WP004 Trees in Hulu Tabalong , J Payne, Jun 01(E)

SOUTH and CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PRODUCTION FOREST PROJECT Jalan A. Yani, No. 37 (km35), Banjarbaru 70711, Indonesia

Tel. (62) 0511 781 975 – 979, Fax: (62) 0511 781 613

EUROPEAN COMMISSION – INDONESIA FOREST PROGRAMME

Trees in Hulu Tabalong : Recommended local names & field key to genera of non-dipterocarps

Working Paper No. 4

June 2001

Trees in Hulu Tabalong : Recommended local names & field key to genera of non-dipterocarps Working Paper No. 4 - June 2001

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PREFACE The South and Central Kalimantan Production Forest Project (SCKPFP) is a technical co-operation project jointly funded, in terms of the financing memorandum ALA/95/18, by the European Commission and by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops (MoFEC).

This report has been completed in accordance with the project Phase I Overall Work Plan (OWP) and

in part fulfilment of Activities 5.2.4 “To conduct training of trainers”,

and 6.2.4 “To provide environmental awareness and management training”,

to achieve Results 5 “Management capacity to implement and sustain the requirements of the SFM model strengthened in the project pilot concessions and the provincial public sector institutions”,

and Result 6 “The forest ecosystem and associated ecosystems within the project sites managed to maintain viability and diversity”,

to realise the three-year project Phase I purpose, which is “SFM model developed that incorporates the ITTO guidelines and principles developed and implemented in the forestry operation of Aya Yayang and a central Kalimantan pilot concession.”

This report has been prepared with financial assistance from the Commission of the European Communities. The opinions, views and recommendations expressed are those of the author(s) and in no way reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The report has been prepared by:

• Dr. Junaidi Payne

The report is acknowledged and approved for circulation by the Project Co-Directors when duly signed below.

Banjarbaru, June 2001

Dr. John Tew

International Co-Director

Dr. Silver Hutabarat

National Co-Director


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks go to AYI field staff Dody S., Emis, Harianto A., Haryanto B, Istiana, Itung, Mashadi, M.Arsyad, Ranto, Regenata, Rolianto, Rusdianoor, Sabtono, Sugito, Supiani, Wahyudianto, Wahyudinoor and Yendo for their hard work in establishing the 24 “forest, soil and ecology survey” plots (October 1999 to July 2000) and in providing a rich array of local names for trees. Other AYI staff including Ade Hidayat, Hattanudin, Midhan and Rahman Papi accompanied on field work that contributed towards preparation of the tree name list. Special thanks go to Wahyudinoor and Yendo for their constant dedication over a period of nearly two years.

Pak Mari (Dayak Lawangan), Pak Asianto (Dayak Manyan) and Pak Abdulah (Banjar) contributed more local names during surveys in July 2000.

David Boden, SCKPFP soil and forest classification specialist, contributed not only much effort in establishing the plots, but also support during difficult camping trips, as well as exhaustive discussion on tree naming.

Dr Kade Sidiyasa and Zainal Ariffin (Wanariset Samboja herbarium, East Kalimantan) and Dr Paul Kessler (Leiden & Wanariset Samboja herbaria) provided crucial advice on both scientific and local naming of trees in the AYI forest, in February and July 2000 and February-March 2001.

Dr. Kade Sidiyasa prepared the field key especially for identification of the non-dipterocarp genera of trees which occur in upper Tabalong.

Mr. Herman Wiyono, Pak Suwasis and Pak Sujarno (Barito Pacific mill, Bajarmasin) kindly discussed timber names used in the mill.

Front cover : a putat (Planchonia species) tree in the AYI Arboretum.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Correct identification of trees is of practical use in production forest management for various reasons, including for purposes of estimating timber production, contributing to optimum use of wood, and maximising prices obtained.

When recording forest inventory or plot data, use of “local” names for trees is normally more practical than use of scientific or timber trade names. However, local names typically involve much confusion and inconsistency.

This report provides a list of tree names recommended for use in forest inventory in the upper Tabalong area, South Kalimantan, including the AYI production forest concession area.

The names recommended derive from extensive field work and numerous discussions during the period October 1999 – March 2001, involving AYI staff, residents of upper Tabalong and experienced botanists.

Not all the names recommended were endorsed by all those people consulted. However, the goals of accuracy and consistency require that some commonly-used names be abandoned and some new names be introduced.

It is recommended that the names presented in Appendix 1 of this report be used in all future AYI inventory and research work.

The report also includes a key for identification, in the field, of the scientific genera of non-dipterocarp trees in upper Tabalong.


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RINGKASAN (INDONESIAN SUMMARY) Pengidentifikasian pohon dengan nama yang tepat adalah sangat bermanfaat dalam pengelolaan hutan produksi karena beberapa alasan, termasuk untuk mempridiksi produksi kayu, kontribusi pengunaan kayu yang optimum, dan memaksimalkan harga yang diperoleh.

Pada saat melakukan inventarisasi hutan atau data plot, penggunaan nama-nama “lokal” untuk pohon biasanya lebih mudah digunakan dibandingkan menggunakan nama ilmiah atau nama perdagangan kayu. Akan tetapi, penggunaan nama-nama lokal lebih sering membingungkan dan tidak konsisten.

Laporan ini menyediakan satu daftar nama-nama pohon yang direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam kegiatan inventarisasi hutan di daerah hulu Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan, termasuk di daerah HPH PT AYI.

Nama-nama yang direkomendasikan diperoleh dari kegiatan lapangan yang ekstensif dan diskusi-diskusi yang dilakukan selama periode Oktober 1999–Maret 2001, melibatkan staff AYI, penduduk di hulu Tabalong dan pengalaman para botanis.

Tidak semua nama-nama lokal yang digunakan telah disetujui oleh mereka yang telah dihubungi. Namun, sasaran dari keakuratan dan konsistensi menuntut ditinggalkannya nama-nama yang umum digunakan dan memperkenalkan nama-nama yang baru.

Disarankan agar nama-nama yang ditampilkan pada Lampiran 1 laporan ini dapat digunakan dalam kegiatan inventarisasi dan penelitian di AYI.

Suatu kunci identifikasi lapangan untuk jenis pohon-pohon non-dipterocarp di hulu Tabalong juga terlingkup dalam laporan ini.


