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Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Section1: Organizations in the Music Industry
Venues
Small & Medium Local Venues
Spaces that range from pubs to clubs and small theatres that host music regularly or as part of mixed arts performances
Host a wide range of music, from small niche genres (styles of music that aren’t really popular) to pop and club bands and singers
Local promoters may use the venue for gigs and for club nights
Advantages: Intimate atmosphere, close to audience, more accessible for local bands, caters for the community Disadvantages: Poor sound quality & equipment, smaller audience numbers, less publicity/ promotion
Large Multi-Use Spaces
Includes arenas and sports venues (Wembley Arena, Wembley Stadium, O2 Arena); West-end theatres; and outdoor venues (Glastonbury)
Host touring productions linked to TV programs, rock and pop acts, stand-up comedy, site-specific theatre, circuses, festivals. (X Factor Tour, Dancing on Ice Tour etc)
Advantages: Excellent sound & technical facilities, huge publicity & promotion, higher fee from tickets sold Disadvantages: You have to be already famous to perform at a large venue (less easily accessible), the cost of hiring a large venue, less intimate interaction with audience.
Question As a promotor you have been asked to promote an up and coming folk band in your local area list 3 venues that would be suitable and why.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Health and Safety and Security Concerns at Venues
1. Heating, lighting & ventilation 2. Electrical equipment safe 3. Toilets & drinking water clean 4. First Aid & Emergency exits in case of fire 5. Obstacles appropriately lit/indicated (i.e. stairs) 6. Adequate parking & parking arrangements 7. Flow of people in and out of venue 8. Secure ramps/stage scaffolding 9. Noise levels 10. Control of number of people coming in through ticketing
Some Examples of Relationships Between Venues and the Industry
1. What other organisations would venues need to have links with?
2. What possible qualifications do you think employees need when working at a venue?
3. What are the legal requirements are needed for a venue to hold an event?
Venues
Promoters
Tour Managers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Promotion and Production
Record Labels
Record labels sign up Artists and bands and record, market and distribute their artist’s albums
around the world for a percentage of the money earned by the Artist
Major Record Labels
Record labels that have many artists signed to their label
Big Three (since 2012): Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group
Usually involved in the most popular styles of music (Rock, Pop, Country, etc)
Advantages: Money (huge financial advantage), promotion & connections, large size so best deals on manufacturing, advertising & links to media Disadvantages: Difficult to stand out in such a big pool of artists, artists tend to get less money, more mass media driven than interested in your style of music
Independent Record Labels
Small record labels that have few artists signed to their label
Examples: Southern Fried Records (created by Fatboy Slim for House Music), Pickled Egg Records (Leicester, ‘quirky, retro-futurism), Fat Cat Records (Brighton, Post Rock)
Usually involved in any styles of music
Advantages: Cater to the artist more, Artist earns more money, close personal relationships between Artist and Label Disadvantages: Lack of funds, less publicity & promotion, less organised because more informal, less contacts with media.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Record Labels and the Industry
Question
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of signing with a major recording company.
Question
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of signing with an independent recording company.
Record Labels
Artist Managers
Broadcasters
Distributers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Music Publishing
Often linked with printed music, music publisher’s work with composers/singer songwriters to
develop the music and distribute it to relevant consumer. They can look after any royalties for
composers and singer/songwriters.
Major Publishers
Publishers that have a large number of composers/singer songwriters signed up with them.
Advantages: More distribution of songs (increases sales), quality of design, marketing and promotion, payment Disadvantages: Usually need to go through an agent, harder to have music published when the company is large, more editing to your original work
What do music publishers do?
Create a spider diagram of who do music publishers work with?
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Self-Publishing
Some composers and songwriters publish their music online through websites like Soundcloud and their own websites
Advantages: Don’t need to go through an agent (you can send your work directly to them), you are more in control with the editing process, can be a stepping stone to a larger company, may cater to a specific genre that is different. Disadvantages: Less marketing & promotion, less pay, not the same possibilities of distribution of your work.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Publishers and the Industry
What are the legal constrains when self- publishing?
Where can you get legal advice?
How can musicians publishing their own work protect their work?
Publishers
Record Companies
PRS
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Promoters
What are promoters?
What do Promoters do? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Promoters and the Industry
Additional Notes:
Promoters
Record Companies
Venues
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Marketing and Distributers
What do they do? Marketing: Distribution: What do marketing and Distributers do? 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Marketing and Distribution and the Industry
Marketing
and
Distribution Record Companies
Shops and online shops
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Service Companies and Agencies
Royalty Collection Agencies
These are companies that work for composers and songwriters to collect money from any
company or individual that uses their songs
Companies:
PRS
Licenses the composer’s copyright (royalties) for live public performances of your songs. MCPS
Licenses the composer’s copyright (royalties) for sound recordings on any physical format (CD, digital, etc)
PPL
Licenses the right to perform sound recordings & collects royalties for record companies & performers on recordings
Some Examples of Relationships Between Royalty Collection Agencies and the Industry
Who would need a PPL license to play music?
Who would need a MCPS license to use music?
What are the differences between PRS and PPL?
Royalty
Collection
Agencies Record Companies
Shops that broadcasts music
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Artist Representation
Management
Management is in charge of managing the artist’s day to day life. They represent the artist by: 1. 2. 3.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Management and the Industry
PR (Public Relations)
Public Relations are in charge of the artist’s relationship with the public. How do they represent the artist by: 1. 2. 3.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Public Relations and the Industry
Management
Record Companies
Promoters
Public
Relations Record Companies
Media
Artist Managers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Agent (also called Booking Agent or Talent Agent)
Booking Agents are in charge of the artist tour. How do they represent the artist during the tour by: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Management and the Industry
Stylists Stylists are in charge of creating a style for the artist. They represent the artist during the tour by: 1. 2. 3.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Stylists and the Industry
Booking
Agent Tour Manager
Promoters
Stylists
Tour Manager Artist Manager
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Hire Companies
Many artists will use hire companies to rent really expensive equipment like vans or trucks; rehearsal and studio space; halls for community performances; sound and lighting equipment. Advantages of hiring equipment/space: 1. 2. 3. 4. Disadvantages of hiring equipment/ space: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Hire Companies and the Industry
Transport Companies Many Artists will use transport companies to move equipment and personnel around to different gigs. Transport could include lorries or vans for carrying equipment or buses or sleeping coaches to carry around the artists and other personnel to the gigs. Advantages of hiring transport companies:
1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.
Disadvantages of hiring equipment/ space: 1. 2. 3.
Hire
companies
Roadies
Sound and lighting
engineers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Transport companies and the Industry
Unions
Unions are trade bodies that are used to protect and promote people in the music industry.
Unions in the Music Industry
Musicians Union (MU) Who do they represent? Musicians, Music Teachers, Instrumental teachers
Equity Who do they represent? Actors, dancers, stage managers, choreographers, directors, backstage crew
BECTU (Broadcast Entertainment Cinematograph Theatre Union):
Who do they represent? Media & entertainment trade union, representing broadcasting, film
How do unions represent their members?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transport
Companies Tour Manager
Promoters
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Trade Bodies
Trade bodies are individuals and companies in a specific type of business or industry who
organise themselves to promote common interests. These trades will work together to
negotiate with governments; negotiate with unions, etc.
Trade Bodies in the Music Industry
MPG (Music Producers Guild)
Who do they represent?
APRS (Association of Professional Recording Services)
Who do they represent?
PLASA (Professional Lighting and Sound Association)
Who do they represent?
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Section 2: Jobs in the Music Industry
In this section you need to list the responsibilities and skills of each job role.
Musicians
Examples: Orchestral player, vocalist, accompanist, DJ, Programmer, solo artist – self-employed or freelance
Responsibilities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Skills:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Additional Notes:
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Examples of how musicians work with others in the Music Industry
DJ/ Remixer
Examples: Clubs, discos, host concerts, gigs.
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. Skills: 1. 2. 3.
Musicians Sound
Engineers
Producer
Other artists
Managers (once
signed)
Record companies
Media - TV,radio
etc
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Example of How DJ/Remixers Work with Others in the Music Industry
Composer, Song Writer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Skills: 1 2 3 4
Additional Notes:
DJ
Club owners
audience
Radio
Studio manager
Technical people
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Examples of How Composers/ Song Writers work in the Music Industry
Producers
Example: Record Producer Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Song Writers
Producers
Publishers Recording Companies
A + R
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Producers and the Industry
Musical Directors
Example: Conductor Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skills: 1. 2.
