“Watch This!” Maneuvering Flight Hazardous To Your Health? A Presentation of FAA Aviation Safety Program AOPA Air Safety Foundation

““Watch This!”Watch This!”Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight

Hazardous To Your Health?Hazardous To Your Health?

A Presentation ofA Presentation of FAA Aviation Safety ProgramFAA Aviation Safety Program AOPA Air Safety FoundationAOPA Air Safety Foundation

http://www2.faa.gov/avr/afs/safety/index.cfm

What you’ll learnWhat you’ll learn what MF iswhat MF is how it can be deadlyhow it can be deadly minimizing riskminimizing risk

Aerodynamic fallaciesAerodynamic fallacies

NOE flightNOE flight military, civilianmilitary, civilian

““Watch this!”Watch this!”

Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight““Watch This”Watch This”

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1938: 125.91938: 125.9

2001: 6.282001: 6.28

GA Safety RecordGA Safety Record““Watch This”Watch This”

Categories includeCategories include buzzingbuzzing formationformation aerial workaerial work stall/spinstall/spin blind canyonblind canyon aerobaticsaerobatics distractions.distractions.


1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)

2. stall/spin 2. stall/spin 276 276 (21%)(21%)

3. aerobatics3. aerobatics 164 164 (61%)(61%)

4. blind canyon 38 (52%)4. blind canyon 38 (52%)

5. formation 29 (53%)5. formation 29 (53%)

6. aerial work6. aerial work 15 15 (68%)(68%)

7. distractions 15 (26%) 7. distractions 15 (26%)


buzzingbuzzing formationformation aerial workaerial work stall/spinstall/spin blind canyonblind canyon aerobaticsaerobatics distractionsdistractions

Which causes the fewest Which causes the fewest fatalfatal accidents? accidents?

1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)










1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)










1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)










1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)










1. buzzing1. buzzing 399! (44%) 399! (44%)










1. 1. Buzzing!Buzzing! 399 (44%) 399 (44%)










Buzzing: PatternsBuzzing: Patterns

““Watch This”Watch This”

Three main patternsThree main patterns distractionsdistractions

Freeze of first frame of buzzing artist painting nude on beach.

BuzzingBuzzing““Watch This”Watch This”

11% of GA fatalities.11% of GA fatalities.

Buzzing fatality rateBuzzing fatality rate

44%44%

5% of all5% of all

Pull ticket or Pull ticket or assess fine – 80%assess fine – 80%

Hang them – 15%Hang them – 15% Unprintable - 5%Unprintable - 5%**

*This IS a family program!.

Pilot Opinions on BuzzersPilot Opinions on Buzzers““Watch This”Watch This”

Proper penalty:Proper penalty:Harms GAHarms GA






Nall 2002 (2001 cases)Nall 2002 (2001 cases) 245245 day and halfday and half

Mechanical/maintMechanical/maint 131 total131 total 109 mechanical109 mechanical 11 electrical11 electrical 11 oil system.11 oil system.

Engine Failure!Engine Failure!At altitudeAt altitude

Glide Ratios?Glide Ratios?““Watch This”Watch This”

1010 milesmiles

Light Light SingleSingle

1111 milesmiles

Light Light TwinTwin

Low Altitude RouletteLow Altitude Roulette““Watch This”Watch This”

Light Single at 200’ AGLLight Single at 200’ AGL

AA

BB

CCDistance from power failure pointDistance from power failure point

500’500’

1,000’1,000’

2,000’2,000’

What Speed Is Best?What Speed Is Best?““Watch This”Watch This”

Best glide speed?Best glide speed? best L/Dbest L/D also best rangealso best range

Approx: 1.6 Vs1Approx: 1.6 Vs1 C172 70 KIAS.C172 70 KIAS.

What Speed Is Best?What Speed Is Best?““Watch This”Watch This”

Min sink speed?Min sink speed? also endurancealso endurance

Approx: 1.2 Vs1Approx: 1.2 Vs1 C172 53 KIAS.C172 53 KIAS.

X

X20 K

nots

X

X

Engine Failure!Engine Failure!on takeoff!on takeoff!


A simple 180 A simple 180 back to the back to the runway?runway?



30 degree bank30 degree bank 75 degree bank75 degree bank

3 seconds3 seconds210 feet210 feet

20 seconds20 seconds380 feet380 feet

Best compromiseBest compromise 45-degree bank, 300-foot 45-degree bank, 300-foot

loss, 19% increaseloss, 19% increase

Other possibilitiesOther possibilities Half-spins, wingovers, skids.Half-spins, wingovers, skids.