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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AYI PT Aya Yayang Indonesia (project forest concession partner)

HPH Production Forest Concession (Hak Pengusahaan Hutan)


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Table of Contents

PREFACE… ............................................................................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................iii RINGKASAN (Indonesian Summary).................................................................................................................................iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................................v 1 Background.......................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 The value of accurate and consistent naming of trees ........................................................................................1 1.2 The meaning of “accurate and consistent” in naming trees................................................................................1 1.3 Tree identification key .......................................................................................................................................1 1.4 Objective of this report.......................................................................................................................................2 2 Methods.............................................................................................................................................................3 3 Result.................................................................................................................................................................4 4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................5 5 References .........................................................................................................................................................6

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 Recommended tree names for forest inventory in upper Tabalong......................................................................7 Appendix 2 Additional local names for trees in upper Tabalong ..........................................................................................14 Appendix 3 Scientific field key to genera of non-dipterocarp trees in upper Tabalong ........................................................18


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1 Background

1.1 The value of accurate and consistent naming of trees

The use of accurate and consistent naming of trees in production forest management is beneficial for the following reasons :

- To make “permanent sample plot” data useful for estimation of wood growth and yield

- To help obtain a reliable estimate of timber production potential in a forest concession or proposed felling block

- To contribute towards achieving optimum use of, and maximum prices for, harvested timber

- To contribute information that may be required to identify sites important for conservation of rare species within a production forest area, and as part of the process of achieving certification of sustainable forest management.

1.2 The meaning of “accurate and consistent” in naming trees

When making an inventory or plot of trees in Kalimantan forests, there are three main systems by which names can be assigned to trees. One alternative is to use scientific names. The advantage is that the names will be useful worldwide. However, use of scientific names requires many years of rigorous training and experience, and is not especially useful for trade purposes. A second alternative might be to use trade names. However, not all trade names can be readily transferred for use in Kalimantan forests where there is a great variety of species. There may be one trade name for many species, and more than one trade name for one species. The third option is to use local names. This is the option used in most production forest concessions, including AYI. The problem here is that there is no precise “local name” for any one tree. In AYI, “local names” that are used reflect the experience of the person assigning the name. For example, Javanese staff tend to use national and Javanese names with some Dayak and Banjar names. Local Dayaks tend to use local Dayak names with some Javanese and Banjar names. People who have attended university or short courses may use names that they have learned at university or on courses. Many trees in Kalimantan forests, especially those that are rare or have no economic use, have no local name. In such cases, or where the identifier does not know the identity of a particular tree, the best name to use is “unknown”. Typically, however, inventory teams assign a “local” name to every tree. The results are that (a) some trees are named wrongly and (b) there is inconsistency in naming (for example, one species may be given a national name by one person and a Dayak name by another).

1.3 Tree identification key

It has been recommended by the SCKPFP short term Growth & Yield specialist (unpublished Consultant’s aide-memoire, 8/11/2000 to 5/12/2000) that tree


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identification in the AYI area be based on a key to be formulated by a botanist, based on bark characteristics.

1.4 Objective of this report

The objective of this report is to provide a list of names recommended for use in the upper Tabalong area by AYI in forest inventory work, to support the goals of accuracy and consistency.


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2 Methods The list of local names recommended in this report for use by AYI was compiled by the SCKPFP Ecologist, based on the following :

(a) Experience gained during the establishment of 24 “forest, soil and ecology survey” plots in the AYI forest between October 1999 – July 2000, with field staff of AYI.

(b) Discussions involving AYI field staff and experts from the Wanariset Samboja herbarium, East Kalimantan and Leiden Herbarium (Netherlands), in the AYI forest, February 2000 (Dr Paul Kessler and Zainal Ariffin), July 2000 (Dr Kade Sidiyasa and Zainal Ariffin) and February-March 2001 (Dr Kade Sidiyasa and Zainal Ariffin).

© Discussions with SCKPFP short-term specialists in soil and forest classification (David Boden) and growth and yield analyst (R B de Kock), and the report of Boden (2001).

(d) The timber name list of Barito pacific mill and discussion held with mill staff.

The unpublished tree name list of Hildebrand (1949) was also consulted.

The choice of recommended names is ultimately based on a combination of (a) retaining close similarity where possible with the array of names used already by field staff in AYI, (b) similarity with names used by the Barito Pacific mill, (c) selection of one name where previously more than one name has been used for one type of tree, (d) introduction of a name for trees which have commercial potential but for which no name or inconsistent naming was used previously in AYI, (e) use of one name for several similar trees if this will avoid further confusion, and (f) use of a national or international name where the current local AYI name is not used elsewhere.

The key for scientific genus names was compiled by Dr. Kade Sidiyasa based on his field work in the AYI forest area in 2000 and 2001.


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3 Result See Appendices 1, 2 and 3.


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4 Conclusion It is proposed that tree names in APPENDIX 1 should be used for all inventory, cruising and permanent sample plot work in the AYI production forest.

If a tree cannot be recognized by cruising teams, it is better to write “unknown”, and not to guess.

Tree names recommended in APPENDIX 2 may be used by AYI staff if they are able to learn these names and recognise the trees.

The field key to tree genera which occur in the upper Tabalong area (APPENDIX 3) provides an objective basis for identification where a more rigorous approach is required (for example, checking identity of specific trees in permanent sample plots or further training of research staff).


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5 References Boden, D I (2001) Site and forest classification studies in tropical rain forest in

South Kalimantan. Unpublished SCKPFP consultant’s report.

Hildebrand, F H (1949) Daftar Nama Pohon-pohonan Banjarmasin – Hulu Sungai (Kalimantan Tenggara). Unpublished report, Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan, Bogor.


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Appendix 1

Recommended tree names for forest inventory in upper Tabalong


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Status (S) C trees which are cut in the AYI forest concession area for Commercial / industrial use P trees which are Protected (by law or informally) or which merit Protective status I trees which are little-known, and require further Investigation, but may have commercial potential O Other trees which are widespread and easy to recognise but do not fall into categories C, P or I.

Proposed local name for upper Tabalong

S Scientific name(s) 1. Trade name(s) 2. Other names 3. Notes

AGATHIS C Agathis species 1. AGATHIS 2. DAMAR, MEMPIRING 3. Not certain to occur in PTAYI area

ARTOCARPUS C Artocarpus species (excluding A. anisophyllus)

1a. TERAP (Artocarpus elasticus, A.tamaran, A. teysmannii, A. kemando, A. nitidus) or 1b. KELEDANG (A. dadah, A. lanceifolius, A. rigidus )

2. BINTURONG, KUDU, PUAN, PUDU, PUPUAN, PUYAN, TAMARAN, TAMPANG, TARAP

3. TERAP tends to be light weight with pale yellow wood, rather easy to saw/peel; while KELEDANG tends to be medium weight with orange tinge and rather difficult to saw/peel.

