ANES 1502 - M13 PPT - Microbiology

Copyright IAHCSMM 2007

Microbiology

ANES 1502Anesthesia Technology Fundamentals I

College of DuPage


Objectives:As a result of successfully completing this chapter,

students will be able to:

Define the term, “microbiology,” and tell why Central Service Technicians must know about it.

Restate basic facts about microorganisms.

Identify common ways to identify and classify microorganisms:By shapeBy color changeBy need for oxygen


Objectives: Explain environmental conditions necessary for

bacterial growth and summarize.

Provide basic information about non-bacterial organisms:Viruses ProtozoaFungi

Describe how microorganisms are transmitted between persons and places.

Review basic procedures to control and kill microorganisms.


Microbiology

Impact on the Central Service Department.


Central Service’s Primary Function

Infection Control


Infection Control Services include:

Cleaning

Disinfection

Sterilization

Sterility Maintenance


Central Service Protects patients from

harmful microorganisms.

Must understand basic microbiological principles to provide that protection.


Worker Safety Central Service

Technicians must also have a basic understanding of microbiology to protect themselves from pathogens that may be present during their routine duties.


Microbiology

The study of microorganisms. The science which treats the nature, life and action of

microorganisms.


It is impossible to see microorganisms without a microscope.


Central Service Technicians

Must learn to see microorganisms with their “mind’s eye”.


Looking Through A Microscope:

A magnified picture of a contaminated needle illustrates what the naked eye cannot see.

Microorganisms can pose a threat to both patients and employees.


Contamination

The state of being soiled or infected by contact with infectious

organisms or other material.


To Effectively Control Microorganisms, Central Service Technicians must understand:

Basic facts about microorganisms.

How microorganisms are identified and classified.

How they grow.


To Effectively Control Microorganisms, Central Service Technicians must understand:

What conditions they need to grow and reproduce.

How they are transmitted from person-to-person and place-to-place.

How they can be controlled and killed.


Basic Facts About Microorganisms


Not All Microorganisms are Harmful

Microorganisms are necessary for our existence.

Microorganisms help with: Food Development Decay of Leaves

and other natural waste

Sewage Treatment And more.


Size and Structure of Bacteria

Most bacterial cells are 1-2 microns in size.

A micron is 1/25,000 of an inch.


Cell Wall the structure that

surrounds the cell and helps it maintain

its shape.

Cell Membrane Allows some liquids and gasses

to seep in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm -a generally clear jelly like

material that fills the cell. The cell's chemical reactions and

protein syntheses are carried out in the cytoplasm.

Nucleus the controlling unit of the cell.

It regulates growth, the use of food, and the production of new

cell components.

Flagella- thread like "tails" attached

to the cell that enable it to move through liquid.

Capsule A mucous material

that surrounds the wall of some cells and provides

protection.


SporeA microorganism capable of forming a thick wall around itself that enables it to survive in adverse conditions; a resistant form of bacteria.

*Bacterial spores pose specific challenges to Central Service Technicians.


More About Cells:

Cells are the basic units of all living organisms (plants, animals, and bacteria).

They are the smallest unit that can live, grow, and reproduce.

They have different sizes and shapes.


Identification and Classification of

Microorganisms


Common Way to Identify and Classify Microorganisms include:

Bacteria are often classified by their: Shape Color Change Need for Oxygen


Classification by Shape

Bacteria are divided into 3 main groups by shape: Cocci are round or spherical shaped

and occur in pairs, clusters, or chains.

Rods (bacilli) may be large and brick-shaped or small and stick-like.

Spirals vary from comma-shaped to longer bacteria with many twists.


Cocci (Round) Example: Staphylococcus aureus

http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/staph2.jpg


Bacillus (Rods)Example: Pseudomonas aeruginosa



Spirillum (Spirals)Example: Helicobacter pylori



Bacteria are Classified by Color Change

Bacteria are normally clear, color change occurs when bacteria are subjected to certain tests (stains).

