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW

1. It is expensive and time consuming.

2. Training is required in case of employing many interviewers.

3. Pre fixed questionnaire are required.

TYPES OF INTERVIEWS

An interview can be of three types:

1. STRUCTURED.

2. SEMI STRUCTURED

3. UNSTRUCTURED.

OBSERVATION• Is a method to record behavioural pattern of

people in a systematic manner.

• The methods of observation include: structured, un structured, natural, personal, mechanical, participant or non participant observations.

• Observation method provides information on what is actually observed.

• Bias in observation method can be eliminated by two observers.

• Hence this method has limitations in eliciting accurate information.

QUESTIONNAIRES

•Questionnaire is a common method of data collection.

• It takes time and expertise to prepare a structured questionnaire.

• The questionnaire can be used to interview for a direct data collection or a telephonic survey could be conducted.

• It can be posted, emailed or faxed.

• The main advantage of this method is that there is no bias.

•The use of questionnaire is simple but requires a certain level of education and skill from respondents.

DIARIES•Diaries are used to record data obtained from the individuals.

•The data expressed in the diaries are an indepth information and can be used for reseaech purposes.

CRITICAL INCIDENTS

•The critical incidents relating to health - illness event is recorded and used for arriving decisions and policies regarding health matters.

II.SECONDARY DATA

•The secondary data is collected indirectly (not from individuals) from other sources such as hospital records, census data etc.

REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS

• 2nd important source of vital statics is registration of birth and death. The complete registration of birth and death it can be a reliable source of information about changes in the population during intercensal period.

• The central births and deaths registration act was launched in 1969.

NOTIFICATION OF DISEASES

• Notification or the report is the first step in the control of communicable diseases. It provide a day to day record of the number of cases occurring in the community.

 RECORD OF HOSPITALS AND HEALTH

CENTERS

• In hospitals indoor outdoor patient’s records are good source, and other records like family planning, and delivers, school health programs, and control of communication diseases, theses all records are good source of vital statics.

METHOD OF CENSUS TAKING

1. De facto census(in fact, whether by right or not) : the method is to list all persons present in the household or other living quarters at midnight of the census day or all who passed the night there.

2. De jure census(by right): all persons who usually live in the household are listed on the form whether they are present or not. Visitors who have a usual residence elsewhere are excluded from the listing but are counted at their usual residence.

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RATE AND RATIO Rate of the vital events is defined as the ratio

of the total numbers of occurrences of the events to the total numbers of person exposed to the risk of occurrences of that events.

Sex ratio= Male population X 100 Female population

child women ratio Nos of child<5 yrs X 100 Total female pop 15-49 yrs

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MEASUREMENT OF MORTALITY

(a) Crude Death Rate (CDR) = Total death in a given year X 1000

Average or mid year pop. of a year

(b) Age-specific Death rate (ASDR) Nos. of death at age ’a’ _X 1000 Mid-yrs pop. of a given year at age ’a’

Crude rate is based on total population while a specific rate is based on the basis of age, sex, cause etc

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(c) Infant Mortality rate (IMR)

= Nos. of infant death in a year X1000 Nos. of live birth in the year

• Sensitive indicators• Reflect the socio-economic status of the country• Also reflect the medical and health facilities in a

population

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TWO PARTS IMR 1) Neonatal Mortality Rate = Death under one months X 1000 Nos. of live birth

• It occurs basically due to the endogenous factors of death

2) Post-neonates Mortality Rate= Death between 1st and 11 complete months

X1000 Nos. of live birth

• It is affected by the exogenous factors (environments, sanitation, health facilities, etc)

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(d) CAUSE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

Deaths due to the cause I (di) X1000

Total nos. of death (D)

• Useful to analysis the death by cause

(E) CASE FATALITY RATE Death due to the specific disease X100

total nos. of illness due to that disease

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(F) MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) nos. of death of mother due to the cause related to maternity X 100000 Total nos. of live birth

• Sensitive and important indicator of maternal health

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MEASUREMENT OF FERTILITY

(a) Crude Birth Rate (CBR) total nos. of birth in a year X 1000 Mid year pop. in that year (b) General Fertility Rate (GFR) Total nos. of birth in a year X

1000 Average nos. of women in reproductive age group

The age of fertility?

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(c) Age-specific fertility Rate (ASFR) Nos. of birth to women aged “x” X 1000

Nos. of women aged ”x”• Useful for family planning programme point of

view

(d) Age-specific Marital fertility Rate (ASMFR) Nos.of birth to women aged ”x” X1000 Nos. of married women aged ”x”

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ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE:

• what is the leading cause of the death in the area?

• what section of which area is unhealthy and what is the outstanding cause of death there.?

• nurse compare the area which undertaken by her self

• nurse check the area of similar size in the country is this area healthy or not?

• to check the hospital facility and drugs equipments are able to cope with patient needs?

• to check how morality rate is decreased in particular area.

• assist the registration agency in reporting the all known vital events that have to come her knowledge.

• educate the people on the need immediate and accurate of all vitals events.

• keep accurate and complete records of all vitals events she was concerned with the area.

•

• co- operate in the planning of the health surveys in the area.

• organize the follow of the death in order so that causes of death rate may be ascertained.

• use the vital health statistics for making assignment in an particular area.

• use the vital health statistics to measure

ROLE OF NURSES IN FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME

 

AS NURSE ADMINISTRATOR

• Up-to-date and relevant knowledge about family planning services

• Training of staff• Ensures that adequate educational

material on family planning• Formulates a policy on imparting

knowledge on family welfare services to all patients before they are discharged from the hospital.

AS NURSE ADMINISTRATOR

• Establishes a good referral system• Incentivizes nurses to make their best

contributions to the family planning services.• Supervises nurses , ANM’s , Anganwadi

workers , and MPHW in relation to activities on family planning.

• Participates or conducts research on family planning.

AS A NURSE EDUCATOR

• Integrate FP component in nursing curriculum while teaching

• Teaches FP as a subject• Select and organizes learning

experience both in theory and practice for student nurses.

• Coaches ANM’s, Anganwadi workers , and MPHW regarding family planning.

AS A NURSE EDUCATOR

• Helps nurse administrator to organize in-service education programme for nurses.

• Also clarifies doubts of patients regarding family planning , during their supervisory rounds.

• Conduct or participates in nursing research on FP.

AS A CLINICAL NURSE

• Identify eligible couples during the time of registration .

• Imparts information to the eligible couples about various method of FP.

• Motivate the couple to adopt FP methods, and accept “small family norm”

• Counsel the couple to identify their problems due to a large family and takes steps to solve those problems.

•

AS A CLINICAL NURSE

• Assist the doctor in surgical methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy.

• Maintain the stock book and ensure adequate supplies in health care centres.

• Manages referral services and follow up care.• Maintain documents properly and records of

vital statistics .

AS A RESEARCH WORKER

• Conduct surveys• Studies the attitude of community towards family

planning.• Organizes surveys on knowledge of family planning

among patients in hospital setting.• Imparts sex education to adolescents.• Participates in/ conduct studies on family planning

and other related topics.

RESEARCH ARTICLE• Trends in life expectancy and lifespan variation by

Educational Attainment : united states, 1990-2010• Demography 2016 jan 26• Author- Sasson• Abstract• The educational

SUMMARY

CONCLUSION