UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2

ByDr. Lal & Jain

(For Admission Tests of MAT/SAT/GMAT &Other Leading Institutes)

© Publishers

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Code No. 424

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ContentsPrevious Years’ Solved Papers

Reasoning AbilitySr. No. Page No.

1. Relationship or Analogy Test……………………………………………………………… 3–302. Spotting Out the Dissimilar……………………………………..………………………… 31–503. Series Completion Test…………………………………………………………………… 51–744. Coding and Decoding Test………………………………………………………………… 75–945. Direction Sense Test………………………………………………………………………. 95–1076. Blood Relation…………………………………………………………………………….. 108–1127. Problems based on Alphabet……………………………………………………………… 113–1228. Time Sequence Test…………………………………………………………………..…… 123–1289. Mathematical Ability Test………………………………………………………………… 129–137

10. Situation Reaction Test……………………………………………………………….…… 138–14011. Verification of the Truth of the Statement………………………………………………… 141–14312. Best Reason Test………………………………………………………………………….. 144–14613. Paper Cutting Type Questions…………………………………………………………….. 147–15214. Assigning Artificial Values to Arithmetical Digits and Signs……………………………. 153–15915. Arranging according to Size or Age or Natural Sequence………………………………… 160–16216. Venn Diagram and Chart Type Test ……………………………………………………… 163–17617. Questions Based on a Problem and two Statements………………………………………. 177–17918. Questions on Rule…………………………………………………………………………. 180–18219. Selection of Figure Similar to the Given Figure………………………………………….. 183–18920. Questions on Mirror-Image……………………………………………………………….. 190–19221. Selection on Conditions…………………………………………………………………… 193–20022. Questions on Components………………………………………………………………… 201–20323. Classification of Figures of Some Characteristics………………………………………… 204–20924. Questions Based on a Statement and Two Courses of Action……………………………. 210–21325. Completion of A Pattern………………………………………………………………….. 214–22226. Selection of a Set Equal to the Given Set…………………………………………………. 223–226

● Miscellaneous Exercise……………………………………………………………………. 227–232

Logical ReasoningA. Validity Test of Syllogism………………………………………………………………… 3–6

LogicType I…………………………………………………………………………………….. 7–11Type II……………………………………………………………………………………. 12–21Type III…………………………………………………………………………………… 22–30Type IV…………………………………………………………………………………… 31–38Type V…………………………………………………………………………………… 39–46Type VI…………………………………………………………………………………… 47–57Type VII………………………………………………………………………………….. 57–61Type VIII…………………………………………………………………………………. 62–63

( iv )

Business Aptitude 1–72

Data Interpretation and Numerical AbilityNumbers………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3–9Four Fundamental Rules………………………………………………………………………….. 10–12

Percentage………………………………………………………………………………………… 13–19L.C.M. & G.C.F…………………………………………………………………………………… 20–23Fractions………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24–29Simplification…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30–34Square Root and Cube Root……………………………………………………………………… 35–39Ratio and Proportion……………………………………………………………………………… 40–44Partnership………………………………………………………………………………………... 45–51Average…………………………………………………………………………………………… 52–58Time and Work…………………………………………………………………………………… 59–67Time and Distance………………………………………………………………………………... 68–76Profit and Loss…………………………………………………………………………………… 77–88Simple Interest……………………………………………………………………………………. 89–95Compound Interest……………………………………………………………………………….. 96–103Discount, Stock and Share………………………………………………………………………... 104–110Area………………………………………………………………………………………………. 111–121Solid Figure………………………………………………………………………………………. 122–126Data Analysis and Interpretation…………………………………………………………………. 127–138Miscellaneous…………………………………………………………………………………….. 139–144Statistical Graph………………………………………………………………………………….. 145–152Logarithms………………………………………………………………………………………... 1–6Algebra…………………………………………………………………………………………… 7–15Geometry ………………………………………………………………………………………… 16–21Mensuration………………………………………………………………………………………. 22–31