BALAU C All Shorea species in the dense hardwood group other than S. seminis (Tengkawang Batu) and S. laevis (Bangkirai) and excluding all Meranti species

1. BALAU, BANGKIRAI SELANGAN BATU

2. “ “ “ 3. Balau is much rarer in PTAYI than in

hill dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak. Balau timber is considered by industry to be same as Bangkirai

BANGKIRAI C Shorea laevis 1. BALAU, BANGKIRAI, SELANGAN BATU

2. ANGIH, BENUAS, JENGAN, JENGAWAN

3. The only fairly common medium/heavy Shorea species in PTAYI. Timber considered by industry to be same as Balau and Selangan Batu.

BANITAN C Species of the family Annonaceae that have no other well-known local name, mainly in the genera Mezzettia, Monocarpia, Polyalthia and Xylopia

1. PISANG PISANG, MEMPISANG 2. MALEWE 3. Banitan is common in PTAYI but few

trees reach commercial size. Three Banitan may be distinguished to species level in the forest.

BANITAN JANGKANG O Xylopia stenopetala, X. ferruginea 1. PISANG PISANG, MEMPISANG

2. PUTANG


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BAYUR C Pterospermum species 1. BAYUR 3. Large trees rare in PTAYI

BANGKAL O Nauclea species & Neonauclea species

1. BANGKAL 2. BENGKAL 3. Generally pioneer trees, rather small

BINTANGUR C Calophyllum species 1. BINTANGOR 2. AMI WUNUT, KUBIN 3. Large trees rare in PTAYI

BINTAWA C Artocarpus anisophyllus 1. KELEDANG 2. MENTAWA

BINUANG C Octomeles sumatrana 1. BINUANG 2. BINUANG BINI 3. Pioneer species, reaching commercial

size after about 20 years. BIWAN O Endertia spectabilis 3. Locally abundant in PTAYI, endemic

to part of Kalimantan CEMPAKA HUTAN C Elmerrillia tsiampacca 1. CEMPAKA HUTAN, WAU BEECH

3. Rare in PTAYI, large trees mainly near streams.

DUABANGA C Duabanga moluccana 1. DUABANGA 2. BINUANG LAKI 3. Roadside pioneer species in PTAYI

DUNGUN C Heriteria species 1. DUNGUN, MENGKULANG 2. No local name in PTAYI 3. Large trees rare and scattered, but

locally common on Missim limestone, a “protection” area.

DURIAN P Durio species 1. DURIAN 2. (See List 2 for individual species

names) 3. Important wild fruit trees.

GERONGGANG C Cratoxylum arborescens, C. glaucum & C. sumatranum

1. GERONGGANG, DERUM 2. IRAT, NIPA, MAMPAT 3. Light / medium hardwood

JABON C Anthocephalus chinensis (also known as Neolamarkia cadamba)

1. KADAM 2. BUNTO, KELEMPAYAN,

MELAMPAYON 3. Pioneer species locally common in

PTAYI and reaching commercial size after about 20 years.

JELUTUNG P Dyera costulata 1. PANTUNG 3. Rare and localised in PTAYI

KAPUR C Dryobalanops lanceolata 1. KAPUR 2. SINTOK 3. Only D. lanceolata recorded in

PTAYI KAYU ARANG P Diospyros species 1. EBONY

2. ARENG, MAHIRANGAN 3. Some of several species in PTAYI

may produce streaked or black ebony,


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but large trees are rare. Liable to over-exploitation if felling permitted.

KAYU BAWANG C Scorodocarpus borneensis 1. KULIM 3. Patchy distribution in PTAYI; large

trees rare. KEMBANG SEMANGKOK C Scaphium species 1. KEMBANG SEMANGKOK

3. Only S. macropodum recorded in PTAYI; large trees rare.

KEMPAS C Koompassia malaccensis 1. KEMPAS 3. Rare in PTAYI

KENARI C Canarium species 1. KEKAS, KELADAN 2. GAGALA (Only C. decumanum and

C. pseudodecumanum) 3. Several species in PTAYI. Only large

trees of some species are commercial KERANJI C Dialium species 1. KERANJI

2. JA’AN, KURANJI KERUING C Dipterocarpus species 1. KERUING

KETAPANG GUNUNG C Terminalia species 1. KETEPANG

3. Rare KETINJAK C Pentace species 3. Large trees rare

LAJA O All trees in the family Fagaceae, including Castanopsis, Lithocarpus & Quercus species

1. BERANGAN, MEMPENING 2. KUMPAT, PASANG, TAMBUR,

PANING-PANING 3. Quite common in PTAYI but rarely

reaching commercial size. MAHANG O Macaranga species 1. MAHANG

3. At least 9 species in PTAYI, mainly pioneers

MAHANG BONGKUONG O Macaranga gigantea 1. MAHANG

3. Common in PTAYI area MAHANG KAPUR I Macaranga hypoleuca 1. MAHANG

3. Common in PTAYI area; trees over 20 years old may exceed 50 cm DBH

MAHANG TAWI O Macaranga conifera 1. KERULAI 3. Common in PTAYI area

MANGGA HUTAN P Mangifera species 1. MACHANG, MANGOWOOD

2. For certain species only : ASAM, BEMBEM, MACANG, PAYANG

3. Important wild fruit trees. Already considered “protected” in PTAYI, but legal basis unclear.

MANGGERIS P Koompassia excelsa 1. TUALANG 2. BANGGERIS, KAYU RAJA, KUSI,

PUSI, TAPANG 3. Already considered “protected” in

PTAYI as a honey bee nest site, but legal basis unclear.


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MATOA C Pometia pinnata 1. KASAI 2. ANGLAI 3. Rare, scattered and often poor form in

PTAYI MEDANG C Lauraceae including the genera

Actinodaphne, Alseodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Cryptocarya, Dehaasia, Endiandra, Litsea, Notaphoebe

1. MEDANG 2. SULAMPATI 3. Scattered large trees often

misidentified as “meranti” in PTAYI, but wood is inferior. Some species never reach commercial size.