Additional Notes
Producers
Artist
Recording Engineers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Musical Directors and the Industry
Live Sound Technician/Engineer
Example: Sound engineer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Conductor
Orchestras/session musicians
Recording studios Managers
Agents
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Live Sound Engineers and the Industry
Roadie
Example: Backline technical support
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Live Sound
technician
Musicians, artists, band
Head Roadie/ Manager/Tour
Manager
Management at venues
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Roadies and the Industry
Instrumental support
Example: Guitar tech, drum tech
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Roadie
Music Promoters
Musicians, bands, artists
Management at venues
Equipment hire
/transport companies
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Instrumental Support and the Industry
Additional Notes
Inst. Tech
support
Musicians
Engineers Technicians
Front of house
engineer
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Management and Promotion Roles
Artist Manager
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Artist Manager and the Industry
Manager
Recording companies
Venue booking agents
Recording studio
manager
Music Publisher
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Venue Manager
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Venue Manager and the Industry
Venue management
Media and advertising
The public audience
Artists, bands, groups
Music Managers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Studio Manager
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Studio Manager and the Industry
Studio Management
Promoters
Musicians, bands, artists
Session Musicians
Staff in studio
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Promoter
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Promoters and the Industry
Promoter Music
Managers
Bands, artists,
musicians
Media
Venue managers
Advertising agencies
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Marketing
Market and sell records locally, globally and regionally Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Some Examples of Relationships Between Marketing and the Industry
Marketing staff
Director of marketing
Promoters
Music stores etc
Media
Music Managers
Publisher companies
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Artist and Repertoire (A&R)
Responsible for finding and developing new Artists for a Record Label Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Some Examples of Relationships Between A&R and the Industry
A + R Producers
Managers
Record label companies
Artists, bands
A + R Admin - budgets/costs
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Recording Roles
Recording Engineer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Assistant Engineer – “Tape Op” Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Technical Manager
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Tech Support
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. Skills: 1. 2. 3.
Maintenance and Repair/Electronics engineer/Installation
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. Skills: 1. 2. 3.
Producer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Session Musician
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Mastering Engineer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4.
CD Manufacturer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
How Recording Studio Personnel Work Together
Producer/Manager
Mix Master engineer
CD Manufacturer/Distributor
Technical Manager
Tech Support
Session Musicians Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Maintenance + Repair
Electronic/Installation
Studio supply companies
Artists, Band
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Media and other roles
Music Journalist/ Blogger
Examples: writer, music critic, and music reviewer – full time, part-time, freelance Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Additional Notes:
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Music Journalists and the Industry
Broadcaster – TV/Radio Examples: Radio producer, Program/Music director, Radio DJ, Video jockeys
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Skills: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Music journalist
Editors of publications
Managers
Agents
Venue owners
Promoters
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Some Examples of Relationships Between Broadcasters and the Industry
Software Programmer/App developer
Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Skills: 1. 2. 3.
Retail and Distribution: Retail
Responsibilities: 1.
Retail and Distribution: Distribution
Moves the finished CDs from Record Company Warehouse to Shops Responsibilities: 1. 2. 3
Broadcaster
DJ
Music Director
Station Owner
Managers
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
Employment Patterns
Full-time Employment
Standard is 37-40 hours/week. Contract may include pension, paid holidays, sick time. Will usually be a long-term contract. Used for any permanent members of the industry
Part-time Employment Contract which is below the standard 37-40 hours/week. Contract is usually a long-term contract and is used for any permanent members of the industry
Freelance Contract
Self-employed & is not committed to a particular employer long-term. No long-term contract! Used for any work that is not permanent like session musicians or for bands playing in Weddings or at a venue
What are the differences between Full-time long term?
What is the difference between a permanent contract and temporary contract?
How to Get Paid
Before
Before you work, you will normally be contracted.
A contract is a legal relationship where one person, group or organisation enters a formal
relationship with another to complete something.
After
Once you have completed the job, you then produce an invoice to claim your fee. An invoice is
usually a single-page document.