Objective General Awareness {1–481–32Reading Comprehension

1. Comprehension……………………………………………………………………………. 32. Vocabulary Test…………………………………………………………………………… 133. English Usage……………………………………………………………………………… 244. English Structure………………………………………………………………………….. 445. Word Usage……………………………………………………………………………….. 506. Sequence of Sentence and Words…………………………………………………………. 627. Closet Test………………………………………………………………………………… 708. Synonyms in Operation…………………………………………………………………… 80

MBA Admission TestSolved Paper

2015

Section–1

Part–1Directions—(Q. 1 to 5) Solve the questions

based on the information provided in the passagebelow :

Six engineers Anthony, Brad, Carla, Dinesh,Evan and Frank are offered jobs at six differentlocations–England, Germany, India, Australia,Singapore and UAE. The jobs offered are in sixdifferent branches, and are based on theircompetence as well as preference. The branchesare IT, Mechanical, Chemical, Electronics,Metallurgy and Electrical, though not necessarilyin the same order. Their placements are subject tothe following conditions—(1) The engineer in the Electrical Department is

not placed in Germany.(2) Anthony is placed in Singapore while Dinesh

in UAE.(3) Frank is not in the Metallurgy Department but

Brad is in the Chemical Department.(4) Evan is placed in the Mechanical Department

while Frank is offered a job in Australia.(5) The only department offering jobs in India is

the Chemical Department while there are novacancies for IT in Singapore.

(6) Anthony is interested in IT and ElectricalDepartment while Frank is interested in ITand Mechanical Department. Both of themsettle for the options available based on theirinterests in the locations allotted to them.

(7) In recent years, UAE has emerged as a hubfor metallurgy exports and thus recruitment isdone for the same while all mechanical postsare in England.

1. Who joined the Electronics Department ?(A) Dinesh(B) Anthony(C) Carla(D) Brad

2. The person placed in UAE is in the ………Department.(A) Electronics (B) Mechanical(C) Metallurgy (D) Chemical

3. Out of the following, which is the correctcombination ?(A) Anthony-Germany-Electrical(B) Brad-India-Chemical(C) Evan-England-Electronics(D) Frank-Australia-Metallurgy

4. Who joined the IT Department in Australia ?(A) Frank (B) Carla(C) Evan (D) Brad

5. Which combination is true for Dinesh ?(A) India-Electrical(B) UAE-Electronics(C) England-Metallurgy(D) UAE-Metallurgy

6. Based on the given statement, choose theright conclusion :‘If the breakfast doesn’t have eggs, I will notgo for a walk and will not have lunch.’(A) If I went for a walk and didn’t have

lunch, the breakfast didn’t have eggs.(B) If I went for a walk or I had lunch, the

breakfast had eggs.(C) If I went for a walk and had lunch, the

breakfast had eggs.(D) If I didn’t go for a walk and had lunch,

the breakfast had eggs.

Directions—(Q. 7 to 10) Read the detailsbelow and answer the questions that follow.

Due to astrological reasons, a mother namedall her daughters with the alphabet ‘K’ as Kamla,Kamlesh, Kriti, Kripa, Kranti and Kalpana.(1) Kamla is not the tallest while Kripa is not the

most qualified.(2) The shortest is the most qualified amongst

them all.

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(3) Kalpana is more qualified than Kamlesh whois more qualified than Kriti.

(4) Kamla is less qualified than Kamlesh but istaller than Kamlesh.

(5) Kalpana is shorter than Kriti but taller thanKranti.

(6) Kriti is more qualified than Kamla whileKamlesh is taller than Kriti.

(7) Kripa is the least qualified amongst thedaughters.