MENDARAHAN I Myristicaceae including the genera Gymnacanthera, Horsfieldia, Knema and Myrsitica

1. PENARAHAN 2. DARAYA, KALUMPANG 3. Quite common in PTAYI but most

species rarely reach commercial size. MERANTI C All Shorea species except Balau,

Bangkirai and Tengkawang

1. MERANTI 2. For certain unidentified species in

PTAYI : BEROMBONG, KARAMBUKU, NYAMBIS, PUTANG SULIT

3. Normally, Meranti is specified as red or yellow or white, unless the identifier is uncertain.

MERANTI KUNING C Shorea species in the yellow

meranti group including S. mujongensis and S. cf. patoiensis

1. MERANTI KUNING 2. NYAMIT

MERANTI MERAH C Shorea species in the red meranti

group including : (a) Light red meranti S. johorensis, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, S. parvifolia, S. parvistipulata &, S. smithiana and (b) Dark red meranti S. pauciflora

1. MERANTI MERAH 2. LANAN, BANGKOLON (= S.

johorensis) 3. The most common and widespread

meranti group in PTAYI. All species identified to date except S. pauciflora are “light red meranti”

MERANTI PUTIH C Shorea species in the white meranti group including S. lamellata

1. MERANTI PUTIH 3. Rare in PTAYI

MERAWAN C Hopea species including H.dryobalanoides, H. mengerawan, H. rudiformis

1. MERAWAN 2. MATA KUCHING, CANGAL 3. Patchy distribution in PTAYI

MERSAWA C Anisoptera species including S. costata and S. marginata

1. MERSAWA 3. Rare in PTAYI

NYATOH C Sapotaceae including the genera Madhuca, Palaquium and Payena

1. NYATOH 2. NATO 3. At least 10 species in PTAYI, but

some rarely reach 50 cm DBH PAUH KIJANG C Irvingia malayana 3. Scattered large trees in PTAYI

PELAWAN I Tristaniopsis species 1. PELAWAN 3. Tristaniopsis whiteana, a roadside


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coloniser in PTAYI, rarely reaching 50 cm DBH

PERUPUK C Lophopetalum species 1. PERUPOK 3. Rare in PTAYI. The closely related

genus Kokoona is also rare in PTAYI. PITANAK P Dracontomelum costatum 1. DAO

2. SENGKUANG 3. Mainly in valleys and river sides in

PTAYI, which are often “protection” areas.

PULAI C Alstonia species 1. PULAI 2. PULANTAN

PUTAT C Planchonia species 1. PUTAT

RAMIN BUKIT C Gonystylus species 1. RAMIN 2. GAHARU, ANAHAN 3. Rare and scattered in PTAYI

RANGGU C Koordersiodendron pinnatum 1. RANGGU 2. SIULI, SIURI, GAGALA, KAYU

BUGIS RENGAS C Some genera of the family

Anacardiaceae, usually Gluta and Melanochyla, possibly also Semecarpus

1. RENGAS 2. SUMPUNG 3. Red and black streaked heartwood

used for furniture. Has irritant sap.

RESAK C Vatica species 1. RESAK 3. Rarely large in PTAYI

SENGKUANG P Dracontomelum dao 1. DAO 2. SENGKUANG 3. Mainly in valleys and river sides in

PTAYI, which are often “protection” areas.

SESENDOK C Endospermum species 1. SESENDOK 2. MATA UDANG 3. Rarely large in PTAYI

SIMPUR I Dillenia species 1. SIMPOH 2. TEMPORAU, TENGKURAU 3. Mainly Dillenia reticulata /

grandifolia in roadside secondary growth

SINDUR C Sindora species 1. SEPETIR 2. MERIJANG 3. Currently regarded as “fancy wood”

in PTAYI. STERCULIA I Sterculia species 1. STERCULIA

2. KELUMPANG SUNGKAI C Peronema canescens 1. SUNGKAI

TAPOS O Elateriospermum tapos 1. TAPUS 2. WAYAN 3. Locally common, but poor form may


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limit commercial use.

TENGKAWANG P Shorea species (certain species of the red meranti group with large leaves and large seeds)

1. TENGKAWANG 3. Under Government Regulation No. 7

of 1999, Tengkawang are “protected species”. Only S. pinanga recorded in PTAYI to date.

TENGKAWANG BATU P Shorea seminis 1. BALAU, SELANGAN BATU

2. “ “ “ 3. Of the medium & heavy Shorea

group, only S. seminis has been recorded to date in PTAYI. Under Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999, S. seminis is regarded as “Tengkawang” and a “protected species”.

TERENTANG C Campnospermum auriculatum 1. TERENTANG 2. TAPAU 3. Pioneer in logged forest in PTAYI

ULIN P Eusideroxylon zwageri 1. ULIN 2. TAWO’DIEN 3. Threatened by uncontrolled over-

cutting. WUNGAN C Maranthes corymbosa 1. KOLAKA

3. Large trees rare in PTAYI


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Appendix 2

Additional local names for trees in upper Tabalong


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This list includes trees which are unlikely to be of commercial potential due to their rarity and/or small size and/or poor wood quality and also tree taxa listed in APPENDIX 1 which have different or more specific names at species level.

These names may be used by AYI field staff (with “Unknown” as the default if tree not recognized) but it is not necessary to use the names for routine inventory work. Status (S) N neither commercial nor in need of protected status P “traditionally” protected in PTAYI forest, or recommended for protected status


S Scientific name 1. Other local names

2. Notes

BALIK ANGIN N Mallotus paniculatus

BANITAN PUTIH N Polyalthia sumatrana 1. Pisang-piang, Mempisang, Malewe

BELIMBING HUTAN N Sarcotheca species

BENGKINANG N Elaeocarpus species

BIKAKAR N Saraca declinata 1. Bunga Apoi

BUNGOR N Lagerstroemia speciosa

BUNI N Antidesma species

BUNO P Aglaia species 1. Bilayang

2. Fruit trees. Some species listed as threatened by WCMC

DURIAN BURUNG P Durio acutifolius 2. Fruit tree.

DURIAN DAGING MERAH

P Durio graveolens 2. Fruit tree.

DURIAN ENGGANG P Durio lanceolatus 2. Fruit tree.

DURIAN HANTU N Neesia species

EMPAH N Melicope (= Euodia) species

1. Empatung

FICUS P Ficus species 1. Ara, Kariwaya, Loa (small trees), Wilas (large trees)

2. Animal fruit tree.

HAPUAK N Microcos (= Grewia) species

JAMBU JAMBU N Syzygium (= Eugenia) species

1. Duhat, Obar, War, Witolak


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2. Notes

JENGKOL HUTAN N Archidendron species

KANGKALA N Litsea garciae

KAPUL N Baccaurea species 1. For some species : Kongkoni, Limpasu, Rambai

KAYU BATU N Drypetes species

KAYU MANIS N Cinnamomum species 2. Spice tree.

KEDONDONG N Santiria species 2. Animal fruit tree.

KEMBAYAU N Dacryodes species 1. Keramu

2. Animal fruit tree.

KENANGA N Cananga odorata

KERANTUNGAN P Durio oxleyanus 2. Fruit tree.

KETAPI P Sandoricum species 1. Kecapi, Sentul

2. Fruit tree.

KOPI HUTAN N Trees of the family Rubiacae, which have no other name

LABAN N Vitex species 1. Halaban

LAHUNG P Durio dulcis 2. Fruit tree.

LAJIK KUNING N Alangium species

LAYAU N Adinandra species

LONGKANG BAWANG

N Dysoxylum alliaceum 2. Listed as threatened by WCMC

MAHANG JARUM N Macaranga lowii

MANGGIS HUTAN P Garcinia species 1. Kumanjing

2. Animal fruit trees.

MARAKELADI N Gironniera species

MELAPISAN N Barringtonia species

MELIPAS N Prunus species 1. Bindris

MERAMBUNG N Vernonia arborea

MERASAM N Buchanania species 1. Jinga


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2. Notes

MERBATU N Parinari species 1. Melalin

MURUNG N Pimelodendron griffithianum

PAMPAKIN P Durio kutejensis 1. Lei

2. Fruit tree.

PANI PANI P Bouea oppositifolia 2. Fruit tree

PASAK BUMI P Eurycoma species 2. Seedlings and saplings over-harvested for medicine.

PENJALIN N Xanthohyllum species

PETAI P Parkia species 2. Fruit tree

PETALING N Ochanostachys amentacea

PTERYGOTA N Pterygota species 1. Mabin

PUT P Aquilaria species 1. Gaharu

2. Overexploited for fragrant wood.

PUTAT N Planchonia species

RAMANIA P Bouea macrophylla

RAMBUTAN HUTAN P Family Sapindaceae, mainly Dimocarpus, Guioa, Nephelium & Paranephelium species

1. Meritam

2. Fruit trees.

RUWAS N Bhesa species

SARANG N Sloanea javanica


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Appendix 3

Scientific field key to genera of non-dipterocarp trees in upper Tabalong

By Dr. Kade Sidiyasa, Wanariset Samboja Herbarium


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1. a. Inner bark produces latex when cut ……………………………............................... 2 b. Inner bark does not produce latex when cut ........................................................... 42 2. a. Latex white, cream or aromatic translucent, sticky or free flowing .......................... 3 b. Not so ....................................................................................................................... 27 3. a. Leaves simple ............................................................................................................. 4 b. Leaves compound ................................................................................................... 21 4. a. Leaves opposite or nearly so ..................................................................................... 5 b. Not so ......................................................................................................................... 8 5. a. Leaves without conspicuous primary veins, all veins are longitudinally arranged, free flowing aromatic translucent latex ........................................................ .Agathis b. Leaves with primary veins, secondary veins are pinnately / horizontally arranged, white or cream latex .................................................................................................................................... 6 6. a. Lower surface of the leaves whitish and waxy, secondary veins indistinct ...... Mesua b. Lower surface of the leaves not so, secondary veins distinct .................................... 7 7. a. Leaves with secondary veins densely parallel, bark generally yellowish-grey with canoe-shaped or long rhomboid fissures ............................................... Calophyllum b. Leaves with secondary veins not densely parallel, bark generally deep brown, scaly or pockmarked .................................................................................... Garcinia 8. a. Leaves whorled .......................................................................................................... 9 b. Leaves spiral or alternate ......................................................................................... 10 9. a. Bole with out buttresses, crown conical or rounded ......................................... Dyera b. Bole with buttresses or hollowed, crown narrow or pagoda form ................ Alstonia 10. a. Stipules on the twig apex prominent, forming a cap .............................................. 11 b. No stipules on the twig, or the twig has many scale-like protrusions..................... 15 11. a. Leaf base asymetrical ............................................................................................ 12 b. Leaf base symmetrical .......................................................................................... 14 12. a. Leaves with 3- veined base ............................................................................. Ficus b. Leaves not so ........................................................................................................ 13 13. a. Bark smooth, whitish grey ......................................................................... Antiaris b. Bark rough, brownish grey or deep brown ................................................ Streblus 14. a. Bole with large lenticels and corky ................................................. Parartocarpus b. Bole not so ............................................................................................ Artocarpus 15. a. Leaves with 2 domatia where petiole meets leaf blade ........................................ 16 b. Leaves without domatia ........................................................................................ 17


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16. a. Leaf margin crenate or serrate, yellowish white latex, slowly flowing .................... ...................................................................................................... Pimeleodendron b. Leaf margin entire, milky white latex, free flowing ........ Elateriospermum tapos 17. a. Leaves with numerous closely-spaced intermediary veins ............ Chrysophyllum b. Leave venation not so ........................................................................................... 18 18. a. Tertiary nerves “hang”, beginning near leaf margin .................................... Payena b. Tertiary nerves not so ........................................................................................... 19 19. a. Milky white latex free flowing ............................................................................. 20 b. White droplet latex not free flowing .......................... Ochanostachys amentacea 20. a. Petiole swollen at the base, rough, whitish, secondary veins joining clearly near the leaf margin ................................................................................. Madhuca b. Petiole and secondary veins not so ........................................................ Palaquium

21. a. Large and small leaflets alternately arranged along each leaf stalk ........................................................................................ Artocarpus anisophyllus b. Leaflets not so ....................................................................................................... 22 22. a. Twigs and other young parts scaly ............................................................... Aglaia b. Not so .................................................................................................................... 23 23. a. Inner bark with strong resinous smell ................................................................... 24 b. Inner bark not so ................................................................................................... 25 24. a. Stipule (if present) located at the base of petiole, leaflet margin usually dentate ..................................................................................................... Canarium b. Stipule absent, leaflet margin entire ........................................................ Triomma 25. a. Petioles swollen at the base and the apex .............................................. Dacryodes b. Petiole not so ........................................................................................................ 26 26. a. Leaflets 2 – 5 pairs, young leaves red or reddish brown, fruit wingless, latex not free flowing ................................................................................. Pentaspadon b. Leaflets 4 – 10 pairs, young leaves not so, fruit with 4 wings, latex free flowing ............................................................................................... Parishia 27. a. Latex yellow or gold colour .................................................................................. 28 b. Latex not so .......................................................................................................... 31

28. a. Bole with canoe-shaped or long rhomboid fissures, secondary veins densely parallel ................................................................................................. Calophyllum b. Bole pockmarked or scaly, secondary veins not so ............................................. 29 29. a. Inner bark not fibrous (like Hevea brassiliensis) ............................... Cratoxylum b. Inner bark not so ................................................................................................... 30


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30. a. Leaves with many intermediary veins between secondary veins .................. Kayea b. Leaves without intermediary veins, petiole base clasping the twig (see leaves at the twig apex)

............................................................................................................................... Garcinia 31. a. Latex black or becoming black after oxidation with air ....................................... 32 b. Latex red, brownish red or purple ........................................................................ 34 32. a. Leaves whorled or nearly so, bole largely pockmarked and scaly ......... Swintonia b. Leaves spiral or alternate ...................................................................................... 33 33. a. Buttresses absent, leaf margin usually looping upwards, young leaves violet, the base of petiole clearly swollen .............................................................. Mangifera b. Buttresses present, leaf margin not so, petiole usually not swollen ............... Gluta 34. a. Leaves simple, bole usually without buttresses (or resembling stiltroots) ........... 35 b. Leaves compound, bole buttressesed ................................................................... 41 35. a. Leaves opposite, exudates orange or red ............................................. Cratoxylum b. Leaves spiral or alternate ...................................................................................... 36 36. a. Leaves palmately veined, usually pioneer in secondary forests ........... Macaranga b. Leaves pinnately veined, usually in primary forests ............................................ 37 37. a. Leaves spiral, margin serrate, inner bark red (like meat) ........................ Gordonia b. Leaves alternate, margin entire ............................................................................. 38 38. a. Lower surface of the leaves whitish ..................................................................... 39 b. Not so .................................................................................................... Horsfieldia 39. a. Secondary veins and generally primary veins not raised or sunken above, aril divided ............................................................................................................ 40 b. Secondary veins, and generally primary veins raised above, aril covers the seed completely ................................................................................................... Knema 40. a. Outer bark rough, brownish red, no stiltroot .............................. Gymnacranthera b. Outer bark generally scaly or fissured, deep red to black, often stiltrooted ............. ................................................................................................................. Myristica 41. a. Buttresses relatively thick, bark pockmarked, leaflet margin serrate, young leaves red, generally near a river ................................................. Pometia pinnata b. Buttresses thin, bark smooth, leaflet margin entire .................................... Dialium 42. a. Leaves compound ................................................................................................. 43 b. Leaves simple ....................................................................................................... 73 43. a. Palmately compound ............................................................................................ 44 b. Pinnately compound ............................................................................................. 49 44. a. Leaflet number consistently 3 ............................................................................... 45


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b. Leaflets more than 3 ............................................................................................. 47 45. a. Leaves spiral, leaflet margin serrate (at least at near terminal leaflet) ..................... ...................................................................................................... Allophyllus cobe b. Leaves opposite, leaflet margin entire .................................................................. 46 46. a. Leaf blade with oil glands ...................................................... Melicope (= Euodia) b. Leaf blade without glands .............................................................................. Vitex 47. a. Leaves spiral ............................................................................................. Heritiera b. Leaves opposite .................................................................................................... 48 48. a. Leaflet stalks strongly swollen ............................................. Teijsmanniodendron b. Not so .............................................................................................................. Vitex 49. a. Leaves simply pinnate .......................................................................................... 50 b. Leaves bipinnate ................................................................................................... 70 50. a. Terminal leaflet absent ......................................................................................... 51 b. Terminal leaflet present ........................................................................................ 59 51. a. Leaves alternate .................................................................................................... 52 b. Leaves spiral ......................................................................................................... 56 52. a. Bark smooth .......................................................................................................... 53 b. Bark pockmarked or largely lenticellate ............................................................... 54 53. a. Buttresses absent, bole with ring-like marks, leaf margin thickened like a frame ............................................................................................................................... Sindora b. Buttresses present, bole without ring-like marks, leaf margin not so .. Cynometra 54. a. Leaflets 1 – 2 pairs .............................................................................. Intsia bijuga b. Leaflets (2-)3 – 5 pairs ......................................................................................... 55 55. a. Buttresses usually present, bark pockmarked .......................... Intsia palembanica b. Buttress absent, bark largely lenticellate ............................... Endertia spectabilis 56. a. Bark smooth to scaly, leaf margin entire .............................................................. 57 b. Bark fissured and largely scaly, leaf margin serrate ........................... Engelhardia 57. a. Bark grey, leaflets 1 – 2 pairs, dry leaves deep brown to black ...... Xerospermum b. Bark greenish grey or brownish red, leaflets 2 – 10 pairs .................................... 58 58. a. Lower surface of the leaves greyish ...................................................... Nephelium b. Lower surface of the leaves not so ....................................................... Dysoxylum 59. a. Leaves spiral or alternate ...................................................................................... 60 b. Leaves opposite .................................................................................................... 69


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60. a. Leaves spiral ......................................................................................................... 61 b. Leaves alternate .................................................................................................... 68 61. a. Bark smooth or scaly, grey or greenish grey, twigs and other young parts scaly .... ....................................................................................................................... Aglaia b. Twigs and other young parts not scaly ................................................................. 62 62. a. Primary veins (rachis) flat on the upper surface, secondary veins reach the leaf margin, curving along the margin ................................................. Dracontomelon b. Primary and secondary veins not so ..................................................................... 63 63. a. Leaflet stalk swollen ............................................................................................. 64 b. Leaflet stalk not so ................................................................................................ 66 64. a. Leaflet stalk clearly swollen at the base and apex ................................. Dacryodes b. Leaflet stalk swollen at the apex (near the base of the blade) ............................... 65 65. a. Inner bark and other young parts smell strongly of aromatic resin, leaflet margin usually serrate, stipulate ......................................................................... Canarium b. Inner bark and other young parts not so, leaflet margin entire, no stipule ............... ..................................................................................................................... Santiria 66. a. Bark smooth or pockmarked, inner bark not resinous .......................................... 67 b. Bark smooth or largely scaly, inner bark smells strongly of aromatic resin ............ .................................................................................................................. Triomma 67. a. Inner bark pale brown, pulvinus present at the base of the rachis and leaflet stalk... .................................................................................................... Ormosia/Callerya b. Inner bark reddish brown, pulvinus absent ........................................... Dysoxylum 68. a. Bole pale grey or pale greenish grey, smooth, leaflets small, 1 – 1.7 cm wide ........ ................................................................................................ Koompassia excelsa b. Bole grey or deep brown, cracked or small fissures, leaflets 2 – 4 cm wide ........... ........................................................................................ Koompassia malaccensis 69. a. Primary veins (rachis) flattened on both side forming wing, leaflet stalk short (almost sessile) ..................................................................... Peronema canescens b. Primary veins not so, leaflet stalk conspicuous, venation dense .............................. ........................................................................................ Dysoxylum acutangulum 70. a. Leaves bipinnate ................................................................................................... 71 b. Leaves 3 – 4 pinnate ............................................................................... Oroxylum 71. a. Leaflets small, less than 3 cm long ....................................................................... 72 b. Leaflet bigger, more than 5 cm long ................................................. Achidendron 72. a. Leaflets very small, up to 2 cm long, 25 – 75 pairs ...................................... Parkia b. Leaflet bigger, up to 3 cm, 3 – 7 pairs ............................................... Adenanthera


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73. a. Inner bark with distinct long fibres ....................................................................... 74 b. Inner bark not so ................................................................................................... 92 74. a. Leaf venation palmate ........................................................................................... 75 b. Leaf venation pinnate ........................................................................................... 76 75. a. Bark smooth to slightly rough, inner bark yellowish white, generally growing on sandy

coasts ...................................................................................................... Hibiscus tiliaceus b. Bark fissured or pockmarked, inner bark brown or reddish, not growing on the coast ........................................................................................................ Scaphium 76. a. Leaves with 3 veins at the base ............................................................................. 77 b. Leaves not so ........................................................................................................ 82 77. a. Lower surface of the leaves generally scaly or greyish ........................................ 78 b. Lower surface of the leaves not scaly ................................................................... 80 78. a. Leaf blade at the base asymetrical, often shield-like, bark smooth and irregularly bumpy ........................................................................... Pterospermum b. Leaf blade at the base symetrical, not shield-like, bark rough, scaly or fissured ................................................................................................................ 79 79. a. Inner bark laminated, leaf margin serrate, at least near the apex ................ Pentace b. Inner bark not so, leaf margin entire ........................................................ Heritiera 80. a. Bole smooth or with large scales .......................................................................... 81 b. Bole pockmarked or fissured .................................................................. Scaphium 81. a. Bole smooth, leaves alternate ................................................................... Microcos b. Bole smooth to scaly, leaves spiral ........................................................... Sterculia 82. a. Leaves spiral ......................................................................................................... 83 b. Leaves alternate .................................................................................................... 86 83. a. Inner bark laminated, leaf margin generally dentate ............................................ 84 b. Inner bark not so, leaf margin entire .................................................................... 85 84. a. Petioles of unequal length, old leaves (near falling) red .......................................... ............................................................................................................ Barringtonia b. Petiole very short, equal length, flattened (leaf blade invades until the base of petiole, old leaves (near falling) red ..................................................... Planchonia 85. a. Leaf tips emarginate ..................................................................................... Neesia b. Leaf tips mucronate ........................................................... Heritiera symplicifolia 86. a. Twig, petiole and lower surface of the leaves scaly or stellately hairy ......... Durio b. Twig, petiole and lower surface of the leaves not scaly or hairy .......................... 81 87. a. Stiltroots present, bark brown or reddish brown ........................................ Xylopia


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b. Stiltroots absent, bark grey or greyish black ........................................................ 88 88. a. Bole with rings ........................................................................................ Polyalthia b. Bole without rings ................................................................................................ 89 89. a. Primary veins wide and flat on the upper surface .................................... Mezzettia b. Primary veins not so ............................................................................................. 90 90. a. Bole smooth, inner bark not laminated ....................................................... Xylopia b. Bole scaly, inner bark laminated .......................................................................... 91 91. a. Inner bark yellowish white, crushed leaves showing silk-like fibres, leaves without oil spots ...................................................................................... Aquilaria b. Inner bark brownish or reddish brown, crushed leaves not so, leaves with oil spots ................................................................................................. Gonystylus 92. a. Leaves with 3 veins .............................................................................................. 93 b. Leaves pinnately veined ....................................................................................... 97 93. a. Leaves opposite or nearly so ................................................................................. 94 b. Leaves alternate or spiral ...................................................................................... 96 94. a. Lower leaf surface brownish, bole with densely narrowly fissures ..... Rhodamnia b. Lower leaf surface not so, bole smooth or scaly .................................................. 95 95. a. Inner bark thin, bark and crushed leaves do not smell spicy ................ Pternandra b. Inner bark relatively thick, bark and crushed leaves smell spicy .... Cinnamomum 96. a. Lower leaf surface greyish, the three main veins do not joint the point where petiole meets the blade ............................................................................. Neolitsea b. Lower leaf surface not so, the three main veins joint the point where petiole meets the blade ..................................................................................................... Ziziphus 97. a. Leaves opposite .................................................................................................... 98 b. Leaves alternate, spiral or whorled ..................................................................... 110 98. a. Stipules present ..................................................................................................... 99 b. Stipules absent .................................................................................................... 103 99. a. Stipule tip rounded ................................................................. Nauclea/Neonauclea b. Stipule tip acute .................................................................................................. 100 100. a. Stipules clustered over petioles ........................................................................ 101 b. Stipules not so ................................................................................................... 102 101. a. Leaf margin serrate, twigs solid ............................................................... Carallia b. Leaf margin entire, twigs hollow .......................................................... Pellacalyx 102. a. Bole latticed, leaves ovate, < 8 cm long ............................................ Pertusadina


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b. Bole not so, leaves elliptic, > 15 cm long ..................................... Anthocephalus 103. a. Secondary veins obscure, inner bark thin ........................................... Memecylon b. Secondary veins prominent .............................................................................. 104 104. a. Inner bark with tannin, leaves with oil spots ......................................... Syzygium b. Inner bark without tannin, leaves without oil spots .......................................... 105 105. a. Leaves with intramarginal veins ....................................................................... 106 b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 107 106. a. Trees growing in open areas (pioneer), inner bark yellowish brown ..................... ........................................................................................... Duabanga moluccana b. Trees growing in primary forests, inner bark reddish-brown ........... Crypteronia 107. a. Middle bark bright yellow ................................................................................ 108 b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 109 108. a. Leaf margin dentate .............................................................................. Kookoona b. Leaf margin entire ........................................................................ Lophopetalum 109. a. Bark densely deeply fissured, inner bark purplish, base of petiole enlarged, clasping the twig ..................................................................................... Fragraea b. Bark pockmarked or scaly, inner bark pale brown, petiole not so ......................... ...................................................................................................... Lagerstroemia 110. a. Bark peeling longitudinally or thinly widely scaly ........................................... 111 b. Bark not so ........................................................................................................ 112 111. a. Primary veins obscure, venation longitudinally arranged, crushed leaves with distinct aroma (of cineol) ...................................................................... Melaleuca b. Venation pinnate, crushed leaves without aroma, bark peeling longitudinally ...... ......................................................................................................... Tristaniopsis 112. a. Inner bark with blueish tannin .......................................................................... 113 b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 115 113. a. Petiole slender, relatively long, swollen at the base ......................................... 114 b. Petiole not so ..................................................................................... Lithocarpus 114. a. Inner bark with hard ridges that penetrate the sapwood, leaf margin occasionally dentate (usually near leaf tip) .................................................................. Quercus b. Inner bark sometimes with hard ridges that penetrate the sapwood, leaf margin entire Castanopsis 115. a. Inner bark with hairs or short fibres, usually itchy ........................................... 116 b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 119 116. a. Inner bark aromatic, lower leaf surface greyish or blueish .............................. 117