Common Stain Tests Gram Stain Ziehl-Neilson Stain


The Gram Stain

In 1884, Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor working in Berlin, developed a process to divide bacteria into two groups.


Gram Stain Procedure

The Gram stain is the most commonly used differential stain for determining cell morphology. Differential stains allow for distinguishing certain characteristics of cells, and the stains commonly use two or more stains. The Gram stain, which divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial identification.

The Gram stain process: 1. crystal violet, the primary stain: followed by iodine,

which acts as a mordant by forming a crystal violet-iodine complex, then alcohol, which decolorizes, followed bysafranin, the counterstain.

G+ organisms are purple G- organisms are red.


Bacteria are Classified by their Need for Oxygen

Aerobic Bacteria – Capable of growing in the presence of free oxygen. Requires Oxygen.

Anaerobic Bacteria – Capable of growing in the absence of free oxygen. Does not Require Oxygen.


How Bacteria Live and Grow


Bacteria

Need the right conditions to grow.


Temperature Requirements for Bacteria

*Mesophiles are often pathogenic to humans and grow well at body temperature.

Name Description Optimum Growth Temperatures

Psychrophiles Likes Cold Temperatures

59o F to 68o F (15o C to 20o C)

Mesophiles* Likes Moderate Temperatures

68o F to 113o F (20o C to 45o C)

Thermophiles Likes Warm Temperatures

122o F to 158o F (50o C to 70o C)


Bacterial Reproduction

Bacteria reproduce by dividing.

This occurs approximately every 20 minutes.

This process is called Binary Fission.

This illustration above shows how E. coli reproduces.


Resistant Microorganisms

Some microorganisms adapt and change to increase their chances of survival.


Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA) -

Staphyloccus aureus bacteria that have developed a resistance to Methicillin, the drug of choice. MRSA usually occurs in patients who have been on antibiotic therapy for a long time.


Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Enterococcus bacteria that are no longer sensitive to Vancomycin.

Transmission can occur by direct contact, or indirectly via the hands of personnel.


Non-Bacterial Organisms

Viruses, Protozoa, and Fungi


Virus

One of a group of minute infectious agents that only grow in living tissue or cells.


Viruses are Tiny Viruses are about 1000 times

smaller than bacteria.

If you were to enlarge a virus to the size of a baseball, the average bacterium would be the side of a pitcher’s mound, and one single cell from the human body would be the size of the entire ballpark. (www.Mayoclinic.com)


Common Viral Diseases

Smallpox Rabies Yellow Fever Influenza Measles Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Mumps Polio Common Colds Shingles Cold Sores Warts Hepatitis


Hepatitis Five distinct viruses, A, B, C, D, and E.

A is often implicated in foodborne illnesses.

B, C, D, and E are transmitted in body fluids.

There are vaccines available for A & B.

Hepatitis B Vaccine is strongly recommended for Central Service Technicians.


Herpes Simplex Recurrent skin and mucous membrane

infections.

HSV Type 1 is associated with cold sores and fever blisters.

HSV Type 2 is associated with genital infections.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Causes AIDS

Occurs when the virus enters the blood stream.


Protozoan

Any one-celled animal-like microorganism in the sub-kingdom of protozoa.


Fungi Plant-like organism group that includes molds,

mushrooms, and yeasts without chlorophyll.

They live by feeding off living or dead organisms.

Fungi are involved in the production of most kinds of antibiotics.


Fungi Several species of

fungi can cause respiratory disease in humans who inhale spores through dust, bird droppings, soil and other sources.


Superficial Fungi Attack mainly epidermis,

hair, nails, and mucosal surfaces.

For example, Ringworm and Athlete’s Foot.


Transmission of Microorganisms


Transmission of Microorganisms

Microorganisms cannot move by themselves, but they have been called the World’s Greatest Hitchhikers.

Microorganisms can be transmitted by air currents, dust particles, in liquids, on solid objects like instruments and equipment…and by humans (us).