7. Who is the third tallest starting in decreasingorder of height ?(A) Kamla (B) Kamlesh(C) Kriti (D) Kranti

8. Who is the most qualified ?(A) Kamlesh (B) Kriti(C) Kripa (D) Kranti

9. What is the rank of Kriti in increasing orderof qualification ?(A) 2 (B) 3(C) 5 (D) 4

10. What is the rank of Kamla in increasing orderof height ?(A) 3 (B) 5(C) 4 (D) 2

11. Based on the number series given, fill in themissing number :18, 37, 76, 155, ……, 633, 1272

(A) 322 (B) 314

(C) 341 (D) 250

Directions—(Q. 12 to 14) Based on theconditions stated in the passage below, Answerthe questions that follow.

There are three countries, USA, UAE andUK. An exporter can select one country or twocountries or all the three countries subject to theconditions below :

Conditions :1. Both USA and UAE have to be selected.

2. Either USA or UK, but not both have tobe selected.

3. UAE can be selected only if UK has beenselected.

4. USA can be selected only if UK isselected.

12. How many countries can be selected if nocondition is imposed ?(A) 6 (B) 4(C) 7 (D) 8

13. How many countries can be selected to meetonly condition 1 ?(A) 0 (B) 2(C) 1 (D) 3

14. How many countries can be selected to meetonly conditions 2 and 3 ?

(A) 0 (B) 2 or 1(C) 0 or 1 (D) None of these

15. Based on the following relations, which of thegiven options indicate that W is the niece ofX ?

A + B means that A is the brother of B.

A*B means that A is the father of B.

A – B means that A is the sister of B.

(A) X + Y + Z – W (B) Z – W * Y + X

(C) X + Y * W – Z (D) X * Y + W – Z

16. Alex walks 1 mile towards East and then heturns towards South and walks further 5miles. After that he turns East and walks 2miles further. Finally he turns to his Northand walks 9 miles. How far is he from thestarting point ?

(A) 25 miles (B) 2 miles

(C) 5 miles (D) 4 miles

17. From the given statements, choose theconclusions which follow logically :

Statements :(i) Some iphones are mobiles

(ii) Some mobiles are ipads

(iii) Some ipads are tablets

Conclusions :I. Some tablets are iphones

II. Some mobiles are tablets

III. Some ipads are iphones

IV. All iphones are tablets

(A) Only I and II follow

(B) Only I, II and III follow

(C) Only II and III follow

(D) None of these

MBA 2015 | 5

Directions—(Q. 18 to 20) Read the passagebelow and answer the questions that follow.

Export cargo of a trader can go through sevencities P, Q, R, S, T, U and V. The following citieshave a two way connection i.e., Cargo can movein both directions between them; S and U, P andQ, Q and R, V and T, R and T, V and U. Cargocan move only in one direction from U to Q.

18. If the trader wants the cargo to move fromCity S to City T then excluding cities S and T,what is the minimum number of cities that thecargo has to cross in transit ?(A) 4 (B) 3(C) 2 (D) 5

19. If the trader wants the cargo to go to City Ufrom City P through the longest route, howmany cities will he be reqired to cross(excluding cities P and U) ?

(A) 2 (B) 4

(C) 3 (D) 5

20. To move cargo from City P to City U, whichof the following statements will minimise thenumber of cities to be crossed in transit ?

(A) Connect cities U to R with a two wayconnection

(B) Connect cities P to S with a one wayconnection from cities S to P

(C) Connect cities U to Q with a two wayconnection

(D) Connect cities R to V with a two wayconnection

Part–2Directions—(Q. 21 to 25) Read the following

information and tables and answer the questionsthat follow.

Torrent Enterprises sells air conditioners ofEagle Brand in the retail market of Delhi. Themonth-wise total number of Window AirConditioner (WAC) units sold by Torrent duringApil 2014 to March 2015 are shown below inTable A. Table B shows the share of differenttypes of WACs in total monthly sales for the saidperiod.

Number of Units Sold by Torrent EnterprisesDuring the Period April 14 to March 15

Table AMonth Units Sold

April-14 1266May-14 1268June-14 1272July-14 1292

August-14 1296September-14 1296

October-14 1298November-14 1300December-14 1300

January-15 1330February-15 1340

March-15 1350

Table B

WAC Type(Tonnage)

AprilMay &

Sep.

Jun.,July &Dec.

Aug.,Feb. &March

Oct.,Nov. &

Jan.

Two Ton 20·00% 25·00% 31·00% 25·00%

One & HalfTon

19·00% 33·00% 19·00% 33·00%

One Ton 14·00% 12·00% 34·00% 26·00%

Half Ton 47·00% 30·00% 16·00% 16·00%

Performance measures are as follows :Half Yearly Sales Performance :

Oct. 14 to Mar. 15 Average Sales– April 14 to Sep. 14 Average SalesApril 14 to Sep. 14 Average Sales

Monthly Sales Performance :Current Month Sales – Previous Month Sales

Previous Month SalesSales Volatility :

Maximum Monthly Sales– Minimum Monthly Sales

Average Monthly Sales

21. What is the closest average number of 1 12 ton

Window ACs sold by Torrent Enterprisesduring April 2014 – March 2015 ?(A) 342 (B) 338(C) 350 (D) 330

22. The absolute difference between averageannual sales (in units) of which pair of WACstype is the highest—(A) 1 Ton and 1/2 Ton

6 | MBA 2015

(B) 1 Ton and 2 Ton(C) 2 Ton and 1/2 Ton

(D) 112 Ton and 1/2 Ton

23. Which type of WAC has performed the secondbest in Half Yearly Sales Performance ?(A) 1/2 Ton (B) 1 Ton

(C) 112 Ton (D) 2 Ton

24. In which of the months given below, the totalWAC Monthly Sales Performance was thehighest ?

(A) May 2014 (B) June 2014

(C) October 2014 (D) February 2015

25. Which type of WAC has the least SalesVolatility ?(A) 1/2 Ton (B) 1 Ton

(C) 112 Ton (D) 2 Ton

Directions—(Q. 26 to 30) Read the followinginformation, graph and table and answer thequestions that follow :

Ellen Inc. is a Mumbai based company whichsells five products branded as A, B, C, D and E inIndia. Anita looks after entire sales of North Indiaworking from regional office in Delhi. She waspreparing for annual review meeting schedulednext day in Mumbai. She was attempting toanalyse sales in North India for the seven yearperiod from 2009 to 2015. She first calculatedaverage sales in rupees of all the five brands andconstructed a table exhibting the differencebetween average sales of each pair of brands asshown in the following table : Difference Between Average Sales of Products

for the 7 year period 2009-2015 in Crores

Average Sales of Product A − Average Sales of Product B

After taking a print out of the above table, sheattempted to look at the trend of sales and plotted

a graph in MS Excel. Later she took a print out ofthe graph and left for a meeting. While on her wayshe figured out that due to some printer cartridgeproblem sales of Product A in 2013, Product C in2010, and Product D in 2012 were not visible inthe graph as reproduced below. Anita had to makesome quick calculations to arrive at the informa-tion outlined in the following questions :

Product Sales 2009–2015

26. What are the sales of Product A in 2013,Product C in 2010 and Product D in 2012 ?

(A) 550 crores, 800 crores and 500crores

(B) 500 crores, 700 crores and 600crores

(C) 500 crores, 800 crores and 600crores

(D) 400 crores, 800 crores and 600crores

27. Annual sales average of all products is theleast in which year ?

(A) 2010 (B) 2011

(C) 2012 (D) 2013

28. Which product has the least average sales forthe seven year period 2009-15 ?

(A) Product A (B) Product B

(C) Product D (D) Product E

29. The difference between average sales ofproducts for the period 2009-15 is the leastfor which pair of products ?

(A) Product A and Product B

(B) Product B and Product C

(C) Product C and Product D

(D) Product D and Product E

MBA 2015 | 7

30. If Year on Year (Y o Y) Growth is

{ }Current Year Sales – Previous Year SalesPrevious Year Salesthen the Y o Y growth of combined sales ofall products has suffered maximum decline inwhich year ?