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b. Inner bark not aromatic, lower leaf surface not so ........................................... 118 117. a. Bark smooth, leaf blade stiff, venation sunken above ...................... Cryptocarya b. Bark pockmarked, venation not so .............................................................. Litsea 118. a. Leaf blade generally very stiff, leaf margin entire ......................... Ternstroemia b. Leaf blade not so, leaf margin dentate ....................................................... Schima 119. a. Bark generally black or blackish, inner bark and sapwood turns yellow if slashed .................................................................................................. Diospyros b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 120 120. a. Inner bark and crushed leaves with garlic odour ....... Scorodocarpus borneensis b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 121 121. a. Stiltroot present ................................................................................................. 122 b. Stiltroot absent .................................................................................................. 123 122. a. Petiole clearly swollen at the base and apex, upper surface of petiole not grooved, old leaves (near falling) generally red ............................... Elaeocarpus b. Petiole not swollen, upper surface of petiole grooved, old leaves not turning red ................................................................................................ Dillenia 123. a. Leaves peltate ................................................................................................... 124 b. Leaves not so, except young plants occasionally slightly peltate .................... 127 124. a. Leaves without big glands at the base .............................................................. 125 b. Leaves with 2 big glands at the base ............................................ Endospermum 125. a. Leaf blade big, > 30 cm wide, stipules on the twigs dry .... Macaranga gigantea b. Leaf blade < 30 cm wide, stipules not dry ........................................................ 126 126. a. Lower surface of the leaves greyish white ....................... Macaranga hypoleuca b. Not so .................................................................................................. Macaranga 127. a. Leaf venation palmate ....................................................................................... 128 b. Leaf venation pinnate ....................................................................................... 129 128. a. Bark rough or densely pockmarked, petiole angled, leaves without 2 big glands at the base ............................................................................................. Octomeles b. Bark smooth, ringed, petiole not angled, leaves with 2 big glands at the base ...... ....................................................................................................... Endospermum 129. a. Leaves with three veins at the base ................................................................... 130 b. Leaves not so .................................................................................................... 133 130. a. Stipules absent .................................................................................................. 131 b. Stipules present ................................................................................................. 132


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131. a. Petiole not clearly swollen, leaves ovate ................................................ Neolitsea b. Petiole clearly swollen at the apex or at both ends, leaves ovate to oblong- obovate .................................................................................................. Ryparosa 132. a. Bole smooth, ringed or pockmarked, lower surface of the leaves greyish, leaf base rounded, stipule flattened, growing in secondary forests ........................ .............................................................................................. Macaranga conifera b. Bole scaly, lower surface of the leaves with brownish hairs, leaf base cordate, stipule needle like, growing in th primary forests .................... Ryparosa hirsuta 133. a. Petiole with auricles at the apex ........................... Campnosperma auriculatum b. Petiole not so .................................................................................................... 134 134. a. Lower surface of the leaves greyish or brownish ............................................. 135 b. Lower surface of the leaves not so ................................................................... 139 135. a. Stipules present ................................................................................................. 136 b. Stipule absent ................................................................. Lauraceae (few genera) 136. a. Stipules long, > 5 cm ........................................................ Elmerillia tsiampacca b. Stipules short, < 3 cm ....................................................................................... 137 137. a. Stipules cap-like, leaving ring-like scars surrounding the twigs ...................... 138 b. Stipules (if present) not so, not leaving ring like scars on the twigs, generally small trees in secondary forests .......................................................... Glochidion 138. a. Stipules small, < 1 cm long, twigs and lower leaf surface hairy or scaly ............... ............................................................................................. Parinari oblongifolia b. Stipules bigger, up to 3 cm, twigs and lower leaf surface glabrous ....................... ................................................................................................. Irvingia malayana 139. a. Old leaves (near falling) generally red ............................................. Elaeocarpus b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 140 140. a. Petiole grooved on the upper surface ........................................................ Dillenia b. Not so ................................................................................................................ 141 141. a. Inner bark fibrous, almost laminated .............................. Eusideroxylon zwageri b. Inner bark “sandy”, not laminated .................................................................... 142 142. a. Glands (2) at the end of the upper surface of petiole (near the leaf base) .............. .......................................................................................... Maranthes corymbosa b. Glands (if present) not so ................................................................................. 143 143. a. Inner bark red, relatively soft and brittle, generally thin .................................. 144 b. Inner bark pale, yellowish brown to brown, rarely reddish brown, relatively hard ........................................................................................................................... 145 144. a. Bole cylindrical, bark reddish brown, petiole swollen at one or at both ends,


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leaf margin entire or dentate ................................................................ Baccaurea b. Bole generally hollow, grey, petiole not swollen, leaf margin entire ..................... ............................................................................... Chaetocarpus castanocarpus 145. a. Stipules overlapping ......................................................................................... 146 b. Stipules (if present) not so ................................................................................ 147 146. a. Petiole long, > 2 cm, clearly swollen mainly at the apex, leaf base symetrical, blade glabrous, leaf margin entire ........................... Bhesa paniculata b. Petiole short, up to 1 cm, not swollen, leaf base assymetrical, blade hairy, leaf margin dentate .................................................................................... Gironniera 147. a. Bole generally densely lenticellate, twigs often greenish or yellowish green, leaf margin entire .............................................................. Xanthophyllum b. Bole smooth or rough, twigs grey to reddish deep brown, leaf margin entire or dentate ............................................................................................................... 148 148. a. Leaf base symetrical ............................................................................ Adinandra b. Leaf base asymetrical ............................................................................. Drypetes

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