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Marilena Lazopoulou – TTA
Understanding economics of rural electrification projects based on intermittent energy sources
Copyright Alliance for Rural Electrification. All rights reserved. 2
ARE: Who are we
Established in 2006, the Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) is the only global business association that represents the whole decentralised renewable energy sector for rural electrification in developing and emerging countries. ARE mobilises and unites private sector players by engaging in partnerships with key institutions to facilitate the development of off-grid markets.
Copyright Alliance for Rural Electrification. All rights reserved. 3
Services & Support to ARE Members
As the global hub for rural electrification practitioners, ARE raises its members’ profile by showcasing their expertise and solutions. ARE offers four business lines:
• Advice & Advocacy Services
• Knowledge & Intelligence Services
• Business Promotion & Marketing
• Business Creation & Support
>> The ARE team looks forward to meeting you at Intersolar Europe (Munich, 31 May – 1 Jun 2017)
TTA at a glance
SME Founded in Barcelona in 1986 Permanent presence in Kenya and Brazil Consultancy, engineering, R&D, project development, management,
social, financial aspects Rural electrification through microgrids, grid-connected, sustainable
buildings Southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, Oceania … Public, private and multilateral clients Active in IEC TC82 and JWG1 (IEC 62257)
Background – LV Microgrids
5
Chad x3
2005
2009
Santo Antâo (Cape Verde)
Las Balsas (Ecuador)
Akane (Morocco)
2012
Cal Peraire (Spain)
1987: Beginning Farmhouses PV electrification (Spain)
1994
2006
1997-2002
2007
Atouf (Palestine) Diakha Madina (Senegal)
Beni Said (Morocco)
Floreana Island (Ecuador) 2015 2016
Ghana x4
Burundi x5 Kenya x3 Tanzania (Manda)
La Rambla del Agua (Spain)
Rwanda, Tanzania (Mpale)
2014 2013
2017
2004
Typical Technical Standard
• Battery: Pb-tubular, vented, DODmax=70%, A>2 days, 48V
• Load Management: user interface, automatic load disconnect
• Data logging: based on IEC 61724 (JRC guidelines)
• PV modules: crystalline IEC 61215
• Inverter: sinusoidal η > 85%
• PV Charge controller: MPPT
• Bus-bar voltage: < 50V DC (SELV)
• Load electrical supply: standard AC quality single/three phase
• DC coupled, mainly Renewable Energy generation
1988-1992 • Lamps in DC, 24V and 12V • Other appliances 230V AC, small inverters • Lead acid generic batteries
1992-1997 • PV Product revolution • Inverters up to 5 kVA (low efficiency at low loads) • Lead acid advanced batteries and battery charge control
algorithms • DC products scarce • 230V AC supply
1997-2004 • Quality of AC supply and advances in inverters (modular, efficient) • Higher power levels, demand management, hybrid generation,
micro-grids
Our experience...
2004-2012 • Dual mode, bi-directional inverters • Standardisation of solutions with solar generation and AC
consumption
2012 to present • LED lighting in DC • DC appliances at different voltages: 5V, 12V, 19V, 24V, etc • New battery technologies: Li-ion, Na, Ni, etc • Back to the drawing board?
Our experience...
Service level-energy: IEC 62257
Service area-quality: IEC 62257
Service level: Others • ESMAP, Multi-tier framework
Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5
Capacity No electricity
> 3 W > 50 W > 200 W > 800 W > 2 kW
Daily energy
> 12 Wh > 200 Wh > 1 kWh > 3.4 kWh > 8.2 kWh
Duration (h/day)
> 4 > 4 > 8 > 16 > 23
Reliability Unscheduled outages No unscheduled outages
Quality Low Good
Affordability Cost is less than 5% of household income per year
Legality Bill to utility, prepaid card seller or authorised representative
Health & safety
Not convenient Convenient
Elaborated by author
Service level: Others • NREL, QAF
Universal electrification scheme • Service level is independent on technology and
configuration (AC vs DC, stand-alone or microgrid) • Clients interested in lumens, hours of TV and cell
phone charging, refrigeration, kg of production, etc
Challenge: Offer high service level at lower costs • Technology depends on market analysis & local
conditions • Financing driven by results • Can DC appliances bring the costs of the
service down?
Functionalities
IRENA (2016)
Cost structure
17
CAPEX
Generation (kWp)
Storage (kWh)
Conversion (kVA)
Distribution (km, poles)
Consumption (# connections)
Logistics / Remoteness factor
(/mile, /km
)
Services / Local market m
aturity
Grid connected vs autonomous, AC vs DC Economies of scale Load demand and RE sources Quality of service Market maturity, Location RE fraction:
What affects CAPEX?
Category Indicative PV annual energy fraction
Indicative PV rated capacity/load ratio
Characteristics
Low < 20% < 50% No batteries No control Large genset
Medium 20%-50% > 50% Batteries 1 d. autonomy Large genset
High > 50% > 150% Batteries >2 d. autonomy Small gensets
Adapted from NREL
Case study – Pediatorkope (GH)
Solar: 49 kWp Wind: 11 kW
Case study – Ghana
CAPEX Logistics
€5 per mile of maritime €61 per km of terrestrial
Services
Project management and engineering: 10% CAPEX Capacity building & Training: 3% CAPEX
Low maturity market
Thank you!
