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Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–1
What is the subjunctive?
• The subjunctive is not a tense; it is a mood.
• The subjunctive is used when reporting something that
is not necessarily real, or that depends on something
else. The subjunctive signals that it may or may not
happen or be true.
• INDICATIVE=certainty/objectivity (present, preterite,
imperfect, future, conditional, compound tenses)
• SUBJUNCTIVE=possibiliby/subjectivity
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–2
Examples of the subjunctive being used in English: 1) The doctor recommends that she drink 4 glasses of water a day.Normally, the conjugation is "She drinks"; but the Subjunctive form drops the "s".
2) The State requires that you be 18 years old to buy cigarettes. Normally, the conjugation is "you are".
3) "If I were King, I would eat Ben & Jerry's ice cream daily." Normally, the conjugation is "I was“
The basics of subjunctive
• Must have a subjunctive TRIGGER (i.e. verb or expression of wishing wanting/will or influence, emotion, doubt)
• Sentence has 2 clauses (part of sentence w/ subject & verb). • Each clause has different subject. (subject in the first part of the
sentence cannot be the same as the other subject) • ‘QUE’ connects the two parts• 1st verb in present indicative• 2nd verb in SUBJUNCTIVE
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–3
Los profesores quieren que los estudiantes escriban apuntes.
Yo espero que los Patriotas ganen el Super Tazón.
TRIGGERS OF SUBJUNCTIVE
• The subjunctive (el subjuntivo) is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial.
Yo recomiendo que tú hagas más ejercicio.
Ellos están contentos de que sea viernes.
Tú dudas que ella conozca a Tom Brady.
No es cierto que nosotros descansemos mucho.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–4
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–5
How to form present subjunctive1) Take the ‘yo’ form present
2) Drop the –o
3) Add opposite endings
If –ar verb, add:
-e -emos
-es, -éis
-e -en
Ir –er/-ir verb, add:
-a -amos
-as -áis
-a -an
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–6
• Verbs with irregular yo forms show that same irregularity throughout the forms of the present subjunctive.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–7
• Verbs that have stem changes in the present indicative have the same changes in the present subjunctive. Only –ir verbs undergo stem changes in the nosotros & vosotros forms.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–8
Verbs that end in –car, –gar, and –zar undergo spelling changes in the present subjunctive.
****The present subjunctive form of hay is haya.
Ella espera que haya una solución.
She hopes there is a solution.
sacar: saque, saques, saque, saquemos, etc.
jugar: juegue, juegues, juegue, etc.
almorzar: almuerce, almuerces, almuerce, etc.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–9
• Only a handful of completely irregular verbs in subjunctive. Same as FORMAL COMMANDS
Práctica
Completa con el subjuntivo
1. Ella quiere que yo _____________________(hablar) más.
2. Ellos desean que tú_______________________ (decir) la verdad.
3. Yo mando que nosotros______________________(salir) a tiempo.
4. Los padres insisten en que los hijos no ________________________(ir) lejos.
5. Esperamos que ella_________________________(saber) cómo llegar.
6. La profesora quiere que los estudiantes____________________ (hacer) la tarea.
7. Ud. prefiere que nosotros_______________________(leer) más.
8. Recomiendo que el hombre___________________(estar) aquí antes de las 8.
9. Yo propongo que tú _______________________(escribir) los apuntes.
10. Quieren que yo ______________________________(explicar) la respuesta.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–10
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–11
Verbs of will & influence/WISHING WANTING VERBS• A clause is a group of words that contains both a
conjugated verb and a subject (expressed or implied).
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–12
• When the subject of the main clause of a sentence exerts influence or will on the subject of the 2ND (subordinate) clause, the verb in the 2nd (subordinate) clause must be in the subjunctive.
1st CLAUSE CONNECTOR 2nd/SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Yo quiero que tú vayas al médico.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–13
The verbs & expressions below of WISHING/WANTING or Will & Influence will TRIGGER the need for subjunctive in the 2nd clause.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–14
Necesito que consigas estas pastillas en la farmacia.
El médico siempre me recomienda que deje de fumar.
I need you to get these pills at the pharmacy.
The doctor always recommends that I quit smoking.
Insisto en que vayas a la sala de emergencias.
Se oponen a que salgas si estás enfermo.
I insist that you go to the emergency room.
They object to your going out if you’re sick.
Examples of sentences with Verbs of Will & Influence and the subjunctive.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–15
• If there is no change of subject in the sentence, then the 2nd verb will be in the INFINITIVE.
Quiero ir a Bogotá en junio. Prefiero que vayas en agosto.
I want to go to Bogota in June. I prefer that you go in August.
*In order for subjunctive to be used, the subject in the 2nd clause must be different from subject in 1st clause.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–16
Verbs of emotion• When the main clause expresses an emotion
like hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the verb in the subordinate (2nd) clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause.
Me alegro de que te recuperes pronto.
Tus padres tienen miedo de que necesites una operación.
I’m happy that you recover quickly. Your parents are afraid that you you need an operation.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–17
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–18
The subjunctive is also used with expressions of emotion that begin with ¡Qué…! (What a…!/It’s so…!)
The expression ojalá (I hope; I wish) is always followed by the subjunctive. The use of que with ojalá is optional.
¡Qué pena que él no vaya! What a shame he’s not going!
Ojalá (que) no llueva.I hope it doesn’t rain.
Ojalá (que) no te enfermes.I hope you don’t get sick.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–19
• The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of emotion if there is no change of subject in the sentence.
No me gusta llegar tarde. Es mejor que lo hagas ahora.
I don’t like to be late. It’s better that you do it now.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–20
Verbs of doubt or denial• When the main clause implies doubt,
uncertainty, or denial, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause.
No cree que él nos quiera engañar.
Dudan que eso sea un buen tratamiento.
She doesn’t believe that he wants to deceive us.
They doubt that would be a good treatment.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–21
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–22
The subjunctive is also used after quizá(s) and tal vez (maybe; perhaps) when they signal uncertainty, even if there is no change of subject in the sentence.
Quizás vengan a la fiesta.
Maybe they’ll come to the party.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–23
• Anuncios para practicar el subjuntivo
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 4.1–24
The indicative is used to express actions, states, or facts the speaker considers to be certain.
The subjunctive expresses the speaker’s attitude toward events, as well as actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain.