1. MC LC MC LC ............................................................................................ 1 LI NI U ...................................................................................... 8 CHNG I. KIN THC CNG NGH THNG TIN DNH CHO NH QUN L ..................................................................................10 1.1. Phn cng my tnh ..........................................................................10 1.1.1. Mainboard (bo mch ch) ...........................................................11 1.1.2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)- Vi x l ....................................12 1.1.3. RAM (Radom Access Memory) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin....12 1.1.4. Case v b ngun ........................................................................12 1.1.5. a cng HDD (Hard Disk Drive) ............................................12 1.1.6. a CD ROM (Hard Disk Drive)..............................................13 1.1.7. a mm FDD ..........................................................................13 1.1.8. Bn phm Keyboard .................................................................13 1.1.9. Chut- Mouse..............................................................................13 1.1.10. Mn hnh- Monitor ....................................................................13 1.1.11. Card Video ................................................................................14 1.1.12. Cc cng giao tip .....................................................................14 1.1.13. LPT/COM .................................................................................14 1.1.14. PCI/AGP/PCI Express...............................................................14 1.1.15. LAN ..........................................................................................14 1.1.16. IDE............................................................................................15 1.1.17. SATA ........................................................................................15 1.2. Phn mm my tnh ..........................................................................15

2. 1.2.1. Khi nim....................................................................................15 1.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh .....................................................16 1.3. Mng my tnh ..................................................................................17 1.3.1. Khi nim....................................................................................17 1.3.2. Phn loi mng my tnh .............................................................17 1.4. C s d liu .....................................................................................18 1.4.1. Khi nim....................................................................................18 1.4.2. Phn loi c s d liu: ...............................................................19 1.5. Mng Internet ...................................................................................19 1.6. Chnh ph in t (E-Government) ..................................................21 1.7. Thng mi in t (E-Commerce) ..................................................22 1.7.1. Khi nim....................................................................................22 1.7.2. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t ............................22 1.7.3. Phn loi thng mi in t.......................................................23 1.7.4. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t ..................................25 1.8. Cc c quan ban ngnh ng dng CNTT-TT h tr Doanh nghip ..................................................................................................................28 1.8.1. Ngnh Hi quan ..........................................................................28 1.8.2. Ngnh Thu.................................................................................29 1.9. Ch k s - chng thc in t: bn nn bit ..................................31 1.9.1. Hng dn ng dng ch k s bng Microsoft Office 2007 ......38 CHNG II. NG DNG CNTT TT TRONG DOANH NGHIP44 2.1. CNTT-TT l mt phn ca h tng ..................................................44 2.2. u t CNTT-TT hiu qu ...............................................................45 2.2.1. Lu tr wesbite thng mi in t.............................................45 2.3. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ........................................49 3. 2.3.1. Phn mm my ch web ..............................................................49 2.3.2. Phn mm xy dng website thng mi in t ........................49 2.3.3. Website ng v cc cng ngh xy dng website ng..............52 2.3.4. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ln ..............................54 2.4. Phn mm h tr ra quyt nh trong qun l doanh nghip...........56 2.4.1. Phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM) ........................56 2.4.2. H thng qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip tch hp (ERP)..........56 2.5. Mt s m hnh ng dng CNTT-TT trong kinh doanh...................57 2.5.1. ng dng mng extranet trong lnh vc sn xut ca General Motor ..............................................................................................................57 2.5.2. ng dng CNTT-TT trong ngnh du lch ....................................58 2.6. A 191 h tr g cho ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip.......61 CHNG 3. ........................................................................................63 NG DNG CNTT TRONG DOANH NGHIP XUT NHP KHU ..............................................................................................................63 3.1. Xy dng website trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu mu hnh tham kho..........................................................................................................63 3.1.1. Mt s vn cn lu khi xy dng website thng mi in t63 3.1.2 Mt s mu hnh tham kho website TMT trong lnh vc xut nhp khu ......................................................................................................64 3.2. Khai thc h thng thng tin th trng qua Internet khng phi mi th u phi tr tin.................................................................................68 3.2.1 Khai thc h thng cc Tm im thng mi qung co ........68 3.2.2 Khai thc cc c hi kinh doanh in t trn Internet ...............69 3.2.3 Khai thc cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B ...................69 3.2.4 Thng tin th trng trn website S giao dch hng ha .............70 4. 3.2.5 Tm kim th trng v bn hng trn internet.............................70 3.2.6 H thng thng tin xc tin thng mi trn Internet ...................71 3.2.7 Cc website thng tin xc tin thng mi in hnh ...................72 3.3. Tm hiu v s dng h thng cc sn giao dch in t B2B .........73 3.3.1. Sn giao dch in t Alibaba ......................................................74 Cc dch v Alibaba cung cp cho khch hng......................................75 3.3.2. Sn giao dch thng mi in t ca Cisco Systems ..................75 3.3.3 Giao dch trn cng thng mi in t Bolero.net: .....................75 3.4. Khai bo th tc Hi quan t xa ......................................................77 3.4.1. i vi Doanh nghip .................................................................77 3.4.2. i vi c quan hi quan.............................................................78 3.4.3. Doanh nghip thc hin khai hi quan t xa ................................78 3.5. Hi quan in t ...............................................................................79 3.5.1. Khi nim hi quan in t..........................................................79 3.5.2. iu kin doanh nghip tham gia vo hi quan in t................80 3.6. Chnh sch mt ca quc gia (NSW)................................................81 3.6.1. Khi nim v chnh sch mt ca quc gia ..................................81 3.6.2. C ch mt ca quc gia Vit Nam .............................................82 3.7. Chnh sch mt ca ASEAN (ASW) .................................................83 3.7.1. Khi nim. ...................................................................................83 3.7.2. M hnh khi nim: .....................................................................84 3.7.3. Mc ch, phm vi, chc nng c ch mt ca ASEAN ..............85 CHNG 4. PHN TCH MT S THNH CNG, THT BI V BI HC KINH NGHIM ................................................................87 4.1. Mt s thnh cng trong thng mi in t ...................................87 4.1.1. Google.com Cng c tm kim thng minh ..............................87 5. 4.1.2. Alibaba.com - Sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B ................91 4.2. Mt s tht bi trong thng mi in t .........................................94 4.2.1. Boo.com Ca hng thi trang trc tuyn ..................................94 4.2.2. Pets.com Siu th th nui trc tuyn ......................................96 4.3. Mt s nguyn tc m bo ng dng CNTT-TT v TMT hiu qu98 4.3.1. Tnh minh bch (Transparency):..................................................99 4.3.2. S ng tin cy (Reliability):.....................................................100 4.3.3. Quyn ring t (Privacy): ..........................................................100 4.3.4. B mt thng tin (Confidentiality): ............................................101 4.3.5. Quyn s hu tr tu (Intellectual property rights): ....................101 CHNG 5. ......................................................................................103 QUY TRNH TRIN KHAI D N CNTT & TMDDT TRONG DN103 5.1. Quy trnh xy dng cc phn mm ng dng trong DN ................103 5.1.1. Phng php SDLC (System Development life Cycle) .............103 5.1.2. Phng php th nghim (Prototyping Methodology)...............105 5.1.3. Phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh (Rapid Application Development) .....................................................................................107 5.2. Quy trnh mua sm cc phn mm ng dng trong DN ................109 Cc bc doanh nghip cn trin khai.................................................109 u im v nhc im ca phng php mua h thng ....................110 5.3. Trin khai cc d n ERP, SCM v CRM trong DN ......................111 5.3.1. Qui trnh trin khai d n ERP ..................................................111 5.3.2. Qui trnh trin khai SCM ...........................................................116 5.3.3. Qui trnh trin khai CRM: .........................................................119 CHNG 6. ......................................................................................121 6. NG DNG MT S PHN MM T DO M NGUN M TRONG KINH DOANH ..................................................................................121 6.1. Phn mm t do m ngun m: khi u t bn nn bit ...............121 6.2. H thng cc phn mm m ngun m ng dng trong KD..........124 6.3 Phn mm trn my trm (PC, Laptop) ...........................................125 6.4. Phn mm qun tr th in t v h tr lm vic cng tc (Messaging and Collaboration) .................................................................................129 6.5. Phn mm qun tr ni dung website (CMS) ..................................131 6.6. Phn mm ca hng trc tuyn (Shopping Cart) ...........................132 6.7. Phn mm qun tr quan h khch hng (CRM) ...........................134 6.8. Phn mm hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) ................135 6.9 Phn mm qun tr ni dung (ECM) ...............................................136 CHNG 7. THNG HIU TRC TUYN V TIP TH IN T ............................................................................................................139 7.1. Thng hiu Li th cnh tranh trong thi k hi nhp ............139 7.2. Thng hiu trc tuyn bn nn bit ..........................................141 7.3. Mi bc xy dng v qung b website......................................144 7.4. Mt s cng c marketing in t hiu qu ...................................149 7.4.1. Qung co thng qua cc cng c tm kim: .............................149 7.4.2. Marketing thng qua cc catalog in t ...................................150 7.4.3. S dng banner tin hnh hot ng marketing ....................150 7.4.4. Marketing thng qua email:.......................................................152 7.4.5. Marketing lan ta: .....................................................................152 7.4.6. Marketing lin kt: ....................................................................153 7.4.7. Marketing thng qua mng x hi .............................................154 CHNG 8. ......................................................................................156 7. PH LC V HNG DN S DNG MT S PHN MM 156 8.1. Hng dn s dng h iu hnh Ubuntu (dng cho my trm) ..156 8.1.1. Gii thiu v Ubuntu .................................................................156 8.1.2. Chc nng ca h iu hnh Ubuntu .........................................157 8.1.3. Cam kt t Ubuntu .................................................................164 8.1.4. Nhng phin bn m Ubuntu pht hnh ................................164 8.1.5. Ti liu v tm s gip ..........................................................166 8.1.6. Kh nng h tr phn cng .......................................................167 8.2. Hng dn s dng s lc b phn mm vn phng OpenOffice.org ................................................................................................................168 8.3. B cng c A191- ( n H tr doanh nghip ng dng CNTT phc v hi nhp v pht trin) gin tin dnh cho doanh nhn Vit (Easy & Simple A191 Toolkit for Vietnamese Entrepreneurs) .........................172 8.3.1. Mc Tiu...................................................................................172 8.3.2. Yu cu i vi doanh nghip s dng phn mm ca A 191.172 8.3.3. c t ........................................................................................173 8.4. Hng dn s dng phn mm Hi quan t xa.............................177 8.4.1. Trnh t, th tc ng k khai hi quan t xa ............................178 8.4.2. Trnh t khai hi quan t xa ......................................................178 8.4.3. Trnh t tip nhn khai hi quan t xa ca c quan Hi quan ....179 8.5. Hng dn s dng phn mm Khai bo Thu qua mng (do Tng cc Thu cp min ph) ................................................................................179 8. LI NI U Trong giai on hin nay, cng ngh thng tin c vai tr quan trng trong s nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi theo nh hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. i vi Doanh nghip, Cng ngh thng tin l mt yu t gp phn quan trng trong vic i mi phng thc qun l, iu hnh kinh doanh v sn xut. Khi nim ng dng CNTT trong hot ng thng mi hay cn gi l thng mi in t ra i v ang tr thnh xu th mi thay th dn phng thc kinh doanh c vi rt nhiu u th ni bt nh nhanh hn, r hn, tin dng hn, hiu qu hn v khng b gii hn bi khng gian v thi gian. Vi mc ch cung cp cho cc doanh nghip nhng kin thc v CNTT ni chung v Thng mi in t ni ring, Vin Tin hc doanh nghip Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh Xut bn Bu in xut bn cun sch ng dng Cng ngh Thng tin v Thng mi in t trong doanh nghip bao gm 8 chng: Chng 1: Kin thc cng ngh thng tin dnh cho nh qun l Chng 2: ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip Chng 3: ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu Chng 4: Phn tch mt s thnh cng, tht bi v Bi hc kinh nghim trong TMT Chng 5: Qui trnh trin khai d n CNTT v TMDT trong doanh nghip Chng 6. ng dng mt s phn mm t do m ngun m trong kinh doanh Chng 7: Thng hiu trc tuyn v tip th in t Chng 8: Ph lc v hng dn s dng mt s phn mm Sch ng dng Cng ngh Thng tin v Thng mi in t trong doanh nghip l ti liu tham kho, ng thi nhm to ra mt mi trng thc y 9. ng dng CNTT-TT trong Doanh nghip. Chng ti, hy vng rng vi vic trnh by d hiu bao gm cc v d, trng hp tiu biu, cc bi hc thu c v nhng thc hnh tt nht gip cho nh qun l doanh nghip a ra c quyt nh thch hp v xy dng chnh sch chin lc ph hp trong nn kinh t thng tin cho doanh nghip Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c H Ni, ngy 21 thng 12 nm 2009 VIN TIN HC DOANH NGHIP PHNG THNG MI V CNG NGHIP VIT NAM 10. CHNG I. KIN THC CNG NGH THNG TIN DNH CHO NH QUN L Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin thm nhp vo mi gc cnh ca i sng x hi. Cc cng ty truyn thng phi cnh tranh vi cc cng ty dot- com vi cc hnh thc kinh doanh trn mng Internet thng qua cc ca hng trc tuyn, cc knh mi trong hot ng bn hng, marketing, dch v khch hng. Bn cnh , qun l phn cng my tnh, phn mm, qun tr mng tr nn quen thuc v l cng vic thng ngy ca cc chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin, khng ch ring gim c cng ngh thng tin, m tt c cc nh qun l u phi chu trch nhim u t v v qun l h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip. Tnh ti nm 2000, hn mt na vn u t ca doanh nghip dnh chi cho cng ngh thng tin. Do vy, chng ny tp trung gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh thng tin cho cc nh qun l c v kinh doanh v v cng ngh, nhm nng cao kin thc v qun l cng ngh thng tin trong t chc. ng thi, em n cho cc nh qun l nhng thng tin a ra quyt nh khi mua sm, trin khai v qun l gii php cng ngh thng tin c v mi. 1.1. Phn cng my tnh Cng ngh vi tnh (microcomputer) xut hin t nhng nm 1970, khi cng ty MITS (Hoa K) gii thiu chic my tnh c nhn Altair u tin trn th gii vo nm 1975. Chic my ny s dng b vi x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led. V s ra i ca my tnh c nhn IBM u tin nm 1981 m mn cho ngnh my tnh bn. Ngy nay, my tnh bn v my tnh xch 11. tay c cng sut x l d liu bng ton b trung tm my tnh ca cc t chc trong nhng nm 1960. Cc thnh phn c bn trong my tnh gm cc thit b sau: 1.1.1. Mainboard (bo mch ch) Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht. Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin. Trong , chipset l mt nhm cc mch tch hp (cc "chip") c thit k lm vic cng nhau v i cng nhau nh mt sn phm n. Trong my tnh, t chipset thng dng ni n cc chip c bit trn bo mch ch hoc trn cc card m rng. Khi ni n cc my tnh c nhn (PC) da trn h thng Intel Pentium, t "chipset" thng dng ni n hai chip bo mch chnh: chip cu bc v chip cu nam. Nh sn xut chip thng khng ph thuc vo nh sn xut bo mch. V d cc nh sn xut chipset cho bo 12. mch PC c NVIDIA, ATI, VIA Technologies, SiS v Intel. Nhn vo chipset ca main th ta c th bit c "i" ca main ny, tu theo dng chipset s c nhng tnh nng h tr tng ng cho mainboard. 1.1.2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)- Vi x l CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh. Hin c hai loi CPU ph bin l AMD, Intel mi loi CPU c nhiu dng khc nhau tu theo tng dng CPU m s c cc dng main tng ng. 1.1.3. RAM (Radom Access Memory) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my. 1.1.4. Case v b ngun Case: L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc a, cc Card m rng. Ngun: Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng. 1.1.5. a cng HDD (Hard Disk Drive) L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu, tuy nhin cng l c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa. 13. 1.1.6. a CD ROM (Hard Disk Drive) L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong 640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe nhc, xem phim. 1.1.7. a mm FDD a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri. 1.1.8. Bn phm Keyboard Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn Mainboard iu khin. 1.1.9. Chut- Mouse. L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do h iu hnh Window nm gi. 1.1.10. Mn hnh- Monitor Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh, ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng. Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh LCD. 14. 1.1.11. Card Video Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh, trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh. + Ram: Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn gii cng cao. + IC: DAC (Digital Analog Conveter) y l IC i tn hiu nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t. + IC gii m Video + BIOS: L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha khi ng. Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard 1.1.12. Cc cng giao tip USB- Cng giao tip vi cc thit b gn ngoi c tc truyn d liu cao. 1.1.13. LPT/COM - Cc cng giao tip dnh cho my in, modem.. hin nay khng cn c a chung na v USB s l la chn tt hn (tc truyn d liu, d tho lp, ci t) mt s main i mi hin nay loi b dn hai giao thc ny. 1.1.14. PCI/AGP/PCI Express - Cc cng giao tip m rng (Card mn hnh, Fax modem, Sound card...) 1.1.15. LAN - Cng giao tip vi cable mng dng trong vic ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. 15. 1.1.16. IDE - Cng giao tip HDD ( cng) (ATA), CD/DVD-Rom, thng thng maind board c hai cng IDE l Primary IDE (IDE 0) v Secondary IDE (IDE 1), cc thng s ny nm gn cng IDE trn main board. 1.1.17. SATA - (Serial ATA) Cng giao tip vi cng c tc truyn d liu cao hn giao thc c (Cng IDE) hin nay hu ht mainboard u h tr tnh nng ny. 1.2. Phn mm my tnh 1.2.1. Khi nim Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no , khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c phn mm th n khng hot ng g c. c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp. My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU- l mt thit b in t c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh, v c bn CPU ch l m vic mt cch my mc theo nhng dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm triu lnh/giy, v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton ph thuc vo cc cu lnh. Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao gm: + Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v kim tra thit b. 16. + H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS DOS, h iu hnh Window + Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh . Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc vic vi xu: v d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng. Do , virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do nhng tin tc c xu vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut. 1.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp: Chng trnh iu khin thit b (Drive): y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi ng. Operation System- H iu hnh L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n. Chng trnh ng dng. 17. L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh. V d: Chng trnh Word: gip ta son tho vn bn, chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta x l nh. Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau. 1.3. Mng my tnh 1.3.1. Khi nim Mng my tnh hay h thng mng (ting Anh: computer network hay network system), c thit lp khi c t 2 my vi tnh tr ln kt ni vi nhau chia s ti nguyn: my in, my fax, tp tin, d liu.... 1.3.2. Phn loi mng my tnh Mng my tnh c th phn b trn mt vng lnh th nht nh v c th phn b trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t. Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng, c th phn loi cc mng nh sau: - GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. - WAN (Wide Area Network) mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gi trong cng mt chu lc. Thng thng, kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n thnh GAN. - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50 100 Mbit/s). 18. - LAN (Local Area Network) mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao, v d: cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b c quan/t chc. Cc LAN c th c kt ni vowisn hau thnh WAN. Trong cc khi nim ni trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim hay c s dng nht. Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni vi cc my tnh v cc thiets b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca ta nh, hoc trong mt ta nh. Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng (user) dng chung nhwgnx ti nguyn quan trng nh my in, a CD, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN, cc my tnh c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi kt ni mng hiu qu s dng my tnh tng ln gp nhiu ln. tn dng ht nhng u im ca mng LAN, ngi ta kt ni cc LAN ring bit vo mng chnh yu din rng WAN. 1.4. C s d liu 1.4.1. Khi nim C s d liu (vit tt CSDL; ting Anh l database) c hiu theo cch nh ngha kiu k thut th n l mt tp hp thng tin c cu trc. Tuy nhin, thut ng ny thng dng trong cng ngh thng tin v n thng c hiu r hn di dng mt tp hp lin kt cc d liu, thng ln lu trn mt thit b lu tr nh a hay bng. D liu ny c duy tr di dng mt tp hp cc tp tin trong h iu hnh hay c lu tr trong cc h qun tr c s d liu. 19. C s d liu cn c hiu l mt kho cha thng tin. C nhiu loi c s d liu, nhng trong khun kh bi ging ny ta ch quan tm n cc ng dng lp trnh lin quan n c s d liu quan h. 1.4.2. Phn loi c s d liu: - C s d liu dng file: d liu c lu tr di dng cc file c th l text, ascii, .dbf. Tiu biu cho c s d liu dng file l Foxpro - C s d liu quan h: d liu c lu tr trong cc bng d liu gi l cc thc th, gia cc thc th ny c mi lin h vi nhau gi l cc quan h, mi quan h c cc thuc tnh, trong c mt thuc tnh l kha chnh. Cc h qun tr h tr c s d liu quan h nh: MS SQL server, Oracle, MySQL... - C s d liu hng i tng: d liu cng c lu tr trong cc bn d liu nhng cc bng c b sung thm cc tnh nng hng i tng nh lu tr thm cc hnh vi, nhm th hin hnh vi ca i tng. Mi bng xem nh mt lp d liu, mt dng d liu trong bng l mt i tng. Cc h qun tr c h tr c s d liu quan h nh: MS SQL server, Oracle, Postgres - C s d liu bn cu trc: d liu c lu di dng XML, vi nh dng ny thng tin m t v i tng th hin trong cc tag. y l c s d liu c nhiu u im do lu tr c hu ht cc loi d liu khc nhau nn c s d liu bn cu trc l hng mi trong nghin cu v ng dng. 1.5. Mng Internet Internet l mng lin kt cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Mc d mi thc s ph bin t nhng nm 1990, Internet c lch s hnh thnh t kh lu 20. Nm 1967: Lawrence G Roberts tip tc xut tng mng ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) ti mt hi ngh Michigan; Cng ngh chuyn gi tin- packet switching technology em li li ch to ln khi nhiu my tnh c th chia s thng tin vi nhau; Pht trin mng my tnh th nghim ca B quc phng M theo tng ARPANet Nm 1969: Mng ny c a vo hot ng v l tin thn ca Internet; Internet- lin mng bt u xut hin khi nhiu mng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau. 1972: Th in t bt u c s dng (Ray Tomlinson) 1973: ARPANet ln u tin c kt ni ra nc ngoi, ti trng i hc London 1984: Giao thc chuyn gi tin TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol v Internet Protocol) tr thnh giao thc chun ca Internet; h thng cc tn min DNS (Domain Name System) ra i phn bit cc my ch; c chia thnh su loi chnh bao gm .edu-(education) cho lnh vc gio dc, .gov- (government) thuc chnh ph, .mil- (miltary) cho lnh vc qun s, .com- (commercial) cho lnh vc thng mi, .org- (organization) cho cc t chc, .net- (network resources) cho cc mng 1990: ARPANET ngng hot ng, Internet chuyn sang giai on mi, mi ngi u c th s dng, cc doanh nghip bt u s dng Internet vo mc ich thng mi 1991: Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn HTML (HyperText Markup Language) ra i cng vi giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), Internet thc s tr thnh cng c c lc vi hng lot cc dch v mi. World Wide Web (WWW) ra i, em li cho ngi dng kh nng tham chiu t mt vn bn n nhiu vn bn khc, chuyn t c s d liu ny sang c s d liu khc vi hnh thc hp dn v ni dung phong 21. ph. WWW chnh l h thng cc thng ip d liu c to ra, truyn ti, truy cp, chia s... thng qua Internet. Internet v Web l cng c quan trng nht ca TMT, gip cho TMT pht trin v hot ng hiu qu. Mng Internet c s dng rng ri t nm 1994. Hin nay, Internet l mng my tnh ln nht trn th gii, mng ca cc mng. y l mng giao tip ton cu, gip kt ni mi ngi trong mng LAN li vi nhau thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v Internet. Cu trc ca mng Internet l m chnh v vy mi my tnh ca cc hng khc nhau u c th truy cp kt ni vi n c. 1.6. Chnh ph in t (E-Government) Chnh ph ca hu ht cc quc gia hin nay, vi s pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t, cng ang c nhng bc i tch cc tin ti xy dng mt Chnh ph in t, trong cc dch v cng ca chnh ph v cc giao dch vi chnh ph c thc hin qua mng, thng mi hoc phi thng mi. Cc dch v phi thng mi thng bao gm: thng tin cng cng (xut bn cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, thng tin y t trc tuyn, o to cng trc tuyn), thun li ha vic thanh ton (np t khai thu in t, np pht,) hoc cc dch v khc. Cc dch v thng mi ca chnh ph bao gm: nhng hot ng xc nhn danh tnh (h chiu, chng minh th,), bng cp (bng li xe, ng k t xe my), cng nh ng k thu thu in t. Tt c cc giao dch trn u c th s dng vi s h tr ca phng tin in t, c bit l Internet. 22. 1.7. Thng mi in t (E-Commerce) 1.7.1. Khi nim Thng mi in t c bit n vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau, nh thng mi in t (Electronic commerce), thng mi trc tuyn (online trade), thng mi khng giy t (paperless commerce) hoc kinh doanh in t (e- business). Tuy nhin, thng mi in t vn l tn gi ph bin nht v c dng thng nht trong cc vn bn hay cng trnh nghin cu ca cc t chc hay cc nh nghin cu. Thng mi in t bt u bng vic mua bn hng ha v dch v thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng, cc doanh nghip tin ti ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo mi hot ng ca mnh, t bn hng, marketing, thanh ton n mua sm, sn xut, o to, phi hp hot ng vi nh cung cp, i tc, khch hng... khi thng mi in t pht trin thnh kinh doanh in t, tc l doanh nghip ng dng thng mi in t mc cao c gi l doanh nghip in t. Nh vy, c th hiu kinh doanh in t l m hnh pht trin ca doanh nghip khi tham gia thng mi in t mc cao v ng dng cng ngh thng tin chuyn su trong mi hot ng ca doanh nghip. 1.7.2. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t (hay cn gi l phng tin in t) bao gm: in thoi, fax, truyn hnh, in thoi khng dy, cc mng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau,... v mng Internet. Tuy nhin, thng mi in t pht trin ch yu qua Internet v thc s tr nn quan trng khi mng Internet c ph cp. Mc d vy, gn y cc giao dch thng mi thng qua cc phng tin in t a dng hn, cc thit b in t di ng cng dn dn chim v tr quan trng, hnh thc ny c bit n vi tn gi thng mi in t di ng (Mobile-commerce hay M-commerce). 23. 1.7.3. Phn loi thng mi in t C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau phn loi cc hnh thc/ m hnh Thng mi in t nh: + Phn loi theo cng ngh kt ni mng: Thng mi di ng (khng dy), thng mi in t 3G. + Phn loi theo hnh thc dch v: Chnh ph in t, gio dc in t, ti chnh in t, ngn hng in t, chng khon in t. + Phn loi theo mc phi hp, chia s v s dng thng tin qua mng: Thng mi thng tin, thng mi giao dch, thng mi cng tc + Phn loi theo i tng tham gia: C bn ch th chnh tham gia phn ln vo cc giao dch thng mi in t: Chnh ph (G), doanh nghip (B), khch hng c nhn (C), ngi lao ng (E). Vic kt hp cc ch th ny li vi nhau s cho chng ta nhng m hnh thng mi in t khc nhau. 24. Bng cc m hnh thng mi in t Doanh nghip (B) Ngi tiu dng (C) Chnh ph (G) Doanh nghip (B) B2B (Business to Business) Xut nhp khu, mua bn nguyn liu Alibaba.com B2C (Business to Customer) Bn l qua mng, Amazon.com B2G (Business Government) Mua sm cng c tuyn Dell.com Ngi tiu dng (C) C2B (Customer to Business) t hng theo nhm Priceline.com C2C (Customer to Customer) u gi trn Ebay.com C2G (Customer Government) Chnh ph in t Chnh ph (G) G2B (Government to Business) Cung cp dch v cng trc tuyn: Hi quan in t, ng k kinh doanh G2C (Goverment to Customer) Thu thu nhp c nhn G2G (Government Government) Giao dch gia quan cc chnh ph C/O in t, h in t Ngun: Efraim Turban (2008), Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective, Prentice Hall 25. 1.7.4. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t a. Li ch ca Thng mi in t * Li ch vi t chc M rng th trng: Vi chi ph u t nh hn nhiu so vi thng mi truyn thng, cc cng ty c th m rng th trng, tm kim, tip cn ngi cung cp, khch hng v i tc trn khp th gii. Vic m rng mng li nh cung cp, khch hng cng cho php cc t chc c th mua vi gi thp hn v bn c nhiu sn phm hn. - Gim chi ph sn xut: Gim chi ph giy t, gim chi ph chia s thng tin, chi ph in n, gi vn bn truyn thng. Gim chi ph thng tin lin lc: email tit kim hn fax hay gi th truyn thng - Gim chi ph mua sm: Thng qua gim cc chi ph qun l hnh chnh (80%); gim gi mua hng (5-15%) - Thng tin cp nht: Mi thng tin trn web nh sn phm, dch v, gi c... u c th c cp nht nhanh chng v kp thi. * Li ch vi ngi tiu dng - Vt gii hn v khng gian v thi gian: Thng mi in t cho php khch hng mua sm mi ni, mi lc i vi cc ca hng trn khp th gii - Nhiu la chn v sn phm v dch v: Thng mi in t cho php ngi mua c nhiu la chn hn v tip cn c nhiu nh cung cp hn - Gi thp hn: Do thng tin thun tin, d dng v phong ph hn nn khch hng c th so snh gi c gia cc nh cung cp thun tin hn v t tm c mc gi ph hp nht 26. - Giao hng nhanh hn vi cc hng ha s ha c: i vi cc sn phm s ha c nh phim, nhc, sch, phn mm.... vic giao hng c thc hin d dng thng qua Internet - Thng tin phong ph, thun tin v cht lng cao hn: Khch hng c th d dng tm c thng tin nhanh chng v d dng thng qua cc cng c tm kim (search engines); ng thi cc thng tin a phng tin (m thanh, hnh nh) gip qung b, gii thiu sn phm tt hn - u gi: M hnh u gi trc tuyn ra i cho php mi ngi u c th tham gia mua v bn trn cc sn u gi v ng thi c th tm, su tm nhng mn hng mnh quan tm ti mi ni trn th gii. - Cng ng thng mi in t: Mi trng kinh doanh TMT cho php mi ngi tham gia c th phi hp, chia s thng tin v kinh nghim hiu qu v nhanh chng. - p ng mi nhu cu: Kh nng t ng ha cho php chp nhn cc n hng khc nhau t mi khch hng - Thu: Trong giai on u ca TMT, nhiu nc khuyn khch bng cch min thu i vi cc giao dch trn mng * Li ch vi x hi - Hot ng trc tuyn: Thng mi in t to ra mi trng lm vic, mua sm, giao dch... t xa nn gim vic i li, nhim, tai nn - Nng cao mc sng: C nhiu hng ha, nhiu nh cung cp s to p lc gim gi, do tng kh nng mua sm ca khch hng, nng cao mc sng - Li ch cho cc nc ngho: Nhng nc