75-degree bank, 97%!75-degree bank, 97%!

Rising stall speedsRising stall speeds 30-degree bank, <5%30-degree bank, <5%



TowersTowers2000 AGL divides2000 AGL dividesFAR Part 77FAR Part 77No jurisdictionNo jurisdiction

Tall towers less likelyTall towers less likelyNear (public) airportsNear (public) airports In VFR fly-way.In VFR fly-way.

Other HazardsOther Hazards““Watch This”Watch This”

Military NOEMilitary NOE realistic trainingrealistic training train the way you train the way you

fight, fight the fight, fight the way you trainway you train

Types of NOETypes of NOE LOWATLOWAT Surface Attack Surface Attack

TacticsTactics LATN.LATN.

NOE: Civilian/MilitaryNOE: Civilian/Military““Watch This”Watch This”

Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography

Recent experience Recent experience

Horror storiesHorror stories Mike FizerMike Fizer Tom Horne.Tom Horne.

Formation FlightFormation Flight““Watch This”Watch This”





Ag workAg work roll cageroll cage wire cutterswire cutters deflectorsdeflectors harnessesharnesses helmethelmet

Hard life!Hard life!

You prepared?.You prepared?.

Aerial WorkAerial Work““Watch This”Watch This”

Special FAA waiverSpecial FAA waiver aircraftaircraft pilotpilot post 9/11post 9/11

Time building Time building

It’s a drag!.It’s a drag!.

Banner TowingBanner Towing““Watch This”Watch This”





All too commonAll too common Second most “popular”Second most “popular” 1,3221,322 not always fatalnot always fatal widely misunderstoodwidely misunderstood

Key: Angle of Attack.Key: Angle of Attack.

Stalls and SpinsStalls and Spins““Watch This”Watch This”

Relative wind and flight pathRelative wind and flight path

Stalls: Angle of AttackStalls: Angle of Attack““Watch This”Watch This”





Dive! Dive!Dive! Dive!


Sudden Pull-outSudden Pull-out


The Common ExplanationThe Common Explanation

Lift: BernoulliLift: Bernoulli““Watch This”Watch This”

Lift: BernoulliLift: Bernoulli““Watch This”Watch This”

Angle of Attack and Separation AnxietyAngle of Attack and Separation Anxiety

The Truth About LiftThe Truth About Lift““Watch This”Watch This”

It Ain’t Just BernoulliIt Ain’t Just Bernoulli

Angle of AttackAngle of Attack““Watch This”Watch This”

Why Your Nose Pitches DownWhy Your Nose Pitches Down

Center Center of Liftof Lift

Center of Center of GravityGravity

Where Stalls OccurWhere Stalls Occur““Watch This”Watch This”

Maneuvering 41%Maneuvering 41%

Go Around 6%Go Around 6%Cruise 3%Cruise 3%

Climb 2%Climb 2%

Takeoff 29%Takeoff 29%Approach 18%Approach 18%

Myth: Downwind TurnsMyth: Downwind Turns““Watch This”Watch This”

No Myth: Wind ShearNo Myth: Wind Shear““Watch This”Watch This”

15.3% of Population15.3% of Population4.0% of Accidents4.0% of Accidents

40.7%40.7%46.1%46.1%

19.6%19.6%36.9%36.9%

10.2%10.2%21.7%21.7%


StudentStudent

PrivatePrivate

CommComm

ATPATP

15.3% of Population15.3% of Population4.0% of Accidents4.0% of Accidents

40.7%40.7%46.1%46.1%

19.6%19.6%36.9%36.9%

10.2%10.2%21.7%21.7%


StudentStudent

PrivatePrivate

CommComm

ATPATP

Instructional flightInstructional flight Study 1991-2000Study 1991-2000 44 fatal stall/spin44 fatal stall/spin Majority?Majority?

Most dual!Most dual!

Instructional accidents upInstructional accidents up

Most maneuvering.Most maneuvering.

INSTRUCTOR GENERAL’S INSTRUCTOR GENERAL’S WARNING:WARNING:

Flight Instructors May Cause Flight Instructors May Cause Confusion, Injury or DeathConfusion, Injury or Death

CFIs: Dangerous?CFIs: Dangerous?““Watch This”Watch This”



Instructional AccidentsInstructional Accidents““Watch This”Watch This”

19911991 2001200119961996

11stst Quarter 2003 Quarter 2003 (annualized)(annualized)

Sedona, AZ April 13Sedona, AZ April 13 3 on BE-363 on BE-36 Runway 21 elev 4,827’Runway 21 elev 4,827’ 68’F, 1711G2468’F, 1711G24

Slow accelerationSlow acceleration 80% down 5,132’80% down 5,132’ struggling, nose-highstruggling, nose-high fence, into canyon.fence, into canyon.




