1

vaxtang guruli

jvarcmuli da jvarmcmelebi

Tbilisi

2008

2

vaxtang guruli

jvarcmuli da jvarmcmelebi (ilias gmobis istoria)

1861-1937

gamomcemloba “universali” Tbilisi

2008

3

naSromSi warmoCenilia ilia WavWavaZis mowamebrivi crovrebis erTi

mxare_qarTvelTa mier ilias uaryofis istoria.

redaqtori prof. giorgi papuaSvili

recenzentebi: prof. dimitri SveliZe

doc. avTandil wowkolauri

4

aravin winaswarmetyueli

Sewynarebul ars TUissa mamulsa.

luka, 4,24

aRiRe ege da mogUteven Cven baraba.

luka, 23,18

winaTqma

XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis damdegs saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod,

iyvnen adamianebi, romlebmac ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis winaaRmdeg brZola

csovrebis miznad daisaxes. ilias moZuleni, SemTxveva rom miscemodaT, daufiqreblad

SesZaxebdnen: ,,aRiRe ege da mogUiteven Cven baraba”. (luka, 23, 18) . am tragediamde

qarTveli eri erTbaSad ar misula. yovelive didxans da saguldagulod mzaddeboda...

iliam mowamis cxovrebiT icxovra da mowameobrivad aResrula. sulieri da

fizikuri Zala, romelic ilias uflisagan eboZa yvelafrisaTvis sakmarisi aRmoCnda.

swored, ilias uSretma Zalam Caagdo sasowarkveTilebaSi misi uarmyofelni. ver gatexes

sulierad (es maT adamianur SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda!), mospes fizikurad (es maTi

profesia iyo!). ilias uaryofa samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlisTanave _ 1861 wels _

scads. ilias Tavs daesxnen da mere risTvis? Jurnal ,,ciskris” 1861 wlis aprilis

nomerSi gamoqveynebuli publicisturi werilisTvis _ ,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz

Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis ,,SeSlilis” Targmanzeda”. es swored is werilia,

romlisTvisac yvela gonieri qarTveli ilias aRmerTebda da aRmerTebs dResac. es is

werilia, romlis saprogramo moTxovnaTa mTlianad realizeba, samwuxarod, dRemde ver

SeZlo qarTvelma erma.

ilias uaryofis tempi da masStabi 1861 wlidan ganuxrelad izrdeboda, icvleboda

brZolis formebi. rogor aRiqvamda amas ilia? rogor afasebda mis garSemo gamudmebiT

darazmul uarmyofelT da maT mier Seqmnil fsiqologiur klimats? rogor afasebda

sazogadoebis im nawils, romelsac misi naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa cxovrebis miznad

eqcia? es adamianebi xom qarTul sazogadoebas ganekuTnebodnen, qarTuli sinamdvilis

ganuyofel nawils warmoadgendnen da ilias maTTvis angariSi unda gaewia, maTTan erTad

unda ekeTebina qarTuli saqme.

ilia zustad, lakonurad, magram srulad axasiaTebs qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi

nawilis, sxadasxva rwmenis, msoflmxedvelobisa da partiulobis adamianebs, romelTac

erTi saerTo saxeli aqvT _ ilias uarmyofelni.

moRvaweobis dasawyisSi (XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs) ilias Sefaseba

aseTi iyo:

_ ,,kacma rom patiosans da keTils saqmes Tavi Seswiros, erTi Cvengani ar

daijerebs. ratom? imitom rom yoveli Cvengani im kacis alagas Tavis Tavsa daayenebda da

ityoda: me uangarod amas viqmodi? amis pirdapiri pasuxi ,,ara” iqneboda, rasakvirvelia ...

,,maS arc is iqmoda” _ daaskvnis gonieri qarTveli” (1862 w.). 1 _ ,,qarTvelis Seusyidebeli guli exla Seisyideba xolme. TviTon rom sikeTes

gadaCveula, sxvisaganac sikeTe aRar sjera, rom im dedamiwazed, saca TiTona scxovrobs

da aTasi kidev sxva misi msgavsi, aRar sjera _ rom im dedamiwazed kaci aris, romelsac

5

sikeTe sikeTisaTvis uyvars, romelsac imodena sulis Zala aqvs, rom Tu gasWirda,

sikeTisaTvis Tavsac dasdebs” (1862 w.). 2

_ ,,pirveli qva, romelic Tavgamodebuls moxvdeba xolme, qarTvelisaganve aris

gamotyorcnili” (1862 w.). 3

moRvaweobis Sua gzaze (XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) iliaseuli Sefaseba kidev

ufro savalaloa:

_ ,,ra daemarTa adamians? ar viciT. uWkoni, uloRikoni, sulelni gana winaT ki ar

yofilan, magram sulels Tavis dReSi suleli hrqmevia da yuri aravis uTxovebia. exla

ki sulelobas TiTqo kai bazari aqvs, TiTqo kai fasad gadis da visac es ganZi blomad

hqonia, sapalneebiT zedized ezideba gasasaReblad, TiTqo dros exarbeba mazanda ar

wahxdes, fasi ar dahvardes da ar daviRupovo” (1887 w.) 4 _ ,,maS ra xaTabala amoqmedebs amisTana kacs? Tu mTlad suleli ar aris, mTlad

rada hsulelobs? aq marto erTi pasuxia: an sxvisi suleloba aqezebs, an sxvis

gasulelebasa hlamobs da amiT muStris Sovnasa. rac ginda sTqviT da arc es aris

mTliani suleloba. aqac angariSia da angariSi Seucdomeli. amisTana gambedaoba dRes

Tanxaa da Tanxis triali unda, rom sargebeli aiRos, ibartyos, imatos” (1887 w.). 5

_ ,,aq kacma sindisic unda daiviwyos, namusic unda CvarSi gamohkras, patiosnebaca

hgmos, erTi sityviT, yovels RvTaeburs niWs adamianisas unda gadudges da am xelobas

ise mohkidos xeli. xumroba nu ggoniaT ase samarcxvinod Tavis gawirva, ase gabaibureba,

gaupatiureba sakuTaris Tavisa, sakuTaris kacobisa. amasac Rone unda, marTalia Rone

sazizRari, Tavlafdasxmuli, SemaZrwunebeli, magram mainc Rone. vai, rom amisTana Ronesac

fasi aqvs da muStaric hyavs” (1887 w.). 6

_ ,,rarig aeria adamians gza-kvali yovelsferSi! eCosaviT sul mudam Tavisaken

mTleli goneba adamianisa am areulobasa da babilonis godolis aSenebaSi iqamde mivida,

rom lamis cxadi boroteba, aSkara avkacoba did saTnoebad da did madlad gadaaqcios da

saqveynod iqadagos kidec, viTarca moZRvreba yovlad mxsneli”. (1888 w.) 7

_ ,,gana moifiqrebda vinme, rom yovlad Semazrzens, Tavlafdasxmuls, yvelasgan

galanZRuls, gakicxuls da Seginebuls ,,avenobas”, anu ,,Wors” mwe-mqebari da maqeb-

madidebeli gamouCndeboda!” (1888 w.). 8

mowamebriv aRsasrulamde ori wliT adre (1905 w.) mis uarmyoflebTan xangrZlivi

brZoliT Tavmobezrebuli (magram ara sasowarkveTili!) ilia aseTi sityvebiT mimarTavda

,,avenobisa”, anu ,,Woris” ,,mwe-mqebarTa” da ,,maqeb-madidebelT”. _ ,,aris zogierTi imisTana zneobrivi kanoni, romelic kacTa erTmaneTobiT

cxovrebas saZirkvlad udevs da romelic yvelasaTvis erTnairad savaldebuloa, ra

dasisa da rwmenisac ginda iyos, da erTi am kanonTagani is aris, rom rac Sen ar ginda

mogivides, imas nurc sxvisaTvis moindomebo” (1905 w.). 9 am sityvebs ilia WavWavaZe werda Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi, Sua gzaze da

miwuruls. iliaseuli Sefasebebi zogadia da kargad axasiaTebs im yoveldRiurobas,

romelTanac Sexeba uxdeboda ilias. ilia imasac grZnobda, rom zneobis dacemis procesi

mxolod iwyeboda, ,,avenobisa”, anu ,,Woris” ,,mwe-mqebarni” da ,,maqeb-madidebelni” kidev ufro gamravldebodnen...

ilia amisTvisac mzad iyo. RvTisagan rCeuls Tavisi misia bolomde hqonda

Secnobili.

6

1. ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli.” (qarTuli enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdegeni)

da aRivsnes yovelni guliswyromiTa,

romelni _ igi iyvnes Sesakrebelsa

mas Sina, esmoda raY eses

luka, 4, 29

Jurnal ,,cikris” 1861 wlis aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynda ilia WavWavaZis werili

,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis ,,SeSlilis”

Targmanzeda”. sruliad axalgazrda, 24 wlis ilia werda: ,,sami RvTaebrivi saunje

dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan. mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba. Tu amasac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi

viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas.” iliam moRvaweoba qarTuli enis siwmindis

dacvisaTvis brZoliT daiwyo. araferi gaugonari da miuRebeli ar uTqvams. ena viTardeba

da ganviTareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs cvlilebas _ Zvel qarTul samwerlobo enas

adgili unda daeTmo axali qarTuli samwerlobo enisaTvis. amasTan erTad ilia

acxadebda, rom aucilebeli iyo qarTuli enis siwmindis dacva sxva enebis, (kerZod,

rusuli enis) gavlenisagan. revaz erisTavis patriotobaSi ilias eWvi ar Sehparvia,

magram isic cxadi iyo, rom rusuli enidan qarTul enaze Targmnisas revaz erisTavi

uxeSad arRvevda qarTuli sintaqsis normebs da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, qarTul enaSi

rusuli sintaqsis normebi Semohqonda.

ilias azriT, qarTuli enis ganviTareba aucilebels xdida qarTuli anbanidan

ramdebime asos (Y,U,E,Q,H) amoRebas. mavans da mavans ilia WavWavaZis werilis dedaazri ar

moewona, Tumca, taqtikuri mosazrebiT, mTeli aqcenti anbanidan asoebis amoRebaze

gadaitanes. aseTi pozicia, cxadia, momgebiani iyo: qarTuli anbanidan asoebis amoReba erTi

xelis dakvriT gadasawyveti sakiTxi ar iyo. qarTveli mwerlebisa da, saerTod,

ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis iliasTan dasapirispireblad anbanidan asoebis amoRebis

sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva xelsayreli iyo.

ilias werilma ,,oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis

,,SeSlilis” Targmanzeda” didi aurzauri gamoiwvia. Jurnal ,,cikris” 1861 wlis maisisa

da ivnisis nomrebSi ilias winaaRmdeg werilebi gamoaqveynes barbare jorjaZem (,,T. ilia

WavWavaZis kritikazed”)1 giorgi baraTovma (,,werili redaktorTan”)2, sardion aleqsiev-

mesxievma (,,ustari antikritikuli”)3 da TviT revaz erisTavma (,,pasuxi Tavadi ilia

WavWavaZis kritikisa”).4 ilias werilis seriozulad ganxilva arc erT maTgans ar ucdia

(iqneb zedmetad da sakuTari Rirsebis damamcirebladac ki miiCnevdnen iliasTan

polemikas?!). yvelani erTxmad Wkuas arigebdnen ilias, morals ukiTxavdnen, zemodan

dahyurebdnen da dascinodnen kidec! igive gzas daadga efTvime wereTelic (giorgi

wereTlis mama), romelmac Jurnal ciskris 1862 wlis Tebervlis nomerSi moTavsebuli

werili (,,ufalo redaqtoro!”) aseve iliasTvis moralis kiTxviT daiwyo da daasrula.

nebsiT Tu uneblieT, ismis kiTxva: nuTu imdroindelma moRvaweebma marTla ver

gaiges ratom ar moswonda ilia WavWavaZes revaz erisTavis Targmani, ratom iTxovda

qarTuli anbanidan ramdenime asos amoRebas? TviT ilias araferi ukvirda. swored, aseTi

7

SemTxvevis gamo ityoda: ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli!.. Zalian Tvalebis abma icis, sxvisi

Tvalebisa ki ara, magodena ar SeuZlian, Tavisi sakuTaris Tvalebisa. Tu moindoma, da

Tundac ar moindomos, ise xelobad dasCemebia, rom rac unda keTil-svindisiani saqme

iyos, aseTs kuds gamoabams, aseTnairad waSlis-wamoSlis, rom Seni gakeTebuli saqme Senve

ver icno, Seni naTqvami sityva Senve veRar gaigo.”

8

2. ,,pirveli qva ... qarTvelisaganve aris gamotyorcnili”

(,,saqarTvelos moambisa” da ,,iveriis” arakeTilmosurneni)

moxued warwymedad Cuenda

luka, 4, 34

1863 wels ilia WavWavaZem gamosca yovelTviuri Jurnali ,,saqarTvelos moambe”.

jurnal ,,ciskris” garSemo Semokrebilma moRvaweebma ,,saqarTvelos moambis” gamocema

,,ciskris” monopoliis SezRudvad miiCnies. ,,saqarTvelos moambis”, ese igi ilia

WavWavaZis, winaaRmdeg galaSqreba ciskrelebma lavrenti ardazians miandes. Jurnal

,,ciskris” 1863 wlis ivnisis nomerSi lavrenti ardazianma, ,,aleqsi elbakiZis”

fsevdonimiT, moaTavsa werili ,,oriode sityUa Sesaxeb Terg-daleulis statiisa.”1 rogorc vxedavT, werilis saTaurSive darRveulia qarTuli sintaqsis norma. visac revaz

erisTavis Targmanze ilia WavWavaZis SeniSvnebi wakiTxuli hqonda (cxadia, ciskrel

lavrenti ardazians ilias werili wakiTxuli eqneboda) unda xsomeboda: qarTuli

sintaqsis mixedviT, sityva Sesaxeb Tavis adgilze ar iyo, mas winadadebaSi (saTaurSi)

bolo adgili unda daekavebina. ratom daarRvia lavrenti ardazianma qarTuli sintaqsis

norma? ase miaCnda sworad, Tu gangeb iqceoda ase? Zneli saTqmelia. samagierod, cxadia,

is, rom lavrenti ardaziani agrZelebs ciskrelTa tradicias _ morals ukiTxavs,

zemodan uyurebs ilias! seriozul, dasabuTebul kritikas ,,ciskarma” amjeradac Tavi

aarida.

* * *

1863 wlis bolos gamovida Jurnal ,,saqarTvelos moambis” meTormete nomeri. 1864 wels ilia WaWaavaZem Jurnalis gamocema veRar gaagrZela. ciskrelebma taSi dahkres,

,,saqarTvelos moambe” kidev erTxel ganaqiqes. 1864 wlis martis nomerSi ,,saqarTvelos

moambis” daxurvasTan dakavSirebiT daibeWda ,,ciskris” redaqciis gancxadeba: ,,didis Weqa-

quxiliT daibada (,,saqarTvelos moambe” _ avt.) qveyanaSi da im wamsve gapenta ,,ciskari”, miwasTan gavasworovo, CUEnki srulebiT xmac ar gagvicia, radgan darwmunebuli viyaviT,

rom is Weqaquxili qari iyo da qarive waiRebda.”2 gancxadeba mTavrdeboda Semdegi

sityvebiT: ,,didada vwuxvarT, rom ase udrood gamoaklda ,,moambe” am CUEns daudgromels

wuTi sofels.”3

ratom unda gahxareboda erTi qarTuli Jurnalis (,,ciskris”) redaqcias meore

qarTuli Jurnalis (,,saqarTvelos moambis”) daxurva? gana ramdeni qarTuli Jurnali da

gazeTi arsebobda 1864 wels? qarTuli perioduli gamocemebi, qarTuli Jurnalistika,

qarTuli publicistika, nuTu ise Zlieri, ise welSi gamarTuli iyo, rom erTi Jurnalis

daxurva arad Cagvegdo, gagvxareboda?! nuTu ciskrelebma ver gaiges, rom ,,saqarTvelos

moambis” daxurva ilias piradi satkivari sulac ar iyo? ,,saqarTvelos moambe” daaklda

qarTvel ers, saqarTvelos, qarTul mwerlobas, qarTul publicistikas!

9

sainteresoa, ras moimoqmedebdnen ciskrelebi ,,saqarTvelos moambe” xelisuflebas

rom daexura? gangaSs atexdnen, Tu gaxarebulni taSs daukravdnen?

* * *

Jurnali ,,ciskari” da mis garSemo Semokrebili moRvaweni ilia WavWavaZes marto

enis ganaxlebis programas ki ar uwunebdnen, aramed poetur niWsac. 1863 wels Jurnal

,,ciskris” martis nomerSi anton furcelaZe werda: ,,Cven zemoTve warmovsTqviT da axlac

vambobT, rom is poeti poeti ar aris, romelic aZalebs niWsa, atans Tavs Zalas, amRerevs

grZnobas da pirvel CanCalaT Tavis Tavi hyavs. erTic es unda SevniSnoT, rom

WavWavaZezed didi gavlena aqvs yovel rigis Txzulebas, da amaT gauvlenelad ar

SeuZlian wera.”4 1863 wlis Jurnal ,,ciskris” maisis nomerSi anton furcelaZe kidev

ufro kategoriul daskvnas akeTebs: ,,rac Seexeba WavWavaZis niWs leqsebSi, is, rogorc

umyofelia da aris mxolod xelovneba, rogorc zemoTa vsTqviT, ar aris imedi, rom

magazed winRa wavides.”5 ar SeiZleba imis daviwyebac, rom anton furcelaZem Teqvsmeti

wlis Semdeg azri nawilobriv Seicvala da gazeT ,,droebis” 1879 wlis 1 dekembris

nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi ,,akaki wereTels” moinania: ,,dRes rom WavWavaZezed wera Semxvdes, sazogadoT Seudareblad ki ara, _ Semxvdes wera SedarebiTa, maSin bevrad ufro

sxva kiloze vilaparakebdi, ese igi, imas SedarebiT sxvebTan, metadre rogorc poets,

araviszed, Tu ara win, ukan ar davayenebdi.”6 anton furcelaZem Riad datova sakiTxi ra

azrisa iqneboda iliaze, rogorc poetze, Tu ilias leqsebs Seafasebda ,,sazogadoT

Seudareblad” da ara ,,SedarebiT”. werlis teqstidan cxadi xdeba, rom anton

furcelaZis Sefaseba am SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi iqneboda.

* * *

1866 wels giorgi wereTelma gamosca SesaniSnavi qarTuli gazeTi ,,droeba”. didia

,,droebis” damsaxureba qarTuli Jurnalistikis, qarTuli mwerlobis, qarTuli

publicistikis qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis winaSe. gavida aTi weli. 1876 wels

cnobili gaxda, rom 1877 wlidan, ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT, gamovidoda axali

qarTuli gazeTi ,,iveria”. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis procesSi axali qarTuli

gazeTis gamocema sruliad bunebrivi da misasalmebeli movlena iyo. cnobas gazeT

,,iveriis” gamocemis Taobaze daufaravi wyeniT Sexvda gazeTi ,,droeba”. 1876 wlis 25

ivniss gazeT ,,droebaSi”, xelmoweriT ,,s.m.”, daibeWda sergei mesxis werili _ ,,axali

qarTuli gazeTi”7 werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,redaqtoroba am gazeTisa T. il. g. WavWavaZes

ukisrnia. TanamSromlebs uricxvs amboben: peterburRis qarTuli enis profesors uf. al.

cagarels, odesis qimiis profesors uf. v. petriaSvils, quTaisis saadgil-mamulo bankis

gamgebels uf. bes. RoRoberiZes, uu. n. qananovs, i. gogebaSvils, bes. jafariZes, dav.

Cqotuas da bevrs kidev sxva mcnob da ucnob pirsa.”8 gancxadeba rom aq dasrulebuliyo,

,,iveriis” daarsebis moTaveT, da piradad ilia WavWavaZesac madlobis meti araferi

eTqmodaT ra. magram sergei mesxma Tavi ver Seikava, wyena ver damala. gancxadebaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,keTili iyos imis Casaxva il. WavWavaZisa da bes. RoRoberiZis azrSi.

10

keTili iyos imis dabadeba! keTili iyos, Tu am momaval Cvens moZmes marto da mxolod

literaturuli interesebi eqneba mxedvelobaSi da ara sxva raime. keTili iyos, Tu is

sazogado sargeblobisaTvis moRvaweobas gamoiCens da ara kerZo pirebis, kerZo

interesebisaTvis.”9 ratom daeWvda gazeT ,,droebis” redaqcia da piradad sergei mesxi ilia WavWavaZis keTil ganzraxvaSi. saqme isaa, rom am droisaTvis (1876 w.) ukve

seriozulad iyo daZabuli ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis, ilia WavWavaZisa da

niko nikolaZis, ilia WavWavaZisa da sergei mesxis urTierToba. amis mizezi erovnuli

moZraobis programis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis sxvadasxvagvari gageba iyo. iyo

piradulic ... sergei mesxs es arc ki daumalavs. werilis meore nawilSi is pirdapir

acxadebda: ,,magram, ra vqnaT? eWvi ver mogviSorebia Tavidam. is garemoeba, romelmanc

dabada es axali gazeTi, romelmanc uf. bes. RoRoberiZe da il. WavWavaZe ,,aiZula”, rom qarTuli gazeTis gamocemisaTvis xeli moekidnaT, is garemoeba sul sxvas gviCurCulebs

yurebSi, sul sxvas gveubneba, cdilobs sul sxvaSi dagvarwmunos”.10 Semdeg sergei mesxi

mkiTxvels acnobs ilia WavWavaZis mier gazeT ,,iveriis” daarsebis droebiseul versias:

,,Tqvenc iciT es garemoeba: bes. RoRoberiZem da i. WavWavaZem mxolod maSin gaivles

gulSi axali gazeTis gamocema, rodesac Zvelma e.i. ,,droebam” imaT winaaRmdeg sityvis

Tqma gabeda; mxolod maSin rodesac ,,droebis” erTma TanamSromelTaganma gabeda imaTs

moqmedebaze cotaodeni eWvis Semotana.”11 Semdeg sergei mesxi ufro Sors midis da

mkiTxvels kidev erT saidumlosac gaandobs: ,,am pirebma (e.i. besarion RoRoberiZem da

ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) winadadeba misces ,,droebis” axlandel patronebs, rom Tu ak.

wereTelsa da nik. nikolaZes gamoagdebT redaqciidam da maT nacvlad uu. bes. jafariZesa

da d. Cqotuas miiRebT, materialur da sxva yovel gvar Semweobas moelodeT Cvengano. da

Tu ara ... Tu ara Cven axals gazeTs gamovcemTo!”12 Zalze dainteresebul mkiTxvelac ki

rogor unda gaego simarTle iyo es Tu Wori? ver gaigebda, ver gaigebda da daeWvdeboda.