ngho c th tip cn vi cc sn phm, dch v t cc nc pht trin hn thng qua Internet v TMT. ng thi cng c th hc tp c kinh nghim, k nng... o to qua mng cng nhanh chng gip cc nc ny tip thu cng ngh mi 27. - Dch v cng c cung cp thun tin hn: Cc dch v cng cng nh y t, gio dc, cc dch v cng ca chnh ph... c thc hin qua mng vi chi ph thp hn, thun tin hn. Cp cc loi giy php c cp qua mng, dch v t vn y t.... l cc v d thnh cng in hnh b. Hn ch ca thng mi in t C hai loi hn ch ca Thng mi in t, mt nhm mang tnh k thut, mt nhm mang tnh thng mi. HN CH CA THNG MI IN T Hn ch v k thut Hn ch v thng mi 1. Cha c tiu chun quc t v cht lng, an ton v tin cy 2. Tc ng truyn Internet vn cha p ng c yu cu ca ngi dng, nht l trong Thng mi in t 3. Cc cng c xy dng phn mm vn trong giai on ang pht trin 4. Kh khn khi kt hp cc phn mm TMT vi cc phn mm ng dng v cc c s d liu truyn thng 5. Cn c cc my ch thng mi in t c bit (cng sut, an ton) i hi thm chi ph u t 1. An ninh v ring t l hai cn tr v tm l i vi ngi tham gia TMT 2. Thiu lng tin v TMT v ngi bn hng trong TMT do khng c gp trc tip 3. Nhiu vn v lut, chnh sch, thu cha c lm r 4. Mt s chnh sch cha thc s h tr to iu kin TMT pht trin 5. Cc phng php nh gi hiu qu ca TMT cn cha y , hon thin 6. Chi ph truy cp Internet vn 6. Chuyn i thi quen tiu dng 28. cn cao t thc n o cn thi gian 7. Thc hin cc n t hng trong thng mi in t B2C i hi h thng kho hng t ng ln 7. S tin cy i vi mi trng kinh doanh khng giy t, khng tip xc trc tip, giao dch in t cn thi gian 8. S lng ngi tham gia cha ln t li th v quy m (ho vn v c li) 9. S lng gian ln ngy cng tng do c th ca TMT 10. Thu ht vn u t mo him kh khn hn sau s sp hng lot ca cc cng ty dot.com 1.8. Cc c quan ban ngnh ng dng CNTT-TT h tr Doanh nghip 1.8.1. Ngnh Hi quan Mt trong nhng phng thc h tr trc tip Doanh nghip l s dng cng thng tin in t. Ngnh Hi quan v ang tch cc xy dng v trin khai a Website hi quan tr thnh cng thng tin in t cung cp thng tin v dch v hnh chnh cng cho ngi dn v doanh nghip. Ti cng thng tin in t ny doanh nghip c th tm c cc thng tin chung v lut, vn bn php quy lin quan n th tc hi quan mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. a ch: http://www.customs.gov.vn Website hi quan cho php kh nng ti cc biu mu, n, h s Hi 29. quan. Ngi khai Hi quan c th in ra giy hoc in vo cc mu khai gi thng tin khai bo trc cho c quan hi quan. Nng cp tng tnh tng tc an ton Doanh nghip _ Hi quan. Thng qua knh thng tin ny doanh nghip c th khai trc tuyn, tra cu cc biu thu, hng ho HS; Th vin vn bn php lut; tra cu thng tin n thu; v c t vn hi quan trc tuyn gim thiu ti a cc h s hi quan bng giy v cc chng t c lin quan. - Cc ng dng c bn phc v quy trnh th tc ti Chi cc c tch hp v tng mc t ng ha cho cc chc nng: Qun l t khai, qun l thu, qun l gi, qun l phn lung hng ha. Khai in t c thc hin theo hnh thc tp trung cho c th tc hi quan hin ti v th tc hi quan in t. Bn cnh cc ng dng CNTT phc v doanh nghip, Tng cc Hi quan ang l u mi phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh xy dng c ch mt ca quc gia, tin ti thc hin c ch mt ca ASEAN. C ch mt ca quc gia, mt ca ASEAN l mt mi trng to thun li thng mi; nhm y nhanh vic gii phng hng ho n v i t cc nc ASEAN gim chi ph giao dch v thi gian cn thng quan hng hi quan trong khu vc; hiu qu kinh t v tnh cnh tranh cao hn. y chnh l mt trong nhng thch thc v i hi rt ln t vic p dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. 1.8.2. Ngnh Thu Trong thi gian gn y, ngnh thu xy dng v trin khai cc ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hu ht cc lnh vc hot ng v pht trin mt s ng dng h tr doanh nghip thc hin ngha v thu vi nh hng cung cp cc dch v thu in t cho doanh nghip thun li hn trong tnh thu, khai thu v np thu v cung cp thng tin v php lut thu qua h thng Internet doanh nghip d dng truy cp, s dng v thc hin, cc sn phm hin c trin khai n cc doanh nghip l: 30. (1) Trang thng tin in t ngnh thu: t nm 2005, ngnh thu khai trng trang Thng tin in t nhm cung cp cho mi c nhn, doanh nghip v ng o ngi dn c quan tm n Thu cc thng tin thng qua cc chuyn mc ch yu nh: Vn bn php quy v Thu; Vn bn hng dn v thu ; Ci cch th tc hnh chnh thu ; Hng dn k khai thu ; Gii p v thu; Cc d n ci cch v hin i ho ngnh Thu ; Thng tin v NNT. Bn cnh , trang thng tin cng tch hp cc sn phm dch v thu in t, NNT ch vic ng nhp vo cc biu tng tng ng trn Website s dng cc sn phm dch v in t ca ngnh thu c cung cp min ph cho NNT nh: phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu- HTKK, chng trnh np t khai thu qua mng Internet iHTKK, Chng trnh cp m s thu Thu nhp c nhn- TNCN Online... NNT d dng truy cp v s dng. (2) Phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu T nm 2005, ngnh thu bt u cung cp phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu cho cc doanh nghip trn phm vi ton quc. NNT c th truy cp trang thng tin in t ngnh thu ti gi phn mm v ci t ti my tnh ca mnh v lp cc t khai thu bng cc chc nng h tr ca ng dng, t ng kim tra li trong qu trnh k khai v in v lu cc t khai c m vch cho cc loi thu ch yu l: Gi tr gia tng, Thu nhp doanh nghip, Tiu th c bit, Ti nguyn, Thu nhp c nhn. (3) Chng trnh np t khai thu qua mng Internet NNT s khng phi mt thi gian, cng sc n c quan thu, ch i np t khai thu nh trc y m thng qua mng Internet, c th np t khai ti bt k a im no, k c nc ngoi v bt k thi im no (24/24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun). Trong qu trnh s dng, mi thng tin trao i gia c quan thu v doanh nghip nh: cc thng bo xc nhn np t khai thu ca c 31. quan thu, xc nhn ng k thay i thng tin, t khai gi cho c quan thu ca doanh nghip u c lu v tra cu ti ti khon iHTKK c cp trn Internet v c m bo bng tn v mt khu dnh ring cho doanh nghip, do doanh nghip qun l v thay i theo yu cu m bo an ton, bo mt. (4) Chng trnh np thu qua th ATM: Bt u t thng 11/2009, ngnh thu phi hp vi Kho bc nh nc v cc ngn hng thng mi thc hin chng trnh np thu qua ngn hng thng mi, theo , mi NNT l c nhn v ch doanh nghip t nhn thc hin np thu qua ATM. NNT c s dng bin lai in t my ATM lm chng t chng minh np thu. Chng trnh ny s c bit to thun li cho NNT l cc c nhn trong vic thc hin ngha v thu ca mnh, gp phn thc hin ch trng thanh ton khng dng tin mt ca Chnh ph v to thun li cho NNT c th np thu ti bt k a im no, thi gian no, khng ph thuc vo cc quy trnh hnh chnh ca cc c quan nh nc nh trc y. 1.9. Ch k s - chng thc in t: bn nn bit Xc thc (trong ting Anh l Authentication, ting Hy Lp l ) l hnh ng kim tra mt i tng no ng tin cy, tc l thng tin i tng a ra l ng hay khng. Vic xc thc thng da trn mt hoc nhiu nhn t minh chng c th. T xa xa con ngi ng dng cng ngh xc thc vo cc lnh vc trong i sng. Chng ta c th thy mt v d rt hay v n gin l trong thi phong kin, cc bc vng hay nhng ngi thi hnh mnh lnh cho triu nh thng dng th bi hay ming ngc nh mt du hiu chng minh v thn th cng nh v tr ca mnh trong x hi. Mt lnh vc ng dng nhiu nht xc thc chnh l an ninh quc phng. Cc thng tin qun s c thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, do vy phi i hi 32. mt c ch nhn bit u l thng tin chnh xc, cng nh ngun cung cp thng tin c phi l ngun ng tin cy hay khng. C nhiu cch n gin c s dng trong trng hp ny. V d, nhn bit i tng cung cp thng tin ngi ta c th quy c du hiu nhn bit vi nhau thng qua mt cu ni, hay mt vt phm no n ... l mt vi v d v vic p dng xc thc ti mc th s nht. Ngy nay, khoa hc k thut pht trin, con ngi c rt nhiu hnh thc xc thc nh thng qua vn tay, thng qua phn tch chui ADN, mu ging ni ... Trc s pht trin nh v bo ca Internet v cc loi hnh dch v i km, thay v phi chy ti cc ca hng mua th chng ta c th ngi ti my tnh la chn cc sn phm mnh mun v t hng qua mng. Sau , nh cung cp s chuyn sn phm ti tn tay ngi tiu dng. C th k ra rt nhiu giao dch ca chng ta s thng qua my tnh v mng Internet. Do vy cn phi xy dng c mt c ch xc thc cc bn tham gia c th tin tng, an tm giao dch, m bo khng b mt mt thng tin v khi cn thit c s rng buc php l gia cc bn giao dch. Chnh v vy, cc phng php xc thc in t c ra i. Hnh 1: Cc mc xc thc in t t thp n cao v chi ph trin khai Trong s cc phng php xc thc in t, phng php n gin v ph bin nht l s dng ID/mt khu, theo ngi dng vi nh cung cp dch v s quy c vi nhau trc mt thng tin b mt no . Khi dng my tnh truy cp 33. ti nh cung cp dch v, bn cn a thng tin ra v nh cung cp dch v s cng nhn bn l ngi m h bit v bn c th truy cp n dch v mnh cn. Nhng phng thc ny c th khng an ton v trong qu trnh ngi dng cung cp thng tin mt khu ca mnh khi giao dch trn mng, cc thng tin ny c th d dng b ghi li (v d bng cc chng trnh ghi li phm g), quay ln (thng qua cc my quay nh, c gn b mt)...Do vy, i vi cc h thng i hi tnh bo mt cao, ngi ta c th dng mt khu nhiu lp nu mt khu lp ny b l, h thng v ngi dng vn c th c bo v bi cc mt khu cn li. Nhng vic s dng cc bin php nh vy, an ton cng khng tng ln nhiu v nhiu lc gy bt tin cho ngi dng phi phi nhp qu nhiu mt khu. Mt trong nhng phng php hiu qu hin nay xc thc l dng ch k s. Ch k s l mt cng ngh da trn m kha cng khai v cho php ngi s dng c th an tm giao dch qua mng. Mt m kha cng khai l mt dng mt m cho php ngi s dng trao i cc thng tin mt m khng cn phi trao i cc kha b mt trc . Trong mt m kha cng khai, ngi ta s dng mt cp kha trong bt c kha no cng c th c dng m ha cn kha kia c dng gii m. Da trn cc cng thc ton hc, cp kha c thit k sao cho rt kh th suy ra mt kha nu bit kha kia v nu mun thc hin u ny phi s dng rt nhiu phng tin, vt cht v i hi thi gian tnh ton rt lu sau khi thc hin c th thng tin b l c th khng cn gi tr. Mt trong cp kha ny c cng b cng khai v c gi l kha cng khai. Kha cn li c gi b mt bi ngi ch s hu v c gi l kha ring hay kha b mt. Ph thuc vo nhu cu c th trong giao dch in t, kha cng khai c th dng m ha cn kha ring dng gii m v ngc li. Trong mi trng m, vic cp cho mi c nhn/t chc mt cp kha nh vy s cho php vic trao i thng tin c din ra mt cch an ton v bo mt. 34. Ngi dng s cng b cho cng ng kha cng khai ca mnh. Nhng ai mun gi thng tin bo mt n anh ta c th dng kha cng khai ca ngi nhn m ha vn bn, sau gi ti ngi nhn thng qua ng in t. Ngi nhn s dng kha b mt ca mnh gii m vn bn c m ha. Ngi th ba mun xem trm ni dung thng tin s khng th gii m c v thng tin ny khng c m ha bi kha cng khai ca anh ta. iu ny m bo ch ngi c thm quyn nhn mi c c ni dung thng tin c m ha. Ngc li, ngi gi c th dng kha b mt ca mnh m ha vn bn, sau chuyn vn bn m n ngi nhn. Ngi nhn s dng kha cng khai ca ngi gi gii m v nu vic gii m thnh cng, iu chng t ngi gi l ngi c kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai ny. Nu kha kha cng khai khng tng ng vi kha b mt c dng m vn bn, vn bn sau khi gi m s v ngha, khng c c. Tnh cht ny cho php tin hnh thc hin k s trn vn bn in t. Khi gi mt email in t, mt vn bn hay mt yu cu giao dch, ngi dng c th dng kha b mt to ch k s cho thng ip mnh mun gi. Qu trnh k s mt thng ip c th c m t bng hnh v di y: Hnh 2: Cc mc xc thc in t t thp n cao v chi ph trin khai 35. tng tc m ha, thng ip s c my tnh rt gn thnh mt on thng ip ngn hn. Vic rt gn c tin hnh thng quan cc hm bm. Sau khi c c on thng ip rt gn, bc tip theo l my tnh s dng kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai ghi trn chng th s ca ngi gi tin hnh m ha on thng ip rt gn va c to ra. Kt qu cui cng l ch k s ca thng ip ban u. Sau khi c ch k s, ch s hu s gi thng ip km theo ch k s n ngi nhn. Ngi nhn nhn c thng ip v ch k s s tin hnh kim tra xem thng ip c ng l do ngi c chng th s gi km k hay khng v trong qu trnh truyn c b thay i ni dung hay khng. Vic kim tra ny s c tin hnh bng cch ngi nhn s tnh gi tr rt gn thng ip bng cng hm bm ngi gi s dng khi tin hnh k s. Sau , ngi nhn tin hnh gii m ch k s ca thng ip bng kha cng khai ca ngi gi. Kt qu gii m ny s c so snh vi gi tr rt gn va tnh, nu hai gi tr ny ging nhau, th chng t thng ip c gi i bi ch s hu ca kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai va c s dng v thng ip khng b thay i trong qu trnh truyn n ngi nhn. l ton b qu trnh to , v kim tra ch k s dng trong giao dch in t. Cng ngh ch k s hin nay cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc dch v nh e-banking, e-shopping,...ngi dng s tin hnh k vo cc yu cu gi cho nh cung cp dch v. Sau khi nhn c yu cu, nh cung cp s tin hnh kim tra tnh hp l ca thng tin theo tng t cc bc nh trn. kim tra chng th s m mnh nhn c c hp l hay khng v d nh hn s dng, chng th c ng l do nh cung cp ghi trn chng th, chng th c b nh cung cp thu hi hay khng... tt c thng tin trn s c tin hnh da trn cc thng tin ghi trn chng th ngi gi v c my tnh tin hnh t ng. Sau khi kim tra tnh hp l ca chng th s, nu khng hp l, th ngi nhn s loi b thng ip mnh nhn c hoc bng phng php khc xc nh 36. li tnh xc thc ca vn bn. Nu sau qu trnh kim tra, chng th s hon ton hp l, th bc tip theo l ngi dng s Trong qu trnh ng dng ch k s v cc dch v m ha thng ip, cn m bo tnh bo mt ca kha b mt v kh nng truy cp ng kha cng khai ca i tc tham gia giao dch. Thng thng, kha cng khai c cng b di dng mt chng th s. Cn kha b mt ca ngi dng s c lu trong cc thit b c bit ngn chn vic sao chp cng nh dnh cp thng tin v kha b mt. Nu nh s lng ngi dng ln s xy ra cc trng hp nh trng lp kha cng khai, hay nh vic cng b kha cng khai s gp nhiu kh khn. Hn na , khi giao dch in t pht trin, ngi ta khng ch giao dch trong cng mt vng, hay mt a phng ring r vi nhau m giao dch cn c tin hnh gia cc thnh ph hay lin quc gia. Chnh v vy i hi phi c mt c quan, t chc uy tn ng ra to cp kha cng khai cho ngi s dng cng nh to, cng b v qun l cc chng th s. y chnh l chc nng ca c s h tng kha cng khai. C s h tng kha cng khai bao gm c quan, t chc, con ngi, my mc, thit b, quy nh php l...lin quan phc v n vic phn b, qun l kha cng khai. Mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng trong h tng kha cng khai l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s (Certification Authority). y l c quan s tin hnh cp pht, qun l v thu hi chng th s v c th m nhim c vic to cp kha b mt/cng khai cho ngi dng. Chng th s l thng ip d liu tng t nh chng minh th nhn dn, ni dung bao gm s x-ri ca chng th s, tn ca n v pht hnh, ngy pht hnh, ngy ht hn, tn ca i tng c cp pht chng th s, kha cng khai ca i tng c cp v mt s thng tin khc... Chng th s c lu ti ni an ton, c cng b rng ri v bt c ai cng c th d dng truy cp v ly v my tnh ca mnh s dng. 37. Vy i vi ngi s dng, lm cch no to chng th s cho mnh? c c chng th s, ngi dng c th tm n cc c quan ng k ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s tin hnh ng k. Ty thuc vo mc quan trng ca chng th s xin cp, c quan ng k c th yu cu ngi xin cp phi xut trnh cc thng tin c nhn m bo xc thc ng ngi, ng i tng. Sau khi kim tra y cc thng tin ca ngi xin cp chng th s, nu mi thng tin l chnh xc, th c quan ng k s to yu cu chng th s v gi ti t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s tin hnh cp pht. V d, nu nh VNPT-CA nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s, th ngi dng c th n VNPT-CA xin chng th s, sau s dng chng th s tin hnh giao dch trn mng. Hin nay, ch k s ng dng ngy cng rng ri nh mt cng c quan trng tin hnh xy dng chnh ph in t v h tr giao dch in t. Ti cc nc tin tin trn th gii, vi s gip ca cng ngh ch k s ngi ta xy dng c cc dch v cng trc tuyn nh np thu trc tuyn (E-tax), ngn hng in t (E-banking), bn hng trc tuyn (E-shopping), u thu trc tuyn (e-Procurement)...trong ch k s l chc nng khng th thiu. Ti Vit Nam, ch k s mi c ng dng trong mt vi nm gn y. Nh nc v Chnh ph cng ban hnh hng lot cc vn bn php l to c s thc y vic ng dng giao dch in t v ch k s trong c Lut Giao dch in t c Quc hi kho XI, k hp th 8 thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 1/3/2006, cng nhn gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu, cng nhn ch k in t c gi tr php l nh ch k tay v Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP ban hnh ngy 15/2/2007, quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t v ch k s v chng thc ch k s. Ti mt s b ngnh cng ang bc u trin khai cc dch v ng dng ch k s nh dch v khai thu qua mng, hi quan in t, u thu qua mng 38. ...Hin nay, B Thng tin v Truyn thng ang xt duyt h s cp giy php cho cc nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 1.9.1. Hng dn ng dng ch k s bng Microsoft Office 2007 Trong Microsoft Office 2007 c hai cch thc hin k s vo cc ti liu: Thc hin ch k s dng n Thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k s trc tip ln ti liu Trong phn ny, chng ta s ln lt th nghim k s vo ti liu Office 2007 bng c hai cch trn. a. Ch k s dng n Trong trng hp ta khng mun c s xut hin ca dng ch k trn ti liu nhng ta vn mun ti liu c m bo cc tnh xc thc, ton vn, chng chi b, khi ta s dng ch k s dng n. Ch k s dng n c th thm vo cc ti liu Word, Excel, PowerPoint, ca b Office 2007. Mc d ch k s n khng th hin trc tip ln ni dung ti liu nhng ngi nhn ti liu hon ton c th xem thng tin v ch k s bng cch chn vo biu tng ch k s di y mn hnh. Sau khi ti liu c k s, n s tr thnh dng ch c v khng th sa i ni dung c. thc hin k s theo cch ny, ta thc hin cc bc sau y: Chn Office Button tr vo Prepare v chn Add a Digital Signature Hp thoi Microsoft Office (xem Hnh 3) xut hin cung cp mt s thng tin v vic thm ch k s vo vn bn. nh du vo Dont show this message again v chn OK. 39. Hnh 3: Hp thoi Microsoft Office cung cp thng tin v vic to ch k s Hp thoi Microsoft Office khc (xem Hnh 4) xut hin thng bo rng trc khi to ch k s ta phi lu ti liu vo nh dng h tr ch k s. Ta c th lu ti liu theo nh dng mi ca Office (.docx, .xlsx and .pptx) hoc nh dng c (.doc, xls and .ppt), sau chn Yes lu ti liu. Hnh 4: Hp thoi yu cu lu ti liu vo nh dng ph hp 1. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn tn v v tr lu cng nh nh dng ca ti liu. Sau chn Save. Hnh 5: Chn v tr lu ti liu 2. Trong hp thoi Sign, ta c th thm vo thng tin v mc ch ca ch k trong hp vn bn Purpose for signing this document, ta cng c th 40. trng hp ny nu mun. Trong mc Signing as, Microsoft Office s la chn chng th ca user mc nh, ta c th thay i chng th ph hp vi ngi k bng cch chn Change. Chn Sign k s Hnh 6: Chn chng th s v mc ch k s 3. T y ti liu s chuyn thnh dng ch c v c biu tng k s di y mn hnh 4. Chn vo biu tng xem thng tin v ngi k s, tnh trng chng th s v mc ch vic k s (xem Hnh 7) Hnh 7: Thng tin chi tit v ch k s b. K s bng cch thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k vo ni dung ti liu Cch k s ny s to thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k s ngay trn ti liu, k s ta thc hin cc thao tc sau: 41. 1. Chn Insert tab sau chn nt Signature Line. Hp thoi Signature Setup xut hin, ta in cc thng tin v ngi k s nh h tn, chc danh, a ch th in t. Chn Show sign date in signature line nu mun thm vo ngy thng k. Chn OK. Hnh 8: Hp thoi Signature Setup 2. Lc ny trn vn bn s xut hin mt dng ch k s. Nhy p vo thao tc k s X o nh Kh Gim c Hnh 9: Dng ch k s 3. Trong hp thoi Sign, ta c th to hnh nh ch k tay bng cch dng bt in t hoc dng mt hnh nh minh ha ch k tay c qut sn vo my a vo mc ny bng cch chn Select Image v chn file nh cn chn vo. 42. Hnh 10: Hp thoi Sign 4. Trong hp thoi Select Signature Image, chn file nh ch k tay v chn Select. Hnh 11: Chn hnh nh ch k tay i din 5. Hnh nh c chn s xut hin hp thoi Sign. Trc khi tin hnh k s vn bn, ta c th g ni dung v mc ch k vo mc Purpose for signing this document, sau chn Sign k s. 43. Hnh 12: Hp thoi k s 6. Trong hp thoi Signature Details, ta c th xem thng tin v ngi k, gi tr ca ch k, tnh trng chng th s cng nh mc ch, ngy k s. Hnh 13: Thng tin chi tit v ch k s 44. CHNG II. NG DNG CNTT TT TRONG DOANH NGHIP 2.1. CNTT-TT l mt phn ca h tng Thng mi in t l nhng giao dch thng mi c thc hin ch yu thng qua my tnh v mng Internet. Do , thng mi in t c th pht trin c, yu cu v h tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng l khng th thiu. Cc yu t trong h tng CNTT v truyn thng bao gm: - Ngnh cng nghip thit b ICT (my tnh, thit b mng, ...). y l cc yu t thuc v phn cng trong u t cho TMT. - Ngnh cng nghip phn mm - Ngnh vin thng (cc h thng dch v vin thng c nh, di ng,...) - Internet v cc dch v gia tng da trn nn internet - Bo mt, an ton v an ninh mng - Xy dng h tng CNTT v truyn thng TMT pht trin phi t c nhng mc tiu sau: - Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip c th s dng cc thit b CNTT v truyn thng nh my tnh v cc thit b x l. - Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip tip cn v s dng dch v vin thng c bn v internet vi gi r. Ngoi ra, mi doanh nghip, cng ng v cng dn u c kt ni v tip cn ti c s h tng bng rng v mobile 45. mnh. - Thit lp c cc h thng mng vin thng c nh v khng dy Nng cao nng lc ng tuyn vi h thng bng thng rng, cho php cc t chc v doanh nghip c th s dng cc dch v cht lng cao vo cc ng dng TMT ca mnh vi chi ph chp nhn c. Ngoi vic u t mi cho cc thit b, vic nng cp cc h thng thit b hin thi l iu khng th thiu, v cc ng dng TMT ngy cng phc tp hn, dung lng d liu cn truyn ti ngy cng ln hn, do , yu cu v mt thit b v cng ngh cng cao hn. 2.2. u t CNTT-TT hiu qu 2.2.1. Lu tr wesbite thng mi in t a. Mt s phng php lu tr website Vic lu tr website thng mi in t bao gm c lu tr d liu (thng tin v doanh nghip, sn xut, kinh doanh, khch hng), h thng phn mm x l cc giao dch in t (mua bn trc tuyn, qun l ha n, dch v khch hng) v nhng ni dung khc trn website (catalogue in t, bo co, ti nguyn s). Ty theo quy m ca h thng thng mi in t m s lng, cu hnh ca h thng my ch cn s dng lu tr cc website thng mi in t s khc nhau. Hin nay, c mt s phng php c bn lu tr cc website thng mi in t nh sau: - T u t mua cc my ch v lp t ti c s ca doanh nghip, thu chuyn gia thit k v xy dng h thng mng cng nh ci t cc phn mm cn thit qun tr h thng my ch ca doanh nghip. 46. + Nhc im: Chi ph u t xy dng h thng my ch ca ring doanh nghip rt ln, v c s h tng, v my mc, thit b, chi ph thu thit k h thng v qun tr h thng sau ny. gim thiu chi ph h tng, doanh nghip c th vn u t my ch nhng thu ch t my ch ti cc nh cung cp dch v ny. Nh vy, trnh u t xy dng cc phng my ch vn c tiu chun k thut rt cao v trnh thu ng truyn ring kt ni n cc my ch ca mnh. Cch lm ny vn m bo c b mt thng tin ca doanh nghip do cc my ch c lu gi ti cc phng c bo mt cao. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam, h thng my ch ca cc ngn hng, trng i hc, hi quan, thu thng c t xy dng v vn hnh bn trong t chc. + u im: Mc an ton ca thng tin v ch ng trong vn hnh h thng cng nh nng cp, m rng sau ny. Bn cnh , kh nng t xy dng, qun tr h thng my ch thng mi in t cng l mt nng lc cnh tranh quan trng ca cc doanh nghip khi tham gia kinh doanh in t. - Thu my ch ca cc nh cung cp dch v (thu ch trn mt my ch hoc thu mt s my ch). Theo , cc doanh nghip tr ph c th s dng mt phn dung lng cng trn my ch lu tr website hoc thu mt s my ch ca nh cung cp dch v s dng. C th s dng kt hp hnh thc ny vi hnh thc trn. Thm ch nhng doanh nghip hng u trong thng mi in t nh Google cng thu ngoi dch v lu tr website + u im: Cc chi ph xy dng c s h tng, lp t ng truyn, duy tr v qun tr cc my ch do nh cung cp dch v thc hin. Doanh nghip ch phi tr ph thu dch v hng thng. Doanh nghip tn dng c ng truyn tc cao ca nh cung cp dch v. 47. + Nhc im: Mc bo mt thng tin khng c bo m do doanh nghip khng kim sot hon ton nhng my ch lu tr thng tin ca mnh. Do , phng php ny thng ph hp vi cc h thng thng mi in t nh, cc website ch c chc nng gii thiu, qung b sn phm, dch v... cha c chc nng thanh ton trc tuyn v cc chc nng cao cp khc nh x l d liu (data mining) hay chia s thng tin gia cc i tc (B2B integration) b. ng Internet thu ring (leased line Internet) cho cc my ch Khi doanh nghip mun xy dng h thng my ch ca ring mnh v h thng ny t ti trung tm lu tr d liu ca doanh nghip th doanh nghip s phi thu ng truyn Internet ring kt ni vo cc my ch ny. Thng qua ng kt ni ny, cc my tnh khc c th truy cp ti my ch ca doanh nghip thc hin cc giao dch in t nh tra cu thng tin, thc hin giao dch mua bn, k kt hp ng ng truyn Internet thu ring l mt dng kt ni Internet cao cp nht hin nay ca cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh cn hai dng ph bin khc kt ni Internet l Dial-up v ADSL. Kt ni Internet bng knh thu ring (leased line), Nh cung cp ng thi s cung cp cho doanh nghip ti thiu 1 di IP gm 8 a ch. Doanh nghip s s dng 6 trong 8 a ch ny cho cc my ch ca mnh. Hai a ch khng s dng l a ch IP u tin (a ch mng con) v a ch IP cui cng (a ch qung b trong mng con). V y l mt ng kt ni ring t doanh nghip n nh cung cp dch v Internet, tc kt ni vo Internet s n nh v c th tng cao thp ty nhu cu ca doanh nghip. Bn cnh tc upload v download l bng nhau, n nh lin tc 24/24. Tuy nhin, 48. ph dch v s dng loi ca ng truyn ny cn cao, cha ph hp vi phn ln cc doanh nghip va v nh hin nay. c. My ch web Cc my ch web ni chung thng c nhiu b nh, cng ln, chy nhanh, v b vi x l c tc cao hn cc my tnh c nhn thng thng. Nhiu my ch web s dng nhiu b vi x l, trong khi rt t my tnh c nhn c nhiu hn mt b vi x l. Yu cu c bn i vi cc my ch l kh nng hot ng lin tc 24/7 v x l ng thi nhiu thng tin khi nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp a ra. V vy, cc my ch web s dng nhiu phn cng nn chng thng c gi t hn cc my trm thng thng. d. H iu hnh cho cc my ch web H iu hnh c nhim v thc thi chng trnh v phn phi ti nguyn nh b nh, khng gian lu tr cho chng trnh. Phn mm h iu hnh cng cung cp cc dch v nhp xut ti cc thit b kt ni vi my tnh nh bn phm, mn hnh v my in. Mt my tnh mun hot ng c n phi c ci t phn mm h iu hnh iu khin vic thc thi cc chng trnh. Vi cc h thng ln, h iu hnh cn phi theo di hot ng ca nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau khi h cng ng nhp vo h thng v phi m bo hot ng ca nhng ngi s dng ny khng gy cn tr nhau. Phn ln cc my ch web c ci t mt trong cc h iu hnh sau: Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2003 Server, Linux, hoc cc h iu hnh da trn UNIX nh Solaris hoc FreeBSD. My ch web chy trn nn UNIX th ph bin hn, v nhiu ngi s dng tin rng vic ci t my ch web trn UNIX s bo mt hn. 49. 2.3. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip 2.3.1. Phn mm my ch web l cc phn mm m my ch web phi ci t cc website c th hot ng trn nn l cc phn mm ny. Ging nh mun ci t v nh my bng MS Word th my tnh phi c ci t MS windows. Mt s phn mm ph bin nht hin nay ang c dng lm my ch web nh: Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server(IIS) v Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) (thng c gi bng cc tn khc nh Sun ONE, iPlanet Enterprise Server, v Netscape Enterprise). Th hng v mc ph bin ny c tch ly thng qua iu tra c thc hin bi NetCraft, mt cng ty t vn mng Anh ni ting v my ch web iu tra. Netcraft tip tc iu tra i vi tng s trang web ang tn ti v o mc lin quan n tnh ph bin ca phn mm my ch web. Trang web iu tra ca Netcraft ch ra rng, th trng ca phn mm my ch web trong mt vi nm gn y i vo n nh. Nhn chung Apache chim khong 65 n 70% th phn, Microsoft IIS chim khong 20 n 25% th phn. Theo iu tra ca mt tp ch my tnh, th phn ca cc phn mm my ch web cng rt khc nhau i vi my ch web cng cng v my ch web ni b. 2.3.2. Phn mm xy dng website thng mi in t a) c im website thng mi in t Cc website thng mi in t cn hot ng lin tc 24/7 d l m hnh no, B2B hay B2C. Nhng website u cn c chy trn cc my ch mnh x l khi lng truy cp cao nht. Bn cnh yu cu hot ng 50. nhanh v n nh, cc website thng mi in t giao dch cn s dng nhng phn mm hiu qu v d nng cp khi lng truy cp website tng. Cc website thng tin nh tin tc, bo co, thng tin s ha cn p ng nhu cu tm kim thng tin nhanh v chnh xc. Thng tin cn hin th nhanh nht trn mn hnh ca ngi xem. Nhn chung yu cu hot ng vn l 24/7 nhng mc nhanh v n nh c th thp hn so vi cc website thng mi in t giao dch. Yu cu v phn cng cng c th thp hn, tuy nhin yu cu v x l lng truy cp ng c th cao hn, do cc website tin tc, thng tin d thu ht khch truy cp hn. b) Chc nng website thng mi in t Phn mm website thng mi in t c th c cc nhim v khc nhau, t vic c catalog trng by sn phm trc tuyn n vic x l n hng mt cch t ng. Mt gii php thng mi in t t nht phi c cc chc nng sau: - Catalog trng by sn phm - Gi mua hng - X l giao dch t hng, hp ng, thanh ton... Cc trang web thng mi in t ln, phc tp hn cng s dng nhng phn mm c cc chc nng trn v c thm nhng cng c b tr thng mi in t khc. Phn mm trung gian (middleware) ni kt h thng thng mi in t vi cc h thng thng tin ca cng ty (qun l hng tn kho, x l n hng, k ton). Bn cnh c cc gi phn mm chuyn thc hin mt s chc nng nh: phn mm ERP, phn mm SCM, phn mm CRM, phn mm qun tr ni dung (CMS) v phn mm qun tr tri thc (NM). c) Website catalog in t 51. Doanh nghip s dng catalog trng by cc sn phm hoc dch v ca mnh. Ging nh trong ca hng bn l truyn thng, nh kinh doanh gian hng trc tuyn c th nhm hng ha thnh tng khu theo nhng tiu ch ring vi tn gi cc gian hng tng t nh gian hng truyn thng. Trong hu ht cc gian hng truyn thng, mi sn phm ch trong mt v tr nht nh, tuy nhin vi gian hng trc tuyn, mt sn phm c th c phn loi nhiu chng loi hng khc nhau. V d: giy chy c th va c phn loi trong khu giy hoc khu dng c th thao. Mt trang web thng mi nh c th c mt catalog tnh n gin. Catalog tnh l mt danh mc n gin c vit bng ngn ng HTML, hin th trong mt hoc mt s trang web. thm vo, xa i, hoc thay i mt mc hay mt sn phm trong danh mc, cng ty phi sa li phn lnh HTML ca mt hoc mt s trang. Cc trang web thng mi ln hn thng s dng cu trc catalog ng. Catalog ng lu tr thng tin v cc mc hng trong mt c s d liu, thng trn mt my tnh ring bit c th truy cp ti my ch. Mi mc hng trong catalog ng c th c hin th vi nhiu hnh nh hoc thng tin chi tit, v mt cng c tm kim s cho php khch hng tm kim mc hng v xem xt liu mc hng c sn bn hay khng. Phm mm catalog ng thng c gn km trong mt b phn mm thng mi in t trn gi, tuy nhin mt s cng ty vit phn mm catalog ring, sau ni vi c s d liu sn phm ca cng ty mnh. d) Vai tr ca gi mua hng trong thng mi in t Gi mua hng lu tr cc sn phm m ngi mua chn, cho php ngi mua c th xem li nhng mt hng mnh chn a vo gi, thm vo gi mt hng mi hoc b bt i sn phm no . t hng, khch hng ch cn n gin kch chut vo sn phm , tt c cc thng tin v sn phm bao gm gi c, m t, m sn phm hay cc thng tin khc u c t 52. ng lu tr trong gi mua hng. Khi khch hng chn hng xong, h ch cn nhn nt thc hin vic mua hng, phn mm gi mua hng s t ng tnh ton tng s sn phm, tng gi tr tin thanh ton cng nh cc chi ph vn chuyn hay thu. Phn mm Gi mua hng ca mt s trang web thng mi in t cn cho php khch hng chn sn phm a vo gi, gi vo mt ngn o, v khch hng sau vi ngy quay tr li mi quyt nh chn mua hoc thanh ton. Mt s phn mm gi mua hng c bn c lp cc cng ty t kt ni vo trang web bn hng ca mnh. e) X l cc giao dch thng mi in t Khi ngi mua quyt nh mua hng bng cch nhn vo nt checkout trn trang web, khi trang web thc hin quy trnh x l giao dch: phn mm thng mi in t thc hin bt c mt tnh ton cn thit no, v d chit khu da trn s lng hng mua, thu, chi ph vn chuyn, Khi checkout, c khch hng v ngi bn u chuyn sang giao din giao dch an ton. X l giao dch c th l phn phc tp nht ca vic bn hng trc tuyn. Tnh ton thu v chi ph vn chuyn l nhng phn quan trng trong qu trnh ny, v cc nh qun tr mng phi thng xuyn kim tra mc thu sut cng nh chi ph vn chuyn m bo mc gi ang c p dng l mc gi ng. Mt s phn mm cho php my ch web t ng cp nht thng tin gi vn chuyn bng cch kt ni trc tip ti cc cng ty vn chuyn. Mt s tnh ton khc bao gm: in ha n, chng trnh khuyn mi, 2.3.3. Website ng v cc cng ngh xy dng website ng Microsoft pht trin mt cng ngh to trang web ng v c s dng rng ri hin nay l Active Server Pages (ASP). Sun Microsystems cng pht trin mt cng ngh tng t gi l Java Server Pages (JSP), 53. v hip hi m ngun m Apache Software Foundation cng pht trin mt ngn ng lp trnh tng t l PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). Gn y, mt cng ngh tng t c Macromedia xy dng vi tn gi l Cold Fusion. y l bn cng ngh ph bin nht c s dng xy dng cc website. Trong nhng cng ngh ny, cc cu lnh chy trn my ch c trn ln vi nhng cu lnh HTML to ra cc trang web ng, tc l c ni dung khc nhau. V d, ASP cho php ngi lp trnh web s dng nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau nh VBScript, Jscript, hoc Perl. Java l ngn ng lp trnh do Sun to ra, cng c th c s dng to ra cc trang web ng, Nhng ng dng c gi l Java Servlets. Mc d cc cng c ny thng c s dng xy dng cc website nh, tuy nhin chng cng c th c s dng xy dng cc thnh phn ring l ca cac website thng mi in t c quy m trung bnh bng cch to ra cc trang web v cc cng c qun l website. V d, phin bn gn y ca chng trnh Macromedia Dreamweaver tch hp lun c mi trng pht trin. Nh vy i vi cc nh thit k web c kinh nghim h c th s dng to ra cc thnh phn ca mt trang web ng d nh to ra mt trang web tnh. a. Mt s cng c pht trin web ph bin Mt cng c thit k web khc kh ph bin l Microsoft Frontpage cng c th c s dng xy dng khung ca cc website thng mi in t. Cc thnh phn cn li ca cc trang web ng nh to danh mc hng ha, dch v khch hng, x l cc phin giao dch c th c vit b sung bng cc cng c pht trin web khc chng hn nh Visual Studio.NET ca hng Microsoft. Sau khi to xong website vi cc cng c pht trin ny, ngi thit k cn mua b sung thm cc thnh phn phn mm tin ch khc nh gi mua 54. hng, phn mm qun tr ni dung. Cui cng l to ra cc phn mm trung chuyn kt ni website vo cc phn mm vi c s d liu sn c ca cng ty nh: - phn mm qun tr ni dung website thng mi in t - phn mm qun tr h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip - Phn mm phn tch d liu - Tin ch Link-checking v qun tr website doanh nghip 2.3.4. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ln Trn th trng hin nay cng c mt s sn phm dnh cho doanh nghip ln vi cng giao dch cao, quy m ln nh IBM WebSphere Commerce Business Edition, Oracle E-Business Suite, v Broadvision One- To-One Commerce Phn mm thng mi in t dnh cho doanh nghip ln cung cp cc cng c lin kt v h tr cho cc hot ng mua sm, sn xut v bn hng ca doanh nghip. Phn ln cc cng ty thng mi B2B t hng ti cc i tc cung cp vi cc quy trnh c thng nht gia cc bn. bn sn phm, phn mm thng mi in t cung cp cc chun cho giao dch thng mi in t nh x l v hon thin giao dch m bo an ton, chnh xc hn. V d, phn mm c th tng tc vi h thng qun l hng tn kho ca cng ty v tin hnh nhng iu chnh ph hp, to n mua hng vi nhng mt hng c lng tn kho gim xung mc thp v nhp d liu k ton trong h thng ERP hoc h thng lu tr. Trong trng hp giao dch B2C, khch hng s dng trnh duyt web ca mnh tm kim catalog sn phm. Vi hng s ha (phn mm, bi nghin cu, bn nhc,..) khch hng c th ti sn phm s ha trc tip t trn website, hoc c th in vo n hng mua bn cng. My ch c 55. ni vi cc h thng khc, gm h thng qun tr c s d liu, my ch bn hng v my ch cho cc ng dng. C s d liu thng cha hng triu dng thng tin v cc sn phm, gi c, lng hng tn, thng tin v lch s mua hng ca khch hng. Thng k cc giao dch mua sm ca khch hng cho php website a ra cc gi hay xut vi khch hng thng xuyn c bit khi h tr li thm cc mc hng c lin quan. Cc cng ty lu tr d liu v khch hng, qu trnh khch hng truy cp web s c lu vo c s d liu ln, s dng nhng cng c chuyn dng phn tch nhng d liu ny nhm ci thin mi quan h vi khch hng. Nhng d liu ny thng gm cc thng tin ca tng khch hng, cc trang web h xem, thi gian ving thm trn mi trang, cc sn phm uc xem v mua qun l tt tt c cc hot ng ny, cc website thng mi in t ln s dng module phn mm qun l quan h khch hng (CRM). Bn cnh , cc cng ty cng s dng cng c tch hp h thng sn xut ca mnh vi h thng thng tin ca nh cung cp, khi website thng mi in t c thm module phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM). S dng hiu qu cc cng c trn cho php doanh nghip kt ni khch hng, doanh nghip v nh cung cp. Chia s thng tin gia cc bn l mt ng lc thu ht khch hng truy cp website ca doanh nghp, ng thi nh cung cp cng c thng tin ln k hoch cung cp hiu qu v kp thi hn. Phn mm thng mi in t cng c thm module cho php t ng qun l v thay i thng tin trn website. 