Instructional AccidentsInstructional Accidents

Fatal Stall/SpinsFatal Stall/Spins““Watch This”Watch This”

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1945-1945-19481948

1967-1967-19691969

1972-1972-19791979

20012001

48%48%

22%22%

12%12%6.7%6.7%

Spin altitude at beginningSpin altitude at beginning 39.1% < 250 agl39.1% < 250 agl 20.4% 251-500 agl20.4% 251-500 agl 20.0% 501-1,000 agl20.0% 501-1,000 agl 7.1% > 1,000 agl.7.1% > 1,000 agl.

Stall recovery: <200 feetStall recovery: <200 feet

ASF Stall/Spin StudyASF Stall/Spin Study““Watch This”Watch This”

Spin altitude lossSpin altitude loss 175’ for entry175’ for entry 370’ for stopping spin370’ for stopping spin 585’ feet in recovery585’ feet in recovery

Total: 1,130’Total: 1,130’

Pattern altitudes?.Pattern altitudes?.

NASA StudyNASA Study““Watch This”Watch This”

GA usually stalls 18 degrees or less AOAGA usually stalls 18 degrees or less AOA

NASA studyNASA study

Keep flow over wingtipsKeep flow over wingtips Improve stall controllabilityImprove stall controllability Minimize spins.Minimize spins.

Spin ResistanceSpin Resistance““Watch This”Watch This”

NASA Study Modifying Wings:NASA Study Modifying Wings: AA-1 (Yankee)AA-1 (Yankee)


Modified Modified WingWing

Basic WingBasic Wing

96%96%

C23 (Beech Musketeer)C23 (Beech Musketeer)



Basic Basic WingWing

98%98%



Basic Basic WingWing82%82%

Piper PA-28R (Arrow)Piper PA-28R (Arrow)

Modified WingModified Wing


Basic WingBasic Wing

59%59%

Cessna 172 (Skyhawk)Cessna 172 (Skyhawk)

DistractionsDistractions FAA-approvedFAA-approved Don’t realizeDon’t realize

Typical distractionsTypical distractions Go-aroundsGo-arounds RadiosRadios Other aircraftOther aircraft TurbulenceTurbulence Equipment failureEquipment failure CFIs & Examiners!.CFIs & Examiners!.

DistractionsDistractions““Watch This”Watch This”

the examiner shall

cause realistic

distractions…..


DistractionsDistractions

To improve safetyTo improve safety avoid buzzingavoid buzzing plan formations plan formations understand stall/spinunderstand stall/spin learn to cope with learn to cope with

distractions.distractions.


Many Thanks To…Many Thanks To…““Watch This”Watch This”

Air PhotographicsAir Photographics Martinsburg, WVMartinsburg, WV

111th Aerial Photography111th Aerial Photography Squadron Morgan Hill, CASquadron Morgan Hill, CA

Old Rhinebeck AerodromeOld Rhinebeck Aerodrome Old Rhinebeck, Old Rhinebeck, NYNY

Steve KahnSteve Kahn Wonderful World of FlyingWonderful World of Flying

Many Thanks To…Many Thanks To…““Watch This”Watch This”

Tom ShefchunasTom ShefchunasAlpha TrainerAlpha Trainer

Alpha Trainer available from Alpha Trainer available from www.alphatrainer.com

FAA Aviation Safety ProgramFAA Aviation Safety ProgramKevin L. Clover Kevin L. Clover National Program ManagerNational Program Manager

http://www.alphatrainer.com/

““Watch This!”Watch This!”Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight

Hazardous To Your Health?Hazardous To Your Health?

A Presentation ofA Presentation of FAA Aviation Safety ProgramFAA Aviation Safety Program AOPA Air Safety FoundationAOPA Air Safety Foundation

Attendance at this program meets the ground instruction requirements for the FAA Wings safety program awards.

http://www2.faa.gov/avr/afs/safety/index.cfm

Documents

“Watch This!” Maneuvering Flight Hazardous To Your Health? A Presentation of FAA Aviation Safety Program AOPA Air Safety Foundation