,,droebis” redaqciasac es undoda! dabneul da daeWvebul sazogadoebas sergei mesxi

kiTxviT mimarTavs: ,,romelime gazeTi rom amisTana garemoebaSi daibadeba, rogor ar Segiva

kacs tvinSi eWvi, rom es gazeTi miudgomeli da ,,literaturis droSis maRla damWeri” ver iqneba? rogor ar gaivlebs sazogadoeba gulSi im hazrs, rom am gazeTs zogi kerZo

interesebisa da kerZo pirebis samsaxuri eqneba mxedvelobaSi?”13 cxadia, sergei mesxi am kiTxvaze sazogadoebis pasuxs ver moismenda, arc ainteresebda! sergei mesxi

Tavdajerebuli dasZenda: ,,Cven amas vambobT, am eWvs vacxadebT”.14 danarCeni droebam

samomavlod gadado. es momavali arc ise Soreuli aRmoCnda. 1877 wels gazeTi ,,iveria” gamovida. niko nikolaZem aRar daayovna da Tavisi azri gamoTqva axal gazeTze. 1877 wlis

6 marts gazeT ,,droebaSi” gamoqveynda niko nikolaZis werili ,,iveriis” pirveli nomeri”. niko nikolaZis Sefaseba aseTia:

pirveli. ilia WavWavaZem Zveli, mkvdari ,,mwignobruli enis” nacvlad daamkvidra

,,saxalxo ena”, magram gazeT ,,iveriis” pirvel nomerSi ilia isev Zvel ,,mwignobrul enas” daubrunda. niko nikolaZem es faqti damtkicebulad CaTvala da ilia Zveli ,,mwignobruli

enis” aRdgenis mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula. amitom iyo, rom ilias aseT darigebas aZlevs:

,,niWieri mweralia uf. ilia WavWavaZe, magram misi niWi ver daarRvevs am sayovelTao da

sazogado kanons. bevraT ufro niWierni iyvnen ruseTSi aqsakovebi da SiSkovi, roca imaT

scads Zveli mwerluri enis aRdgineba, magram vera gaariges ra. da radganac CvenSi niWi

iSviaTi saqonelia, sjobs da sasurvelic aris, rom uf. WavWavaZem Tavisi Rone da

mecadineoba sxva, ufro saxeiro da momavlian Sromas moaxmaros.”15 imdorindeli qarTveli

sazogadoebisa ar viciT, magram dRevandel sazogadoebas, albaT, gauCndeba kiTxvebi: 1)

11

gazeT ,,iveriis” pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli masaliT rogor unda damtkicdes, rom

ilia WavWavaZem ,,saxalxo ena” uaryo da Zveli, mkvdari ,,mwignobruli ena” airCia? niko nikolaZem es namdvilad ver daamtkica. 2) ratom iyvnen ilia WavWavaZeze bevrad ufro

niWierebi aqsakovebi da SiSkovi? amis damtkiceba niko niklaZes arc ki ucdia. 3) vis

exeba niko nikolaZis sityvebi: ,,CvenSi niWi iSviaTi saqoneliao.” werilis im abzacis

mixedviT, sadac mkiTxveli am sityvebs amoikiTxavda, eWvi ar Seepareboda, rom sityvebi

ilias mimarT iyo naTqvami.

meore. werilis avtori amtkicebs, rom ,,iveriis pirvel nomers miuRia ,,Неделя”-ს Cveuleba _ ,,brtylad da damjerad sruliad umniSvnelo da yvelasTvis nacnobi

azrisa.”17 naTqvams niko nikolaZe ase amtkicebs: ,,iwyeb kiTxvas, ggonia ai, esec aris

gamoTqmen im azrs, romlis gamoTqmamdi amdens ceremonias xmaroben, Zlivs ineleb

sityvebis tkaca-tkucs, gadaxvev-gadmoxvevas, da aTaveb ise, rom azri verc ki gipovnia.”18 am sakiTxze saubars niko nikolaZe ise amTavrebs, rom erTi konkretuli magaliTic ki ar

mohyavs amis dasamtkiceblad.

mesame. gazeTi iveria miznad isaxavda samecniero codnis (mecnierebis miRwevebis)

propagandas sazogadoebaSi. ideas, cxadia, niko nikolaZe ver daiwunebda, magram

darwmunebuli iyo, rom ,,iveria” amas ver SeZlebda.19

mTavari saTqmeli niko nikolaZem werilis bolos amcno mkiTxvels: ,,nebas vaZlev

cems Tavs erti rCeva mivsce ef. WavWavaZes. rasakvirvelia imas sruli ufleba aqvs

miiRos an ukuagdos es rCeva. misi pirveli nomris gasinjva marwmunebs, rom TiTqmis

mTeli es nomeri, ori susti statiis garda, misi dawerilia, Tavidam bolomdikargaT

darwmundes rom ,,iveriis” redaqciaSi literaturuli Zala ar moiZieba, garda TviTon

il. WavWavaZis Zalisa, da imedi iqonios marto Tavis Tavis. nu daaZalebs Tavis Tavis

niWs, nu moTxovs imas imisTana rasme, risi mocemac mis niWs ar SeuZlia. miatovos iqiT

mecniereba, filosofia, maRali frena: amaebSi uxeiro frazebis mets misi niWi versa

mogvcems.”20

ase ,,guliTadad” Sexvda gazeT ,,iveriis” gamocemas gazeTi ,,droeba” da misi ori wamyvani TanamSromeli, qarTuli Jurnalistikisa da publicistikis ori gamoCenili

warmomadgeneli _ niko nikolaZe da sergei mesxi.

XXX

1885 wels yoveldRiuri gazeTi ,,droeba” xelisuflebam daxura. 1886 wlidan ilia

WavWavaZem, Jurnal ,,iveriis” nacvlad, imave saxelwodebis yoveldRiuri gazeTis gamocema

daiwyo. ,,droebis” daxurvaSi redaqtori, TanamSromlebi da maTi Tanamoazreni

xelisuflebas ki ara ilia WavWavaZes adanaSaulebdnen. ganmeorda Zveli istoria.

yoveldRiur gazeT ,,iveriis” gamocemas daufaravi aRSfoTebiT Sexvdnen ilias

uarmyofelni. amjerad, daviT soslanma (kezelma) gamoiCina Tavi. gazeT ,,Teatris” 1886

wlis 2 martis nomerSi daibeWda ,,bibliografiuli SeniSvna”21 daviT kezeli ilia

WavWavaZisa da gazeT ,,iveriis” redaqciis Sesaxeb werda: ,,sCans rom es vaJ-batonebi

mxolod imitom iRwvian da moqmedoben sazogado asparezze, rom ,,sacoxneli” ar

gamoelioT. Cven amisTana sazogado moRvaweoba ar gvesmis da TviT warmodgenac ki

gvezizReba. yvelafers warmovidgendiT da imas ki vera, rom yvelaferSi frTxili da

windaxeduli il. WavWavaZe Tavis Tavs sakuTaris xeliT esre uwyalod gaSoltavda

12

sajarod. is mwerali, romelic Rrma filosofiis da sazogado principebis saxeliT

wvrilman angariSebs misdevs da jambazobs, yovelTvis am sasacilo mdgomareobaSi

Cavardeba.”22 qvemoT daviT kezeli ilia WavWavaZes kidev ufro did braldebas uyenebs.

,,droebis” daxurviTa da ,,iveriis” gamocemiT gaRizianebuli daviT kezeli wers:

,,mekobreoba yvela saxelmwifoTa kanondebulebiT akrZalulia, magram faTerakis Tavidan

asacileblad mekobarni TavianT xomaldzed im qveynis alams aafrialeben xolme, romlis

gemebsac sruli ufleba aqvT im zRvazed siarulisa. b. il. WavWavaZem am SemTxvevaSi

literaturuli mekobroba daamtkica: e.i. raRac gacveTili filosofiis almiT xelSi,

viRaca kerZo pirovnebis sabrZolvelad gamovida da es aris mizezi, rom logikamac

uRalata da ubralo saRma Wkuamac.” 23

ase ,,igloves” ,,saqarTvelos moambis” daxurva, ase ,,dauloces” orjer gza

,,iverias” qarTuli Jurnalistikis, qarTuli publicistikis, qarTuli mwerlobis

moRvaweebma. swored, aseTi SemTxvevis gamo ityoda ilia: ,,pirveli qva, romelic

Tavgamodebuls moxvdeba xolme, qarTvelisganve aris gamotyorcnili.”

3. ,,keTili ara gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia” (didi ideis mesaflaveni)

da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa

da ilocevdiT maTTUis,

romelni gmZlavrobden TqUen.

luka, 6, 29

keTili ars marili. ukueTu marili

igi ganqardes, raYTa daimarilos?

luka, 14, 35

ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg morigi Seteva 1888 wels ganxorcielda. amjerad

,,oTaraanT qvrivi” dauwunes ilias. 1888 wels, fsevdonimiT ,,mkiTxveli”, daibeWda Sio

daviTaSvilis broSura ,,Catexili xidi” ,,oTaraanT qvrivi”-s b. ilia WavWavaZis

moTxrobis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis SeniSvnebi.” Sio daviTaSvili ,,oTaraanT qvrivs” mTlianad

uaryofiTad afasebs, mwerals erTbaSad yvelafers uwunebs, erTgan ki aseT daskvnasac

akeTebs: ,,mTel moTxrobaSi ar aris arc erTi dasrulebuli saxe: erTisa ena gvaCvenes,

meorisa mklavi, mesamisa fexi da meoTxisa Crdili. amasTan mTeli moTxroba Cvens

niadagzed ar aris aSenebuli. erTi Cveni nacnobi saxec ver davinaxeT, Cveni

aRmaSfoTebeli, an damatkbobeli sityvac ver gavigoneT, is sityva, romelic maRla caSi

ki ar ikargeba, aramed gulsa hxvdeba. aba ra iyo oTaraanT qvrivi? vis ginaxavT CvenSi

magisTana dedakaci?”2

iliaseuli ,,Catexili xidis” idea, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, Seucnobeli darCa Sio

daviTaSvilisaTvis. gaugebaria, Tavs isulelebda Tu marTla ase uwignuri iyo ilias

oponenti. Sio daviTaSvils etyoba seriozulad ainteresebda pasuxi mis mierve dasmul

kiTxvaze: ,,ra xidebs eZebs Cveni mwerloba, b. WavWavaZis moTaveobiT? nu Tu marTla Cven

13

xalxSi wodebaTa Soris aseTi ganxeTqileba sufevs, rom maT Soris xidi Catexila da mis

aRsadgenad mravalTagan-mravali cremli iyos saWiro? ra unaxavsT, ra gahkvirvebiaT,

romel xidis Catexvazed gvesaubrebian?”3

am kiTxvaze ,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” rom pasuxi ver upovia, Sio daviTaSvils ufiqria,

ufiqria da aseTi daskvna gaukeTebia: ,,ra vici, ara erTi sofeli momivlia, ara erTs

Tavads, aznaurs vicnob, araerT glexTan milaparaknia da Catexil xidzed xsenebac arsad

aris. marTalia, yvela TavisTvis scxovrobs da sxvisi dardi ara aqvs, magram arCilsa da

kesosac ara hqondaT giorgisa da sosias dardi. es mainc ar uSlis arc erT mxares

mimarTos meores, daukiTxavad estumron saxlSi erTmaneTs, roca raime moundebaT.”4 erTi

sityviT, Sio daviTaSvilma ,,Catexili xidis” arseboba uaryo da am aRmoCeniT kmayofilma

aseTi daskvna gaakeTa: ,,aq Catexil xidzed laparakic ar SeiZleba da ar vici, saiTgan ra

gamougonia b. WavWavaZes.”5 1888 welsve gamoica daviT soslanis (daviT kezelis) broSura ,,kritikuli

ganxilva ,,oTaraanT qvrivisa” (moTxroba il. WavWavaZisa).”6 Sio daviTaSvilis msgavsad,

daviT kezelic mTlianad uaryofiTad afasebs ,,oTaraanT qvrivs.” daviT kezelis azriT:

,,mTeli moTxroba aSenebulia im wina agebuls azrzed (tendenciazed), rom Tavad-

aznaurobasa da glex-kacobas Soris xidia Catexili. am xidis gasamTeleblad avtors

auRia glexis biWi giorgi, magram, rogorc mkiTxvels axsovs masala farsagi ar gamodga

da ufro CaimSxvia uamisodac Catexili xidi. risTvis mokvda esre udrovod es jansaRi

da soflis Tvali biWi? _ imisTvis, rom Tavadis qali Seiyvara.” 7 nawarmoebis mTavar

ideas daviT kezeli ase afasebs: ,,TviT is azri, rom siyvaruli, mijnuroba gaidos ,,gzad

da xidad” am ors, grZeli istoriuli wes-wyobilebiT erTi-erTmaneTze daSorebuli

wodebaTa Soris, saTaveSive yalbi da Semcdaria. Tavad-aznaurobis da glex kacobis

Serigeba da SeerTeba qalis siyvaruliT, glexis TavadTan dasiZebiT ar moxerxdeba.”8 ai, ase martivad gaigo is didi idea, romelic ilia WavWavaZem qarTveli sazogadoebis

gansasjelad gamoitana.

zogadi daskvnebis gverdiT daviT kezeli konkreyul daskvnebsac akeTebs. ilia

WavWavaZis oponenti wers: ,,exla Tqveni bednieri TvaliT hxedavT, rom b. WavWavaZe

daSorebulia glexobasTan arSiyobazed. piriqiT Cven wina sdgas Tavadis sisxlis

SeubRalavobis daraji glexis myrali sisxliT.”9 ai Turme ratom kvdeba giorgi, ratom ar acocxla igi iliam! rogorc Cans, iliasadmi zizRi daviT kezels giorgisadmi zizRSi

gadaezarda. sxvagvarad ver aixsneba daviT kezelis daskvna imis Taobaze, rom giorgis

siyvaruli ,,sulis avadmyofobis niSania. misi siyvaruli Stoa fsixiatriaSi esred

wodebuli erotomaniisa.”10 igives imeorebs avtori cota qvemoT: ,,diaR, an giorgi suliT

avadmyofia da, maSasadame, sagania fsixiatriisa da ara gmiri moTxrobisa.”11 daviT kezeli erTmaneTs adarebs lev tolstois gmiris, ana kareninas, da ilia

WavWavaZis gmir giorgis, sicocxlis finals _ pirvelma Tavi Segnebulad moikla, meore

ki SemTxveviT daiRupa. ilias gansaqiqeblad daviT kezeli amjeradac SemTxvevas ar uSvebs

da wers: ,,ana karenina, rom matarebels SemTxveviT mohyoloda da momkvdariyo, maSin

tolstoi literaturis finaCi iqneboda da ara pirvelxarisxovani romanisti.”12 daviT kezeli ar gaTavxedebula da ar dauweria Tu vin iyo amgvari logikiT ilia WavWavaZe.

ilias moSurnem kargad icoda, rom mkiTxveli daskvnas isec ilias sasargeblod ar

gaakeTebda.

arc Sio daviTaSvili da arc daviT kezeli ar ganekuTvnebodnen im adamianebis

ricxvs, ,,Catexili xidis” ideas ase martivad rom uyurebdnen. aseT adamianebze ityoda

ilia: ,,keTili ar gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia.”

14

4. ,,erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuili” (saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbeblebi da maTi damqaSebi)

rameTu TiTeuli xE

TUisisagan nayofisa sacnaur arn.

luka, 6, 44

rusuli narodnikuli socializmis cnobilma warmomadgenelma ivane jabadarma,

fsevdonimiT ,,Н. Д.” Jurnal ,,Северный Вестник”-Si 1889 wels gamoaqveyna ,,Писма о Грузий”. ivane jabadaris mizani aseTi iyo: saqarTvelos istorias iseTi interpretacia

unda miscemoda, rom qarTvel ers Tavisi warsuliT veRar eamaya. ivane jabadari

daaskvnida, rom qarTveli eri daberda, fizikuri da sulieri Zalisgan daiSrita da

perspeqtiva aRar hqonia. ivane jabadars 1889 welse upasuxa ilia WavWavaZem gazeT

,,iveriaSi” brwyinvale werilebis seriiT ,,ai istoria”. ivane jabadarma TbilisSi

gamomaval gazeT ,,Новое Обозрение”-Si ori werili dabeWda: ,,Откритое послание

ивериицам”1 da ,,Поклонение современности и ,,археология”2. ivane jabadari

kosmopoliti iyo da saqarTvelos istorias sruliad garkveuli politikuri mizniT

ayalbebda (imasac amboben, rom ,,Писма о Грузий” ivane jabadars ar dauweria, misi

meuRlis dawerili iyoo). am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi naTeli da gasagebia. gaugebaria

mxolod erTi ram ratom dauWira zogierTma qarTvelma mxari ivane jabadars? nuTu

iliasadmi boRmam da Surma daaviwya am adamianebs patiosneba, Rirseba, daaviwya samSoblo?

1889 wlis 12 noembers gazeT ,,TeatrSi” daibeWda ,,Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva”,

romlis avtori iyo vinme ,,salmasteli”3 mimoxilva iwyeba ivane jabadarisa da misi

naSromis qeba-didebiT: ,,rusul Jur. ,,Сев. Вест.”-Si ibeWdeba werili ,,Писма о Грузий”, romlis avtori ikvlevs Cveni warsulis istoriisa da literaturis viTarebas. sruliad

axali da nayofieri azri naSromisa utyuari gamomxatvelia imisi, rom werilebis avtors

Segnebuli aqvs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli sociologiuri kanonebi da am ukve

SeZenili sagzliT igi Sesdgomia iseT mZime sagans, rogoric aris Cveni gaurkveveli da

burusiT moculi ganvlili cxovreba. avtori kritikiT xelmZRvanelobs, surs

gancalkevebuli istoriuli movlenani qarTvelTa cxovrebisa sistemaSi moiyvanos da

uCvenos imis kavSiri im xalxebis cxovrebasTan, romelnic maSindels kulturas saTaveSi

udgnen da romelTa gavlena da zemoqmedeba tons da mimarTulebas aZlevda mTels

aRmosavleTis dawinaurebul erTa yofa-cxovrebas.”4 ase gadauxada salmastelma madloba ivane jabadars saqarTvelos istoriis

gayalbebisaTvis, qarTveli eris Seuracxyofisa da abuCad agdebisTvis. vin ufro didi

damnaSave iyo qarTveli eris winaSe qarTvelobadakarguli, gadagvarebuli ivane jabadari,

Tu misi qarTveli mexotbe?

15

salmastelma ivane jabadarisa da misi naSromis qeba-dideba ar ikmara da ilia

WavWavaZesac Semoswyra ,,Писма о Грузий”-is kritikis gamo. salmasteli wers: ,,da ai,

swored am dros, rodesac ,,Писма о Грузий”-is avtori aseTis keTilSobilurisa da

umaRlesis azriT daswafebia Tavis aRrCeuls sagans ,,iveriis” mowinave werilebis avtori

(ilia WavWavaZe _ avt.) saSinelis uSveris sityvebiT lanZRavs n.d.-s (ivane jabadars _

avt.).5 salmasteli arad agdebs imas, rom ivane jabadari qarTvelobas arwmunebs:

saqarTvelos istoriaSi saamayo araferiao. piriqiT, madlobas uxdis ivane jabadars:

,,magram Tu-ki avtoris (ivane jabadaris _ avt.) azriT, Cvens xalxs (e.i. qarTvel ers – avt.) aqamdis TavisTavad didi ram ara gaukeTebia-ra da erTad erTi Cveni warsuli

didebis Zeglic (gulisxmobs ,,vefxistyaosans” – avt.) Tavisis SinaarsiT sxva niadagidam yofila Cvens niadagze gadmonergili da isic urigoT, am garemoebis gami miT meti Sroma

da miT meti swavla gvmarTebs, miT ufro dasatuqsveli da Sesaginebelia CvenSi

warsuliT trabaxi ...”6. gazeT ,,Teatris” imave nomerSi s. salmastelis meore werilic

daibeWda saTauriT ,,cxovrebis moedani”7 ilia WavWavaZis mier ivane jabadaris winaaRmdeg

gamosvlas s. salmasteli ase moixseniebs: ,,diaR, didi xania, rac omi astyda, da, rogorc

mogexsenebaT, Cveni dedaberi ,,iveriis” mama-mTavarma (ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) Tavis

diakvnebiT didi wirva-locva da paraklisi gadaixades da dResac ,,iveriidam” glovis

zaris wkara-wkuri moismis.”8 yovelgvar zRvars gadadis s. salmasteli, rodesac ilias

ase ixseniebs: ,,TviT mamamTavari, jer isev, rogorc etyoba, samecniero wignebSi Rmad

garTula, radganac, RvTis wyalobiT mxolod sibereSi moeca SemTxveva da gaWireba

Seiswavlos is, rac siymawvileSi ver Seigno; kidevac baraqala imis mxneobasa da

gamrjelobas!”9

ilia WavWavaZem ivane jabadaris ,,Писма о Грузий”-is aseTi Sefaseba misca: ,,Tavidam bolomde erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuilia marto ZagebisTvis SeTiTxnili,

Wirveulobisa da yovlad uazrobisa da uvicobisagan da Tavgasul mamlayinwobisagan

urcxvad gatrabaxebuli.” salmastelisTana ,,wvrilfexobisaTvis” ilias ar ecala. ivane

jabadaris ukan didi Zala idga, es Zala axal gansacdels umzadebda saqarTvelos. iliac

axali, didi brZolisaTvis emzadeboda.