56. 2.4. Phn mm h tr ra quyt nh trong qun l doanh nghip 2.4.1. Phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM) Phn mm SCM h tr doanh nghip trong vic phi hp hot ng ca doanh nghip vi cc nh cung cp c cung ng u vo nhanh v hiu qu nht. Phn mm SCM thng c hai chc nng c bn: ln k hoch v thc hin k hoch. Hu ht cc cng ty u cung cp phn mm SCM vi hai chc nng trn vi mc chi tit khc nhau. Phn mm lp k hoch SCM gip cng ty a ra cc d bo da trn nhng thng tin ca cc thnh vin trong dy chuyn cung ng. Phn mm thc hin k hoch SCM gip cng ty thc hin cc nhim v nh qun tr kho hng v phn phi. Hin nay c hai cng ty cung cp phn mm SCM ln trn th gii l i2 Technologies v Manugistics. 2.4.2. H thng qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip tch hp (ERP) Nhiu website B2B phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng thng tin ni b ca doanh nghip, vic ny c thc hin thng qua phn mm Qun l ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP). Phn mm ERP l h thng cc module phn mm c tch hp thnh mt h thng nhm qun l mi hot ng ca doanh nghip, t k ton, qun l mua hng, sn xut, marketing, ln k hoch, qun tr d n, v cc chc nng qun l tin. Cc nh cung cp phn mm ERP ch yu hin nay gm Baan, Oracle, PeopleSofft (hin nay thuc Oracle) v SAP. 57. 2.5. Mt s m hnh ng dng CNTT-TT trong kinh doanh 2.5.1. ng dng mng extranet trong lnh vc sn xut ca General Motor GM l cng ty hng u th gii v sn xut xe t. Cng ty bn t ti hn 190 nc v c nh my sn xut ti khong 50 nc. Do ngnh cng nghip t rt cnh tranh, GM lun tm kim nhng phng hng nng cao hiu qu. Cng ty trin khai mt phn mm ng dng cho php khch hng c th t thit k mt chic xe theo mong mun ca mnh. Nh ng dng ny s lng n t hng gi v cng ty ngy cng tng. Trong lnh vc cung ng hin nay GM phi mua khong 200 000 sn phm khc nhau t hn 20 000 nh cung cp, chi mt gn 100 t mi nm. Cng ty thng s dng qu trnh u thu truyn thng thng thuyt cc hp ng vi cc nh cung cp tim nng. Nhng yu cu chi tit v nguyn liu cn thit s c gi bng email ti cc nh cung cp tim nng, cc nh cung cp ny sau s a ra gi thu, v GM s la chn ngi thng nu ngi cng cp a ra gi thp. Nu tt c cc gi thu u qu cao, vng mi thu th hai hoc th ba s c m ra. Trong vi trng hp, qu trnh ny ko di hng tun, thm ch hng thng trc khi GM tin rng t c mt hp ng tt nht c v gi c v cht lng. Nhng chi ph chun b cho vic ra gi thu khin nhiu nh thu khng th a ra li mi do vic s lng nh cung cp tham gia t hn s lng ti u dn ti vic GM s phi tr gi cao hn. gii quyt vn lin kt gia cc nh phn phi v cung cp, GM thit lp mt h thng extranet c gi l ANX (Automotive Network Exchange). H thng ANX - c cc nh sn xut t khc ng h - pht trin thnh website trao i gia cc consortium covisint.com. gii quyt vn t liu sn xut, vo u nm 2000 GM trin khai th trng in t 58. ca ring mnh, by gi tr thnh mt phn ca covisint.com, ni cc u gi chuyn tip c xy dng. Sn phm u tin c em ra u gi l tm chic my p 75 tn. GM mi 140 ngi tham gia u gi xem tranh v bin bn dch v ca nhng my p ny qua mng. Sau ch mt tun chun b, bui bn u gi din ra trc tuyn v nhng chic my c bn trong vng hai gi. i vi vn mua sm hng ho, GM t ng ho qu trnh u gi s dng u gi ngc trn trang web mua sm qua mng. Cc nh cung cp iu kin s dng Internet a ra gi mi sn phm GM cn mua. Vic u gi din ra m, iu ny c ngha l tt c nhng ngi tham gia u gi c th c th nhn thy gi cho ca i th cnh tranh. GM c th chp nhn gi cho t nhiu nh cung cp mt cch ng thi v s dng nhng tiu chun c quyt nh trc nh gi, ngy giao hng, iu kin thanh ton c th gip tm c nhanh chng ngi cho bn thch hp. Nm 2001, Gm thc hin hn 150 cuc u gi in t khc. Nhiu doanh nghip khc cng c khuyn khch bn sn phm ca h qua mng ny v tr cho GM tin hoa hng trn gi bn cui cng. Trong phin bn u gi ngc online u tin, GM mua c mt lng ln ti kn bng cao su dng cho t. Gi GM phi tr thp hn gi cng ty tr cho sn phm tng t trc kia bng hnh thc u thu truyn thng. Hin nay, cc cuc u gi tng t vn c thc hin hng tun trn trang web. Chi ph qun l trn mt n t hng gim khong 40% thm ch cn hn th. 2.5.2. ng dng CNTT-TT trong ngnh du lch Trn th gii, dch v du lch trc tuyn vi cc hot ng nh t v, tour, phng qua mng tr nn ph bin nhiu nc, nht l ti M v cc 59. nc Chu u. Theo hng nghin cu Internet eMarketer (New York, M), trong nm 2008 , 78% du khch M s dng mng Internet tm kim thng tin v im n, tour du lch trong 82% du khch quyt nh t tour qua mng. L mt trong nhng cng ty u tin trn th gii ng dng thng mi in t vo ngnh Du lch, Expedia.com l mt website kinh doanh thng mi in t theo m hnh B2C (business to customer), hot ng da trn m hnh thng mi in t thun ty (pure e-commerce). Ngha l, mi giao dch t doanh nghip ti khch hng, k c vic thanh ton, giao hng u c thc hin thng qua mng Internet. Expedia l i l du lch trc tuyn hng u th gii, trc thuc tp on Expedia Inc (M). y l trang web cho php ngi dng t v my bay, tu thy du lch, t phng khch sn, thu xe t, cung cp cc k ngh trn gi v nhiu dch v hp dn khc bng vic truy cp trc tuyn vo website expedia.com. c thnh lp vo nm 1996 bi hng phn mm khng l Microsoft, sau 3 nm, vo nm 1999, Expedia tch ra kinh doanh c lp v tr thnh 1 trong 3 ng ln ti M kinh doanh trong lnh vc du lch trc tuyn (cng vi Orbitz v Travelocity). Nm 2002, Barry Diller, ng ch tp on USA Network nay l IAC/ Inter Active Corp mua li c phn ca Expedia v u t mnh tay hn vo doanh nghip ny, bin Expedia tr thnh cng ty s 1 khng nhng ti M m cn trn ton th gii. Tnh n nay, Expedia Inc s hu 6 thng hiu ni ting v du lch l Expedia.com, hotels.com, Hotwire, Expedia Corporate Travel, TripAdvisor v Classic Vacations, c tr s chnh t ti Bellevue, Washington (M) nhng hin c mt ti 15 quc gia, 70 im kinh doanh ton cu ti 6 khu vc chnh: M, 60. Mexico/ Chu M La Tinh, Canada, Carribbean, Chu u, Chu / c, Trung ng. Expedia lun t r u th ca ngi i trc vi b dy kinh nghim v lin tc tung ra cc chiu khuyn mi, cc chng trnh du lch trn gi gi r hp dn khch hng. Nu nh nm 2005, Expedia ln u tin tung ra chng trnh cho php khch hng t thit k tour du lch trn website expedia.com, t cn nhc chi ph, thi gian, la chn dch v v to ra mt cn st trong ngnh du lch; th vo nm 2006, trc s cnh tranh gay gt ca cc i th nh Travelocity.com; Orbiz.comExpedia a ra cam kt vi khch hng Best Price Guarantee, m bo gi dch v ti Expedia l tt nht. C th, nu khch hng c cung cp dch v tng t nh ti Expedia vi gi thp hn trong vng 24 gi sau khi ng k ti website Expedia.com, hng du lch trc tuyn s 1 ti M ny s hon li tin cho khch ngay lp tc v tng thm 50 USD cho chuyn du lch tip theo ca khch ti trang web ny. Thm vo , M, tc tng trng v du lch trc tuyn ang chm li do cc cng ty phi rt vt v tranh ginh khch hng c, trong khi chu vn cn nhiu c hi thu ht thm khch hng mi - l nhng ngi s dng Internet ln u tin. Theo eMarketer, mt cng ty nghin cu Internet New York, doanh thu ca ngnh du lch trc tuyn khu vc chu nm nay c th t 25,6 t la M, nhng mi ch bng khong mt phn ba so vi th trng M. Cng ty eMarketer cng d bo, dch v du lch trc tuyn chu s bng n trong nhng nm cn li ca thp nin ny. C th, trong giai on 2006-2010, n s t mc tng trng n 271,6%/nm, trong khi Vit Nam d bo s tng trng 202%. Trung Quc v Indonesia cng s t mc tng trng tng ng 70% v 83% 61. Nm bt c c hi v nhn thy du lch trc tuyn ang c tip nhn nh mt xu hng pht trin tt yu ti lc a Chu , tp on IAC, cng ty m s hu website Expedia.com b ra 166.7 triu USD mua li 52% c phn ca eLong, trang web t ch du lch v l hnh ln th hai ti Trung Quc. Qua , cng ty c th tip cn lng khch di do ti th trng ny. Xu hng cung cp dch v du lch trc tuyn hin ang lan nhanh sang cc nc chu , trong c Vit Nam. Theo d bo ca t chc du lch th gii, t nm 2006-2010, c tnh du lch trc tuyn Vit Nam s tng trng 202%/nm, c xp trong top u tng trng. Nhn thc c thi c m thng mi in t em li, cc doanh nghip kinh doanh du lch, khch sn hng u ca Vit Nam u xy dng website ring, tiu biu c th k n nh www.travel.com.vn, www.hotels.com.vn, www.vietnamtourism.comTuy nhin, cc trang web ny mi dng mc cung cp thng tin ti khch hng, vic giao dch thng mi in t thun ty t khu chn tour, n thanh ton vn cn nhiu hn ch v cha ph bin. V th, vic nghin cu mt m hnh kinh doanh thng mi in t thnh cng trong lnh vc du lch trc tuyn l vic lm cn thit, gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nhanh chng nm bt xu th pht trin ca th gii. 2.6. A 191 h tr g cho ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip 62. CHNG 3. NG DNG CNTT TRONG DOANH NGHIP XUT NHP KHU 3.1. Xy dng website trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu mu hnh tham kho 3.1.1. Mt s vn cn lu khi xy dng website thng mi in t a) iu kin ca hng bn l trc tuyn (B2C) thnh cng C nhiu iu kin mt ca hng thng mi bn l trc tuyn (B2C) thnh cng, tuy nhin, cc iu kin c bn thng l: Thng hiu mnh: Dell, Sony, eBay, Cisco. Uy tn c m bo: Ford, Charles Shwab, Amazon. Kh nng s ha: phn mm, m nhc, phim. Gi cao: thit b in t, vn phng. Tiu chun ha: sch, CDs, v my bay. Hng ng gi: hoa, qu tng. b) Cc tiu ch nh gi mt gian hng bn l trc tuyn (B2C) Khi xy dng mt gian hng thng mi in t, doanh nghip c nhiu tiu ch nh gi, tuy nhin, m hnh 7C c coi l m hnh nh gi kh ton din cc yu t c bn ca mt gian hng thng mi in t. Ni dung (Content). Hnh thc (Context). Lin kt (Connection). Khch hng (Community). Giao dch (Commerce). H thng truyn thng (Communication). 