Teaching Methodologies

Objectives

After this course the participants will be able to:

• Define teaching methods• identify the strengths, weaknesses and

preparation criteria for different teaching methods.

• develop the criteria to select a teaching method.

• Plan a lesson according to the need of different teaching methods.

What is a Teaching Method?

• Method is a cluster of teaching procedures utilized in classroom situations.

• Method is a set of techniques based on a course of a study, which uses certain types of materials.

• Method is said to be a way of teaching, especially a regular, orderly, and definite procedure.

• A system for planning, carrying out, and evaluating a series of learning experiences.

Retention And Participation Rates

Classroom Climate

Active & Passive Learning

Some Common Teaching Methods

Lecture

• A continuous speech.

• Presentation of subject contents.

• Clarification of Ideas.

• Use of Av/aids

• Learners see/listen and take notes

• Usually content knowledge is tested

Lecture

• Advantages– Allows maximum teacher

control– Presents minimal threats to

students or teacher– Able to enliven facts and ideas

that seem tedious in the text– Able to clarify issues relating to

confusing/intricate points– Teacher knows what has been

taught – Lecture material can become

basis of publication– Able to accommodate larger

numbers of students– Cost effective– Economy of time

• Disadvantages– Attempt to cover too much

material in given time– An easy teaching method but a

far less effective learning strategy

– Presumes that all students are learning at the same pace

– Not suited to higher levels of learning

– Creates passive learners– Provides little feedback to

learners– May be boring – One way communication – Students are less motivated

Planning a Lecture

1. Establish objectives.2. Know the students. 3. Plan the lesson 4. Prepare the lesson guide 5. Prepare for the presentation 6. Present the lecture 7. Delight environment8. Use scaffoldings9. Do the testing 10. Follow-up on the results

Lecture Rules

• Tell them what you are going to say

• Tell them

• Tell them what you have said

Group Discussion Method• A topic is chosen.• Material is given or suggested.• Students come prepared.• Facilitator checks students’ knowledge and

understanding.• Different point-of-views are encouraged.• Critical approach and logical thinking are required• Argumentation is essential.• Personal comments are avoided.• Understanding is tested through

assignments/projects

Group Discussion• Must have clear objectives conveyed to class

• Preparatory work of students very important

• Physical environment must be appropriate

• Size of the group 5-7

• Teacher’s role – facilitator

Group Discussion

• Be in tune with the feelings of the group and acknowledge them

• Evaluate the discussion by determining whether critical thinking occurred

• It is not the amount of discussion that occurred but the quality of the discussion that matters

Group Discussion• Set the ground rules for the discussion• Teacher prepares some questions or statements to

get the discussion going• Allow for quiet times to process• Ensure that quiet students have an opportunity to

join the discussion• Redirect group when they stray from topic• Ensure the tone of the group is respectful• Avoid giving any authoritative comment• Never forget humour and keep smiling.• At the end recap all the discussion and the final

observation.

Group Discussion• Advantages

– Meets principles of learning– Excellent vehicle for affective

content– Allows less experienced

learners to benefit from more experienced ones

– Can stimulate critical thinking– The most democratic way of

teaching.– Grooms higher order thinking.– Develops language and social

skills.– Students are highly motivated.– Students become active

participants.– Teaches tolerance and respect

towards different point-of-views.

– Worthy for abstract ideas.

Disadvantages– Teacher may not feel in control

– Sometimes difficult to keep on track

– May be difficult to deal with emotions that arise

– Challenging to prevent some students from monopolizing the discussion

– Takes a great deal of preparation if done correctly

Discovery Method• Teacher presents some examples.• Learners are invited for brainstorming.• Teacher puts more examples• Learners are invited to compare both sets of examples.• Teacher presents some non-examples.• Learners are encouraged to draw comparison and

contrast.• Learners classify the features and patterns and uncover

some relationships• Learners finally state the new concept they have

discovered • Problem solving questions are one way of testing

Discovery Method

Merits• Real life experience boosts

motivation among learners.• Fosters observational and

analytical skills.• It develops understanding of

learning process among the learners.

• Students learn problem solving • Discovered concepts are easy to

remember.• Discovery method is essentially

student-centered

Demerits• Method is time

consuming• Requires highly skilled

teacher• Demands intense

planning• Not-effective in big

classes

The Scientific Method

• Observation: Problem identification

• Developing a hypothesis

• Experiment : Gathering data, Analyzing data

• Forming conclusion

Merits• Makes keen observer• Develops ‘higher-

order-thinking’• Fosters ‘problem

solving’ skill• Encourages objective

thinking• Leads to facts• Learners work in

collaborative environment

Demerits• Time and cost

management• Limitations of

observation• Problem of

hypothesis• Problems of learners’

abilities

PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT METHOD

Merits

• Practical Work

• Sense of Ownership

• Creativity

• involvement

Demerits

• Time Consumption

• Goals/Targets Achievement is Difficult

• Difficult to assess performance in case of group project

Games

• Good for cognitive objectives• Can be individually focused and used as assignments –

crossword puzzles• Can be participative and take place during class time –

physical assessment trivial pursuit• Determination, explanation, and strict adherence to the

rules of the game• Try out the game on friends before using it in class• Gather all necessary equipment ahead of class• Token prizes

Games

• Determination, explanation, and strict adherence to the rules of the game

• Try out the game on friends before using it in class

• Gather all necessary equipment ahead of class

• Token prizes

VIDEO TAPES / SLIDES

Strengths:• interesting and

entertaining• keep students attentive• looks very professional• stimulates discussion

Limitations:• can raise too much issues.• expensive way• discussion may not have

full participation• only as effective as

facilitator prepares questions to discuss during the show or after the show

• Real objectives may be neglected

ROLE PLAY

Strengths:• Introduces problem

situation dramatically.• Allows for exploration of

solutions.• Provides opportunities to

practice skills• Provides opportunity to

assume roles of others and thus appreciate another point of view

Limitations:

• Not appropriate for large groups

• Very little number of students can participate

• Students may be too self-conscious

Problem Based Learning

• Students learn to search for the information to help them understand the case and possibly resolve it

• One student becomes the recorder and during class discussion, categorizes current information– Analysis of the problem – what is known

– Potential diagnoses

– Student learning issues – what is unknown

– Informational resources with name of student responsible for finding the information

Concept Mapping

• Requires active participation of learners

• Students are able to access their own thinking and find new associations

• Requires critical thinking

• Begins with a core concept

• Students are then to connect all other concepts that they know are related to the core concept

Concept Mapping

TEACHING METHODS OF THE PROPHET(PBUH)

• Repetition and enforcement• Memorization• Presentation• Questions and answers• Explanations and description• Dialogue• Discussion• Debate• Dictation• Analogy• Story telling• Action and imitation• Demonstration• Examples • Use of intellect• Problem solving• Individualization

• Preaching and reminders• Punishment• Play and leisure• Practice (inculcating habits)• Rhetorical questions• Persuasion and discouragement• Indications and physical movements• Drawing and demonstration• Similarities and contrasts• Competition• Experimentation and observation• Motivation• Enjoying the morally right and forbidding the morally wrong

Principles of Teaching

• Be clear about your objectives and clear them to your students.

• Consider the abilities of your Class.• Reflect on the nature of task.• Consider facilities and time available.• Consider the size of class.• Judge your own strengths and weaknesses• Choose a method that has worth for all • Don’t be slave to any one method• Use different techniques for single concept• Involve students at every step of learning• Keep motivation level of your students high

Thank You