Turmoil Over Taxation

Chapter 5

Section 2

New Troubles on the Frontier

• By 1760, the British and their Indian allies had driven off the French from the Ohio Valley.

• Traders began to send word of land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Soon enough colonist began to move west.

New Troubles on the Frontier

• The trouble lied in that beyond the Appalachian Mountains lived many Native Americans. Which tribes are mentioned in the book?

• More often than not the British settlers when moving into the Ohio Valley would clash with these tribes.

New Troubles on the Frontier

• Who was sent by the British to keep order? What did the French do that this British official refused to do?

• Now that the Indians had no choice but to trade with the British, they raised the prices of the products.

• Unlike the French, this British official allowed settlers to build farms and forts on Indian lands.

New Troubles on the Frontier

• Who became the Native American leader?• In April of 1763 this leader spoke out against

the British, what did he call them?• Soon after he lead an attack on British troops

at Fort Detroit.• After a few months the Indians captured most

of the British forts along the Ohio country.

New Troubles on the Frontier

• The British and colonial troops then struck back and regained much of what they had lost.

• What was this war called? By October 1763 the French told Pontiac that they had signed the Treaty of Paris and because of the treaty the French had no power in North America. Faced with this the Indians could no longer count on the French to aid them against the British. One by one the Indian nations stopped fighting and returned home.

Proclamation of 1763

• What did Pontiac’s War convince the British to do?

• What did the British government issue? What did it mean?

• What happened to settlers who were west of the Appalachian Mountains?

Proclamation of 1763

• What was meant by the proclamation?• To enforce this the British sent 10,000 troops

to the colonies and very few actually went to the frontier, instead they remained in the cities along the Atlantic coast.

• Were the colonist happy?• Which colonies had claimed lands to the

west?

Proclamation of 1763

• The colonists also had to pay for additional troops that had been sent to enforce the proclamation. (and also house them).

• What did the colonists do in the end?

• Who was one colonist who defied the proclamation?

Proclamation of 1763

• In 1767, Boone visited Kentucky, west of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1769, he began what became a 2 year journey of exploration through Kentucky. He traveled as far as the Falls of the Ohio- present day Louisville.

Proclamation of 1763

• Later, Boone led settlers to these new lands. Along the way Boone fought many battles against Indians and was captured for a short time.

Britain Imposes New Taxes

• What war had caused Britain to go into debt? What did the British do as a result? What did George Greenville do?

Britain Imposes New Taxes

• Sugar Act- In 1764, Parliament approved

the Sugar Act which put a new tax on molasses (a valuable product for trade in the triangular trade). This act replaced another tax that was so high, if merchants paid it they would go out of business. Often moloasses was smuggled and tax collectors were bribed to look the other way. This tax lowered the taxes and made it easier to bring smugglers to trial.

• Stamp Act-This act placed a new duties on

legal documents such as wills, diplomas, and marriage papers. Newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and even dice were also taxed. Al the items listed on the law had to carry a stamp to show it had been paid. Britain had never made the colonists to pay such a tax.

Protesting the Stamp Act

• Were the colonist pleased with the new taxes?

• What did some colonists do? What happened in New York?

• The British could not understand why the colonists were so angry.

Protesting the Stamp Act

• The colonists thought that the Stamp Act taxes were unjust. They claimed that the taxes went against the principle that there should be no taxation without representation. That principle was rooted in English traditions- in what document?

Protesting the Stamp Act

• Colonists insisted that only they or their elected representatives had the right to pass taxes. Since, colonist could not elect representatives to Parliament- thus Parliament has not right to tax them.

• Which taxes were the colonists willing to pay?

Protesting the Stamp Act

• Because of the tax crisis the colonies began to unite.

• In October 1765, 9 colonies sent delegates to New York to what would become known as the Stamp Act Congress. What did the delegates do?

• Define petition.

Protesting the Stamp Act

• In the petitions the delegates rejected the Stamp Act and asserted that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. What did Parliament do?

• Angered the colonist boycotted British goods. Was the boycotts effective?

• What did Parliament do in 1766? What other law did it pass?

The Townshend Acts

• What happened between George Grenville and Charles Townshend that lead to the Townshend Acts?

• What are the Townshend Acts?• What did the colonist say?• British custom officials were sent to American

ports and were given writs of assistance allowing them to inspect a ship’s cargo without giving a reason- in hopes to stop smuggling.

The Townshend Acts

• What did the colonists say about the writs of assistance?

• What did the British law say?• In response to the Townshend Acts

colonists merchants all agreed to stop importing goods that were taxed by the Townshend Acts. They did this in hopes that the tax would also be repealed.

The Townshend Acts

• To protest the British policies some angry colonists formed the Sons of Liberty. From Boston to Charleston, the Sons of Liberty staged mock hangings of fake British officials. What did they want to show the British?

• What did some women join?

The Townshend Acts

• Some women joined the Daughters of Liberty- they signed petitions, and organized a boycott of fine British cloth. Instead they urged colonial women to raise sheep to prepare wool and make their own cloth. What was the Daughters of Liberty’s slogan?

• What other methods did these two groups use to support their cause? What did they do to those who continued to buy British goods?

New Colonial Leaders

• In Massachusetts-– Describe Samuel Adams.– Describe John Adams.– Describe Mercy Otis Warren.

• In Virginia-– Who joined the House of Burgesses?– Describe Patrick Henry.– Who did Patrick Henry inspire (move) with his

speeches?

The Boston Massacre

• Which cities were centers of protest?• What was the Quartering Act? What

happened in New York with the Quartering Act?

• Britain began to send over troops to protect custom officials from local citizens. To Bostonians the soldiers were a reminder of how Britain was trying to bully them into paying unjust taxes.

The Boston Massacre

• What happened to British soldiers on the streets of Boston?

• On the night of March 5, 1770 a crowd gathered outside the Boston customs house. The colonists began to shout “lobster-backs” as they threw snowballs, oyster shells, and chunks of ice at the soldiers.

• The crowd grew larger and rowdier. Suddenly, the soldiers began to panick and they fired into the crowd.

The Boston Massacre

• Five people laid dead or dying. Who was the first to die? Who else die with him?

• The colonists quickly called it the Boston Massacre as they protested the soldier’s actions.

• Paul Revere a silversmith fanned the anti-British feeling by doing what?

• What did Samuel Adams do?

The Boston Massacre

• The soldiers were arrested and tried in court. Who defended them? What did he say? What did he want to show the world?

• What did he argue at trial? At the end of the trial, the heaviest punishment a soldier received was branding on the hand.

• What did Samuel Adams do to expand the idea?

• What did the committee regularly do?

The Boston Massacre

• Within 3 months there were 80 committees organized in Massachusetts. Before long committees became a major tool of protest in every colony.

• What was passed in Parliament on the same day as the Boston Massacre?

The Boston Massacre

• British merchants harmed by the boycotts pressured Parliament to end the taxes.

• The Quartering Acts were also repealed and other taxes that had angered the colonists.

• King George III asked Parliament to keep what tax? What did he say?

• News of the repeal pleased the colonists. Many colonists dismissed the tax on tea since it was unimportant. This ended the boycotts on British goods.

The Boston Massacre

• Calm returned for a few years. However, the basic issue of Britain’s power to tax the colonies remained unsettled. The events forced the colonists to think carefully about their political rights.