5. ,,imitom, rom qarTvelia” (zRvarsgadasuli didi kacebi)

vin aris ufroYsi:

romeli inaQiT zis

anu romeli hmsaxurebs?

luka, 22, 27

ilia WavWavaZe, dimitri yifiani, niko nikolaZe, akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, erT

uRels eweodnen. erTmaneTis fasic kargad icodnen da Zalac. isic kargad uwyodnen, rom

16

maTi uTanxmoebiT, da miT umetes dapirispirebiT, mteri dauyovnebliv isargeblebda.

miuxedavad amisa, dapirispireba Tavidan ver iqna acilebuli. ufro metic, dapirispireba

pirovnebis SeuracxyofaSi gadaizarda da didad avno qarTul saqmes. amjerad, yuradRebas

SevaCerebT ori didi moRvawis, niko nikolaZisa da ivane maCablis yovlad uRirs

gamosvlebze ilia WavWavaZis winaagmdeg.

gazeT ,,droebis” 1877 wlis 16 Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda niko nikolaZis

werili: ,,siraji-poeti (Ria wigni, miwerili n. baraTaSvilTan, saiqioSi).”1 marTalia,

werilSi ilia WavWavaZe naxsenebi ar aris, magram eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom siraj-

poetSi niko nikolaZe, swored, ilia WavWavaZes gulisxmobs.2 niko nikolaZe erTmaneTs

upirispirebs nikoloz baraTaSvils (poetis etalons) da ilia WavWavaZes (siraj-poets).

Tavis pozicias niko nikolaZe nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi gamoxatavs.

praqtikulad, yvela mimarTva ilia WavWavaZis ganqiqebisaTvis aris gamiznuli. ai erT-erTi

maTgani: ,,Senis sikvdilis Semdeg, Zmao, qveyana Seicvala da poetebma ,,Wkua iswavles.” _

risi ,,sxivio”, sadauri gvirgvinio, hfiqrobs dRevandeli poeti: arc kaci varga, rom

cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi, da Tavis Tavs ki ara argoso. is dRes imas

cdilobs, rom gza Telili, Sengan navali TviTon mosvenebiT gaiaros, da sxvebisaTvis ki

daxSos da gadaRobos. ai, Zmao, amasaviT unda gecxovra da gemoqmeda, ,,Wkua rom

gqonoda!”3 rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi, niko nikolaZe zogadad poetebze saubrobs, Tumca

cxadia, rom ,,sxvebisaTvis” gzis ,,damxSobsa” da ,,gadamRobSi” ilia WavWavaZes

gulisxmobda. qvemoT niko nikolaZem kidev ufro aSkarad mianiSna ilia WavWavaZeze. ai,

rogor mimarTavs igi nikoloz baraTaSvils: ,,Wkua rom gqonoda, Sen daiwyebdi Sens

,,karieras” leqsebis weriT romelime gamoCenili poetis kiloze, da eqvs sityvas ar

ityodi ise, rom Sig ,,hoi mamulo, daRupulo” ar gexsenebia, ana da ar gamogeTqva, rom

Sens mets mamuli aravis uyvars.”4 aSkarad iliaze mianiSnebs werilis es adgilic: ,,mere

wamoiwyebdi Jurnalis gamocemas, da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanas imas uqadagebdi,

rom TanamgrZnobeli aravina gyavs, arc aravin gexmareba, da marto Sen swev qveynis

Wapans.”5 didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom niko nikolaZe, am SemTxvevaSi, Jurnal

,,saqarTvelos moambes” gulisxmobda, romelsac ilia erTi wlis (1863 w.) ganmavlobaSi

scemda. 1864 wels iliam Jurnalis gamocema Sewyvita. niko nikolaZe nikoloz

baraTaSvils, amjerad, ase mimarTavs: ,,Tu dainaxavdi, rom Jurnali Semosavliani saqme

rodi yofila, rom is mwerlisagan weris garda, aTasnair sxva jafas da xarjs

Txoulobs, maSin, rasakvirvelia, Jurnals ukuagdebdi da sxva samsaxurSi Sergavdi Tavs,

sadac Seni mwerlobis reputacia xeirians adgils gaSovninebda.”6 am SemTxvevaSic

yvelaferi naTelia: niko nikolaZe ilia WavWavaZis duSeTSi momrigebel mosamarTled

daniSvnas gulisxmobda (1868 w.). duSeTidan TbilisSi ilias dabrunebas (1873 w.). niko

nikolaZe ase warmogvidgens: ,,maSin Sen Seupovrad gamoxvidodi sazogado samsaxuris

asparezze, da sazogado sikeTis survili SenSi iqamde gaZlierdeboda, rom Sen ikisrebdi

imisTana saqmes, romlisTvisac damzadebuli ar iyavi. miiRebdi maSin dReSi erTi saaTi

SromisaTvis didZal sasyidels. droc bevri geqneboda maSin da Tavisuflebac. kuWic

maZRari geqneboda da Tvalic.”7 am SemTxvevaSic didi gamWriaxoba ar iyo imis misaxvedrad saWiro, rom niko nikolaZe Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankis

SeqmnaSi ilias monawileobas gulisxmobda.

nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi ilias moRvaweobis Semdgom periods niko

nikolaZe ase warmogvidgens: ,,magram maSin dainaxavdi, rom niWic, rogorc yvelaferi am

wuTier deda-miwaze, wuTieri da warmavali yofila. moindomebdi isev weras, magram bevri

17

oflis Rvrisa da kvnesa-tanjvis Semdeg dainaxavdi, rom veRarafers gamoswurav SigniT

damWknar da garedan qonmodebul gulisgan. roca kargad darwmundebodiT, rom aTis wlis

uazro cxovrebas mouklavs SenSi gonebis sifxizle da Wkuis Zala, maSin nacnobs da

ucnobs imis SeCivlebas dauwyebdi, rom sazogado samsaxuri erT fiora Tavisufal dros

ar gitovebs, da es garemoeba weras giSlis. dae, usaqmod daiarebode dilidam saRamomde,

dae, niadag gamarTuli gqondes patiJoba da stumroba, da dila-saRamos Wadrakisa da

banqos TamaSSi atarebde, Sen niadag is unda iZaxo, dro ara maqvs, jafas ver uZlebo.”8 niko nikolaZis cilis wameba ukve yovelgvar zRvars gadadis, roca ilias ase

axasiaTebs: ,,maSin, Zmao, SegeZleboda lagami agexsna Seni bunebisa da sixarbisaTvis, da

daufaravad gamodgomodi aqauri wuTieri ganZis Ziebas. Cinebulad mouvlidi maSin Sens

mamuls, da sxvisasac ostaturad daepatronebodi. Sengan aRweril ,,sabralo glexebs” da

,,ubedur muSebs” lazaTianad dabegravdi da mosTokavdi, rom uadvilesad gamogewura

maTgan naSromi.”9 niko nikolaZe ilias gansaqiqeblad ukan araferze ixevs. sayovelTaod cnobilia,

rom ilias Semosavlis nawils Rvinis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli fuli Seadgenda. es

imxanad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda, Rvinos yidda memamuleTa umravlesoba. es

ambavi niko nikolaZem nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi mimarTvaSi aseTi ukadrisi formiT

warmoadgina: ,,Sen moindomebdi mikirtum gaspariCebis TvalSiac amaRlebas. amisTvis

Seagrovebdi alaznis pirze glexebisgan begrad gamorTmeul Rvinoebs, da Camoitandi

qalaqSi, sadac maT gasasyidad Rvinis maransac gaxsnidi. gakvirdebodnen maSin poRos

artemiCebi da petruz minaiCebi da iyodnen: ,,va, es poeti ki ara, muceli mucelTagan

CvenTa yofilao.”10 niko nikolaZe nikoloz baraTaSvils aseT cinikur rCevas aZlevs: ,,gijobda siraj-

poetad gamosuliyavi dediSenis muclidan: maSin Cveneburi, sirajuli, Wkua gamogyveboda,

da Seiqnebodi sicocxleSive qebuli, amaRlebuli da Casuqebuli ...“11 ilia WavWavaZisTvis rom ekiTxa vinmes, Tu ratom iqceoda ase uRirsad niko

nikolaZe, ilia mSvidad upasuxebda: ,,imitom rom qarTvelia.”

XXX

niko nikolaZeze bevrad Sors Sestopa ivane maCabelma. 1892 wels TbilisSi e.i.

xelaZis stambaSi daibeWda wigni ,,Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi moRvaweoba.” wigni

avtoris miTiTebis gareSe gamovida, Tumca imTaviTve gaxda cnobili, rom igi ivane

maCabels ekuTvnoda.12

ivane maCabeli iZulebulia aRiaros, rom ilia WavWavaZes sazogadoeba aRmerTebs da

iliasTan polemikaSi Cabmuli aucileblad damarcxdeboda. ilias oponenti wers: ,,maS ra

TilismiT, ra ZaliTa da manqanebiT xdeba, rom araviTari sazogado saqme uWavWavaZeod ar

daiwyeba? imave TilismiTa da ZaliT, ra ZaliTac Tayvaniscemasa da pativs ar aklebs

didxanobamde brbo erisa erTxel raime gareSe mizezis gamo RmerTad miCneul kerps.”13 ivane maCabelma miznad daisaxa daemtkicebina, rom ilia WavWavaZe, SemTxveviT,

arakanonzomierad iqca qarTuli sazogadoebis (,,brbos”) kerpad. ufro konkretulad: ilia

WavWavaZe daumsaxureblad aRmoCnda Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo

bankis Tavmjdomared, gazeTi ,,iveriac” raRac SemTxveviTobam (iRbalma) aqcia upirveles

gazeTad. ivane maCabeli iqmdec ki mivida, rom ilia WavWavaZes qarTveli eris interesebis

RalatSic ki dado brali. ivane maCabeli arc malavda Tavis ganzraxvas. misi mizani iyo

daemtkicebina ori umTavresi ram: ilia WavWavaZe iyo cudi bankiri da kidev ufro cudi

18

redaqtori. tyuliad daSvra ivane maCabeli. es albaT Tavadac kargad igrZno, amitom iyo,

rom gaborotebuli aseT daskvnas akeTebs:

,,vaTavebT da dasasruls srulis siwrfeliT vekiTxebiT Cvens Tavs: ra gaakeTa T.

WavWavaZem, romelsame sazogado asparezzed?

ra gaakeTa dramatul sazogadoebaSi?

sxvaTagan Cinebulad dawyebuli saqmis ufrosoba Caibara, am ufrosobaSi movla-

gazrdis magivrad sikvdilamde miiyvana da mimkvdarebuli, suliT-mobrZavi sxvaTa miugdo

sapatroneblad, _ exla Tqven mouareTo.

ra gaakeTa ,,wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebaSi”? araferi imis meti, rom yovelsave sasargeblo azrs da dawyebulebas muxls

uxuTavda Tavis moundomlobiT da gul-civobiT.

ra gaakeTa saTavad-aznauro skolis damfuZnebel sazogadebaSi?

araferi, araferi, sruliad araferi.

rad gardahqmna qarTuli yovel dRiuri gazeTi?

umniSvnelo, usicocxlo, usulo qaRaldebis Tabaxad, romelic mxolod T.

WavWavaZis pirads, diaR, vimeorebT, pirads interessa da wadils yur-moWril monasaviT

emorCileba.

dasasrul, ra mimarTuleba, ra gza aCvena, _ ra gaakeTa, yovel dasaxelebul saqmis

msazrdoebel bankSi, romlis moTavedac is iTvleba dasawyisidam dRemde?

mTelis Cvidmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi ver gaicno, ver SeiTvisa anbanic ki bankis

saqmisa, romelzedac ase Tamamad hqadagebda bankis kaTedridamac da ,,Tavis” gazeTis

furclebzedac.”14 iliasTan yvela polemikaSi sastikad damarcxebuli, gaborotebuli ivane maCabeli

moralis kiTxviT asrulebs:

,,yovelis-feri moTmineba, Tu gnebavT, mieteveba kidec sazogado moRvawes:

sizarmacec, drozed ugul-wrfelobac, TviT Tund isic, rom mopirdapire hkicxos,

hkilos da aTasis kacis winaSe SeekiTxos, guSin Tqven ufro Wkviani iyaviT, Tu dRes

ufro Wkviani xarTo (esec albad magaliTia zrdilobisa da ,,kaceburis Rirsebis grZnobis

pativiscemisa”), _ magram is ki miutevebeli, mouTmenelia, rom kaci fex qveSa sTelavdes

simarTlesac da Tavis WeSmaritebasac Tavis amomrCevelTa winaSe! im amomrCevelTa winaSe,

romelTac TavianT bedi da ubedoba amorCeulis kalTaSi gauxveviaT da ise brmad da

Tvalaxvulni endobian, rom imis piridam amosuli umecreba mecnierebad miaCniaT, mrude

azri da sityva umwvervales mWevr-metyvelebad, xavs-mokidebuli oxunjoba dausruleblis

sicilis wyarod, _ diaR, amisTana damyol, mindobil sazogadoebis agdeba ki, vimeorebT,

arc mosaTmenia da arc misatevebeli.”15 iliasaTvis rom ekiTxaT, Tu ratom iqceoda ase ivane maCabeli, ,,xavs-mokidebuli

oxunjobiT”, ilia dinjad, RimiliT upasuxebda: ,,imitom rom qarTvelia.”

19

6. Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue

(social-demokratebis gamolaSqreba)

xolo igini RaRadebdes da ityodes:

,,jvars-acu, jvars-acu ege”

luka, 23, 24.

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwurulisa da 90-iani wlebis damdegidan

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas iwyebs social-demokratiuli ideologia.

1892-1893 wlebSi Seiqmna pirveli qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia

,,mesame dasi”. imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom qarTveli social- demokratebi (noe Jordania,

silibistro jiblaZe, filipe maxaraZe, mixa cxakaia, karlo CxeiZe, petre geleiSvili da

sxv.) erovnul moZraobas daupirispirdebodnen. swored amitom iyo, rom ilia WavavaZe

,,mesame dasis” Seqmnas saSiS movlenad miiCnevda. ilias aRelvebda isic, rom ,,mesame dass” mfarvelobda iseTi gamoCenili moRvawe, rogoric iyo giorgi wereTeli. male giorgi

wereTlis gazeT ,,kvalSi” (gamovida 1893 wels) qarTvel social-demokratTa werilebi

gamoCnda (1897 wlis bolos giorgi wereTelma ,,kvali” social-demokratebs gadasca.

1898 wlis pirveli nomridan ,,kvals” noe Jordania redaqtorobda). iseTi popularuli

gazeTi, rogoric ,,kvali” iyo, didad uwyobda xels qarTvel social-demokratTa

damkvidrebas sazogadoebriv-politikur asparezze.

ilia WavWavaZe jer-jerobiT dumils arCevda. iliam kargad icoda ra Zalebic

idgnen qarTvel social-demokraTa ukan saqarTvelos gareT, icoda social-demokratiuli

moZraobis aRmavlobis Taobaze ruseTsa da evropaSi. ase gagrZelda 1896 wlamde.

1895 wlis ianvarSi gazeT ,,kvalSi” daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili ,,kvalis”

ori wlis naRvawi”. am droisaTvis ilia WavWavaZe da giorgi wereTeli ukve ubrad iyvnen.

miuxedavad amisa, giorgi wereTelma werilSi udierad moixsenia gazeT ,,iveriis” redaqcia

da zogadad ,,iveria”. garda amisa, giorgi wereTelma ,,iverias” brali dasdo

Tavadaznaurobis interesebis dacvaSi da qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi Tavadaznaurobis

gabatonebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis mcdelobaSi.1 giorgi wereTlis werilis Semdeg

daiwyo laSqroba ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg. jer-jerobiT ilia WavWavaZis saxelis

xsenebisagan Tavs ikavebdnen, magram yvelam kargad icoda, rom es laSqroba ilias

winaaRmdeg iyo wamowyebuli.

1895 wels ,,kvalSi” daiwyo noe Jordanias naSromis ,,gaz. ,,iveria” da erovneba” beWdva. noe Jordaniam naSromSi igive azri gaatara, rac giorgi wereTelma cota xniT

adre zemoxsenebul werilSi. noe Jordaniam ufro mZafrad Seutia ,,iverias”. noe

Jordanias kritika zerelea, samagierod, naSromi aRsavsea cinizmiT. naSromSi vkiTxulobT:

,,erTi sityviT yvela win-waweul, gareSe saxelmwifos mier damonebul erebSi, dasebi

yofila da aris. mxoloT TbilisSi qarTuli gazeTi ,,iveria” gamomdgara da iZaxis:

,,dasebis arseboba Cvens bunebriv moTxivnilebas ar Seadgenso.” Cven sul amas vfiqrobT,

vai Tu ,,iveria” amiT mxoloT imas gveubnebodes, ,,yvelam ,,iveriis” Tavi moibiT da Cven

TanaxmaT ifiqreTo.” am SemTxvevaSi ,,iveria” gamodis gonebis inkviziciis moZRvraT, es-Ra

aklda Cven ob-mokidebul uazrobas.”2 noe Jordania igive toniT agrZelebs: ,,raki iveriam

erTxel aRiara: ar aris saqarTvelo garda saqarTvelosi da misi erTaderTi organo

,,iveriaao”, rasakvirvelia, amiT man brZola gamoucxada yoveli axali azris gafurCqvnas

da SemuSavebas, mimarTulebis da cxovrebis axali principiT gamokvlevas.”3

20

1895 welsve noe Jordaniam gazeT ,,iveriis” (faqtobrivad ilia WavWavaZis)

kritikas meore werili _ ,,moambe”, ,,iveria” da erovneba” miuZRvna. es werilic gazeT

,,kvalSi” daibeWda. cinizmi am SemTxvevaSic noe Jordanias mTavari iaraRia. ,,iveriis”

mravalgzis abuCad agdeba noe Jordaniam ase daasrula: ,,iveria” qveyanas ,,naninas” ugalobebs. qveyanas ki mainc ar sZinavs, viTom arc ki esmis. qveyana _ iveria gazeT _

,,iverias” gaurbis. eseni cal-calke midian da Cvenc gza davulocoT.”4 es ukve metis-meti iyo da iliamac social-demokratTa galaSqrebas sakadrisi

pasuxi gasca.

1896 wels gazeT ,,iveriaSi” ,,jibraelis” fsevdonimiT daibeWda ilias brwyinvale

publicisturi werili ,,Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue”. iliam pirdapir miwasTan

gaaswora giorgi wereTeli da ,,mesame dasi”. ilia social-demokratiul ideologias

,,exlandel sibrZne-sicrues” uwodebs. ilia werda: ,,me vfiqrob, rom saba orbelians amis

Tqma undoda: me zRapars geubnebi da sibrZnes ki gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia,

aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea. am mxriT saba orbelianis wigni sicruea. is sicrue ki

ara, romelic swamlavs da Sxamavs adamians da sicruis mTqmels ufro sTxris da

auwmindurebs, vidre sxvas. is sicrue ki ara, romelsac auRia urcxvad Tavi da

qurdulad ikbineba geslian morielsaviT da romelic ase sazizRaria da samarTlianad

devnuli patiosan kacisagan. is sicrue _ ki ara, romelsac bude gaukeTebia Cvens ,,mesame

dasis” JurnalSi, b-n g. wereTlis Tavmosawonebel ,,kvalSi”, da romelSiac igive b-ni g.

wereTeli kruxada zis da sCeks tyuilebis wiwilebs da yovel-kvira gamohyavs iarmukaze

gasasyidad.”

ilia WavWavaZis werils ,,Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue” gamoexmaura giorgi

wereTeli. 1897 wlis aprilSi gazeT ,,kvalSi” daibeWda giorgi wereTlis ,,Ria werili

T. ilia WavWavaZes”.5 amjerad giorgi wereTels zomierebam umtyuna da ciliswamebazec

gadavida. giorgi wereTeli wers: ,,mas aqeT, rac Tqven sakuTari qarTuli organo

(igulisxmeba gazeTi ,,iveria” – avt.) daaarseT, visac ki gaubednia TqvenTan azrovnebaSi kamaTi, yvelas blomad moxvedria Tqven da Tqven amalaTagan mier Semzadebuli talaxi. am

Tqven mier gamonatyorcnil talaxs da bezRobas ar gadarCenia arc erTi Cveni qarTveli

moRvaweTagani, romelTac bedniereba ar hqonebian zogierTi Tqveni moqmedeba mwerlobaSi

ar gaekicxaT da Sesaferad ar daefasebinaT.”6 giorgi wereTelma ilia WavWavaZes brali dasdo qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris

erovnuli SuRlis CamogdebaSi. werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,erT dRes somxebi ybaT aiReT,

imaTi Rirseba miwasTan gaasworeT, mcarcvelebi da kontrabandistebi daarqviT da meore

dRes saqveynoT gamoacxadeT, rom somxebi maRali kulturis xalxiao, momWirne, mSromeli,

mkvidri ojaxis mqone, ganaTlebis moyvare da sxva da sxva. Tqven dalocvilo, Tuki

aseTebi iyvnen somxebi, lanZRvas raRas emarTlebodiT.”7 iliasadmi Surma da boRmam

iliasadmi aseTi sityvebic ki daawerina: ,,Tqven ki, b-no ilia WavWavaZe, viTarca meTaurs,

ar gekadrebaT arc urigo lanZRva-gineba, arc bezRobiT kudis gamobma. icodeT, rom

saqarTvelos eri bevr Tqven RirsebasTan arasodes ar gapatiebT im ganxeTqilebas,

romelic Tqven dRes CamoagdeT aramc Tu Cvensa da somxebs Sua, aramed TviT qarTvelebs

Soris.”8 sityvebi, romliTac giorgi wereTeli werilis bolos ilia WavWavaZes mimarTavs,

ciliswamebadac ki ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, es raRac ufro saZagelia: ,,aba, miCveneT, sad

arian is warCinebulni moRvaweni qveynisa, romelnic dRes Tqven gars unda gexvion da

TqvenTan erTad xelixelCakidebuli unda Secqeroden did istoriul movlenas da masSi

21

eZiebden qveynis xsnis momaswavebeli garemoebaTa. isini arian yovelgan da TqvenTan ki ara,

imitom rom Tqveni gaampartavnebuli Tavmoyvareobis gamo yvelani SemoirekeT da darCiT

sul marto.”9

TviT giorgi wereTeli am droisaTvis ,,sul marto” sulac ar iyo. mas gars

exvivnen kosmopolitizmis seniT Sepyrobili mesame daselebi da ,,mamulis, enisa da

sarwmunoebis” gasanadgureblad emzadebodnen.

* * *

1897 wels ilia WavWavaZes samoci weli usruldeboda. ,,mesame daselebma” kargad icodnen, rom ilias giorgi wereTlisa da noe Jordanias werilebiT veras daaklebdnen.

samoci wlis iubile mTeli sisruliT warmoaCenda eris ugvirgvino mefis, eris sulieri

mamis didebas. social-demokratebma ilias samoci wlis iubilis CaSla gadawyvites. es

iyo metad veraguli gegma. mesame daselebi ilias iubilis CaSliT ori miznis miRwevas

cdilobdnen _ ilias avtoritetis Selaxvas da social-demokratebis Zlierebis

damtkicebas.

ilia WavWavaZes samoci wlis iubilis didi zarzeimiT aRniSvna xels ar aZlevda

kavkasiis koloniur administracias. Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo

frTxilad moqmedebda _ xelisufleba oficialurad ilias iubilis winaaRmdeg ver

gamovidoda. samagierod, Riad da Tavxedurad moqmedebdnen social-demokratebi: filipe

maxaraZe, silibistro jiblaZe, petre geleiSvili da sxvebi. ase daemTxva erTmaneTs ori

Zalis _ xelisuflebisa da ,,mesame dasis” _ interesebi (mogvianebiT isini erTmaneTs

gadaabraleben ilias iubilis CaSlas).

ilias iubilis CaSla iyo pirveli didi warmatebuli aqcia, romelic qarTvelma

social-demokratebma Caatares. muSaTa jgufebma, social-demokratebis xelmZRvanelobiT,

daaSines gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis redaqtorebi, stambebis mflobelebi. muSebi darbeviT

emuqrebodnen maT, vinc iliasadmi miZRvnil werils an wigns dabeWdavda. daaSines

calkeuli moRvaweebi. Tbilisis garda iubilis CaSlisaTvis didi muSaoba mimdinareobda

baTumsa da quTaisSi.

1898 wels cnobilma moRvawem mixeil nasiZem moaxerxa ilia WavWavaZisadmi

miZRvnili broSuris _ ,,T. ilia WavWavaZe, biografiuli da kritikuli etiudi” _

gamocema. Seqmnili viTarebis gamo broSura gamovida fevdonimiT ,,me gaxlavar”. marTalia,

1897 wels ilias iubile CaiSala, magram xmebi dadioda iubile 1898 wels aRiniSnebao.

filipe maxaraZem saswrafod dawera recenzia mixeil nasiZis broSuraze da gazeT

,,kvalSi” dabeWda. recenziis saTauria ,,saiubileo broSura (mcire SeniSvna b-n me

gaxlavaris wignakis gamo)”.10 ilia WavWavaZis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis ganqiqebis, iliasa

da misi TanamoazreTa abuCad agdebis, mixeil nasiZis broSuris upirobod dawunebis

Semdeg filipe maxaraZe daaskvnis: ,,droa zRaprebs davaneboT Tavi, laTaiebi ukuvagdoT da

marTali sityva vuTxraT sazogadoebas Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb. ager meoce saukune karze

mogvadga da Cven isic ki ar viciT, ras akeTebden Cveni mamebi am oci Tu ormoci wlis

wineT.”11 am mcire nawyvetSi didi mzakvruli azria Cadebuli. filipe maxaraZe acxadebs,

rom sazogadoebam ar icis, Tu ra xdeboda saqarTveloSi ,,oci Tu ormoci wlis wineT”, anu ar icis saqarTvelos istoria XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegidan 90-iani

wlebis miwurulamde. es ki is periodia, rodesac qarTulma erovnulma moZraobam ilia

22

WavWavaZis winamZRolobiT did warmatebebs miaRwia, brZola qarTvelobisa da saqarTvelos

gadasarCenad warmatebiT mimdinareobda. mixeil nasiZe, swored, ilia WavWavaZis rols

warmoaCenda XIX saukunis 60-90-ian wlebSi sazogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul

cxovrebaSi. filipe maxaraZe ki saqarTvelos istoriidan ilias saxelis amoSlas

mieswrafoda da cxadia, xels ar aZlevda mixeil nasiZis broSuraSi motanili faqtobrivi

masala da avtoriseuli daskvnebi.

mixeil nasiZis broSuris kritika dasawyisi iyo ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da

naRvawis obieqturad SemfasebelTa devnisa. filipe maxaraZe am saZraxis saqmes erTi

wuTiTac ar anebebda Tavs. 1898 wlidan dawyebuli man bevr mwerals, publicists,

literaturaTmcodnesa da istorikoss CaCra pirSi burTi. bevrma naSromma ver ixila

dRis sinaTle. ase gagrZelda 1934 wlamde. 1934 wels filipe maxaraZes ioseb stalinma

Tavad CaCra pirSi burTi da, piradad mas da mis Tanamoazreebs, erTxel da samudamod

aukrZala ilias augad xseneba.

* * *

1899 wlidan ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aqtiurad Caeba noe Jordania.

gazeT ,,kvalis” 1899 wlis 17 ianvaris nomerSi gamoqveynda noe Jordanias werili

,,adgilobrivi pressa warsul wels.” noe Jordania gaukuRmarTebulad warmoadens gazeT

,,iveriis” (e.i. ilia WavWavaZis) pozicias da mikerZoebuli, zerele msjelobis Sedegad

daaskvnis: ,,aseTia Cveni erTaT erTi yoveldRiuri gazeTis tragikuli mdgomareoba da es

unda gaTavdes an sikvdiliT an da ganaxlebiT.”12

noe Jordanias giorgi wereTeli wamoeSvela. 1899 wlis 31 ianvars gazeT ,,kvalSi”

daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili _ ,,gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko xasiaTi”. giorgi wereTels amjeradac umtyuna zomierebis grZnobam. werilidan aSkarad gamosWvivis

upativismcemloba ilia WavWavaZisadmi, ilias mTeli moRvaweobis ganqiqebis avadmyofuri

survili. giorgi wereTeli ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc moazrovnesa da moRvawes, miawers

bevr uayofiT Tvisebas: ,, ... man (ilia WavWavaZem – avt.) SeiTvisa azrovnebaSi

Seumcdarobis fiqri, mokamaTeTa uwyalo devna, nametnur mas aqeT, rac igi Seiqna

saadgil-mamulo bankSi milionebis matrialebeli.”13 giorgi wereTelma ilias ,,iveriac”

zed miayola: ,,rac xasiaTi patrons (ilia WavWavaZes – avt.) dasCemda erTnairi garemoebis

wyalobiT, igive xasiaTi SeiTvisa misma organom ,,iveriam”, ese igi imanac aRiara Tavisi Tavi Seumcdar romis papaT. ai, aqedan aixsneba is ganebivrebuli kilo polemikisa, is

gamedidurebuli siamaye da maRlidan cqera, is umarTebulo, yovel zneobas, zrdilobas

da darbaislobas moklebuli uSveri lanZRva-gineba, romliTac hqejnis ,,iveria” ,,kvals”

mis daarsebidanve.”14

1899 wels ,,mesame dasi” ilia WavWavaZisa da ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg didi laSqrobis

dawyebas gegmavda. swored amaze mianiSnebs giorgi wereTlis werilis erTi adgili: ,,da

Cven ki, gnebavT, aTasobiT giCvenebT T. il. WavWavaZisa da misi ,,iveriis” mier Cadenil

fanatikur moqmedebebs, rogorc sityviT, ise saqmiT.”15 giorgi wereTlis am sityvbs gazeT

,,kvalis” redaqtorma noe Jordaniam aseTi SeniSvna gaukeTa: ,,Cven amas aras mivumatebT.

mxoloT cilis mwamebel ,,iverias” da mis ,,kars” movuwodebT sabuTiT daamtkicos is, Cveni werilebi viTom sxvisi werilebis ganmeoreba iyos, radgan amas axalmodis mklavaZe

23

(ilia WavWavaZes – avt.) usircxvilod gaiZaxis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT gonebriv

siRatakesTan erTad, zneobrivi siRatakec aSkara iqneba.”16

1899 wels gazeT ,,iveriaSi” daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis werilebis seria ,,somexTa

mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi.” ilias am naSroms dResac ar daukargavs politikuri da

mecnieruli mniSvneloba. miuxedavad amisa, 1899 wlis 11 aprils gazeTma ,,kvalma”

rubrikaSi ,,axali ambebi” araraobad gamoacxada ilias naSromi _ avtors mecnieruli done

dauwuna.17

esec ilias winaaRmdeg dagegmili laSqrobis gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

* * *

1900 wlis 12 ianvars gardaicvala giorgi wereTeli. ilia WavWavaZe giorgi

wereTlis dakrZalvas ar daswrebia. am faqtma ukiduresad aRaSfoTa mesame daselebi.

giorgi wereTlis dakrZalvaze sityva warmoTqva glexma vasil kirvaliZem da Tanac

aRniSna, rom igi xalxis saxeliT gamodioda. gazeT ,,iveriaSi” daibeWda SeniSvna, romlis

avtoric svamda kiTxvas, Tu visi saxeliT gamodioda vasil kirvaliZe. ,,iveriis”

SeniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ,,kvalis’ 1900 wlis 19 martis nomerSi daibeWda glex

vasil kirvaliZis ,,mcire SeniSvna.” vasil kirvaliZe mkvaxe toniT ganmartavda, rom igi

asi kacis saxeliT (rwmunebiT) gamovida giorgi wereTlis dakrZalvaze. amis Semdeg vasil

kirvaliZis ,,mcire SeniSvnaSi” modis, aSkarad, kvalis redaqciis mier Casworebuli

(SeiZleba sulac dawerili) teqsti: ,,mara magaTi (ilia WavWavaZis da gazeTi ,,iveriis” –

avt.) azriT vinc bankiri da ,,ablakati” ar aris, kacic ar aris!”18

vasil kirvaliZis werils axlavs ,,kvalis” redaqciis minaweri. minawerSi

aRniSnulia, rom imave sakiTxze redaqciam miiRo kidev ramdenime werili, romelTagan

erTs gazeTi xelmouwerlad sTavazobda mkiTxvels. werilSi dagmobilia ,,iveriis” ori

publicistis ,,Ciorasa” (ilia WavWavaZis fsevdonimi iyo) da ,,lalis” (giorgi

lasxiSvilis fsevdonimi iyo) ,,uwmawuri lanZRva-gineba.”19

ilia WavWavaZisa da gazeT ,,iveriis” winaaRmdeg dagegmili laSqroba giorgi

wereTlis gardacvalebis Semdeg daiwyo. gazeT ,,kvalSi” gamoqveynda noe Jordanias

werilebis vrceli seria saerTo saTauriT ,,presa”. es werilebi saTauriT ,,qarTuli

presa (guSin da dRes)” 1900 welsve calke wignadac gamosca.20 noe Jordaniam Sefaseba

misca qarTul presas da, cxadia, mis or yvelaze gamoCenil warmomadgenels _ gazeT

,,droebas” da gazeT ,,iverias”. noe Jordanias Sefaseba aseTia:

_ ,,mefoba ,,droebisa” aris mefoba progresis; mefoba ,,iveriis” aris mefoba

reaqciis;”

_ ,,naTel da sxivian ,,droebas” bneliT moculi ,,iveria” mohyva da qarTuli

azrovneba erTianaT daabnela.”

_ ,,iveriam” uarhyo presis is ideali, romelic ,,droebam” SeimuSava da miT uarhyo

sazogadoT Tanamedrove evropiuli presa;”

_ ,,iveriam” dasca sazogadoT qarTuli sityvis mniSvneloba CvenSi;”

_ ,,iveriam”, am qarTuli presis monopolisma, TviTonve dasca droSa qarTuli

presis;”

24

_ ,,asea Tu ise, dRes Cven mwerlobaSi ,,iveriis” winamZRolobiT yovel mxrivi

reaqciaa, reaqcia azris, zneobis, moqalaqeobis, qarTuli sityvierebis.”21 ilia WavWavaZis Sefasebisas da mis TanamoazreebTan mimarTebiT noe Jordania

aRniSnavda: ,,Cven maT azrTan gvaqvs saqme da ara maT pirovnebasTan. SeiZleba moRvawes

piradaT did pativsac vcemde, magram mis moRvaweobas ar TanavugrZnobde. yvelaze metad am

werilebSi SevexeT T. i. WavWavaZes da es asec unda yofiliyo. meTauri im moZraobis,

romelsac Cven reaqcia vuwodeT, is aris da gana SeiZleba mas ar SevxebodiT?”22

,,kvalSi” noe Jordanias werilebis beWdvis paralelurad gazeT ,,iveriaSi”

,,axalmosulis” fsevdonimiT daiwyo ilia WavWavaZis sapasuxo werilebis beWdva (sul

daibeWda oTxi werili). cxadia, mesame daselebma male Seityves, da amas didi mixvedrac

ar undoda, rom ,,axalmosulis” fsevdonimiT ilia WavWavaZe werda. noe Jordanias

polemikis unari da sapolemiko sakiTxTa codna sasacilod gamoiyureboda. iliam social-

demokratebs dawyebuli laSqrobis warmatebiT dasrulubis imedi gadauwura. noe

Jordania ixtibars ar itexavda da ilia WavWavaZes pasuxobda werilebis axali seriiT _

,,gza-da-gza” (ibeWdeboda ,,presis” paralelurad).

mesame daselebma ilia WavWavaZisa da noe Jordanias polemikis paralelurad

daiwyes maT mierve organizebuli gamoxmaurebebis beWdva. social-demokrati g. wulukiZe

,,kvalis” 1900 wlis 23 aprilis nomerSi ,,axalmosuls” (ilia WavWavaZes) aseTi

Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiT ixseniebda: ,,SesaZlebeli iqneba gamoikvlios kacma, Tu ram

miiyvana es sacodavi adamiani am gvar sulier simaxinjemdis.”23

,,kvalis” imave nomerSi fsevdonimiT ,,i. q.” daibeWda moskoveli studentis werili,

romelic ase iwyeboda: ,,neba momeciT Tqveni Jurnalis saSualebiT vkiTxo ,,iverias” _ male moeReba bolo uwmawur, uzrdel da samarcxvino werilebs, romliTac viRac

,,axalmosulma” gamoilaSqra ,,iveriis” furclebze ,,kvalis” da noe Jordanias

winaaRmdeg.”24

social-demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,gamoxmaurebebidan” aRsaniSnavia

,,asoTamwyobis” fsevdonimiT ,,kvalis” 1899 wlis 30 aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli

werili. avtori noe Jordanias aseT originalur rCevas aZlevs: ,,Cemi azriT, Zalian

Semcdari brZandebiT b. noe, rom ahyeviT b. axalmosuls da polemikaSi gaebiT masTan. es

samwuxaroa miT, rom Tqven hkargavT ageT Zvirfas dros unayofoT, im dros roca saqme

mraval ars, xolo muSa ki yovlad ara.”25

Jurnal ,,mwyemsis” 1900 wlis wlis 30 aprilis nomerSi dabeWdil SeniSvnaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,Cvens redaqcias, mouvida mravali werilebi, romelSiac zizRs ucxadeben

,,iverias” axlaT movlenils mwerals ,,axalmosuls” im samarcxvino polemikisaTvis,

romelsac igi uwevs b. Jordanias.”26

mesame daselebis mier organizebuli ,,gamoxmaurebebi” gazeTi ,,kvalis” sxva

nomrebSic daibeWda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1900 wlis 30 aprilisa (sami

gamoxmaureba) da 7 maisis (oTxi gamoxmaureba) nomrebSi. 7 maisis nomerSi noe Jordanias

mxardamWeri gamoxmaurebebi dabeWdes: 1) xarkovelma studentma k. i. jafariZem, 2)

mkiTxvelTa jgufma WiaTuridan: g. beriZem, iv. janeliam, m. kalandaZem, n. CiCuam, k.

kikianma, r. CixlaZem, dar. maraqveliZem, il. kakabaZem, karpe modebaZem; 3) 47 mkiTxvelma

(xelmowerebis gareSe); 4) mkiTxvelTa jgufma qalaq baqodan _ abel enuqiZem, s.

gvelesianma, d. baqraZem, a. oberovma, i. wiklaurma, m.a. maCabelma, d.p. wereTelma, e.

giorgobianma, p. qarsanaZem.27

25

meore gamoxmaurebaze xelmomweri cxra mkiTxvelidan oTxi (n. CiCua, r. CixlaZe,

il. kakabaZe, k. modebaZe), ukve imxanad, social-demokratebi iyvnen. meoTxe gamoxmaurebaze

xelmomweri cxra kacidan pirveli _ abel enuqiZe _ baqoSi moRvawe cnobili qarTveli

social-demokrati iyo. aqedan kargad Cans Tu visi iniciativiT grovdeboda noe Jordanias

mxardamWri e.w. gamoxmaurebebi. gazeT ,,kvalis” 1900 wlis 25 ivnisis nimerSi dabeWdili

,,mcire SeniSvnidan” SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom WiaTuraSi noe Jordanias mxardasaWerad

xelmowerebi Seugrovebia karpe modebaZes, Tumca ,,kvali” am faqts uaryofs.28 noe Jordaniam igrZno, rom ilia WavWavaZesTan polemika misTvis arasasurvel

xasiaTs iRebda, verc werilebis damatebiTi seria ,,gza-da-gza” da verc mesame daselebis

Segrovebuli gamoxmaurebebi mas ver uSvelida. 1900 wlis 17 aprils noe Jordaniam

werili gaugzanva ,,iveriis” redaqcias. noe Jordania da mesame daselebi varaudobdnen,

rom ilia WavWavaZe werils ar dabeWdavda, rac noe JordaniasTvis metad momgebiani

iqneboda. noe Jordania xmaurs atexda ilia WavWavaZesa da ,,iverias” kidev erTxel

Seuracxyofda, xolo werils ,,kvalSi” dabeWdavda. iliam Canafiqri amoicno da noe

Jordanias werili ,,iveriaSi” 20 aprils gamoaqveyna. noe Jordanias werili axals

arafers Seicavs _ isev ,,iveriisa” da ilia WavWavaZis udieri moxseniebaa.29

1900 welsve ilia WavWavaZesa da noe Jordanias Soris polemika Sewyda. polemika

Sewyda, magram dazaveba ar momxdara. mokamaTe mxareebs erTmaneTze azri ar SeucvliaT.

7. ,,movediT da movklaT igi” (mowamebrivi cxovrebis bolo wlebi)

zraxva-yves urTierTas da TqUes.

ese ars mkUdari, movediT da movklaT

igi, raYTa CvUenda iyos samkUidrebeli.

luka 20, 14.

da gamoiTxovdes mas juar-cumad.

luka, 23, 23.

da idga eri igi da xedvida.

luka, 23, 35.

1905 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo. qarTvel social-demokratebs

farTo asparezi miecaT, brZola ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg gacilebiT advili gaxda.

ilias social-demokratiuli presa gaugonar Worebs uvrcelebda.