Facts about Microorganisms We come in contact with thousands of types of

microorganisms each day.

Only about 1% are harmful to humans.

However, any microorganism can be harmful to patients whose defenses are compromised due to illness, injury or invasive procedure.


Pathogenic

Disease-ProducingCentral Service Technicians Protect Patients from

Pathogenic Organisms


For our Patients,The hospital is a very dangerous place.


Our job is to protect them!


Breaking the Chain of Infection

The infectious disease process is a complex relationship between the source, the host, and the environment.

Central Service Technicians can protect patients from infection by disrupting that process.


The Chain of InfectionCausative

Agent

Reservoir of the Agent

Portal of ExitOf the Agent

from the Reservoir

Mode of Transmission

Portal of EntryInto the Host

Susceptible Host


Causative Agent The microorganism that causes an infectious disease.

Characteristics that make microorganisms capable of causing disease: Invasiveness Pathogenicity Virulence Infectious Dose Viability in a free state. Ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents.


Break the Chain of Infection by:

Eliminating the Causative Agent.

That can be accomplished by: Avoiding cross-contamination. Thorough Cleaning Disinfection Sterilization


Reservoir of the Agent

The place where an infectious agent can survive.



Reducing Reservoirs

Central Service Technicians can Reduce Reservoirs by: Practicing Good Personal Hygiene and Health

Habits. Properly cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing

equipment, instruments, and utensils.


Portal of Exit

The path by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir.


Portals of Exit Respiratory Tract - Through sneezing and coughing.

Genitourinary Tract – Through urine, vaginal secretions, and semen.

Gastrointestinal Tract – Through vomit or stools. Skin/Mucous Membrane – Through mucous or wound

drainage.

Blood – Through Blood transfusions or contact with blood.

Transplacental – Through the placenta from mother to baby.



Protecting yourself and others from exposure.

Central Service Technicians should: Practice proper waste disposal Wear appropriate Personnel

Protective Equipment (PPE) when they may come in contact with infectious substances.


Mode of Transmission

The method of transfer of an infectious agent from the reservoir to a susceptible host.


Modes of Transmission

Contact – Direct contact from person-to-person or droplet contact from coughing or sneezing.

Common Vehicle – Occurs when infectious agents are present in a vehicle such as food, blood, or water.


Modes of Transmission

Airborne – Infectious agents found in tiny droplet nuclei or dust that are suspended in the air and may travel. For example, through a ventilation system.

Vector-borne – carried by insects (rare in U.S. Hospitals)



Central Service Technicians can disrupt the Mode of Bacterial Transmission by: Maintaining good hand hygiene Following good work practices for cleaning,

decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. Following airflow control guidelines. Following Standard Precautions guidelines.


Portal of Entry

The path used by an infectious agent to enter a susceptible host.


Portals of Entry Respiratory Tract Genitourinary Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Skin/Mucous Membranes Transplacental Parenteral



Central Service Technicians can disrupt the Chain of Infection by: Ensuring that equipment, utensils and

instruments are properly cleaned, disinfected, and/or sterilized.

Following Standard Precautions when handling contaminated items.


Susceptible Host

A person or animal that lacks the ability to resist infection by an infectious agent.


Host Susceptibility is affected by: Age

Disease

Nutritional status

Compromised immune status

Trauma


The Chain of Infection**(from a CS Perspective)

Bacteria

Surgical Instrument

InstrumentInadequately

SterilizedBetween Patients

Patient # 1

InstrumentIntroduced

IntoPatient # 2

Patient # 2Infected


What we can’t see CAN hurt us!

Millions of tiny bacteria, too small to see, inhabit our work area.


Understanding Microorganisms Helps Central Service Technicians:

Prevent them from Reproducing

Control their Transmission

Destroy them.

Protect Patients, employees and ourselves.


Preparedness

Understanding the basics about microorganisms is the first step in being prepared to fight them.


Questions?

Education

ANES 1502 - M13 PPT - Microbiology