2016-17

ROLL NO.: 12B31 AND 12B29

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

K.V.NO.2 EME BARODADEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Akash Dixit , student of class XII-B has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. S.V. Singh Sir during the year 2016-2017 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of Signature of external

examiner Physics teacher

K.V.NO.2 EME BARODADEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Yogesh Malik , student of class XII-B has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. S.V. Singh Sir during the year 2016-2017 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of Signature of external

examiner Physics teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIn the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal and Physics teacher Mr.S.V Singh , whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success. His suggestions and his instructions have served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot and also Lab attendant Chandu Sir .

-:CONTENTS:-1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. Theory

5. Activity

Aim

Apparatus required

Procedure

Result

Precaution

6. Bibliography

INFRARED SENSOR BASED SECURITY . SYSTEM .

The Objective of this project is to study infrared based security system and its working to catch any thief .

INTRODUCTION Rapid growth in world population with incommensurate employment opportunities and pressures of a more complex society, the incidences of human intrusion and burglaries and crime in private and public places are on the increase. Heightened security concerns at homes, banks, shopping malls, schools, offices, etc. have led to continued search for different and improved security gadgets.

Such concerns are apparent in the form of installations of remote cameras, the presence of security guards and other monitoring devices and alarm systems which are in constant use . However, many such devices and services are relatively costly and usually require a high and steady power supply for their operation). An infrared sensor security alarming system which has been constructed and tested, offers the advantages of low cost and low power consumption in its operation .Not so long ago an alarm was a fairly rare sight, however now almost every house has an alarm of some kind. One common kind of security system is an infrared home security system. These are so popular because they are easy to install without having to drill holes and lay cables. Infrared radiation is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.

The sensors are set at the door (entrance point) and/or some supervised area and an alarm is triggered when an intruder passes within its range of coverage to notify/alert the people/security personnel.

Infrared science and technology has been, since the first applications, mainly dedicated to security and surveillance especially in military field, besides specialized techniques in thermal imaging for medical diagnostic and building structures and recently in energy savings and aerospace context. Till recently the security applications were mainly based on thermal imaging as surveillance and warning military systems. In all these applications the advent of room temperature, more reliable due to the coolers avoidance, low cost, and, overall, completely integrable with Silicon technology FPAs, especially designed and tailored for specific applications, smart sensors, has really been impacted with revolutionary and new ideas and system concepts in all the infrared fields, especially for security applications. Lastly, the advent of reliable Infrared Solid State Laser Sources,

operating up to the Long Infrared Wavelength Band and the new emerging techniques in Far Infrared Sub- millimetre Terahertz Bands, has opened wide and new areas for developing new, advanced security systems. A review of all the items with evidence of the weak and the strong points of each item, especially considering possible future developments, will be reported and discussed.

Historical introduction:-Infrared, as part of electromagnetic spectrum, was discovered by Sir William Herschel as a form of radiation beyond red light. These “calorific rays” renamed infrared rays or infrared radiation (the prefix infra in Latin means “below”) were mainly devoted to thermal measurement and for a long time the major advances were due to infrared thermal imaging based on radiometric measurements .

The basic laws of IR radiation (Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann’s law, Planck’s law, and Wien’s displacement law) have been developed many years after the discovery of IR radiation.

In 1859, Gustave Kirchhoff found that a material that is a good absorber of radiation is also a good radiator. Kirchhoff’s law states that the ratio of radiated power and the absorption coefficient (1) is the same for all radiators at that temperature, (2) is dependent on wavelength and temperature, and (3) is independent of the shape or material of the radiator. If a body absorbs all radiation falling upon it, it is said to be “black.” For a blackbody the radiated power is equal to the absorbed power and the emissivity (ratio of emitted power to absorbed power) equals one.

In 1884, L. E. Boltzmann, starting from the physical principles of thermodynamics, derived the theoretical formula of Black Body Radiation Law, stated empirically in 1879 by J. Stefan’s, by developing the Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law

W= σ.T4

where W  is the radiation power, T is the absolute temperature, σ and  is the Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant.

In 1901, Nobel Prize Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck developed the Planck’s law which stated that the radiation from a blackbody at a specific wavelength can be calculated from

I(v)dv = 2hν3 / c2 (hν/kT)-1

where I(v)dv is the radiation power emitted per unit of surface and solid angle unit, in the frequency interval (v/v + dv) , T is the Absolute Temperature, c is the speed of light, and h is the Plank’s constant.