1905 wlis 13 marts filipe maxaraZis redaqtorobiT gamomaval social-

demokratiul Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” ,,Tagunas” fsevdonimiT daibeWda Salva SaraSiZis ,,xma

idumali”. Salva SaraSiZis mizani ilias gaSarJeba iyo. siuJeti aseTia. ,,idumali xma”

(revolucia – avt.) daSinebiT gahkivis: ,,sikvdili, sikvdili, sikvdili!” (ilias – avt.)

kiTxvas: ,,vis, vis, vis?” ,,idumali xma” pasuxobs: ,,wodebas, wodebas, wodebas!” (ilias – avt.) reaqcia pasuxze aseTia: ,,rogor Tu wodebas? gana wodeba unda mokvdes? ara, ara,

ara!”1 ,,idumali xma” (revolucia – avt.) mimarTavs ilia WavWavaZes: ,,sircxvili Sen,

26

sircxvili! visi dawerilia mSvenieri wigni, romelsac glaxis naambobi qvia? visi meTqi,

gekiTxebi? ratom awere ise xelovnuraT ,,batonebis” simxece da ymebis gaWirveba, Tu

ramdenime xnis Semdeg Sens nawerebs Senve uaryofdi? vin galeqsa ise lamazad yaCaRi

kakos naambobi? vin meTqi, gekiTxebi? ra iyo mizezi kakos gayaCaRebisa?”2 bolos ,,idumali

xma” ase mimarTavs ilias: ,,nuTu yvela es dagvaviwyda? es kidev imas ar niSnavs, rom

,,kakos”, ,,gabros” da ,,Tamros” daviwyebodes is, rac Sen ganzrax dagviwyebia. sircxvili

Sen, sircxvili!”3 revolucia Zalze xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida imisaTvis, raTa ilia WavWavaZisaTvis

glexebi daepirispirebinaT, social-demokratebis mier Cafiqrebuli gegmebi gabriyvebuli

glexebis meSveobiT moeyvanaT sisruleSi. 1905 wlis 13 marts Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” xelmoweris gareSe daibeWba Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva. mimomxilvelis mizani aSkaraa _

urTierTobis daZabva ilia WavWavaZesa da glexebs Soris. Jurnali ,,mogzauri” Seudga ilia WavWavaZisaTvis arasasurveli xmebis gavrcelebas, yovelgvari Wori swrafad

vrceldeboda, glexobas ki misi Semowmebis arc survili da arc saSualeba ar hqonda.

iliasac araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnda win aRdgomoda, SeeCerebina mis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli binZuri kampania. mimoxilvaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,amas wineT gaz. ,,iveriaSi” T-d ilia WavWavaZis sityvebi iyo moyvanili, romelic man Tavad-aznaurTa kerZo krebaze

warmoTqva da Semdeg imave gazeTis furcelze TviT ilias werili iyo dastambuli. Tavadi

WavWavaZe, es Cveni sasiqadulo poeti da mwerali, Tavad-aznaurobas Turme umtkicebda,

rom glexebis moZraoba memamuleebis brali rodia, amis mizezi sxvadasxva garemoebaao.

saxelovani mwerlis azriT, qarTveli glexebisaTvis xazinas waurTmevia miwa da ara

Tavad-aznaurobas, da amitom qarTveli glexebi Cven memamuleebs ki ar unda ebrZolono.”4

Tavad-aznaurobis krebaze ilias mier glexobis sasargeblod naTqvami sityva ,,mogzaurma” glexobis sawinaaRmdego azrad warmoaCina, glexoba daarwmuna, rom ilia maT sasikeTod

arafers ityoda. mimoxilva mTavrdeba aseTi sityvebiT: ,,b-ni ilia WavWavaZe ar cdeba:

advilaT da tyuila ubralod igi aravis dauTmobs rasmes. amaSi eWvi Cven arasodes ar

Segvitania.”5 Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilia WavWavaZes cili bevrjer daswames, bevri Wori

gauvrceles. am fonzec ki amazrzeni iyo Jurnal ,,mogzauris” ciliswameba. 1905 wlis 10

aprils Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” daibeWda werili _ ,,saguramosa da Woportis sazogadoeba.”6 werils xels awers vinme v. n. rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva am inicialebs amofarebuli iyo

filipe maxaraZis erTguli Tanamoazre vasil nacvliSvili. vasil nacvliSvilis mizani

iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe warmoeCina, rogorc glexebis Seubralebeli mCagvreli, sastiki

memamule. mTeli werili warmoadgens, TiTqosda, viRac glexebis monaTxrobebs

glexebisadmi ilias araadamianuri damokidebulebis Taobaze. sinamdvileSi, werilSi

motanili ambebi vasil nacvliSvils ar moupovebia. es Worebi ,,mogzauris” redaqciaSi SeTxzes. filipe maxaraZe sworad varaudobda: werilSi motanili faqtebis siswores

aravin Seamowmebda, ciliswameba mizans miaRwevda.

1905 wlis 24 aprils Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” fsevdonimiT ,,eSmaki” daibeWda nestor

kalandaZis ,,Zveli mobaaseni axal siganeze.” es iyo ilia WavWavaZis gaSarJebis ususuri

mcdeloba. siuJeti ase viTardeba: vinme ,,maCablisti”, e.i. ilia WavWavaZis ideuri

mowinaaRmdege, braldebebs uyenebs ilias, xolo viTomda ilias Tanamoazre icavs ilia

WavWavaZes. sinamdvileSi, ilias ,,Tanamoazre” ufro amZimebs ,,maCablistis” mier

iliasaTvis wayenebul braldebebs. ilias damcveli ilias bralmdebels (,,maCablists”) ase mimarTavs: ,,Seni azriT, ilikom imitom daamwyvdia glexebi miwurebSi da imitom yavs aseT

27

gasaWirSi, rom moTxrobebis siuJeti daurCes da axal-axali ambebi daweros glex-kacTa

gaWirvebaze. Sen imas ambob, rom meore ,,glaxis naambobi” SeuZlia axla daweros ilikom

saguramoel glexTa cxovrebidano, e.i. ,,glaxis naambobis” Sinaarsi axlac SeiZleba

saguramoel glexTa cxovrebiT Seamowmos kacmao.“7

Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” gamoqveynebuli vasil nacvliSvilis cilismwamebluri

werilis ZiriTadi nawili gadabeWda gazeTma ,,iveriam”, romlis redaqtoric imxanad

filipe gogiCaiSvili iyo.

ilia WavWavaZem Jurnal ,,mogzauris”, da kerZod, vasil nacvliSvilis ciliswamebas

upasuxa brwyinvale weriliT ,,nuTu? (pasuxad mogzauris korespodenciasa).” ilias

pasuxi ,,iveriis” 1905 wlis 5 maisis nomris calke furclis (CanarTis) saxiT daibeWda.

ilia WavWavaZem ,,nuTus?” dabeWdvisTvis redaqcias fuli gadauxada. amiT redaqciam

mosalodneli garTulebebis SemTxvevisaTvis garkveulwilad pasuxismgebloba moixsna.

filipe gogiCaiSvilma esec ar ikmara da ,,nuTu?” redaqtoris SeniSvniT dabeWda. filipe

gogiCaiSvilis SeniSvnaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom ,,nuTus?” avtoris zogad mosazrebas

redaqcia ar iziarebda. ilia WavWavaZis ,,nuTu?”-s mohyva filipe maxaraZis pasuxi. Jurnal

,,mogzauris” 1905 wlis 15 maisis nomerSi daibeWda filipe maxaraZis werili _ ,,Tavis

marTlebac aseTi unda! (pasuxad T-d ilia WavWavaZes)”.8 filipe maxaraZis werili

ganmeorebaa vasil nacvliSvilis werilSi motanili ciliswamebisa. anasTan erTad filipe

maxaraZe bevr axal Worsac umatebs da kidev ufro amazrzens xdis Tavis vrcel werils.

werils Tavidan bolomde gasdevs avtoris miswrafeba, rac SeiZleba meti Seuracxyofa

miayenos ilia WavWavaZes, rogor adamians, rogorc moqalaqes.

ilia WavWavaZes vasil nacvliSvilmac upasuxa. misi werili ,,pasuxad ilia

WavWavaZes” _ xelmoweriT v. n. Jurnali ,,mogzauris” 1905 wlis 16 maisis nomerSi

daibeWda. werilSi uxvad gvxvdeba ilias Seuracxmyofeli sityvebi. vasil nacvliSvili

ilia WavWavaZis ,,nuTu?”-s ganqiqebas Seecada, Seecada gaeqarwylebina ilia pasuxSi

gatarebuli azri. Tumca mizans aSkarad ver miaRwia. werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,amiT batonma

iliam erTxel kidev misca sazogadoebas saSualeba Tavis sulieri avladidebis

gaTvaliswinebisa. pasuxi misi, brazmoreuli, mtyuani kacis oinebs ufro waagavs, vidre,

marTali adamianis dinjsa da dalagebul sakamaTo pasuxs. magram es xom ,,ar axalia,

Zvelia” ilias oinbazobaSi”.9 ilia WavWavaZis mimarT binZuri ciliswameba garkveuwilad daagvirgvina Jurnal

,,ekalSi” dabeWdilma mcire informaciam saTauriT ,,saguramo.” ai misi teqstic: ,,iliko

WavWavaZis mamulSi glexebs neba misces mzis gulze gamojdnen da gaTben. tyidan fiCxis

gamotana jerac akrZalulia. Tavads ormocamde saukeTeso jiSis ZaRlebi gamouweria

amerikidan”10 sainteresoa, am striqonebis damwerma sindisis qenjna Tu igrZno 1907 wlis 30

agvistos, roca ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis ambavi Seityo. im wuTs Tu dafiqrda mainc:

ras erCoda ilias?

28

8. ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva” (ilias uarmyofelni misi sikvdilis Semdeg)

xolo Tualni maTni Sepyrobil iyvnes,

raiYTa ver icnan igi.

luka 24, 16.

1907 wlis 30 agvistos ilia WavWavaZe mokles. dasrulda wmida ilia marTlis

amqveyniuri cxovreba. yvela normalurad moazrovne adamiani varaudobda, rom Sewydeboda

wlebis manZilze mimdinare binZuri ciliswamebac, ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis

mcdeloba, ilias gzis gmoba. sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. im Zalas, romelsac cocxali

ilia xels uSlida, xels uSlida igi sikvdilis Semdegac.

da gagrZelda ilias uaryofa, misi gzis gmoba. es iyo znedacemul adamianTa

brZola mokluli ilias winaaRmdeg. es brZola miT ufro amazrzeni iyo, rom ilias

uarmyofelTa Soris iseTi adamianebic erivnen, romlebic ilias ideur da fizikur

mkvlelobaSi monawileobdnen. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali: ilias uarmyofelTa

Soris iyvnen iseTi adamianebic, romlebic 1907 wlis 30 agvistos Semdeg kidev ufro

gaborotdnen. ra iyo amis mizezi? iqneb isic, rom am sacodavebma igrZnes: ilia

ukvdavebaSi gadavida, misma uarmyofelebma da mkvlelebma ki samudamo satanjvelisaTvis

gawires Tavi.

* * *

ilia WavWavaZis sikvdilis Semdeg misi naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali

etapi daiwyo qarTuli social-demokratiis erT-erTi lideris nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZis

gamosvliT ilias dakrZalvaze. micvalebulis udierad moxsenieba ar aris miRebuli, miT

ufro miuRebelia micvalebulis udierad moxsenieba misi kubos saflavSi CaSvebamde cota

xniT adre. karlo CxeiZem es moraluri normac daarRvia da 1907 wlis 9 seqtembers

samgloviaro mitingze aseTi sityvebiT mimarTa ilias: ,,WeSmaritebaze Zlier Sors iqneba,

Tu vinme ityvis: TiTqo Cven yvelani erTnairaT uyurebdeT Sens warsuls, yvelani

erTnairad vafasebdeT Sens moRvaweobas. dae, gitiros Sen, rogorc Segnebuli mesakuTre,

Tavad-aznaurobam, sazogadoT, Cveni sazogadoebis im nawilma, romelic mSromel xalxis

Sromis nayofiT cxovrobs. dae, movidnen da pativi dagdvan Sen Zala-uflebis

adgilobrivma warmomadgenlebma, rogorc Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi principis

momxres. dae, gaqon da gadidon Sen Sovinistebma, rogorc mamulis Svili. Cven, ra Tqma

unda, ar SevuerTdebiT aseTebis qebaTa qebas…...”1 karlo CxeiZis es sityvebi samarcxvino laqad darCeba qarTuli social-

demokratiis istoriaSi.

1907 wlis 28 seqtembers, e.i. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan TiTqmis erTi Tvis

Semdeg, noe Jordania wers werils saTauriT ,,bneli Zalebi.” es werili 1907 wlis 9

oqtombers gamoqveynda gazeTSi ,,Cveni gza”. werili xelmowerilia inicialebiT n. J.

Tavidanve unda SevniSnoT, rom ,,bnel ZalebSi” noe Jordania gulisxmobs yvela

politikur da arapolitikur mimdinareobas, romelic ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi,

pirdapir an arapirdapir, qarTvel social-demokratebs adanaSaulebda. noe Jordania, ra

Tqma unda, kategoriulad uaryofs ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi qarTveli social-

demokratebis raime formiT monawileobas. mas Semdeg, rac mokle mimoixilavs qarTveli

29

social-demokratebisadmi wayenebul braldebas, noe Jordania aRniSnavs: ,,rogorc vxedavT,

mTeli es braldeba exeba qarTvel social-demokratias. vTqvaT, yvela es marTalia,

vTqvaT, soc.-demokratiis mier momzadebul niadagma dabada es mkvleloba, mere amisTvis

dasagmobia TviT niadagi? am niadagma dabada is didebuli moZraoba, is gonebrivi da

politikuri gadasxvafereba, romelic qarTvel xalxma ganicada da dRe mudam ganicdis. am

niadagze aRmocenda kavkasiis revolucia, mTeli axali istoria, da Tqven gsurT yvela es

uku agdoT, dagmoT imitom, rom sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva. didma revoluciam

sikvdiliT dasaja didebuli qimiki lavuazie, mara amitom TviT revolucia aravis

daugmia, garda reaqcionerebisa.”2

noe Jordanias sityvebi _ ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva” _ aseve

samarcxvino laqad rCeba qarTuli social-demokratiis istoriaSi. am sityvebiT noe

Jordaniam STamomavlobis winaSe Tavis marTlebis ufleba dakarga.

noe Jordanias werili sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. werili 1907 wlis 28

seqtembers daiwera da 9 oqtombers gamoqveynda. 1907 wlis 8 noembers ilia dabadebidan

70 weli usruldeboda. ase daafasa qarTuli social-demokratiis liderma ilias Rvawli

misi dabadebidan 70 wlis Tavze.

nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZis sityva ilia WavWavaZis dakrZalvaze da noe Jordanias

werili ,,bneli Zalebi” imisi mauwyebeli iyo, rom qarTveli social-demikratebi ilias

winaaRmdeg brZolas misi sikvdilis Semdegac gaagrZelebdnen.

1908 wels gamoica konstantine gvaramaZis mier Sedgenili krebuli _ ,,sarke ilia

WavWavaZis cxovrebisa: anu daxasiaTeba mokleT da martivaT.” iumoristuli Jurnali

,,eSmakis maTraxi” bibliografiul mimoxilvaSi Seecada sasacilod aegdo konstantine

gvaramiZis Rvawli (TviT avtori da naSromi), rac, cxadia, ilias ganqiqebas isaxavda

miznad. marTalia, bibliografiuli mimoxilva daibeWda fsevdonimiT ,,kenti”, magram

Sinaarsidan irkveva, rom TviT masala social-demokratebis mier iyo SekveTili.3

ilias gaSarJebas iumoristuli (saxumaro) perioduli gamocemebi Semdgomac

agrZelebdnen. 1908 wlis 31 agvistos gazeT ,,maTraxSi”, fsevdonimiT ,,mkiT_” daibeWda

social-demokratebis mier SekveTili masala saTauriT ,,ilias Wirisuflebi.” avtori

cdilobs social-demokratebis gamarTlebas da dascinis maT, vinc ilias mkvlelobas

qarTvel social-demokratebs miawerda.4

ilias winaaRmdeg laSqrobas agrZelebdnen, ara marto qarTveli social-

demokratebi, aramed sxva misi Zveli uarmyofelnic. 1908 wlis 16 noembers Jurnal

,,saqarTveloSi” daibeWda iakob gogebaSvilis werili saTauriT ,,ilias meored mokvlis

wadili.” marTalia, werili erTi konkretuli piris saqcielis Sefasebas exeba, magram

werilidan SesaniSnavad Cans is fsiqologiuri klimati, rac imxanad sufevda

saqarTveloSi. iakob gogebaSvili wers: ,,ilias meored mokvla moiwadines. mokvla ara

fizikuri, romlis gameoreba SeuZleblad gaxades usulgulo avazakebma, aramed mokvla

sulieri. es ukanaskneli mkvleloba, rasakvirvelia, ufro mZimea, ufro sazizRari, vidre

pirveli. fizikurma mkvlelobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos suliers ukvdavebas, sulieri

mkvlelobebi ki met-naklebobiT amarTlebs fizikurs mkvlelobas.”5 ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg filipe maxaraZe naklebad aqtiurobda. rogorc

Cans, igi ,,marTali” da ,,udanaSaulo” kacis poziciis dakavebas cdilobda. Tavi ise eWira,

TiTqos sazogadoebis mier ilias ideuri da fizikuri mkvlelobebis braldebebi mas ar

exeboda. 1913 wles Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 21 da 28 aprilis nomrebSi dabeWdili vrceli

weriliT ,,meore mxaresac movusminoT!” filipe maxaraZem Tavis marTleba scada. werilSi

udao WeSmaritebadaa gamocxadebuli yvela is sicrue, rac social-demokratebma ilias

30

Sesaxeb, misi saxelis gatexvis mizniT, 1905 wels SeTxzes. kerZod, filipe maxaraZe

cdilobs daamtkicos, rom 1905 wels Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” vasil nacvliSvilisa da TviT

filipe maxaraZis mier gamoqveynebuli masala ciliswameba ar yofila.6 igives imeorebs

filipe maxaraZe Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 1913 wlis 5 maisis nomerSi dabeWdil werilSi _

,,ukanaskneli pasuxi cilismwameblebs”. amjerad, filipe maxaraZe ,,saxalxo gazeTs” pasuxobs. pasuxi zerele da cinikuria. werilis bolos Tavis oponentebs filipe maxaraZe

aseT rCeva aZlevs: ,,Cven vurCevT ,,sax. gazeTis” vaJbatonebs, wabrZandnen Cven soflebSi,

gamoikvlion iqauri viTareba da maSin dainaxaven, rom iq kidev ufro bevraT imaze uaresi

ambebi xdeba, romlebic xsenebul korespodenciaSi (igulisxmeba vasil nacvliSvilis

werili Jurnal ,,mogzaurSi” – avt.) iyo aRwerili.”7 iqve filipe maxaraZe brZnulad

daaskvnis, rom ilia WavWavaZe ,,batonymobis naSTebis” damcveli iyoo.8

filipe maxaraZe SemTxvevas ar uSvebda xelidan da yvelgan ilia WavWavaZis

ganqiqebas cdilobda. Jurnal ,,Cveni wyaros” 1913 wlis 12 maisis nomerSi daibeWda

filipe maxaraZis werili ,,ivane jabadaris xsovnas”. filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZisa da

ivane jabadaris polemikac gaixsena: ,,iv. jabadari Seudrekeli darCa: igi ver mourigda

,,iverias” da Cqara mas da jabadars Soris didi ganxeTqileba Camovarda, magaliTad iv.

jabadaris ,,werilebi saqarTveloze” ,,severni vestnikSi” erTi mxariT da ,,ai istoriis”

avtoris (ilia WavWavaZis – avt.) ara sakadrisi, vityviT pirdapir, demagogiuri

polemikuri kilo da fandebi xsenebuli werilebis avtoris winaaRmdeg, mimarTuli meore

mxriT.”9

XXX

1914 wels qarTvelma social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da vaRvawis

uaryofis ilias gzis gmobis mizniT axali laSqroba wamoiwyes. amjerad, ilias Zveli

uarmyofeli petre geleiSvili aqtiurobda.

1914 wlis 19 aprilis gazeT ,,azrSi” gamoqveynda gancxadeba. gancxadebaSi

aRniSnuli iyo, rom 23 aprils WiaTuris TeatrSi petre geleiSvili qarTul enaze

waikiTxavda leqcias _ ,,i. WavWavaZe, rogorc mxatvari da publicisti.” gancxadebasTan

erTad gazeTma gamoaqveyna petre geleiSvilis leqciis ,,programma” (ZiriTadi sakiTxebis CamonaTvali). 10 ((sqolio)) WiaTuris garda petre geleiSvilma leqcia quTaisSic

waikiTxa (garda amisa, leqcia wakiTxul iqna kidev ramdenime qalaqsa da sofelSi).

social-demokratebi ostaturad uzrunvelyosdnen petre geleiSvils msmenelTa

auditoriiT.