(A) 2010 (B) 2011

(C) 2013 (D) 2015

Directions—(Q. 31 to 34) Read the followinginformation and graph, and answer the questionsthat follow :

An International Organisation produces aCompetitive Index of countries every two yearsbased on eight factors (Institutions, Infrastructure,Macroeconomic Environment, Higher Education,Market Efficiency, Technological Readiness,Business Sophistication and Innovation). The lastthree indices were developed in 2010, 2012 and2014. The scores for all eight factors of XYZcountry are shown in the graph below :

Scores on Competitiveness Factors ofCountry XYZ

31. If Factor performance is measured as 0·30 ×Factor Score in 2014 + 0·35 × Factor Score in2012 + 0·35 × Factor Score in 2010, thenwhich of the following has best factorperformance ?

(A) Innovation

(B) Business Sophistication

(C) Infrastructure

(D) Macroeconomic Environment

32. If Factor Performance is measured as

{ }Factor Score 2014-Factor Scroe 2012Factor Score 2010then which of the following has best FactorPerformance ?

(A) Innovation

(B) Business Sophistication

(C) Infrastructure

(D) Macroeconomic Environment

33. Which of the following factors has the highestaverage score across indices of 2010, 2012and 2014 ?

(A) Infrastructure

(B) Institutions

(C) Technological Readiness

(D) Market Efficiency

34. Which among the following factors had theleast growth rate in 2014 versus scores of2010 ?

(A) Business Sophistication

(B) Institutions

(C) Technological Readiness

(D) Infrastructure

Directions—(Q. 35 to 38) Read the followinginformation and the accompanying graphs toanswer the questions that follow :

www.jay.com spent $ 5,57,000 during last 12months for online display advertisements, alsocalled impressions, on five websites (Website A,B, C, D and E). In this arrangement, www.jay.comis the Destination Site, and the five websites arereferrred to as the Ad Sites. The allocation ofonline display advertising expenditure is shown inGraph A. The online display advertisementshelped www.jay.com to get visitors on its site.Online visitors, visiting the Ad Sites, are serveddisplay advertisements of www.jay.com and onclicking they land on the Destination Site (GraphB). Once on the Destination Site, some of thevisitors complete the purchase process (Graph C).

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Graph A : Allocation of Online Display

Advertising Expenditure

Graph B : Action at Display Websites

Graph C : Purchase Action at www.jay.com.

Quality traffice =No. of site visitors who start purchase

on destination siteNo. of visitors who click the online

display advertisementLeakage in online buying =

1 –

Complete buying on the destinationwebsite

Start buying on the destination websiteEfficiency of online display advertising expen-

diture on an Ad Site =No. of visitors from the Ad Site who

complete the purchase processAmount spent on the Ad Site

35. Which of following Ad Sites provide facilityof least cost per advertisement ?(A) Website A (B) Website B(C) Website D (D) Website E

36. Which Ad Site has provided maximum qualitytraffic ?(A) Wibsite A (B) Website B(C) Website D (D) Website E

37. Which Ad Site sent traffic to www.jay.comwith maximum leakage ?(A) Wibsite B (B) Wibsite C(C) Wibsite D (D) Wibsite E

38. On which Ad Site is the advertising budgetspent most efficiently ?(A) Website A (B) Website B(C) Website C (D) Website E

Section–2Part–1

Directions—(Q. 39 to 54) Read the followingpassage carefully and answer the questions givenat the end of each passage.

Passage 1Because of the critical role played by steel in

economic development, the steel industry is oftenconsidered, especially by the governments, whichtraditionally owned it, to be an indicator ofeconomic prowess. World production has grownexponentially, but there were big highs andequally big lows all through the 1900s and up to2002. Recovery from the two World Wars and theGreat Depression of the 1930s caused massivedisruption and lay-offs. Over-capacity and lowsteel prices continued to play havoc through the1970s and 1980s and politicians began to losetheir belief that the wealth of a nation was directlycoupled to its steel production.