Soon after Wilhelm Wien (Nobel prize 1911) established the Wien’s Displacement Law taking the derivative of the Plank’s law equation to find the wavelength for maximum spectral radiance at any given temperature

λ Max . T = 2897.8 μm.K

IR detectors’ development, even after the discovery of Infrared Radiation by Sir H. Herschel in 1798, was mainly based on the use of thermometers/bolometers which dominated IR applications till the 1st World War, although in 1821 J. T. Seebeck had already discovered the thermoelectric effect. In the area of bolometer/thermometers L. Nobili had fabricated the first thermocouple in 1829, allowing in 1833 the multi element thermopile development by Macedonio Melloni, who was able to show that a person 10 meters away could be detected by focusing the thermal energy on the thermopile. In 1878 Langley invented the bolometer, a radiant-heat detector that was declared sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandth of a degree Celsius. Composed of two thin strips of metal, a Wheatstone bridge, a battery, and a galvanometer, this instrument enabled him to study solar irradiance (light rays from the sun) far into its infrared region and to measure the intensity of solar radiation at various wavelengths. Langley’s bolometer was a device capable of accurately measuring thermal radiation and was so sensitive that it could detect the thermal radiation from a cow from 400 meter away .

THEORY

Principle of operation: The complete block diagram of the security alarming system is shown in Fig. 1. The regulated low voltage power supply produces 5 V for IR transmitter and receiver, amplifier, switching circuit, trigger circuit (one shot multivibrator), driver circuit and buzzer (sounder).The anode of the transmitter and receiver (detector) are connected to the 5 V power supply and cathodes are connected to the ground. When the bias voltage is applied to the security alarm circuit, the transmitter emits the Infra-Red ray (IR).

This ray receives the receiver (detector) and produced an output signal.The output signal of the receiver is very weak to drive the buzzer and need to amplify. Then this signal is coupled to the amplifier by a coupling capacitor. The amplifier amplifies the weak signal four times to operate the output device (e.g., speaker).

Infrared signal amplification circuit:

SYMBOLS

BATTERY

DIODE

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

NPN TRANSISTOR

PNP TRANSISTOR

BUZZER

RESISTOR

AC POWER SUPPLY

ACTIVITYAIM: TO MAKE A INFRARED SENSOR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM USING

SOME PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS OF PHYSICS.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: 1. A 9V BATTERY

2. BATTERY CAP

3. ON-OFF SWITCH

4. PNP TRANSISTOR

5. INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

6. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

7. SMALL RESISTANCE

8. BUZZER

9. CONNECTING WIRE

PROCEDURE AND WORKING:-

1. CONNECT THE BATTERY TO THE SWITCH USING BATTERY CAP TO ON-OFF THE POWER SUPPLY TO THE CIRCUIT.

2. CONNECT THE SWITCH TO A SMALL RESISTANCE WHICH WILL STOP UNEVEN POWER SUPPLY.

3. THE CONNECT THE RESISTANCE TO INFRARED TRANSMITTER IN SERIES.

4. WHEN CURRENT WILL REACH THE TRANMITTER IT WILL SEND INFRARED RAYS WHICH WE CANNOT SEE WITH NAKED EYES.

5. THE TRANSMITTER IS FORWARD BIASED AND THE RECEIVER IS REVERSE BIASED.

6. ON THE OTHER SIDE THE INFRARED RECEIVER WILL RECEIVE THE RAYS.

7. THE RECEIVER IS CONNECTED TO A PNP TRANSISTOR , THEN THE TRANSISTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE BUZZER AND LED IN SERIES .

8. THE CIRCUIT IS COMPLETE WHEN THEIR IS SENDING AND RECEIVING OF IR RAYS.

9. WHENEVER THEIR IS INTERRUPTION BETWEEN IR RAYS TRANSISTOR AND RECEIVER THE CURRENT STARTS FLOWING THROUGH THE TRANSISTOR THEN THE BUZZER STARTS BEEPING AND THE LED STARTS GLOWING.

RESULT: FINALLY OUR PYROELECTRIC INFRARED SENSOR BASED SECURITY IS READY TO USE AND STOP BURGLAR.

PRECAUTION:-

1. CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE NEAT, CLEAN AND TIGHT.

2. RESISTORS OF SMALL RESISTANCE SHULD BE TAKEN.

3. WHILE COMPLETING THE CIRCUIT WE SHOULD REMEMBER OF CATHODE AND ANODE TERMINAL OF LED , TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER .

4.ALL THE COMPONENTS MUST BE CHECKED WHETHER THEY ARE WORKING OR NOT .

5. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN THE RANGE OF IR RAYS.

FINAL INFRARED SENSOR BASED

SECURITY SYSTEM CIRCUIT

NOW OUR SECURITY SYSTEM IS READY TO STOP BURGLAR ENTERING OUR HOUSE.

Bibliography1. Website

www.google.com www.hindawi.com en.wikipedia.org

2. BOOKS

Pradeep’s New Course physics Ncert class xii