1914 wlis 27 aprils quTaisSi ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb leqciis kiTxvisas

patriot axalgazrdaTa jgufma leqcia CaSala, xolo TviT geleiSvils scemes.11 am

incidentis Semdeg quTaisis general-gubernatorma petre geleiSvils qalaq quTaissa da

guberniaSi ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb leqciis wakiTxva aukrZala.12

1914 wels ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb wakiTxuli leqcia petre geleiSvilma TbilisSi

calke wignad gamosca saTauriT _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc mxatvari da publicisti.

leqcia petre geleiSvilisa”13 petre geleiSvilis naSromi (leqcia) ar imsaxurebs

dawvrilebiT ganxilvas. movitanT ramdenime adgils naSromidan:

_ ,,iliaze wera da laparaki dRes monopoliad gamxdara Cveni sazogadoebis im

nawilisTvis, romelic Tavis Tavs mis mowafeT da mis sulier memkvidreT aRiarebs.”14

31

_ ,,marTalia, Cven ilias vebrZodiT; marTalia, Cven dResac vebrZviT da

vewinaaRmdegebiT mis sazogadoebriv idealebs, magram Cven mas mainc did pativsa vcemT,

rogorc did poets, rogorc qarTuli literaturis damamSvenebel mwerals, rogorc

qarTuli kulturis did muSaks.”15 _ ,,amnairaT, WavWavaZis saqarTvelos socialuri formula martivia: guTani da

xmali da maTze dayenebuli samefo gvirgvini!”16 _ ,,eri, mTeli qarTveli eri, ganurCevlad wodebisa da mdgomareobisa! es aris

ilias saTayvano sagani, misi poeziis, mwerlobis da sicocxlis mizani; es aris misi

simbolo sarwmunoebisa. magram eri xom erTi didi CarCoa, romelSic moTavsebuli misi

sxvadasxva nawilebi, ujredebi, sxvadasxva wodeba, Tu klasebi. rogori ganwyobileba

arsebobs am sxvadasxva nawilTa Soris? rogor SeiZleba yvela amaTi erT CarCoSi

moTavseba? iliasaTvis es kiTxvebi ar arsebobs, is yovelgan gverds uxvevs maT. is

fiqrobs mxolod qarTvel erze da ara am eris Semadgenel sxvadasxva nawilebze.17”

_ ,,Catexili xidis” gasamarTleblaT ilias erT udides saSualebaT miaCnda

umaRlesi wodebis istoriuli namsaxurobis aRdgena. amitomac mas istoriisaTvis unda

miemarTa; magram ra ki man iq xeslayreli masala ver iSovna Tavisi erTxel da samudamoT

gamomuSavebuli azris dasamtkiceblaT, Zala-uneburad mihyo xeli warsulis idealizacias.

man xeli mihyo qarTveli mefeebisa da umaRlesi wodebis xalxisaTvis Tav-dadebis

gamoxatvas.”18 _ ,,qveyana ingreoda (igulisxmeba 1905 wels dawyebuli revolucia _ avt.) da

ilia ellinuris simSvidiT da aRuSfoTvelobiT moiTxovda Tavis erTxel SemoRebuli

buRgalteriis sistemis dacvas. glexebi ibrZodnen Zveli feodaluri valdebulobis _

Rala-kuluxis mosaspoblaT; ilia ki ara Tu am gadasaxadebis mospobasa da glexebisaTvis

tvirTis Semsubuqebas ar fiqrobs, pir-iqiT axal valdebulebas akisrebs _ buRgalteria

kargaT damayenebieT da miT SeZleba momeciT Cemi Semosavlis raodenoba vicodeo!”19 _ ,,ilia iseT drosac ki, rogoric iyo warsuli brZola (1905-1907 wlebis

revolucia – avt.) glexebsa da mebatoneebs Soris, ver Serigeboda ara Tu laRa-kuluxis

mospobis azrs, is ver Serigeboda im azrsac ki, rom mis buRgalteriis kargaT dayenebis

survilis ganxorcielebas, romelic glexebisTvis sulac ar iyo savaldebulo, es

ukanasknelebi xels ar Seuwyobdnen.”20 _ ,,ilias Zveli saqarTvelo damarcxda... is mokvda da alagi axal saqarTvelos

dauTmo.

Zvel saqarTvelosTan erTad damarcxda misi dauRalavi ideologi iliac. is ver

Seurigda am damarcxebas. is rogorc gmiri mezRvauri, bolomde darCa mis dasaRupavaT

ganwirul gemze, maSinac ki, roca igi yvelam miatova ganrisxebuli talRebis kerZaT.

ilia darCa martoT-marto, umweo, uamxanago, ukariskaco da martoT-marto

daiRupa!”21 ase Seafasa petre geleiSvilma ilia WavWavaZis naazrevi da naRvawi, ase gaiazra

ilias adgili saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ilias mniSvneloba momavali TaobebisaTvis.

XXX

qarTveli social-demokratebis (noe Jordanias, filipe maxaraZis, karlo CxeiZis,

petre geleiSvilis) nawerebidan aSkarad gamoirCeva cnobili social-demokratis

(bolSevikis) malaqia toroSeliZis naSromi ,,ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba da misi

32

nawerebis saerTo xasiaTi.” es wigni, fsevdonimiT ,,m. t_Ze”, 1914 wels daibeWda

samtrediaSi.22

malaqia toroSeliZec social-demokrati iyo, magram misi kritika zomieria. avtori

ar cdilobs abuCad aigdos, ganaqiqos ilias naazrevi da naRvawi. amasTan erTad, malaqia

toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZes, saerTod samocianelTa Taobas da mTels epoqas XIX

saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegidan XX saukunis damdegamde social-demokratiul

ideologiaze dayrdnobiT afasebs.

malaqia toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZisa da XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebSi samoRvaweo

asparezze gamosul (samocianelTa) Taobis Sefasebisas svams kiTxvas: ,,rogor moxda, rom

maSindelma Taobam alRo ver aarTva cxovrebas da glexobis sikeTis msurveli, misi

mxurvale moamage srulebiT daSorda mas Tavisi programiT. aq ori kiTxvaa: ratom ver

gaxda is glexobis ideologi da raT Seiqmna is utopisturi.”23 cxadia, amis Semdeg Cven aRar unda velodeT ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefasebas. malaqia

toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZisa samocianelTa Taobis socialur orientacias zogadad aseT

Sefasebas aZlevs: ,,T.-aznaurobidan gamosuli, Cveni ricxviT-mcire inteligencia,

ekonomiuri kiTxvebis gadawyvetaSi savsebiT SeeTanxma im klass, romlis winaaRmdeg

brZola misi, rogorc progresuli Zalis misia iyo.”24 ra gamodis? ilia WavWavaZe da

samocianelebi maSin iqnebodnen progresuli moRvaweebi Tu Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg

glexobis brZolas Caudgebodnen saTaveSi? esaa wminda social-demokratiuli demagogia.

demagogiuria malaqia toroSeliZes kidev erTi daskvna. avtoris azriT ilia da

samocianelebi Tavidanve ,,nacionalistur niadagze” dadgnen. cxadia, es malaqa

toroSeliZes uaryofiT movlenad miaCnia, magram mTavari es ki araa, aramed is, rom ,,am

momentiT (nacionalisturi niadagiT) Tval saCinoT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom Cveni

inteligencia ver gaxda mebrZoli baton-ymobis winaaRmdeg.”25 malaqia toroSeliZe cdilobs gaarkvios: ,,saidan warmoiSva da ras warmoadgenda

nacionaluri niadagi?”26 am mizniT avtori upirispirebs saqarTvelos istoriis or epoqas

_ XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebsa da XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebs. naSromSi vkiTxulobT:

,,aiReT meore mxriT maSindeli poetebis _ nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da aleqsandre

WavWavaZis nawerebi: Tqven iq sanTliTac ver ipoviT imas, rac Sedagens me-60 wlebis

nacionalistebis (maT Soris ilia WavWavaZis – avt.) sulsa da guls. piriqiT, n.

baraTaSvili msoflio motivebiT suldgmulobs da ara nacionalisturiT. aSkaraa, me-60

wlebis nacionalizmi, romelic SeimuSaves am epoqis moRvaweebma da romelic ase Zval-

rbilSi gaujda qarTvelobis erT nawils, rom umisod qarTvelobis arseboba verc axla

da verc uwin ver warmoudgeniaT, es nacionalizmi qarTvelebis Tandayolili Tviseba ar

yofila.”27 sabolood, malaqia toroSeliZe ilia WavWavaZes Semdeg braldebas uyenebs:

1) glexobis interesebis ugulebelyofa;

2) Tavad-aznaurobis interesebis dacva, baton-ymobis gaidealeba;

3) qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologoba;

4) zogadsakacobrio ideebis (,,msoflio motivebis”) ugulebelyofa.

33

9. uarmyoflobis uaryofa

(ilias gzis gmobis dasasruli)

da gardamoQsna igi

da Sehmosa mas ardagi.

luka, 23, 53.

1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi sruli politikuri

Tavisufleba sufevda. rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 80 da

mkvlelobidan aTi wlisTavis aRniSvnas xelisufleba ver akrZalavda. yvelaferi

sazogadoebaze iyo damokidebuli, sazogadoeba ki gulgrili darCa ilias iubilisadmi.

mxolod konstantine gamsaxurdia gamoexmaura iubiles. 1917 wlis 21 marts gazeT

,,saxalxo furcelSi” fsevdonimiT k. abaSispireli daiwyo konstantine gamsaxurdias

werilis _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe Tu arCil jorjaZe” _ beWdva. werilis gagrZeleba 22 martis,

xolo dasasruli 29 martis nomerSi gamoqveynda.1 1917 wels Jurnal ,,ganaTlebaSi”

daibeWda artur laistis ,,mogoneba ilia WavWavaZeze.”2 1917 weli arc ilia WavWavaZis

Txzulebebis gamocemiT iyo RirsSesaniSnavi. am wels gamocemul or krebulSi (ix: guTani.

ojaxsa da SkolaSi sakiTxavi wigni. quTaisi, 1917; Cveni axali mwerloba. wigni I.

quTaisi, 1917) daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis ramodenime leqsi, poema da moTxroba. es iyo da

es.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.)

xelisuflebas saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebis

gamocemisTvis. sul daibeWda ilias ramodenime leqsi, poema da moTxroba. es gamocemebi

,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam” ganaxorciela. aRsaniSnavia

is, rom am wlebSi ilias nawarmoebebi SemohqondaT saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi (ix.:

qrestomaTia. saSualo saswavleblis I klasis kursi. quTaisi, 1918; qarTuli qrestomaTia.

saSualo skolis II klasis kursi. quTaisi, 1918; iv. gomelauri. skolaSi Sesaswavli

qarTveli mwerlebi. wigni mesame. meoTxe gamocema. Tfilisi, 1920). 1918-1921 wlebSi

qarTvel istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs Tavi arafriT gamouCeniaT. ilia kanti-

kuntad ixsenieboda. swored, amitom gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens silovan xundaZis

Rvawli.3

1918-1921 wlebSi ilias TxzulebaTa gamocemis simcire da iliasadmi miZRvnili

gamokvlevaTa ar arseboba mxolod ekonomikuri siduxWiriT ver aixsneba. yovelive amis

mizezi xelisuflebis gulgrilobac iyo.

XXX

1921 wels saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseTma daipyro. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi

pirvelkacobda ilia WavWavaZis upirvelesi uarmyofeli, bolSeviki filipe maxaraZe.

filipe maxaraZe eswrafoda ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis, ilias gzis uaryofa

saxelmwifo politikis rangSi aeyvana. es ki arc ise advili aRmoCnda.

1921 wels saqarTveloSi iliasdmi miZRvnili araferi dabeWdila. mxolod social-

demikratma (menSevikma) ivane gomarTelma ,,gamoiCina Tavi” da sul sxva sxva

problemisadmi miZRvnil werilSi udierad moixsenia ilia.4 1922-1925 wlebSi filipe

maxaraZis ganzraxvas win aRudgnen da ilias Rvawli met-naklebad srulad daafases a.

arseniSvilma,5 konstantine gamsaxurdiam,

6 paolo iaSvilma,

7 giorgi leoniZem,

8 vaxtang

kotetiSvilma,9 tician tabiZem,

10 sergi gorgaZem,

11 konstantine WiWinaZem,

12 romanoz

34

fancxavam13 da sxvebma. ufro metic. 1924 wels Jurnal ,,droSis” meeqvse nomerSi

xelmoweriT ,,irodion sonRuli” daibeWda irodion sonRulaSvilis moTxroba saTauriT

,,herostratosi.”14 didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom avtors herostratosad

gamoyvanili hyavs ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatori filipe maxaraZe.

filipe maxaraZis miswrafebas win aRudga cnobili qarTveli social-demokrati

menSeviki seiT devdariani. 1922 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos centraluri

kooperaciuli kavSiris organos, Jurnal ,,kavSiris” me-15 nomerSi fsevdonimiT ,,s” daibeWda seiT devdarianis vrceli werili saTauriT _ ,,kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia

WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922 w.).”15 werilis meore

nawili Jurnalis me-16 nomerSi daibeWda.16

seiT devdarianis naSromi didi dartyma iyo qarTveli social-demokratebis,

rogorc menSevikebis, ise bolSevikebisTvis. cnobilma menSevikma, imxanad noe JordaniasTan

mkveTrad dapirispirebulma da sabWoTa saqarTvelos bolSevikur politikur

xelmZRvanelobasTan opoziciaSi myofma seiT devdarianma erTbaSad uaryo is, rac qarTul

social-demokratias (menSevikebs da bolSevikebs) ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg daeweraT. es

werili SemdegSi Zvirad daujda seiT devdarians.

filipe maxaraZis marcxis mauwyebeli iyo isic, rom qarTveli mwerlebis, qarTveli

inteligenciis Tavgamodebis wyalobiT daiwyo mzadeba ilia WavWavaZis ,,nawerebis sruli

krebulis” (cxra tomad) gamocemisaTvis (es gamocema, sinamdvileSi, 1925-1929 wlebSi aT

tomad gamovida). gamocemis momzadeba daevala pavle ingoroyvasa da aleqsandre abaSels.

1925 wels gamovida mravaltomeulis pirveli tomi (leqsebi da poemebi).

filipe maxaraZe miznis miRwevisTvis brZolas ar wyvetda. igi Seudga Tavisi

nawerebis mravaltomeulis gamocemas. sxvadasxva tomebSi Sevida avtoris mier ilia

WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg 1898-1913 wlebSi dabeWdili werilebi, maT Soris Jurnal

,,mogzaurSi” gamoqveynebuli samarcxvino werili. amasTan erTad filipe maxaraZem Tavis

garSemo Semoikriba Tanamoazreebi.: raJden kalaZe, petre geleiSvili, platon qiqoZe,

baron bibineiSvili, dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili da sxv.

filipe maxaraZis ,,razmidan” Zalze aqtiurobda ori adamiani, romelTa fsevdonimebi iyo

,,v. ad_li” da ,,k. b_li”. filipe maxaraZis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo axali laSqroba

ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg. erT-erTma pirvelma ,,bolSevikuri kritikis” susxi seiT

devdarianma igrZno. TbilisSi muSaTa krebaze gamosvlisas mamia oraxelaSvili Seexo seiT

devdarianis zemoT xsenebul werils. bolSevikma liderma ,,originaluri” daskvna gaakeTa: seiT devdarianis mier ilia WavWavaZis qeba-dideba imisi damadasturebelia, rom qarTveli

inteligencia ver urigdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebaso, nacionalisti mwerlis qeba sabWoTa

xelisuflebis gakicxvas niSnavso.17

aranakleb ,,originaluri” daskvna gaakeTa raJden kalaZem. misi azriT, ,,60-ian

wlebis ,,moRvaweebma” (miaqciaT yuradReba: raJden kalaZe sityva moRvaweebs brWyalebSi

xmarobs – avt.) kidev ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT erTi mxriT, meore mxriT poet

akakis mgosnobiT saqarTvelos mkvdari politikuri mdgomareobis xelovnurad ,,aRdgena”

(sityva aRdgenac brWyalebSia naxmari – avt.) scades, raRacnairi nacionaluri

oportunizmiT da biurokratiuli liberalizmis imediT. qarTveli xalxis

sazogadoebrivaT warmatebis imedi damoukidebeli gziT ukve dahkarges maT da

sasowarkveTil patriotul godebas miecnen.”18

dro ixelTa petre geleiSvilma. man ,,viwro nacionalizmis” ideolog ilia

WavWavaZes brali ,,mesame dasis” mospobis mcdelobaSi dasdo: ,,qarTulma presam, ilia

35

WavWavaZis meTaurobiT, medgari ieriSi miitana am axal movlenil ,,dasze”, im TaviTve

daupira mas gaqroba ... “19 drodadro filipe maxaraZec SeaSvelebda sityvas misi droSis qveS darazmulT.

1926 wels saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris pirvel yrilobaze gamosvlisas

filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZes da saerTod samocianelebs aseTi braldeba wauyena:

,,xalxis interesebi sinamdvileSi imaT ar swamdaT da TviT mwerlobas xalxSi niadagi ar

qonda.”20

XXX

1927 wels ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 90 weli sruldeboda. qarTveli mwerlebi,

inteligencia iubilis aRsaniSavad emzadebodnen. xelisuflebam mTlad ver wauyrua ilias

iubiles. 1927 wels gamoica ilia WavWavaZis ,,nawerebis sruli krebulis” meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse tomebi. filipe maxaraZe yovel Rones xmarobda raTa ar daeSva ilia WavWavaZis

naazrevisa da maRvawis obieqturi gaSuqeba. yvelaferi mainc ver gaTvala. jer kidev 1926

wels gamoica konstantine kapanelis naSromi ,,qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi,” romelSic ilias SexedulebaTa Sefasebacaa mocemuli.

21 marTalia, avtori garkveulwilad

qeds uxris epoqas (ilia revolucias umRerodao), magram, mTlianobaSi aRebuli, am

naSromis gamoqveynebiT konstantine kapanelma ilias iubilis win xelTaTmani gadaugdo

filipe maxaraZes. meore seriozuli dartyma filipe maxaraZem simon xundaZisgan miiRo.

1927 wels gamoica simon xundaZis monografia ,,sociallizmis istoriisTvis

saqarTveloSi.”22 imave wels daibeWda simon xundaZis meore gamokvleva _ ,,qarTveli

inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi,”23 simon xundaZe, cxadia, angariSs uwevda epoqas, politikur viTarebas. miuxedavad amisa, avtorma SeZlo obieqturad warmoedgina

ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. simon xundaZis zogierTi

daskvna filipe maxaraZis pirdapir gamowvevas niSnavda.

filipe maxaraZem da misma Tanamoazreebma konstantine kapanelisa da simon xundaZis

naSromebis ganqiqeba gadawyvites. 1927 wels Jurnal ,,mnTobis” meore nomerSi

fsevdonimiT ,,v. ad _ li” daibeWda recenzia saTauriT _ ,,rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria. _ amx. s. xundaZis ,,qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19

saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo.”24 recenzenti simon xundaZes ilia WavWavaZisa da saerTod

samocianelTa Taobis usafuZvlo apologetobaSi adanaSaulebs.

konstantine kapanelis naSromis kritikas mieZRvna, fsevdonimiT ,,k. b _ li”

Jurnal ,,proletarul mwerlobaSi” 1927 wlis pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli recenzia

saTauriT _ ,,ilia WavWavaZe, kapaneli da ,,komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li (k. kapanelis

,,qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” gamosvlis gamo).”25 recenzenti, cxadia, ar eTanxmeba konstantine kapanels ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis SefasebaSi. ar eTanxmeba gazeT

,,komunistSi” vinme ,,mo _ lis” mier gamoqveynebul recenziasac, romelSic konstantine

kapanelis wigni dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli.

,,v. ad _ li”-isa da ,,k. b _ li”-is recenziebSi, praqtikula, filipe maxaZis, anu

xelisuflebis poziciaa warmodgenili. movitanT ramdenime adgils xsenebuli

recenziebidan.

,,v. ad _ li” XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis moRvaweebs, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZes,

ase afasebs:

_ ,,ilia da sxvebi Tavadaznaurobis apologetebad bolomdi darCen. maTi

moRvaweoba wodebriul dawesebulebebis garSemo trialebda.”

36

_ ,,avtori (s. xundaZe _ avt.) ilias mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi xedavs burJuaziul

radikalizms. vfiqrob, arc es azri aris marTali. ilias mxatvrul Semoqmedebas

burJuaziuli radikalizmsa araferi scxia. arc ,,kacia adamiani”, arc ,,glaxis naambobi”

da Tundac arc ,,aCrdili” wodebriobis uarmyof nawarmoebaT ver CaiTvleba.” _ ,,ilias humanizmi, radikalizmi da liberalizmi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Tavadsa

da glexs Soris adamianuri damokidebuleba yofiliyo da ara brZola da ara

daundobloba da SuRli.”

_ ,,ilia Catexili xidis gamTelebaze zrunavs da ara wodebriobis mospobaze.”26

,,k. b _ li” ilia WavWavaZes mTlianad filipe maxaraZis poziciidan afasebs.

_ ,,me-60 wlebis moRvaweebs udidesi amagi miuZRviT qarTveli xalxis winaSe...

imaTi moRvaweoba maSindel xanaSi progresul modlenas warmoadgenda... es iyo manamdi,

sanam istoriis asparezze muSaTa klasi gamovidoda. amis Semdeg maT moRvaweobas daekarga

progresuli xasiaTi, vanaidan isini qveynis ganaxlebisaTvis mowodebul muSaTa klass

kriWaSi Caudgnen.” _ ,,i. WavwavaZe da saerTod me-60 wlebis moRvaweebis politikuri kredo ruseTis

taxtis loializmis iqiT ar midioda.” _ ,,Cveni mesamoce wlebis moRvaweebi, umTavresad TavadaznaurTa wridan iyvnen

gamosulni iyvnen ase vTqvaT, Tavadaznaurobis wreSi mobuzRune Sina opozicionerebi.

amgvari iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da orbelianebis dava.”27 1931 wels filime maxaraZis winasityvaobiT gamoica samarcxvino krebuli saTauri

_ ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis”. satitulo gverdze krebulis avtorebi aseTi

TanamimdevrobiT arian CamoTvlilni: dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon

narouSvili, platon qiqoZe. masSi ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemlobam” gamosca.28 krebulSi

Semdeegi masalaa warmodgenili:

1. f. maxaraZe. mdgomareoba Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi (winasityvaoba).