This led to a wave of privatisations, as state-owned enterprises shed their financial liabilities tohungry capitalists. A whole new breed of steel-makers came into being using a new technology,the mini-mill. This used a smaller electric-arcfurnace fed that just melts down ‘cold’ scrap. Itwas a cheaper process than the taditional ‘hotmetal integrated mills’ with their mountains of oreand coal and monumental machinery, but it was

MBA 2015 | 9

used almost exclusively for lower-grade buildingand other ‘long’ products.

By the beginning of 2005, the world steelindustry was on a high, after dcades of movingfrom apocalypse to break-even and then back toapocalypse. Since 2003, when a staggering 960million tonnes were produced – compared to 21·9million tonnes for aluminium – there had beenunprecedented demand, mainly from China andIndia. China was both the biggest producer, thefirst country to exceed 200 million tonnes of crudesteel in a year, and also its biggest consumer at244 million tonnes. The global economy was alsobooming, but this was creating productionbottlenecks for all steel-makers and by 2004 steelhad for the first time hit an average of $650 pertonne shipped. Profit margins were better, butwhere was the growth to come from ? In tandem,the costs of essential raw materials for steel-making – iron ore and coking coal – had gonethrough the roof, along with bulk shipping costs.The key to future growth was to secure plants inemerging markets where ore and coal were closeto production sites, labour costs were much lowerand where technology and investment could spurgreater savings.

But the central issue was that globally theindustry remained a very fragmented one. Nosingle company was producing 100 million tonnesa year, or 10 per cent of total world production.The name of the game was consolidation intofewer, bigger players. With this would come thechance for steel-makers to gain greater pricingpower, increasing their profitability and the valueof their shares.

Two groups had begun to move ahead of thepack. One was Mittal Steel with its operationalheadquarters in London’s prestigious BerkeleySquare. Mittal Steel was the world’s biggestproducer of ‘long’ products. It was young,aggressive, fast, and a big risk-taker, fuelled by itsfounder Lakshmi Mittal’s visionary zeal toconsolidate the industry. It’s nearest rival, Arcelor– the world’s most profitable steel company,focusing on ‘flat’ products – was headed by theFrenchman Guy Dolle, and was a combination ofthree former state-owned European steel plants :Arbed of Luxembourg, Usinor from France andSpain’s Aceralia. These three were now mergedrestructured and administered from the grandiose,chateau-like former Arbed headquarters inLuxembourg’s Avenue de la Liberte.

Both groups were passionate about steel.Mittal, already dubbed ‘the Carnegie fromCalcutta’, had a clearer vision of the need tostreamline steel, but Arcelor was determined tobecome the biggest as well as the best.Dominating the market would enable either firmto increase its pricing position with customers, thecar-makers, ship-builders and construction firms,as well as chasing growth in the new markets ofAsia, South and Eastern Europe.

Guy Dolle could hear the clump of Mittal’sfeet marching ahead, and it hurt. Arcelor wasEurope’s reigning steel champion and wasarrogantly proud of it. It had a commandingmarket share of the specialised high-strength steelsupplied to European car-makers and a totaloverall production approaching 50 million tonnesa year, all with state-of-the-art technology. Thegroup had repaired its consolidated balance sheet,ravished by decades of downturns and continualrestructuring costs. It had invested heavily in thequest for best technology and had also acquiredcompanies in Brazil, set up joint ventures inRussia, Japan and China and now was eagerlyeyeing gateways to the North American carmarket. And to its long-suffering shareholders,starved of decent dividends, Arcelor was at lastmoving in the right direction, after the blood,sweat and tears of shifting from public to privatesector. The Luxembourg group was clearly on awake-up call, gunning to overtake Mittal Steel andkeep it at bay.