Before – the process of agreeing, negotiating and bargaining takes place before a contract is
issued. Once the contract is produced, it is usually reviewed and studied to ensure that the
contract reflects the negotiation and that this is correctly recorded on the contract. The
contract is not signed until all parties are content with it. However, in many cases the contract
is disputed later on and often-expensive legal battles break out.
After – when a contract is completed, an invoice is drawn up, which claims the money
promised in the contract. In contracts that extend over a period of time, it is usual for the
contract to include payment points and milestones that trigger payments and ensure cash
flow.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
GETTING A BREAK & STARTING OUT
You may be asked a question about how to get a break in the music industry. Here is an
example of a 10 point plan to break in the music industry.
1. Be passionate, hard-working, resilient, patient, and don’t give-up
2. Have an instrumental/vocal coach to guide your technique & musical skills
3. Do voluntary concerts in local venues (bars, theatres) to gain experience & put on your CV
4. Send examples of your work (demo) to music agents, record labels & publishers (if
composing)
5. Use social media to promote yourself (YouTube, Sound Cloud, blog)
6. Create your own personal style (music and clothes)
7. Sign contracts with caution and read the small-print (have a lawyer/solicitor for advice) or
join a union
8. Find an agent/manager who will cater to your musical needs & requirements
9. Take care of yourself (healthy lifestyle)
10. Network as much as possible (social media, playing as a preceding act for more famous
artists
KEY THINGS TO REMEMBER FOR YOUR EXAMS
Look at how many points there are for each questions. This is how many points you will need
to make in your answer. E.g. if it’s worth 2 marks, write down 2 things!
If the exam says “EXPLAIN” it will normally be worth at least 2 marks. Therefore you need to
state the answer, and then give a reason why. For example, the question might be:
Questions: Explain one reason why it can be a good idea to have a manager.
Answer: It can be a good idea to have a manager because they will be able to find you places
to perform. This means you don’t have to give up as much time on finding venues to perform
and they will make sure there are people there to watch you.
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
If your questions is asking you to “DISCUSS” means you need to consider different aspects of a
topic and how they interrelate with other areas of the industry. You also need to discuss the
extent to which they are important.
The word IMPLICATIONS may also come up in your exam. This means the consequences of
something and conclusions that can be drawn. You should give the BENEFITS and the
DRAWBACKS of the issues that are being discussed. For example if the questions was:
DISCUSS the IMPLICATIONS of hiring equipment for a concert.
You might discuss reasons what the benefits would be to hiring equipment (less to move to
the venue/cheaper than buying) and then compare it to what might be the drawbacks of hiring
equipment (costs if damaged/condition it may be in to start with).
You may also be asked to EVALUATE something. This is normally looking for you to weigh-up
the pros and cons of something. Always EVALUATE the POSITIVES and the NEGATIVES and say
WHY.
Information from EDEXCEL:
What you need to know about the exam
You will take a written test on the same day and time as other learners – your teacher will
let you know the date of the test. You will have 15 minutes of pre-test time to allow you to
read the test paper through before the test begins and then you will have one hour to
complete it. You should aim to answer all the questions on the paper.
Your written test will contain the following types of questions:
● multiple-choice questions where you are given a list of possible answers and you have
to choose the answer(s) that fit
● short answer questions where you are asked to give a short answer worth 1–2 marks
● long answer questions where you are asked to give a longer answer, which could be
worth up to 8 marks.
Test tips
Unit 1 The Music Industry Revision Notes
● At the start of the exam, make sure you have read the instructions, that you can see the
clock and that you feel comfortable to write.
● Watch the time – you should aim to spend about a ‘minute per mark’. Some early
questions may take less time than this and some later ones may take more time.
● If you get stuck on a question move onto the next one and come back to that question
at the end.
● The space given for your answer will show you the type of answer required, for
example, if two answers are required you may see the answer space divided up for two
answers.
● Remember that you can use more paper if necessary, for example, you may make a
mistake or you may need more space for your answer.
● Plan your longer answers – read the question carefully and think about the key points
you will make.
Are there any rules?
You need to treat the written tests just as you would any other formal exam. For example:
● you should not talk or distract others
● you can’t take any materials into the room
● you can’t use any device to store information.
Remember, just as with any other formal assessment, breaking the rules could lead to you
being disqualified.