2. p. qiqoZe vis xelSia klasikosebi? (werilis pirveli variant daibeWda 1929

wels Jurnal ,,mnTobis” # 5-6-Si).

3. d. benaSvili. dialeqtiuri materializmi Tu eqleqtiuri idealizmi.

4. d. benaSvili. filosofiuri sqolastikisa da literaturuli misticizmis

winaaRmdeg.

5. d. benaSvili. S. SavguliZe, f. narouSvili, p.qiqoZe. bolSevizmi Tu social-

federalizmi? (es werili gamoqveynda gazeT ,,komunistis” 1931 wlis 27 seqtembris

nomerSi).

6. p.qiqoZe. d. benaSvili. b. meunargia. formlizmis, esTetobis da social-

federalizmis recidivebis winaRmdeg.

krebulis winasityvaobaSi filipe maxaraZe azogadebs imas, rac ki odesme ilia

WavWavaZis uaryofis, misi gzis gmobis mizniT dauweria. ai zogierTi adgili krebulis

winasityvaobidan:

_ ,,cnobilia, rom jer kidev mefis reJimis dros zogierT qarTvelma publicistma

TavadaznaurTa wridan da Semdeg socil-federalistebis partiam (g. maiaSvili, ar.

jorjaZe da sxvebi) SeTxzes zRapari, TiTqos isini, vinc CvenSi, saqarTveloSi, pirvelad

ganacxades energiuli protesti da aRimaRles xma baton-ymuri monobis winaaRmdeg, iyvnen

mesamoce wlebis moRvaweni, egred wodebulni _ Tergdaleulebi saerTod da

gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZe. ra Tqma unda, aq WeSmaritebis namcecic ar iyo. marTali

iyo mxolod is, rom es vaJbatonebi, yvelani warCinebuli wodebis (e.i. Tavadaznaurobis)

warmomadgenlebi, gacnobili iyvnen im kamaTTan, romelsac adgili hqonda im dros

37

(mesamoce wlebSi) ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis irgvliv. SeiZleba mesamoce wlebis

moRvaweebi ramodenimed iziarebdnen ruseTis ganmanaTleblebis (CerniSevski,

dobroliubovi, nekrasovi da sxv.) zogierT Sexedulebebs, magram rom imaT sajrod

arasodes gamoucxadebiaT raime protesti baton-ymobis winaaRmdeg, sanam es ukanaskneli

jer kidev arsebobda, es uryevi faqtia.” _ ,,rac Seexeba ilia WavWavaZes, yvela misi nawarmoebis da yvela im dokumentebis

da masalebis mixedviT, rac misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb moipoveba, mudamJam tipiuri Tavadi da

memamule iyo Tavidanve da bolomdec aseTive darCa.” _ ,,i. WavWavaZes Tavisi sakmarisad xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli

moRvaweobis manZilze erTxelac ar moucia CvenTvis sabuTi imisTvis, rom igi ibrZoda

batonymobis winaaRmdeg an sityviT, an kalmiT. piriqiT, amis sawinaaRmdego masala

moipoveba, ramdenic gnebavT, iseve, rogorc akaki wereTlis, orbelianebis da im drois

sxva mravali Tavadaznaurul mwerlebis Sesaxeb.”30 ilia WavWavaZis filipe maxaraZiseul Sefasebas savsebiT iziarebda platon qiqoZe.

krebulSi dabeWdil werilSi ,,vis xelSia klasikosebi?” ai ras vkiTxulobT: ,,gana

nacionalisturi sibece ar aris, rodesac dResac, TviT ilia WavWavaZis Taobisa da Zveli

qarTuli inteligenciis mier Caqsovili, mefis Cinovnikis gr. orbelianis reputaciis

aRdgenas cdiloben?31

gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiT gamoirCeva krebulSi dabeWdili werili _

,,bolSevizmi Tu social-federalizmi?” werilis avtorebi arian: dimitri benaSvili,

Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili, platon qiqoZe. ai, zogierTi adgili werilidan:

_ ,,istoriulad sadavo sakiTxebi gadaswyda marqsizmis da muSaTa moZraobis

sasargeblod. dokumentalurad iqmna damtkicebuli is faqti, rom mesamocianebi aramc Tu

ilaSqrebdnen batonymobis sistemis winaaRmdeg, aramed cdilobdnen mis gaumjobesebas.

feodaluri liberalebis ,,revolucionuroba” imaSi mdgomareobda, rom isini

feodalizmis, feodaluri klasis da misi inteligenciis gadarCenis mizniT feodalizmisa

da kapitalizmis ,,Seguebas” cdilobdnen (sxvaTa Soris ilia WavWavaZis politikuri

praqtika saTavadaznauro bankis Seqmnis saxiT swored am ,,Seguebis” saukeTeso

ilustracias warmoadgens). qveynis aseT ganviTarebas lenini burJuaziuli ganviTarebis

,,prusiul” gzas uwodebda.”32

_ ,,kapitalizmis aseTi ,,ganviTarebas” prusiaSi (germania) hqonda adgili. ilia

WavWavaZis arCilic (,,oTaraanT qvrividan”) feodaluri klasis gadarCenis mizniT swored

am prorusul gziT ganviTarebisken mouwodebda Tavis ,,moyvareebs”, vinaidan, iliasi ar

iyves, arCilic ,,moyvares” (ese igi feodals) pirSi uZraxoda.”33

krabuli ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis” mxolod ilia WavWavaZis, XIX saukunis 60-

80-iani erovnuli moZraobisa da samocianelTa marqsistuli Sefasebis mizniT ar

gamocemula. filipe maxaraZe, platon qiqoZe, dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe,

fridon narouSvili pirdapir miwasTan asworebdnen im istorikosebs da

litereturaTmcodneebs publicistebsa da mwerlebs, romelTac ilia WavWavaZisa da

samocianelebis obieqturad Sefaseba gabedes. kerZod, filipe maxaraZe da misi

Tanamoazreebi Tavs daesxnen: simon xundaZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils, konstantine kapanels.

ar daindes arc ilia WavWavaZis ufro adrindeli damfaseblebi _ arCil jorjaZe, kita

abSiZe, da sxvebi.

krebulis _ ,,brZola klasikosebisaTvis” redaqtorma da avtorebma gangaSis zari Camohkres: gviSveleT! sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtrebi qarTvel klasikosebs reaqciuli

38

miznebisTvis iyenebeno! mxolod Cven gvesmis mecnierulad, Tu ras warmoadgenen Cveni

klasikosebio!

XXX

ilia WavWavaZis kritikam istoriografiidan da literaturaTmcodneobidan

,,poeziaSi” gadainacvla. 1932 wels Jurnal ,,proletaruli mwerlobis” # 1-2-Si

daibeWda nawyveti fridon narouSvilis poemidan ,,Tavadi i. WavWavaZe.” fridon

narouSvili viTomda paralels avlebs ilia WavWavaZesa da noe Jordanias Soris. ai es

,,Sedevric:” ,,guli rogor ar dagiRondeba,

roca mZvinvarebs Savi saxadi;

somxebTan omi mogagondeba,

rogorc aSkara ,,qvaTa RaRadi”. igi ar aris ise wyvdiadi,

rogorc warwera qvaze lursmuli,

igi RaRadebs ise ,,diadi”, _ rogorc qarTuli, rogorc rusuli.

igi arodes ar iufleba

gipotezebis gauval nisliT,

viT Jordanias xelisufleba

SeRebilia somxebis sisxliT.

xocva-JletaSi Sen Tu erie,

raa, uars Tu mainc ver iSli,

faqtebis xmals ver moigerieb _

xmalze mWrelia misi ieriSi.

mTavroba omSi wagebulia,

mainc mZvinvarebs Savi saxadi:

morCa, wakiTxul-gagebulia

cxraas Tvramet wlis qvaTa RaRadi.

wamodga noe, rogorc ilia,

foilos gaRma miwa-wylis mdomi,

,,demokratiul” kavkasiaSi WavWavaZuri atexa omi.

xocvis da sisxlis wyurvili myisve

gamefda, rogorc Savi saxadi;

omobda noe somxebTan ise,

rogorc ilias qvaTa RaRadi.

dgamda sazizRar oms reJisori,

yavda gvardia da ,,mZime jvaric”, da Sovinizmis beberi mZoriT

somxeTisaken daiZra jari.

kauckis mier nebadarTuli,

viT tragedia sisxlian mkaSi,

qvaTa RaRadi iqna dadgmuli

,,demokratiul” respublikaSi:

39

yumbara glejda xes, Txrida miwas,

tye mRelvarebda xocva-JletaSi,

daxocil tyeSi cxedrebi iwva

da parlamentSi ismoda taSi ...

mReris gvardia ... prezidents esmis

,,demokratiul” mTavrobis leqsi.

qadagebs noe: ,,saomrad,

gmiro, laSqari daszari,

,,qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar” _ somxebs daeci Tavzari!

savsea imav Sxam da gesliT

daSnakelebis mTavrobis leqsi.

da prezidenti imave feris

imav simReras somxurad mReris:

qalaq tfilisSi Tavs ikravs

Cveni samSoblos sazRvari;

somexo, xeli xmals ikar

,,vracebs” daeci Tavzari ... zRvari walekil da waSlilia,

rogorc Zmebs Soris sxvadasxva ZeTa, _

ase gadiqca noeT ilia

da Jordania WavWavaZeTa. 34

XXX

filipe maxaraZe Tavisi Sexedulebebis damkvidrebas sxva gzebiTac cdilobda. 1933

wels Jurnal ,,mnaTobis” @# 1-2-Si daibeWda filipe maxaraZis Tanamoazris al. sulavas

vrceli narkvevi _ ,,filipe maxaraZe, rogorc literaturis kritikosi (marqsistuli

saliteraturo kritikis istoriisaTvis)”35 avtors moswons yvelaferiis, rac filipe

maxaraZes ilia WavWavaZis uaryofis, ilias gzis gmobis mizniT dauweria.

filipe maxaraZis Sexedulebas icavda k. melaZe 1933 wels Jurnal ,,mnaTobis”

meTerTmete nomerSi gamoqveynebul vrcel werilSi _ ,,gakvriT klasikosebze.” avtori

ilia WavWavaZis ganqiqebasTan erTad akritikebs simon xundaZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils,

konstantine kapanels, mixeil zandukels, romelTac ar gaiziares filipe maxaraZiseuli

Sefaseba.36

aravin icis, kidev ras moifiqrebdnen filipe maxaraZe da misi Tanamoazreebi. maTi

parpaSi ioseb stalinma aRkveTa.

XXX

ioseb stalins filipe maxaraZe ar uyvarda da amas arc malavda. dascinoda kidec

Zvel bolSeviks, ,,saSualo donis literators” eZaxda. ioseb stalinis mier filipe

maxaraZis aTvalwunebas ramdenime mizezi hqonda. am mizezTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

pirveli. filipe maxaraZe, iseve rogorc Zvel bolSevikTa Taoba, Tvlida, rom ioseb

juRaSvils bolSevikuri partiis winaSe, revoluciis winaSe, masze gacilebiT naklebi

damsaxureba hqonda. winaT amas ioseb stalini did yuradRebas ar aqcevda. XX saukunis

40

20-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Cabmul ioseb stalins ukve

xels aRar aZlevda filipe maxaraZis mier sakuTari damsaxurebis demonstrireba, ioseb

stalinTan SedarebiT sakuTari upiratesobis xazgasma. meore. ioseb stalini cdilobda

Tavisi revoluciuri moRvaweobis dasawyisi rac SeiZleba win gadaewia da igi ,,mesame

dasTan” (Seiqmna 1892-1893 wlebSi) daekavSirebina. stalinis miswrafebas wlebis manZilze

sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda filipe maxaraZe. mesame. ioseb stalini cdilobda Tavi

ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis Tbilisisa da baTumis organizaciebis

erT-erT damfuZneblad da xelmZRvanelad warmoedgina. filipe maxaraZe amasac gaafTrebiT

enaaRmdegeboda. meoTxe. ioseb stalini filipe maxaraZes ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi

adanaSaulebda da xSirad araorazrovnad Seaxsenebda mas am danaSauls. mexuTe. sabWoTa

kavSiris Seqmnis periodSi (1922 w.) filipe maxaraZe da misi Tanamoazreebi (e.w.

,,nacional-uklonistebi”) Riad daupirispirdnen ioseb stalins da bevr Tavsatexi

gauCines mas.

1921-1931 wlebSi ioseb stalini filipe maxaraZis qmedebas kontrols ver uwevda.

Zveli bolSeviki ioseb juRaSvils ar erideboda da xSirad ganzrax aRizianebda kidec

mas. filipe maxaraZis poziciebi Seirya saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis federaciis

politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi lavrenti berias mosvlis Semdeg (1931-1932 ww.).

Tavdapirvelad filipe maxaraZe arc lavrenti berias uwevda angariSs. filipe maxaraZem v.

leninis gardacvalebis aTi wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT dawera naSromi saTauriT _ ,,aTi

weli uleninod”. ioseb stalinis nebis Tanaxmad, lavrenti beriam filipe maxaraZe aiZula

naSromisTvis saTauri Seecvala. 1934 wels igive naSromi aseTi saTauriT gamovida _

,,aTi weli uleninod stalinis winamZRolobiT.” filipe maxaraZem daTmo. sruli

kapitulacia Zvel bolSeviks jer kidev win eloda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sabWoTa kavSiris

mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba (1934 w.) da ilia WavWavaZis 100 wlis iubile

(1937 w.)

XXX

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi ioseb stalinma xelisuflebisTvis

brZolis erTi mniSvnelovani etapi moigo. 1927 wels lev trocki sakavSiro komunisturi

(bolSevikuri) partiis rigebidan garicxes, yvela Tanamdeboba daatovebines da Sua aziaSi

gadaasaxles (1929 wels lev trocki basmaCebis daxmarebiT sazRvargareT gaiqca). es

gamarjveba ioseb stalins damSvidebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. sakavSiro komunistur

(bolSevikur) partiaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaSi, samxedro uwyebaSi, diplomatiur korpusSi, ioseb juRaSvils didi

opozicia hyavda. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo iyo, is rom ioseb juRaSvils opoziciaSi

Caudga Zvel bolSevikTa, revolucionerTa pirveli Taobis didi nawili, mokavSire

respublikebis partiuli da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba. da bolos, ioseb juRaSvilis

politikur kurss ewinaaRmdegeboda inteligenciis absoluturi umravlesoba. XX

saukunis 30-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis sruliad cxadi gaxda: ioseb stalini

xelisuflebis dakargvis realuri safrtxis winaSe idga. 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

gatarebulma represiebma opozicia ver mospo. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb stalini

politikuri kursis Secvlas ar apirebda, opoziciis azris gaTvaliswineba azradac ar

mosdioda. erTadrT gamosavals igi represiebSi xedavda, im represiebSi, romlis masStabi

imxanad mxolod ioseb stalins hqonda warmodgenili. politikuri represiebi daiwyo

1934 wlis dekemberSi da met-naklebi intensivobiT grZeldeboda 1938 wlis

41

gazafxulamde. kulminacias 1937 weli warmoadgenda. represiebi Seexo sabWoTa kavSiris

yvela socialur fenas (inteligencias, muSebs, glexebs), yvela erovnebis, aRmsareblobisa

da profesiis adamianebs, sakavSiro komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis centralur da

adgilobriv organoebs, mokavSire respublikebis komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis

centralur da adgilobriv organoebs, sabWoaTa kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs,

samxedro uwyebas (wiTel armias da samxedro-sazRvao flots), diplomatiur korpuss,

TviT represiebis gamtarebel mTavar dawesebulebas _ sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariats (daxvrites ori saxalxo komisari _ henrix iagoda da nikolai

eJovi). yvelaze metad dazaralda inteligencia.

xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi Cabmul ioseb juRaSvils, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise

saerTaSoriso asparezze, aucileblad sWirdeboda imis demonstrireba, rom igi didi da

saxelovani istoriis, didi sulieri da materialuri kulturis memkvidre eris Svili

iyo. yovelive es unda warmoCeniliyo didi ostatobiT, damajereblad. am SemTxvevaSi

erTbaSad miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saWiro iyo ramdenime kargad gaazrebuli

RonisZieba, romelic efeqts moaxdenda sabWoTa kavSirSic da saerTaSoriso asparezzec.

ase Caifiqra da ganaxorciela ioseb stalinma oTxi didi RonisZieba:

_ sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba (1934 w.);

_ qarTuli kulturis dekada moskovSi (1937 w.);

_ SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis” daweridan 750 wlisTavi (1937 w.);

_ ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi (1937 w.).

amjerad, Cveni interesis sagans Seadgens sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris

pirveli yriloba (1934 w.) da ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi (1937 w.).

XXX

sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirveli yriloba imiTac iyo aRsaniSnavi, rom

yvela respublikis mweralTa kavSiris saxeliT gamosul momxsenebels unda mimoexila

mwerlobis istoria uZvelesi droidan (Casaxvidan) XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis

CaTvliT. msgavsi moxsenebis dawera did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. moxseneba

Rirebuli rom yofiliyo, saWiro iyo literaturaTmcodneebisa da istorikosebis

erToblivi Sroma. meore sirTule imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT

Tundac unaklod Sesrulebuli moxseneba, ramdenad misaRebi iqneboda politikuri

TvalsazrisiT. mweralTa kavSiris yriloba daigegma da Catarda rogorc politikuri

RonisZieba. yrilobas ioseb stalini daeswro.

1934 wlis 20 agvistos sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze

saqarTvelodan moxsenebiT gamovida cnobili bolSeviki malaqia toroSeliZe. malaqia

toroSeliZem, romelsac, cxadia, ioseb stalinis Canafiqri ar ecodineboda, Tavisi

moxsenebis pirvel variantSi didi adgili dauTmo qarTuli proletaruli mwerlobis

uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis gzas, SedarebiT naklebi _ Zvel da axal

qarTul mwerlobas. moxseneba ioseb stalinma daiwuna. moxsenebis is teqsti, romelic

malaqia toroSeliZem 1934 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris

yrilobaze waradgina, rogorc struqturiT, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ioseb

stalinis karnaxiTaa dawerili, yvela daskvna ioseb stalins ekuTvnis.37

ioseb stalini gansakuTrebiT dainteresebula malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebis im

nawiliT, romelic ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Sefasebas exeboda. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo.

42

imxanad ioseb stalins ukve gadawyvetili eqneboda ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100

wlisTavis farTod aRniSvna. amitomaa, rom malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebis es nawili

TiTqmis mTlianad ioseb stalinis Sexedulebas gamoxatavs.38 igi, moxsenebis danarCen

nawilebTan SedarebiT, moculobiTac TvalSisacemad didia. movitanT ramdenime adgils

malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebidan:

_ ,,ar SevCerdebiT XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris sxva mwerlebze da gadavalT

pirdapir 60-iani wlebis epoqaze, romelsac qarTveli xalxis cxovrebasa da qarTul

literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am epoqis mwerlebidan yvelaze met

yuradgebas iqcevs ilia WavWavaZe.“39 _ ,, ilia WavWavaZe 60-iani wlebis udidesi figuraa, romelic Tavisi poeturi da

publicisturi nawarmoebebiT Zlier gavlenas axdens qarTul literaturaze TviT

ukanasknel xanebamde.”40 _ ,,am ori momentis _ ekonomiuris da erovnulis _ mWirdod gadakvanZva

safuZvlad udevs i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas. igi nacionalistia, da rogorc aseTi,

opoziciaSi udgas mTavrobas, romelic ar scnobs araviTar nacionalurs.”41 _ ,,i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebam Tavadaznaurobas ki ar gauwia samsaxuri, aramed

Tavadaznaurobis mowinaaRmdegeebs.”42

_ ,,Tumca i. WavWavaZe ar warmoadgens glexobis interesebisTvis mebrZols, magram … is Rrma simpaTiiT uyurebs, aidialebs mas, awers mas saukeTeso Tvisebebs da sTvlis mas

yvela saTnoebis gansaxierebad.”43 _ ,,raTa SevajamoT i. WavWavaZis mniSvneloba qarTul literaturisTvis, unda

aRvniSnoT, rom literaturul moRvaweobas igi krZalviT uyurebs da mis Sesaferisad

maRal principul simaRleze ahyavs yoveli sakiTxi, romelsac exeba. literaturuli

asparezi i. WavWavaZemde TiTqmis ar arsebobda. winandeli epoqis mwerlobisTvis

literatura an ubralo TavSesaqcevi iyo (magaliTad saqeifo leqsebi), an poetis pirad

ganwyobilebaTa gamoxatuleba, romelic unda gaeziarebina mis ramdenime axlobel

megobars.… i. WavWavaZisTvis ki literatura, uwinares yovlisa, sazogadoebrivi

moRvaweobaa da am dargSi igi friad sastikia da momTxovni, rogorc Tavis, ise

sxvebisadmi.”44 ilia WavwavaZis msoflmxedvelobis Sefasebisas malaqia toroSeliZis mier

gakeTebuli yoveli daskvna mimarTuli iyo filipe maxaraZiseuli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg,

acamtverebda yovelive imas, rac filipe maxaraZem ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg dawera

ormoci wlis manZilze. es, cxadia, kargad igrZno TviT filipe maxaraZem.

malaqia toroSeliZem, cxadia, moxseneba rusulad waikiTxa. imave 1934 wels

moxseneba calke wignad gamoica moskovSi (ix.: М. Торошелидзе. Грузинская литература. Доклад на первом всесоюзном съезде советских писателеи. Издателство «Художественная литература,» Москва, 1934). esec ioseb stalinis gegmis Semadgeneli

nawili iyo.