63. C bit ha (Customization). c) Nguyn nhn tht bi ca mt s hot ng marketing in t C th thy trong marketing in t c nhiu cng ty thnh cng nhng cng khng t cng ty tht bi. Nhng tht bi ny do mt s nguyn nhn kh in hnh, c th: Coi nh mc tiu li nhun. Coi nh dch v khch hng. Chi ph xy dng thng hiu qu ln. Khng vn duy tr n thi im ha vn. Website khng hiu qu, khng hp dn i vi khch hng. 3.1.2 Mt s mu hnh tham kho website TMT trong lnh vc xut nhp khu a) Cng thng mi in t quc gia ECVN M hnh kinh doanh sn giao dch thng mi in t h tr giao dch gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip B2B Vit Nam ngy cng tr nn si ng. Theo thng k ca V Thng mi in t (B Thng mi) cho thy, hin nay, c khong 30 sn giao dch thng mi in t theo loi hnh B2B ca Vit Nam ang hot ng kh hiu qu v nhiu sn giao dch khc ang tm li i ring cho mnh. ng dng thng mi in t vo kinh doanh l mt xu th tt yu i vi cc doanh nghip hin nay. Mt trong s cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B tng i ni tri Vit Nam hin nay l cng thng mi in t quc giao http://ecvn.com. Thu ht gn 1000 thnh vin, thuc nhm 38.000 website hng u th gii, l website thng mi in t c truy cp nhiu nht ti Vit Nam, l trang web uy tn cho cc i tc nc ngoi tm hiu th trng cng nh doanh nghip xut khu Vit Nam, Cng thng mi in t quc gia ecvn.com ng tr thnh cu 64. ni cho doanh nghip Vit Nam n vi th gii nh ng dng thng mi in t. Trong giai on u, ECVN tp trung vo cc ngnh hng c khi lng giao dch thng mi ln v ph hp vi hnh thc TMT nh nng sn, thu sn, dt may, da giy, in t, th cng m ngh, gm s, g... Cc doanh nghip xut khu c uy tn do B Thng mi la chn l nhng i tng u tin c mi tham gia ECVN. ECVN h tr doanh nghip c trc tuyn v khng trc tuyn. Theo kho st ca B Cng Thng v hiu qu hot ng ca Cng thng mi in t quc gia ECVN 19% doanh nghip thnh vin k kt c nhng hp ng thng mi c gi tr ln. Trung bnh, c 5 doanh nghip thnh vin tham gia ECVN th c 1 thnh vin k c hp ng. Thm ch, c nhng thnh vin k c hp ng vi 5 doanh nghip khc nhau trong cng mt ngy. Qua gn 3 nm hot ng, hin ECVN c hn 4.000 doanh nghip thnh vin, trong , 1.000 thnh vin l doanh nghip nc ngoi. Cc doanh nghip Trung Quc chim ti 68% thnh vin, sau l n , Hoa K, Belarus. Trn ECVN, thng xuyn c 5.000 sn phm c cc thnh vin gii thiu tm kim i tc nhp khu nc ngoi, ch yu l th cng m ngh, g, dt may, nng sn, thit b ha cht. im hp dn nht trn ECVN l cc doanh nghip c ng k gian hng trc tuyn bng ting Anh v ting Vit hon ton min ph. Hin ti, ECVN trin khai thm phin bn ting Trung Quc v ting Php phc v cc th trng tim nng s dng 2 ngn ng ny nh Canada, B, Thy S, Php, Trung Quc. b) Gophatdat.com v v tr trong kinh doanh thng mi in t VN Cng ty t vn v cung ng gii php TMT Tin Phong (Eclead) chnh thc lp nn trang web Gophatdat.com ngy 1/1/2006, mt website thng mi 65. in t B2B c nh gi l c sc ln mnh Ph ng, ng th 3 trong top 10 website B2B bnh chn ca TrustVn, cho n nay quy t hn 400.000 1 doanh nghip ti t hn 200 quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii. Tp trung vo pht trin giao dch cho doanh nghip bng cch lin kt vi nhiu trung tm xc tin thng mi, cc i s qun ca cc nc ti Vit Nam, cc trang web xc tin thng mi v nhiu knh thng tin khc, Gophatdat.com gip cc doanh nghip tm kim sn phm v i tc, t , k kt, giao dch v xc tin nhng mi quan h thng mi trn quy m ton cu. Gophatdat.com cng cung cp nhng dch v marketing xut khu trc tuyn h tr vic pht trin th trng quc t ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. Gophatdat.com xy dng m hnh xc tin thng mi mi gm xc tin thng mi trc tuyn (online) kt hp vi m hnh h tr kt ni mt i mt (offline face-to-face). T sn giao dch ny, Gophatdat.com s da trn ngun d liu doanh nghip ca mnh tm nh sn xut Vit Nam ph hp vi nhu cu ca ngi mua hng. Sau , Gophatdat.com.vn s sp xp t chc cho hai bn gp mt trc tip cng pht trin ngun hng (sourcing meeting). Trc bui sourcing meeting, tt c cc nh sn xut u c thng tin v ngi mua hng, nhu cu chi tit... h c th chun b thng tin y nhm to n tng tt vi ngi mua, k kt n hng ti ch. Gophatdat.com vi vai tr l mt i tc a phng, khng tham gia vo vic giao dch, m ng h tr doanh nghip Vit Nam bn hng ra th trng quc t trong vai tr l ngi cung cp v qun l h thng kt ni (Networks Matching) gia cc doanh nghip va v nh Vit Nam v cc i tc nc ngoi. Gophatdat.com khng ly phn trm hoa hng trn n hng c k do cc doanh nghip khng phi chia s li nhun trung gian, 1 http://cuocsongso.thanhnien.com.vn/news/Pages/200927/20090701105805.aspx 66. doanh thu ch yu ca gophatdat.com l t ph thnh vin v ph qung co trn website. Ra i trong bi cnh thng mi in t Vit Nam c nhng bc ngot y n tng, im mnh u tin cn phi k n l cng nh mt s sn giao dch chuyn nghip khc, ban qun l sn gophatdat.com c chin lc kinh doanh r nt v u t cho pht trin sn c v cng ngh bao gm phn mm, my ch, mng cng nh qung b, h tr thng tin, t vn cng thm c ch qun l linh hot, ban lnh o c tm nhn chin lc cng i ng nhn vin chuyn nghip, trnh chuyn mn cao, giu kinh nghim Th hai, mc d ra i cha lu nhng Gophatdat.com to c uy tn bng quy trnh kim duyt thng tin cht ch. Khi doanh nghip c nhu cu ng thng tin th b phn "Data Processing" s kim duyt tnh chnh xc trc khi cho ng rng ri. Dch v chng thc ca gophatdat.com s cho bit s tn ti ca cc bn giao dch, trnh c nhng v la o qua mng. Ngoi ra, gophatdat.com c dch v h tr offline nhng theo hng h tr t vn cho tng doanh nghip trong tng lai c th t tin hnh giao dch, to vn phng trc tuyn cho doanh nghip. Mt trong nhng im ni bt khc ca sn giao dch ny l s phong ph a dng v danh mc hng ha cng nh phm vi hot ng khng ch gii hn trong phm vi a l hn hp m ph bin rng ri trn ton cu, ng nh tiu ch mang Vit Nam n vi th gii. Hn na, gophatdat.com cn c u th hn mt s sn giao dch cng ngnh khc l c h tr v ti chnh v network ca cc website ln nh Yahoo, Google, Baiduv ca qu DFJ VinaCapital. Bn cnh , trong nhng nm qua, gophatdat.com m rng mng li thnh vin, pht trin th trng, a dng ha cc gii php thanh ton (a vo s dng gii php thanh ton trc tuyn PayPal), nng quy m, cht lng ca cc k hi ch, trin lm nhm 67. h tr cng ng doanh nghip xc tin thng mi, m rng th trng xut nhp khu, cng nh kt ni c hi giao thng ton cu hiu qu. 3.2. Khai thc h thng thng tin th trng qua Internet khng phi mi th u phi tr tin 3.2.1 Khai thc h thng cc Tm im thng mi qung co Trade Point hay Tm im thng mi l mt sng kin ca t chc Thng mi v Pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc (UNCTAD), nm trong chng trnh Hiu qu thng mi (Trade Efficiency) v Thun li ho thng mi (Trade Facilitation), s dng nhng tin b v cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng thng mi ni chung v thng mi quc t ni ring. Mt trong nhng mc ch c bn ca Tm im thng mi l cung cp mt website lm trung tm ti c tt c cc thng tin phc v hot ng kinh doanh nh thng tin v th trng, hng ho, dch v, vn ti, bo him, mi gii, cc quan h vi c quan qun l nh nc nh hi quan, thu... Hn na website ny kt ni ti cc tm im thng mi khc m rng mng li thng tin trn ton cu. Thng qua tm im thng mi, cc c quan, t chc lin quan n doanh nghip, c nhn ch cn tip cn mt a im (one-stop-shopping) c th tip cn v tra cu c thng tin thng mi ton cu. Chng trnh Tm im thng mi c ba chc nng chnh: Cung cp cc dch v kinh doanh, thng mi. Cung cp cc dch v thng tin th trng, tm kim bn hng. K ni cc doanh nghip vi nhau. Doanh nghip c th s dng Tm im thng mi tin hnh cc hot ng trc giao dch (pre-transaction) nh lin lc, tm kim bn hng, 68. th trng. Sau , nu thun li cc doanh nghip c th tin ti m phn, k kt v thc hin hp ng. 3.2.2 Khai thc cc c hi kinh doanh in t trn Internet C hi kinh doanh in t hay ETO (Electronic Trade Opportunity) l mt dch v c nhiu doanh nghip quan tm khi trin khai marketing in t. Nh dch v ny, cc doanh nghip c th tm kim ngi mua hng, ngi bn hng hay pht hin ra nhu cu th trng. Dch v ETO c cung cp trn cc tm im thng mi, sn giao dch thng mi in t hoc cc cng thng mi in t. ETO cho php cc doanh nghip tham gia gi cc n cho hng, hi hng ln mt a im trn website v mi doanh nghip trn khp th gii u c th tip cn c thng qua Internet. y c coi l mt hot ng kh tiu biu ca hu ht cc tm im thng mi (Trade point). y thc cht l mt ng dng ca thng mi truyn thng trn Internet khi a cc yu cu cho mua v cho bn ln mng. Trong thng mi truyn thng, khi cc doanh nghip mun cho bn (offer) hay cho mua (inquiry) th phi thc hin trn cc phng tin truyn thng nh tivi, i, bo, tp ch, fax, in thoi hoc hi ch, trin lm. Cc phng tin trn hin nay vn cn hiu qu, nhng Internet pht trin to ra mt phng tin mi, mt cng c mi cho php hu ht doanh nghip c th tham gia vi chi ph r hn, nhanh hn v hiu qu ln hn. 3.2.3 Khai thc cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B Sn giao dch in t (electronic marketplace hay e-marketplace) l mt website, ti ngi mua v ngi bn gp nhau, trao i v giao dch. Doanh nghip c th s dng e-market place tin hnh: 69. - Gii thiu, qung b sn phm dch v v y l a im tp trung ngi mua v bn trn khp th gii gp nhau. - Tin hnh cc giao dch in t trn cc e-marketplace, do e- marketplace tp trung c nhiu quan h gia c nhn, t chc v chnh ph v c kh nng u t cung cp cc gii php bo mt, thanh ton h tr cho cc giao dch in t ca doanh nghip. 3.2.4 Thng tin th trng trn website S giao dch hng ha S giao dch hng ho l mt trong nhng t chc giao dch mua bn hng ho c truyn nht trong thng mi vi nhiu tn gi: commodity exchange, commodity market, corn exchange... y l ni ngi ta tin hnh cc giao dch mua v bn hng ho vi khi lng ln, nhng loi hng ho c phm cp r rng nh kim loi, ng cc, c ph, cao su... Vic mua bn y tin hnh theo nhng quy ch cht ch thng qua nhng ngi mi gii do s giao dch hng ho ch nh. S giao dch hng ho th hin tp trung quan h cung cu v mt s mt hng trong tng thi gian nht nh. Gi c ti cc s giao dch hng ho c cc doanh nghip coi l ti liu tham kho v gi c hng ho trn th trng th gii. Nguyn nhn c bn l s lng hng ho c giao dch trn cc th trng ny thng rt ln. Tr ngi ln nht i vi cc doanh nghip khi mun tn dng ngun thng tin ny l khong cch, thi gian v chi ph. 3.2.5 Tm kim th trng v bn hng trn internet Mt mc tiu ca cc t chc hin nay l lm sao ng dng cng ngh thng tin qung co v bn c sn phm. Lm th no khuych trng website ca cng ty trn mng Internet? a tn website vo cc cng c tm kim, ng k vo cc Tm im thng mi, cc sn giao dch in t, cc danh b doanh nghip, trang vng, trang trng in t gii thiu sn 70. phm dch v ca mnh, gii thiu trn cc trang web v hi ch, trin lm l mt s cc bin php c bn, hiu qu, nhanh v tit kim chi ph t mc tiu ny. Mc tiu tip theo l lm sao c th tm ngi mua hoc cung cp thng qua Internet ti cc th trng c th theo khu vc a l hoc theo cc ngnh hng, mt hng m doanh nghip quan tm. Trc y, hng nm mt s quc gia c xut bn Danh b cc cng ty xut nhp khu, tuy nhin cc doanh nghip va v nh c th tip cn v s dng cn nhiu hn ch. Ngy nay, Internet v web gp phn gii quyt vn ny mt cch hiu qu thng qua cc danh b trn web. C ba loi danh b kinh doanh trn web, loi mt cha danh mc cc danh b kinh doanh trn th gii, loi hai l cc danh b kinh doanh ton cu hay quc t v loi ba l danh b kinh doanh ca tng nc. 3.2.6 H thng thng tin xc tin thng mi trn Internet Hot ng h tr thng mi, xc tin thng mi, pht trin thng mi l mt cng vic m cc t chc quc t, cc quc gia, cc phng thng mi v doanh nghip, hip hi ngnh ngh... v ang tin hnh t nhiu nm nay. Cc dch v chnh c th bao gm: Thng k v hot ng sn xut, ngoi thng ca cc nc. Thng tin v cc quy nh thng mi quc t ca cc nc, cc khu vc. Thng tin v cc quy tc y t, an ton, cht lng lin quan n ngoi thng. Thng tin v u thu. Thng tin v danh mc cc nh xut khu, nh nhp khu, cc t chc lin quan n thng mi. 71. Cung cp cc ti liu gii thiu v kinh t v thng mi cc nc, hng dn kinh doanh vi tng th trng c th. Thng tin v gi c hng ho. Thng tin h tr thit lp quan h bn hng, tr gip cc cng ty nc ngoi tip cn vi doanh nghip trong nc. Thng tin v cc hi ch, trin lm quc t, s kin kinh t trn th gii. t. Gii thiu cc cho hng, hi hng, cc c hi kinh doanh. Thng tin v vn ti hng ho. Thng tin v cc k thut marketing quc t, tp qun thng mi quc Hng dn k thut nghip v ngoi thng. Cc vn v php l, trng ti lin quan n thng mi quc t. 3.2.7 Cc website thng tin xc tin thng mi in hnh a. Website ca cc t chc xc tin thng mi ca Chnh ph Hu ht cc chnh ph u c hot ng h tr thng mi. Chng hn ti M, mi ngi c th tm hiu ti website ca B Thng mi M: www.usatrade.gov hoc http://www.ita.doc.gov; B Nng nghip M: http://www.usda.gov; Hip hi cc nh xut nhp khu M (AAEI) http://www.aaei.org. Ti Singapore, c th tham kho cc thng tin h tr thng mi ti B cng nghip v thng mi Singapore: http://www.mti.gov.sg; Website ca Hi ng pht trin thng mi Singapore: http://www.tbd.gov.sg. Ti Nht bn, T chc xc tin ngoi thng ca Nht (JETRO): www.jetro.go.jp cung cp cc thng tin xc tin thng mi quc t. b. Website ca cc Phng thng mi trn th gii. 72. Cc phng thng mi trn th gii l ni hng dn cc doanh nghip, nht l doanh nghip xut nhp khu, cung cp cc thng tin cng nh cc hng dn doanh nghip tham gia th trng, pht hin, tip cn khch hng, cung cp cc thng tin, hng dn, h tr doanh nghip tham gia hi ch, trin lm... C th tham kho website ca mt s phng thng mi in hnh nh: Phng thng mi quc t ti Paris: http://www.iccwbo.or