Methods in Teaching: Developing Classroom Instructional Techniques

By: Ahmad Khan

Lecturer, ASBA & ASIT (English)

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Objectives:

Become aware of the use of methods, techniques and strategies in your teaching.

Learn about other methods and their application.

Discuss the connection between teaching objectives and methods.

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Teaching ?

"Teaching is an art – but effective teaching consists of a set of skil ls that can be acquired, improved and extended." (Gralki , 1990)

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Effective Teaching Applies…

Methods

Techniques

Strategies

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Procedure:

First, please consider your own application of methods. Which methods did you use? Let us first roughly define a method as “any sort of teaching activity”. List at least three methods you know, or you used or experienced during your studies. Now describe how you succeeded in applying it.

Chart :

Name of the method Description / When and why did you apply it? What did you experience?

Advantage / What was good about using this method and why?

Disadvantage / What was bad about using the method?

........................ ......................... ............................ ...............................

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What is a Method?A method is a descr ipt ion of the way that information or behavior i s carr ied forward or consol idated dur ing the instruct ional process.

Examples

"No interact ion": lecture -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

"teacher centered interact ion": interact ive lecture - - - - - - - - - - - - -

"Group centered interact ion" : group work - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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What is a Technique?A technique is a detailed list of rules or a guideline for any (teaching) activity.

Examples

With mind mapping you apply guidelines for devising content in a holistic way. This is a technique that can be used in an individual working situation, in a group work, or by the teacher as a means of demonstrating something.

Brainstorming is a group centered interaction method. The brainstorming technique describes a way of collecting ideas or information in a creative and uninhibited way.

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What is a Strategy?A strategy defines the basic procedure of how the content is elaborated during the teaching process.

There are two possible alternatives:

1. The Cognit ive Approach

2. The Affective Approach

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1. The Cognitive Approach (Teacher-Centered)

The cognitive approach is expository, as information is given in a structured and organized process (top-down). The student’s role in this is passive, consuming and “breathing in”. The teacher is the constitutive element: he informs, tells, shows, asks, corrects, etc.

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2. The Affective Approach (Student-Centered)

The affective approach is based on “discovering”, and uses the curiosity of the student to let him find out something on his own. There is little or no information given, just an issue to explore. Students have to be active and inquisitive to solve the problem. The teacher is not involved. In this student centered strategy, students learn by doing, by experiencing, and by observing.

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Role of a Teacher:

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A teacher can be described as…

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List of MethodsLecture

Presentation

Discussion

Lecture discussion

Group work

Cooperative/Collaborative learning

Puzzle method (Jigsaw teaching techniques)

Role play

Case method

Debate

Fishbowl

Brainstorming

Buzz groups

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Methods and Objectives

The methods you want to apply in your teaching are t ight ly l inked to the object ives you formulated in your p lanning process .

To se lect a method, the two fo l lowing quest ions should be answered:

What can I do to he lp the students to achieve the teaching object ives?

What do the students have to do to achieve the teaching object ives?

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How to choose the appropriate method?1 . Yo u c a n c h o o s e t h e m et ho d b a s ed o n t h e l ev e l o f B LO O MS TA XONOMY.

Level one way - no group activity

teacher centered activities

group centered activities

Knowledge lecturespresentations

readinggiving individual tasks

lecture discussionlaboratory work

exchange of experiencebrainstorming

collecting previous knowledge

Comprehension lecturepresentation by students

individual exercise

lecture discussionlaboratory work

debate

group work, discussion (e.g. fishbowl)

problem solvingsimulation, role play

Application

-

laboratory worktutorials

practical exercises

field workproject work

problem solving simulation, case study

Transfer (analysis, synthesis and evaluation)

-

discussionsexperiments

laboratory work

strategic gamesexperiments

problem solving

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2. You can also choose the method considering the GROUP SIZE.

Pairs (2): Any group work which is not based on collecting a lot of ideas – it is more for the exchange of

knowledge or experience.

Small group (3-10): Any group work based on collecting ideas, the exchange of knowledge or experience, or

producing something.

Medium group (10-20): Interactive lectures, case studies etc. Divide the class in small groups.

Large group (more than 20): Lectures, augmented with buzz groups and discussions, expert panel, open

space, separating in small group activities, and project work.

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Conclusion:

If you choose a method you also have to take into account the surrounding or environmental constraints:

How long is your lecture, how much “new content” do you want to introduce?

How many students do you have in the class?

How much time do you have?

Is the classroom appropriate for the groups to work?

Keep in mind, that student centered methods are time consuming, but very motivating and efficient!

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Source:

https://www.google.ae/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=ePALVdO3MMzDVPWYgegH#q=teaching+methods+techniques+and+strategies

Thank You?

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