XXX

1937 wles ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi didi zar-zeimiT aRiniSna.

amisTvis niadagi jer kidev 1934 wels momzadda.

1937 wlis 9 maiss gazeT ,,komunistSi” daibeWda oficialuri masala _ ,,ilia

WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisTvis.” am masalidan mkiTxvelma Seityo, rom

43

saqarTvelo ssr saxalxo komisarTa sabWom (mTvrobam) miiRo dadgenileba ilia WavWavaZis

iubilis aRsaniSnavad. iqve CamoTvlili iyo dagegmili RonisZiebebi.

1937 wlis 10 ivniss gazeT ,,literaturul saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda cnoba

TbilisSi, mweralTa sasaxleSi, ilia WavWavaZis iubilisadmi miZRvnili saqarTvelos

mweralTa kavSiris plenumis gamarTvis Taobaze.

gazeTebi ,,komunisti”, ,,Зария Вастока” da ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo” sistematiurad aSuqebdnen ilias iubilisadmi mzadebas da saiubileo RonisZiebebs rogorc

TbilisSi, ise saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da raionebSi. 1937 wlis 22 aprils gazeTi

,,komunisti” iuwyeboda, rom ilia WavWavaZis saRamoebi gaimarTa moskovsa da leningradSi.

1937 wlis 31 ivliss gazeTi ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo” iuwyeboda, rom moskovSi v. leninis sax. sajaro biblioTekaSi moewyo ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili gamofena. 1937

wlis 29 maiss gazeT ,,Правда”-Si daibeWda masala saTauriT: ,,Юбилейнная декада И. Чавчавадзе в Грузии”

1937 wels saiubileod gamoica ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli (xuT

tomad) pirveli tomi (pavle ingoroyvasa da aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT). ,,qarTuli

klasikuri mwerlobis” seriiT daibeWda ilia WavWavaZis leqsebis, poemebisa da

moTxrobebis krebuli (Salva radianisa da aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT). 1937 wels

calke gamocemebad gamovida ilia WavWavaZis nawerebis krebulebi: ,,leqsebi da

moTxrobebi,” ,,Txzulebani,” ,,moTxrobebi,” ,,rCeuli leqsebi da poemebi”. rusulad

iTargmna da gamoica krebulebi ,,Избранное” da ,,Стихи и поемы”. ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs gamoexmaura mravali mwerali,

kritikosi, publicisti, literaturaTmcodne da istorikosi. gansakuTrebiT, unda

aRiniSnos ivane javaxiSvilis naSromi ,,ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria” (akad. n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, 1937, II,

gv. 1-14). igive naSromi gazeT ,,komunistis” 1937 wlis 6 ivlisis nomrebSic daibeWda.

dumils inarCunebda damarcxebuli filipe maxaraZe. mis TanamoazreTagan zogierTma Zvel

belads uRalata da ilia qeba-dideba daiwyo. filipe maxaraZe mixvda, rom damarcxda da

danebda. cud dReSi iyo Zveli bolSeviki: gumaniT grZnobda, rom mas male sxva, didi

gansacdeli, eloda. sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris pirvel yrilobasa (1934 w.) da

ilias iubiles (1937 w.) Soris ganvlilma drom filipe maxaraZe daarwmuna: ioseb

stalini ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas iwyebda ...

XXX

ase dasrulda ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis, ilias gzis gmobis samarcxvino

istoria. yovelive es aucileblad moxdeboda, magram gacilebiT gvian. 1934-1937 wlebSi,

uaRresad rTul politikur viTarebaSi, roca moskovSi xelisuflebisaTvis daundobeli

da sisxliani brZola mimdinareobda, roca adamianTagan aravin uwyoda, rogor

damTavrdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi wlebis manZilze mimdinare

dapirispireba, ilias Tavis uflebebSi aRdgena, ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad

dafaseba TiTqos alogikur movlenas warmoadgenda. sinamdvileSi, yvelaferi logikuri,

kargad gaazrebuli iyo. saqarTvelos istoria, qarTuli kultura iyo is didi saganZuri,

romelic ioseb stalins moralur uflebas aZlevda zemodan daexeda misi ideuri da

politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebisaTvis, didi da patara ,,beladebisTvis” da amayad eTqva:

,,rameTu mraval arian Cinebulni da mcired _ rCeulni” (maTe, 22,14).

44

SeniSvnebi:

winaTqma

1. ilia WavWavaZe. ,,ciskari” 1857-1862 wlamdina. _ ilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani.

sruli krebuli xuT tomad. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. tomi II. Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 619.

2. iqve, gv. 619.

3. iqve, gv. 621.

4. ilia WavWavaZe. gazeTi ,,kavkazi” da qarTveli xalxi. _ ilia WavWavaZe.

TxuzelaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi IX. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 638.

5. iqve, gv. 638.

6. iqve, gv. 638.

7. ilia WavWavaZe. ,,Новое время” _ aveniani da meWore gazeTi. _ ilia WavWavaZe.

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi X. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 395.

8. . iqve, gv. 395. 9. ilia WavWavaZe. nuTu (pasuxad ,,mogzauris” korespodenciisa). _ ilia WavWavaZe.

Txzulebani. sruli krebuli xuT tomad. tomi V. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 227.

1. ,,sakvirveli kacia qarTveli” (qarTuli enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdegeni)

1. barbare jorjaZe. T. ilia WavWavaZis kritikazed. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, maisi, gv. 33-35.

2. giorgi baraTovi. werlili redaktorTan. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, ivnisi, gv. 147-166.

3. sardion aleqsiev-mesxievi. ustari antikritikuli. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, ivnisi, gv. 254-268.

4. revaz erisTavi. pasuxi Tavadi ilia WavWavaZis kritikisa. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1861, maisi, gv. 81-89.

5. efTvime wereTeli. ufalo redaktoro! _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1862, Tebervali,

gv. 201-207.

2. ,,pirveli qva ... qarTvelisaganve aris gamotyorcnili”

(,,saqarTvelos moambisa” da ,,iveriis” arakeTilmosurneni)

1. aleqsi elbakiZe [lavrenti ardaziani]. oriode sityu(ubrjgu)a Sesaxeb Terg-

daleulis statiisa. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1863, ivnisi, gv. 241-250.

2. ciskris redaqciisagan. _ Jurnali ,,ciskari”, 1864, marti, gv. 177. 3. iqve, gv. 178.

4. anton furcelaZe. akaki wereTels. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1879, # 249, 1

dekemberi, gv. 3.

5. iqve, gv. 3.

6. iqve, gv. 3.

7. s. m. [segrei mesxi]. axali qarTuli gazeTi. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1876, # 64, 25

TibaTve, gv. 1.

8. iqve, gv. 1.

9. iqve, gv. 1.

10. iqve, gv. 1.

11. iqve, gv. 1.

45

12. iqve, gv. 1.

13. iqve, gv. 1.

14. iqve, gv. 1.

15. niko nikolaZe. ,,iveriis” pirveli nomeri. _ gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1877, # 26, 6

marti, gv. 1-2.

16. iqve, gv. 1.

17. iqve, gv. 1.

18. iqve, gv. 1.

19. iqve, gv. 1.

20. iqve, gv. 2.

21. daviT soslani [daviT kezeli]. bibliografiuli SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, 1886, # 9, 2 marti, gv. 85-87.

22. iqve, gv. 85.

23. iqve, gv. 85 - 86.

3. ,,keTili ara gvwams, suli da guli amogvSrobia” (didi ideis mesaflaveni)

1. mkiTxveli [Sio daviTaSvili]. ,,Catexili xidi”,,oTaraanT qvrivi”-s b. ilia WavWavaZis

moTxrobis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis SeniSvnebi. tfilisi, 1988.

2. iqve, gv. 31-32.

3. iqve, gv. 37-38.

4. iqve, gv. 40-41.

5. iqve, gv. 42.

6. daviT soslani (daviT kezeli). kritikuli ganxilva ,,oTaraanT qvrivisa” (moTxroba il. WavWavaZisa). tfilisi, 1888.

7. iqve, gv. 19.

8. iqve, gv. 19

9. iqve, gv. 19.

10. iqve, gv. 20.

11. iqve, gv. 20.

4. ,,erTi gaptyelebuli da uSveri tyuili” (saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbeblebi da maTi damqaSebi)

1. Н. Д. [Иване Джабадари] ,,Откритое послание ,,ивериицам” – газета ,,Новое Обозрение”, 1889. № 1847, 2 мая, стр. 1-2; № 1850, 5 мая, стр. 1-2.

2. Н. Д. (Иване Джабадари) ,,Поклонение современности и археология” – газета ,,Новое Обозрение”, 1889, № 2028, 8 ноября, стр. 3.

3. salmasteli. Jurnal-gazeTebis mimoxilva. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, # 39-40, 12

noemberi, gv. 5, 9.

4. iqve, gv. 5.

5. iqve, gv. 5.

6. iqve, gv. 9.

46

7. s. salmasteli. cxovrebis moedani. _ gazeTi ,,Teatri”, # 39-40, 12 noemberi,

gv. 5, 15.

8. iqve, gv. 5.

9. iqve, gv. 5.

5.imitom, rom qarTvelia

(zRvarsgadasuli didi kacebi)

1. niko nikolaZe. siraji poeti (Ria wigni miwerili n. baraTaSvilTan, saiqioSi) _

gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1877, # 18, 16 Tebervali (niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. prof. d. . m.

gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT. tomi V. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 51-56.)

2. am azrs iziarebda prof. daviT gamezardaSvili, niko nikolaZis Txzulebebis

gamomcemeli.

3. niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani, tomi V. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 53.

4. iqve gv. 53.

5. iqve gv. 53.

6. iqve gv. 53.

7. iqve gv. 54.

8. iqve gv. 54.

9. iqve gv. 55.

10. iqve gv. 55.

11. iqve gv. 55.

12. [ivane maCabeli]. Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi moRvaweoba. tfilisi, 1892.

13 iqve gv. 14-15.

14. iqve gv. 83-84.

15. iqve gv. 85-86.

6. Cveni exlandeli ,,sibrZne-sicrue” (social-demokratebis gamolaSqreba)

1. giorgi wereTeli. ,,kvalis ori wlis naRvawi.” _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 5,

22 ianvari, gv. 10.

2. noe Jordania. gaz. ,,iveria” da erovneba. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 12, 12

marti, gv. 6.

3. iqve, gv. 7.

4. noe Jordania. ,,moambe”, ,,iveria” erovneba. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, # 35, 13

marti, gv. 12.

5. giorgi wereTeli. Ria werili T. ilia WavWavaZes. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1897, #

17, 20 aprili, gv. 328-330.

6. iqve, gv. 328.

7. iqve, gv. 328-329.

8. iqve, gv. 330.

9. iqve, gv. 330.

10. filipe maxaraZe. ,,saiubileo broSura (mcire SeniSvna b-n me gaxlavaris

wignakis gamo) _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1898, # 31, 26 ivlisi, gv. 519-523.

11. iqve, gv. 523.

47

12. noe Jordania. ,,adgilobrivi pressa warsul wels.” _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1899, #

3, 17 ianvari, gv. 36.

13. giorgi wereTeli. gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko xasiaTi _ gazeTi

,,kvali”, 1899, # 5, 31 ianvari, gv. 75.

14. iqve, gv. 75.

15. iqve, gv. 76.

16. iqve, gv. 76.

17. axali ambebi. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1899, # 15, 11 aprili, gv. 237.

18. vasil kirvaliZe. mcire SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 12, 19 marti, gv.

190.

19. iqve, gv. 191.

20. n. J. [noe Jirdania]. qarTuli presa (guSin da dRes). tfilisi 1900.

21. noe Jirdania. presa. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 26, 25 ivnisi, gv. 405-410.

22. iqve, gv. 410.

23. werilebi redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 17, 23 aprili, gv. 275.

24. iqve, gv. 275.

25. asoTamwyobi. werili redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 18, 30

aprili, gv. 289, 290.

26. axali ambebi da SeniSvnebi. _ Jurnali ,,mwemsi”, 1900, # 8, 30 aprili, gv. 12.

27. werilebi redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 19, 7 maisi, gv. 306-

307.

28. mcire SeniSvna. _ gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1900, # 26, 25 aprili, gv. 419.

29. noe Jirdania. werili ,,iveriis” redaqciis mimarT. _ gazeTi ,,iveria”, 1900, #

84, 20 aprili, gv. 2-3.

7. ,,movediT da movklaT igi” (mowamebrivi cxovrebis bolo wlebi)

1. ,,Taguna” [Salva SaraSiZe]. xma idumali. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 9, 13

marti, gv. 131

2. iqve, gv. 132.

3. iqve, gv. 132.

4. Jurnal-gazeTebidan. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1900, # 9, 13 marti, gv. 132.

5. iqve, gv. 133.

6. v. n [vasil nacvliSvili]. saguramos da Woportis sazogadoeba. _ Jurnali

,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 13, 10 marti, gv. 209-211.

7. eSmaki [nestor kalandaZe]. Zveli mobaaseni axal saganze. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 15, 24 aprili, gv. 325.

8. filipe maxaraZe. Tavis marTlebac aseTi unda! (pasuxad T-d ilia WavWavaZes). _

Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 18, 15 aprili, gv. 277-279.

9. v. n. [vasil nacvliSvili]. pasuxaT ilia WavWavaZes. _ Jurnali ,,mogzauri”, 1905, # 18, 15 aprili, gv. 283.

10. saguramo. _ Jurnali ,,ekali”, # 2, gv. 7.

8. ,,sadac xe iWreba, iq nafotebic cviva”

48

(ilias uarmyofelni misi sikvdilis Semdeg)

1. ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba. tfilisi, 1907, gv. 204-205.

2. n. J. [noe Jirdania]. bneli Zalebi. _ gazeTi ,,Cveni gza”, 1907, # 28, 9

oqtomberi, gv. 2.

3. kenti. bibliografia. _ Jurnali ,,eSmakis maTraxi”, 1908, # 35, 15 ivnisi, gv. 6-

7.

4. mkiT _. ilias Wirisuflebi. _ gazeTi ,,maTraxi”, 1908, #1, 31 agvisto, gv. 5-7.

5. iakob gogebaSvili. ilias meored mokvlis wadili. _ Jurnali ,,saqarTvelo”, 1908, # 9, 16 noemberi, gv. 4.

6. filipe maxaraZe. meore mxaresac movusminoT! _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa

krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 131-140.

7. filipe maxaraZe. ukanaskneli pasuxi cilismwameblebs. _ filipe maxaraZe.

TxzulebaTa krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 143.

8. iqve, gv. 143.

9. filipe maxaraZe. _ ivane jabadaris xsovnas. _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa

krebuli. tomi III. werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 148-149.

10. gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 31, 19 aprili, gv. 1.

11. petre geleiSvili. presa. _ gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 50, 11 maisi, gv. 1-2.

gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 67, 3 ivnisi, gv. 2.

12. gazeTi ,,azri”, 1914, # 69, 5 ivnisi, gv. 2.

13. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc poeti da publicist. leqcia petre geleiSvilisa.

Tbilisi, 1914.

14. iqve, gv. 1.

15. iqve, gv. 2.

16. iqve, gv. 21.

17. iqve, gv. 36.

18. iqve, gv. 50.

19. iqve, gv. 84.

20. iqve, gv. 84-85.

21. iqve, gv. 93

22. m. t. _ Ze [malaqia toroSeliZe]. ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba da misi

nawerebis saerTo xasiaTi. samtredia, 1914.

23. iqve, gv. 4.

24. iqve, gv. 7.

25. iqve, gv. 8.

26. iqve, gv. 9.

27. iqve, gv 10.

9. uarmyoflobis uaryofa

( ilias gzis gmobis dasaruli )

1. k. abaSispireli[ konstantine gamsaxurdia ]. ilia WavWavaZe Tu arCil jorjaZe. _

gazeTi “saxalxo furceli”, 1917, #824, 21 marti, gv. 2; #825, 22 marti, gv. 2; #830,

29 marti, gv. 2-3.

2. artur leisti. mogoneba ilia WavWavZeze. _ Jurnali “ganaTleba”, 1917, #3,

gv. 177-179; #4-5, gv. 241-247.

49

3. silovan xundaZe. qarTuli literaturis saxelmZRvaneloebi. VI. ilia WavWavaZe.

quTaisi, 1919.

4. ivane gomarTeli. gasuli (1920 wlis) sityvakazmuli mwerloba. _ Jurnali

“cisartyela”, 1921, #14, gv.59-95.

5. a. arseniSvili. gamogonili saukuneebi. _ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #1, 1

ivlisi.

6. konstantine gamsaxurdia. ilia WavWavaZe. _ gazeTi “lomisi”, 1922, #3, 17

seqtemberi.

7. paolo iaSvili. poeti saqarTvelosi. __ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #1, 1

ivlisi.

8. giorgi leoniZe. ilia WavWavaZe. _ gazeTi “baxtrioni”, 1922, #10, 11 seqtemberi.

9. vaxtang kotetiSvili. sityvis dapyroba. _ gazeTi “rubikoni”, 1923, #4;

v. kotetiSvili. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Mme-XX _ dRevandlamde. Nnawili

me-II. quTaisi, 1925.

10. tician tabiZe. dadaizmi da ciferi yanwelebi. _ Jurnali “meocnebe niamorebi”,

1923, #10; tician tabiZe. ironia da cinizmi. _ Jurnali “meocnebe niamorebi”, 1923, #

9.

11. s. gorgaZe. axali saliteraturo qarTulis istoriidan. meore safexuri (1860-

1875). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1925, #3.

12. k. WiWinaZe. aliteracia qarTul SairSi da “vefxistyaosnis” problema. _

Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1925, #5-6.

13. xomleli [romanoz fancxava]. qarTuli literatura. _ Jurnali “axali gza”, 1925, #16, #18, #20.

14. irodion sonRuli [irodion sonRulaSvili]. Hherostratosi. _ Jurnali

“droSa”, 1924, #6, gv. 3-5.

15. s [seiT devdariani]. kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi

sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922w.). _ Jurnali “kavSiri”, 1922, #15,

10seqtemberi, gv. 26-32.

16. s [seiT devdariani]. kacia-adamianis mgosani ilia WavWavaZe (15 weliwadi

sikvdilis Semdeg. _ 30 agvisto 1907-1922w.). _ Jurnali “kavSiri”, 1922, #16, 1

noemberi, gv. 58-64.

17. s. devdariani. oqtomberi da inteligencia. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1924, #6, gv.

225.

18. r. kalaZe. egnate ninoSvilis istoriuli daniSnuleba da misi pirovnebis

mniSvneloba. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1924, #7-8, gv. 287-288.

19. petre geleiSvili. Cveni axlo warsulidan (masalebi “mesame dasis”

istoriisaTvis). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1926, #8-9, gv. 16-17.

20. filipe maxaraZe. mimdinare momenti da qarTuli mwerlobis amocanebi(sityva,

warmoTqmuli qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze). _ filipe maxaraZe. TxzulebaTa

krebuli. tomiV. sityva-kazmuli mwerloba da misi kritika. tfilisi, 1926, gv. 242.

21. konstantine kapaneli. qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi. wigni pirveli.

tfilisi, 1926.

22. simon xundaZe. socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi. tomi pirveli. tomi

meore. tfilisi, 1927.

50

23. simon xundaZe. qarTveli inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi.

tfilisi, 1927.

24. v. ad _ li. rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria. _ amx.

s.xundaZis “qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo. _

Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1927, #2, gv. 240-246.

25. k. b _ li. ilia WavWavaZe, kapaneli da “komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li

(k.kapanelis “qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” _ gamosvlis gamo). _ Jurnali

“proletaruli mwerloba”, 1927, #1, gv. 109-115.

26. ad _ li v. rogor ar unda iwerebodes inteligenciis istoria _ amx.

s.xundaZis “qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi” gamosvlis gamo. _

Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1927, #2, gv. 245.

27. k. b _ li. ilia WavWavaZe, k.kapaneli da “komunistis” kritikosi mo _ li

(k.kapanelis “qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi” _ gamosvlis gamo). _ Jurnali

“proletaruli mwerloba”, 1927, #1, gv. 111-112.

28 dimitri benaSvili, Salva SavguliZe, fridon narouSvili, platon qiqoZe.

brZola klasikosebisaTvis. filipe maxaraZis winasityvaobiT. tfilisi, 1931.

29 iqve, gv. II-III.

30 iqve, gv.IV.

31 iqve, gv. 17.

32 iqve, gv.79.

33 iqve, gv.79.

34 fr. narouSvili. Tavadi i.WavWavaZe (poemidan). _ Jurnali “proletaruli

mwerloba”, 1932, #1-2, gv. 148-149.

35 al. sulava. filipe maxaraZe, rogorc literaturis kritikosi (marqsistuli

lasiteraturo kritikis istoriisaTvis). _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1933, #1-2, gv. 193-214.

36 k. melaZe. gakvriT klasikosebze. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1933, #11, gv. 164-184.

37 malaqia toroSeliZe. qarTuli literatura. Mmoxseneba mweralTa sakavSiro

yrilobaze 20 agvistos. _ Jurnali “mnaTobi”, 1934, #7-8, gv. 221-295.

38 iqve, gv. 246-255.

39 iqve, gv. 246.

40 iqve, gv. 246.

41 iqve, gv. 248.

42 iqve, gv. 252.

43 iqve,gv. 254.

44 iqve, gv. 255.