By 2005, the battle for supremacy had begunto heat up. Two projected state sell-offs by publicauction, in Turkey and Ukraine, were particularlyattractive commerically. Both auctions weretaking place in October, within three weeks ofeach other. The first, in Turkey, was for the 46·3pre cent of government-owned shares in Erdemir,a steel-maker producing 3·5 million tonnes a yearfor car-makers and other industrial clients in acountry of seventy million people shaping up tojoin the European Union. Mittal and Arcelor bothalready owned minority stakes in the Turkishcompany and were eager to get majority control.

39. Which of the following statements is true ?

(A) In 2003, China consumed more steel thanit produced.

(B) Mittal Steel was the world’s mostprofitable steel company in mid 2000s.

10 | MBA 2015

(C) Arcelor was a bigger producer of steelthan Mittal.

(D) All of the above

40. Which among the following is the commonobjective both Mittal and Arcelor had foraspiring to become bigger steel-makers ?(A) To consolidate the rather fragmented

steel industry.(B) To facilitate privatisation initiatives of

the government.(C) To have 10% of the industry share.(D) To increase pricing position with

customers.

41. From the above passages, it clearly emergesthat—(A) Arcelor had delivered good returns to its

shareholders(B) Mittal steel was Arcelor’s nearest

competitor(C) By 2005, steel industry was in recession(D) A nation’s steel production continues to

be a good indicator of its wealth

42. What are the plausible reasons for privatisa-tion in steel industry ?(A) Slow growth in world production.(B) Lobbying by the capitalists.(C) Havoc played by over-capacity and

falling steel prices.(D) Introduction of the ‘mini-mill’.

Passage 2In the decades that Otlet’s papers had sat

gathering dust, his dream of a universal knowledgeof network had found a new expression across theAtlantic, where a group of engineers and computerscientists laid the groundwork for what wouldeventually become the Internet. Beginning duringthe Cold war, the United States poured money intoa series of advanced research projects that wouldeventually lead to the creation of the technologiesunderpinning the present-day Internet. In the1990s, the World Wide Web appeared and quicklyattracted a widespread audience, eventuallyestablishing itself as the foundation of a globalknowledge-sharing network much like the one thatOtlet envisioned.

Today, the emergence of that network hastriggered a series of dramatic – perhaps even

“axial” – transformations. In 2011, the world’spopulation generated more than 1·8 zettabytes ofdata, including documents, images, phone calls,and radio and television signals. More than abillion people now use Web browsers, and thatnumber will almost certainly increase for years tocome. In an era when almost anyone with amobile phone can press a few keys to search thecontents of the world’s libraries, when millions ofpeople negotiate their personal relationship viaonline social networks, and when institutions ofall stripes find their operations disrupted by thesometimes wrenching effects of networks, itscarcely seems like hyperbole – and has evenbecome cliche – to suggest that the advent of theInternet ranks as an event of epochal significance.

While Otlet did not by any stretch of imagi-nation “invent” the Internet – working as he did inan age before digital computers, magnetic storage,or packet-switching networks – nonetheless hisvision looks nothing short of prophetic. In Otlet’sday, microfilm may have qualified as the mostadvanced information storage technology, and theclosest thing anyone had ever seen to a databasewas a drawer full of index cards. Yet despite theseanalog limitations, he envisioned a global networkof interconnected institutions that would alter theflow of information around the world, and in theprocess lead to profound social, cultural, andpolitical transformations.

By today’s standards, Otlet’s proto-Web wasa clumsy affair, relying on a patchwork system ofindex cards, file cabinets, telegraph machines, anda small army of clerical workers. But in hiswriting he looked far ahead to a future in whichnetworks circled the globe and data could travelfreely. Moreover, he imagined a wide range ofexpression taking shape across the network :distributed encyclopaedias, virtual classrooms,three-dimensional information spaces, socialnetworks, and other forms of knowledge thatanticipated the hyperlinked structure of today’sWeb. He saw these developments as fundamentallyconnected to a larger utopian project that wouldbring the world closer to a state of permanent andlasting peace and toward a state of collectivespiritual enlightenment.

