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    ELECTROMAGNETIC

    INDUCTION

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    INDEX:

    Aim

    Certifcate

    Acknowledgement

    Apparatu

    Introduction

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    T!eor"

    Conclu ion#i$liograp!"

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    AIM:

    To determine thefaradays law ofelectromagnetic

    induction using a copperwire wound over an ironrod and a strong magnet

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    E!TI"I ATEThis is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has beensuccessfully completed by sreevishnu of Class XII in

    partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARYEDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the award of annual e amination of the year !"#$%!"#&'

    I(T)*(+, )X+-I()* T)+CH)* I(%CH+*.)

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    A #N$%&ED'EMENT

    It gives me great pleasure to expressmy gratitude towards our

    Physicsteacher MR P N SINGH for his

    guidance, support and encouragement

    throughout the duration of the

    pro ect! "ithout her motivation and

    help the successful completion of this

    pro ect would not have #een possi#le!

    sreevishnu

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    INT!$D( TI$N:arada", law o- induction is a )asic lawof electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic *eld willinteract with an electric circuit to produce an electromotiveforce +EM", - It is the fundamental operating principle

    of transformers . inductors . and many typesof electrical motors and generators -

    .

    Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently )y Michael"araday and /oseph 0enry in 12314 however. "araday was the *rst topu)lish the results of his e5periments- "araday e5plained

    electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines offorce -These e6uations for electromagnetics are e5tremely importantsince they provide a means to precisely descri)e how many naturalphysical phenomena in our universe arise and )ehave- The a)ility to6uantitatively descri)e physical phenomena not only allows us togain a )etter understanding of our universe. )ut it also ma7espossi)le a host of technological innovations that de*ne modernsociety- (nderstanding "aradays &aw of Electromagnetic Inductioncan )e )ene*cial since so many aspects of our daily life function)ecause of the principles )ehind "aradays &aw- "rom naturalphenomena such as the light we receive from the sun. totechnologies that improve our 6uality of life such as electric powergeneration. "aradays &aw has a great impact on many aspects ofour lives-

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism
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    "aradays &aw is the result of the e5periments of the English chemistand physicist Michael "araday - The concept of electromagneticinduction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1231 )y"araday in &ondon and /oseph 0enry. an American scientist wor7ingin New 8or7 . )ut "araday is credited for the law since he pu)lishedhis wor7 *rst - An important aspect of the e6uation that 6uanti*es"aradays &aw comes from the wor7 of 0einrich &en9. a !ussianphysicist who made his contri)ution to "aradays &aw. now 7nown as&en9s &aw. in 123 +Institute of hemistry,-

    "aradays law descri)es electromagnetic induction. where)y anelectric *eld is induced. or generated. )y a changing magnetic *eld-;efore e5panding upon this description. it is necessary to developan understanding of the concept of *elds. as well as the relatedconcept of potentials-

    "araday. 1231,. he wrapped two wires around oppositesides of an iron ring or ? torus ? +an arrangement similar to amodern toroidal transformer , to induce current

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_transformer
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    $igure % $araday&s $irst 'xperiment

    @ome physicists have remar7ed that "araday

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    T0E$!8:Magnetic u5:

    The magnetic /u0 +often denoted F or F ; , through a surface is thecomponent of the # *eld passing through that surface- The @I unit of magnetic u5 is the we)er +%), +in derived units: voltGseconds,. andthe '@ unit is the ma5well - Magnetic u5 is usually measured witha u5meter. which contains measuring coils and electronics thatevaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculatethe magnetic u5-

    If the magnetic *eld is constant. the magnetic u5 passing througha surface of vector area 1 is

    where # is the magnitude of the magnetic *eld +the magnetic u5density, having the unit of %)Hm = + Tesla ,. 1 is the area of the

    surface. and is the angle )etween the magnetic *eld lines andthe normal +perpendicular, to 1 -

    "or a varying magnetic *eld. we *rst consider the magnetic u5through an in*nitesimal area element d 1 . where we may considerthe *eld to )e constant

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normal
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    :

    "rom the de*nition of the magnetic vector potential A andthe fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic u5 may also )e

    de*ned as:

    where the line integral is ta7en over the )oundary of the surface @.which is denoted @-

    &A%: The most widespread version of "araday

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    (he induced electromotive force in any closedcircuit is e)ual to the negative of the time rate ofchange of the magnetic *ux through the circuit!

    This version of "araday

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    conservative electric *eld. and viceGversa- The Ma5wellB"aradaye6uation is

    where is the curl operator and again E+r . t, is the electric*eld and # +r . t, is the magnetic *eld - These *elds can generally )efunctions of position r and time t-

    The four Ma5well

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    $N &(@I$N$araday+s aw of 'lectromagnetic Induction, -rsto#served and pu#lished #y Michael $araday in themid.nineteenth century, descri#es a veryimportant electro.magnetic concept! /lthough itsmathematical representations are cryptic, theessence of $araday+s is not hard to grasp0 it relatesan induced electric potential or voltage to adynamic magnetic -eld! (his concept has manyfar.reaching rami-cations that touch our lives inmany ways0 from the shining of the sun, to theconvenience of mo#ile communications, toelectricity to power our homes! "e can allappreciate the profound impact $araday+s aw hason us!

    ;I;&I$'!A 08

    "I1IP'2I/

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    H3" S(4$$ "3R1S S5I'N5' $3R /

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    EX E!IMENT 0$T$s