Tran Van Giap-Di Tich Chiem Thanh O Bac Ky

8/12/2019 Tran Van Giap-Di Tich Chiem Thanh O Bac Ky

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Di-tich vn-hacangircri Chim-thnh *xir Bc-ky

(Bi dien-ihuyel &Hi Tri-tri H-thnh ngy 28 Fvrier 1935)

Xua naj' h ai bn dn su* tin-ha ca ngui Vit-nam

tt cng ch ni ngiri Nam nhim vn-ha ca Tu : no

tn-gio, no chinh-tri, cho dn c my-thut du cho l t

nu*c Tu truyn sang c. Ma th tht, khng k ba thi-

ky Bc-thuc, t di Hn V-d $| S 'rff (111 trirc Th. Ch.)sai L-bc-Dc gg- \$ H sang dnh Nam-vit f f cho dn

di Ng-qui 3L ^, ng Ng-Quyn ^ $1 (939) dnh dui

ngui Tu v Bc, trong khong 1050 nm, ngui minh bi

quan Tu cai-tri, h-hip nhng-lam, thi th tt nhin su sinh-

hoat ca ngiri bn-x phi dbng-ha vi ngui cai-tri minh.

Cho mai dn khi nir-c minh thot khi lao-lung, m* nntir-tri, nhng dao gio j' lai cng thinh thm, di Dinh, Le,

Ly (968-1224) thi sng dao Plit, ma dao Nho thi thinh t

cui di Trn (thp-tam th-ky) tr* di. Ngiri minh d theo

hoc thut, tn-gio Tu thi phm vic gi thuc v phong-tuc,chinh-tri cng noi theo Tu ht c. Ngay nhu nhng phong-tuc le bai, ngy gi ngj' t't, c ho d'n c cch xp dai: trong

lng, trong xm, cn di-luu lai * x-hi ta bj' gi*, du ht

ging nhu* cch eue di Hn bn Tu c. Nhung, nu ta de

y suj'-xt t-m tng vic thi cng c nhiu vic khng h

thy - trong lich-s vn-ha nu-c Tu.

Phm m ot nir'c no da phi chng-choi vi nhiu nir-c

lng-ding de sinh-tbn ma dng v-ng lai diro-c trong mj'

ngn nm va sue bnh-tru--ng tu-nhin khng thy gim di

l tai dn-tc y bit hp-thii khng nhng vn-ha ca

cc giong ngiri ho*n minh ma c vn-ha ca nhng Qung-tri |f f, cho dn dat Nam-

ky by gi'. Ngui Chim-thnh cao ma c ngang, toc den ma

cng, da den gin, mi khng tt, mt sac, c mot mi, long

my rm, bc-s BAYNAUD d ni ngiri Chim l ngui ciu ,moi trng tira ht ngiri chu Au h en c cc ging ngiri khc

- Dng-diro-ng. Theo nhn-loai-hoc ngiri Chim thuc v loi

Ma-lai * Nam-diro-ng qun-do (Malayo-Polynsiens). Tn-gio

ngui Chim l dao Hbi-hbi (Islamisme) va dao B-la-mn tBrah-manisme) - An-do truyn sang.

O' s ut mot gii Trung-ky, no gn men b, no trong rng

rm, gii-gic cn lai bit bao dn-di, bit bao cung-din, noi

thi hy-lit, no-i thi tn-ph, lai c noi bi vi lp dui bai

dat hbi. Ngiri ta thu-ng goi l thp di du l di-t ich vn-

ha ngui Chim-thnh, d gy nn mot nir'c vn-minh ph-

cu-ng trong miri my th-ky - coi Dng-duo-ng ny. Nht l -

tnh Qung-nam Hf f$j, ring mot lng My-son :|| lil, c toi l ion

su muoi nc thp, xy gach, nhirng khng thy c vt vi

vt nhua gi c ct tir cui th-kj' th su (xem Dng-thanhs 1, trang 12 14). Lng Tr-kiu cch Tourane 40 cj-s, xua

kia l mot thnh Lm-p, sir Tu goi l Khu-tc lia M

hay Khu-lt ]& -}$. Gn dy trirng Bc-c c cho ngui vo

do b thnh cng tim cc pho tuong d, ln d dui chn

thnh, hin nay by c ' cc vin bo-tng H-ni, Tourane

va Si-gn. Nhiu pho trng c v hng-trng hoat-dong.