The conventional history of the Internet tracesits roots through an Anglo-American lineage ofearly computer scientists like Charles Babbage,Ada Lovelace, and Alan Turing; networking

MBA 2015 | 11

visionaries like Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E.Kahn; as well as hypertext seers like VannevarBush, J.C.R. Licklider, Douglas Engelbart, TedNelson, and of course Tim Berners–Lee andRobert Cailliau, who in 1991 released their firstversion of the World Wide Web. The dominantinfluence of the modern computer industry hasplaced computer science at the centre of this story.

Nonetheless Otlet’s work, grounded in an agebefore microchips and semiconductors, opened thedoor to an alterantive stream of thought, oneundergirding our present-day information ageeven though it has little to do with the history ofdigital computing. Well before the first Webservers started sending data packets across theInternet, a number of other early twentieth-centuryfigures were pondering the possibility of a new,networked society : H.G. Wells, the Englishscience fiction writer and social activist, whodreamed of building a World Brain, EmanuelGoldberg, a Russian Jew who invented a fullyfunctional mechanical search engine in 1930sGermany before fleeing the Nazis; Scotland’sPatrick Geddes and Austria’s Otto Neurath, whoboth explored new kinds of highly designed,propagandistic museum exhibits designed to fostersocial change; Germany’s Wilhelm Ostwald, theNobel Prize winning chemist who aspired to builda vast new ‘brain of humanity’; the sculptorHendrik Andersen and the architect Le Corbusier,both of whom dreamed of designing a World Cityto house a new, one-world government with anetworked information repository at its epicentre.Each shared a commitment to soial transformationthrough the use of available technologies. Theyalso each shared a direct connection to Paul Otlet,who seems to connect a series of major turningpoints in the history of the early twentieth-centuryinformation age, synthesizing and incorporatingtheir ideas along with his own, and ultimatelycoming tantalizingly close to building a fullyintegrated global information network.

43. What is the remark that the author of thispassage considers a defensible one, ratherthan a hyperbole ?

(A) That the number of people who will useInternet will increase for the years tocome.

(B) That the advent of the Internet is anevent of epochal significance.

(C) That millions of people negotiate theirpersonal relationships via online socialnetworks.

(D) That more than a billion people now useweb browsers.

44. In the above passage, Otlet is being creditedwith—(A) Inventing the Internet(B) Co-developing the Internet(C) Prophesising the Internet(D) All of the above

45. What has been said as the common commit-ment shared by the early twentieth-centuryfigures who imagined and worked for anetworked society ?(A) Designing a World City with a networked

information repository at its epicentre.(B) Achieving social transformation through

the use of available technologies.(C) Building a vast new “Brain of Humanity”.(D) Bringing world peace through online

social networks.

46. Otlet’s original idea of the network can bedescribed as—(A) Futuristic (B) Visionary(C) Utopian (D) All of the above

Passage 3Every loan has a lender and a borrower; both

voluntarily engage in the transaction. If the loangoes bad, there is at least a prima facie case thatthe lender is as guilty as the borrower. In fact,since lenders are supposed to be sophisticated inrisk analysis and in making judgements about areasonable debt burden, they should perhaps beareven more culpability.

Does it make a different if we say there isover-lending rather than over-borrowing ? Thedifference in where we see the problem affectswhere we seek the solution. Is the problem moreon the side of the lenders, that they are notexercising due diligence in judging who iscreditworthy ? Or on the borrowers, beingprofligate and irresponsible ? If we consider theproblem to be over borrowing, then we naturallythink of making it more difficult for borrowers todischarge their debts; on the contrary, if theproblem is over lending, we focus on strengtheningincentives for lenders to exercise due diligence.

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