Cch Tr-kiu 15 cy s cln dn th Plit - Dbng-diro-ng

^ W:> no bn th, no tuo-ng d, do cc net diu-khc

ma bit duo-c 1ich su- my di vua, nhng vt nj' by *

nh bo-tng Tourane (xem sch : Introduction Vtnde de

l'Annam et du Champa ca ng J. Y. CLAEYS, trang 27, 45, 39,88). Hbi nm ngoi trirng Bc-c lai moi d o * Thp-mmthuc tnh Binh-dinh, diro'c nhiu o diu-khc bng d, no

tirgng ngiri. no tirmg th, du bj' ' vin bo-tng H-

ni va Tourane, phn nhiu du thuc v my-thut hbi th

nhi c, l my-thut c chiu nh-hung my-thut Ba-li * gn

(1) Cc nh kho-cu Thi-ty cng moi ngui vit mot khc,

dai-khi : Cyamba (MABCO POLO), Campe (ODORIC DE PORDENONE),

Tchampa (AYMONIER), Campa (BERGAIGNE), V. v. ; nhung ch-

Cliampa ma bj' gi* phn nhiu ngui du theo, l do ng

FINOT d nhn l dng hou.


4/17

94

Ch-v (Java). Ngoi nhng ch y cn - Nha-trang, va cc

noi khc cng du dy dy nhng di-tich ngiri Chim-thnh.

Ngm cc c-vt, thm noi co-tich, kliin ngiri c tm

huyt ai chng thiro-ng ngui d-vng, xua sao ru-c-r, gi*

phi-pha, hin naj' bi tiu-dit gn ht, ch cn d vi

van ngui * tn-nt c trong x Cao-min va vng Phan-

rang, Phan-ri. Ring v lich-s Chim-thnh hin nay c hai

-quyn sch k-cu tinh-t lm: mot l quyn Le Royaumede Champa Nu-c Chim-thnh ca ng G. MASPERO (in tai

Paris, hiu G. Van Oest, nm 1928); mot l quyn Un royaume

disparu : Les Chams et leur art Mot nirc tiu-dit l nir*c

Chim thnh va my thut nuc j' ca b JEANNE LEUBA ^intai Paris, hiu G. Van Oest, nm 1923).

Ta d ni trn, nuc Chim-thnh xua - sut doc Trung-ky hin

thi, vy di-tich ho cn *Trung-ky l' le c nhin, nhung sao laic

di-tich Chim-thnh *Bc-ky, chang ha ra hb-db lm ru ? Nhung

khng. Tnrc khi ni tai sao, xin hay xt qua v dia-th' nir-c Chim :

nir-c Chim-thnh hinh-th nhir mot ci don gnh phi mang liai

thng gao hai du l x Bc-ky va Nam-ky hin thi. D b i * vo

mot gii dt di, mot ra^t nui, mot niTit bien, ma nui thi ton l

troc-so-n, d khng sinh sn duo-c gi, lai cn lam-chu-ng; cn

bien thi d sa bbi ma lai d sng, khi gi ma toi thi kinh

thin dng dia, no sa bbi, no dng bien ; khi gi ma lui

thi - su-tbm, no bo, no mua, chi ca chi nh. Ngiri Chim-

thnh sinh-trir-ng trn gii dt eo hep xiro*ng-xu nhu th, lm

th no ma sinh-.tbn duo-c, ly du ma tir tc durc? Th

cho nn lich-s nirc j' dy dy nhng su*phn-du kich-lit.

Mot nh dia-du-hoc nirc Tu khi xua cng d ni : Nhng

ngiri * dt Chim-thnh khng th dim-tnh ma sinh-hoat

ni . Ho bt buc phi tim kim cc cch sinh-tn : su bc

lot tn ph thnh mot ngh chuyn-mon ca ho d c ting' coi cuc-dng khi xira. Binh-nht thi xy thnh, dp ly, nui

voi, duc khi-gii, thao-luyn qun tinh. Khi thi an np * ccdo de cu'p cc thuyn bun, t An-d, M-lai sang Tu, bc

lot cc th cn dng nhir sue vt, vi lua, ngoc ng, chu bu

va cc thirc-phm. Vic cup bc cc thuyn bun d khng phil c-dac ra de buc toi cho ngui Chim-thnh du. Chinh

trong su sch c chp phn-minh : Mot ln vua Chim-thnh nghl thng-hoat, ly cc db cu**p diro'c ca mot bon thu-o-ng-thuyn

A-rp dem sang cng v ua Tu. Khng ng chinh bon A-rpbi cu'p y d mang vic mt cir'p cng cc vt mt-mt

tn vi vua Tu, nn khi cc-ng-phm nu**c Chim d'n, vua Tu

khng nhn, dui v. Lai cn mot ln vo d-ng th-ky, vua


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nir'c Sir-tir (l x Tich lan, Ceylan by gi) dem cng vua T-

mot pho tiro'ng Plit bng ngoc ; cng bi vua Chim-thnh dondung cirp mt, dem v th it lu rbi ct ph ra lm do trang-sc cho cc cung-tn th-n (Xem sch ca b Jeanne LEUBA, bi

tua ca ngL. FINOT, trang 6-7). Ngiri Chim-thnh khng nhng

chuyn nghe bc lot cc thiro-ng-thuyn/lai cn xm-luo-c cirp-ph

ccln-hang. V phia Nam thi gy vic binh dao vi nirc Ph-nam;v phia bc thi ngay t hbi ta cn ni-thuc Tu (th-ky th nht),d nhiu ln sang quy nhiu Giao-chu ^ 'M, nht l qunNht-nam khng my khi du*o*c yen, lm cho quan Tu bao

phen khn-dn. Dn hbi ngui Nam ta dung diro-c nn tir-ch thi bt du

ngay t nm 979 di DINH TIN-HONG

"j" Jfc |NG-NHT-KHNH ^ B M. dem qun Chim-thnh, en ho-n

mot nghin thuyn b, di dung b vo c'u-p ph thnh Hoa-

lu, tc l di-tich nh Dinh * Ninh-binh by gi*. Xem dn

doan sir ny, ai cng phi chau roy ma gin ngiri bt-ngha,y cng ran cn g nh l th. dy. NG-NHT-KHNH l

dng di ng NG-QUYN. Tnrc di Dinh, NG-NHT-KHNH-

gi dt Du-ng-lm $ f. tu* sung An-vuo-n'g ^C 3E* l nit tajrtrong Thp-nhi s-qun ~t- H \$ %$. Khi vua DINH TIN-HONG

khai quc, dung me anh ta lm Hong-hu, ly em anh ta

cho DINH-LIEN T ^. Nhu* th ma hay cn so* on vong sinh

bien, lai g cong-cha cho NG-NHT-KHNH. D sao mac du,NHT-KHNH bung vn cm-tc, dem vo* tr'n sang Chim-thnh,di dn ca bien ngoi dia-gii nir'c ta, dt giao vach vo

mat vo* mng rang : Cha nli-nguoi c ch me con ta, leno ta lai vi nh-nguoi ma qun th y, ta cho nh-nguoi

gi- v de ta di tim ngiri ciru ta. Ni xong di sang Chim-

thnh (Xem sch: Bqi-Vit s-ky ton-lhir ^C M & |E ^r S,bn ky, quj'n 1, trang 12). Vic NG-NHT-KHNH lm, coi ch

hiu trong ho*n ch* tinh, tht dng ch-ngha ton chung ca

ngui A-dng ta, nhung vi tir-th ma lm ton cng-ngha, dem

ngui ngoi vo ph liai nh minh, thi tht khng dang. Vynn trn y NG-NHT-KHNH eng qun Chim-thnh du bibat phong cht dui. T by gi v sau khng my nm

Chim-thnh khng quy-nhiu my tnh bin-thy, c mytrn lm cho ta phi s-n tc cm long. Nm 1371, di TRN

NGH-TN, vua Chim t ca bien Dai-an vo dnh kinh-thnh

Thng-long (H-ni) qun ko ln bn Thi-t, tc l phungPhuc-c * v vng sau hi cho* by gi, vua Ngh-tn phi

chay sang Dng-ngan, qun Chim ko vo thnh, bt ngiri

cirp ca} dot ph tan hoang (Xem sch l"on-lhir ^, quyn

8, t 7). Lai dn nm 1381, di vua TRXN D-NGHIEN, qun

Ghi'.n lai sang cup ph nuc ta

; t cira

Thin-ph thng k


6/17

- 96

vo ph kinh thnh, ph chi cir-p bc lai cn hru lai mot ngycho dy ti lhain (Xem sch Ton-thir & Ht quyn 8, t 17).

Tuy nirc Chim-thnh hung-hng nhu vy, nhung cc vua ta

di vi ln-quc cung-bao y, di no cng ra tay chng gi. ht

sue phue-th cho dn mot trn cui cng vo thp-ng th-ky,chia mr-c Chim lm ba x nh cho yu sue di va gibn mai vo mien

son lm *Phan-rang, Phan-ri. iXem sch: h'hm dinh Vit sir thng

gim ciioiig mue Ifc f |g & 'S fg P @ q. 22, t 1 - 3).

Trong cc trn vua ta sang dnh Chim, dem ngiri Chim v '

Bc-ky, cho lp trang trai, dem ngiri minh sang ' dt Chim, cho

dung-ha ngoai dn. Trong nhng khi bi qun Chim sang tnph cng nh-ng khi sang dnh chim va bt ngiri Chim v ta

ti no ta khng hp-thu duo-c it nhiu vn-ho ngui Chim ma

khng bit, hay l bit ma khng mun ni ra. Va chng theo

cng-l thin-din, dieu gi ca dn-tc no khe ho-n thi l iru-

truyn duo-c lu ma nhng dieu ca dn-tc bai vong c tu-nhin

tiu-dit trong tri nh-. Vj' nu ta lira y ma xt t-m thi du-tich

ca dn-tc bai-vong Chim-thnh chc vn cn di-hu'iig trongx ta.

** *

Tn-gio. Ni v tn-gio, trong x Bc-ky, tr nhng dai-l

bt-chirc ca Tu ma ta cn thy trong kinh sch Tu, su- cng

t ca ta phin-pliie lm, kh long phn bit diroc le no nguyn

ca ta, le no ca ngui, c khi nhiu tue tu* mien Nam sang ngay

ta, c khi t An-d qua Tu roi moi vo ta ; nu by gi- vi-vngch ngay tue ny ' An-d, tue kia - Ma-lai, lai tue khc *

Chim-thnh, Ai lao, Cao-minthi vi-vng qu. Di vi hay vp, nn

hay xin de doi chng toi kho cu sau nj', nay ch k qua my

ng su, hoac ngui Chim, hoac con chu ngiri Chim qua sang

dt ta lu-hnh dem h dao Plit sang ta. Ngay t du d-thp

th-ky, cuc chinh-phat Chim-thnh ca vua LE DAI-IINH da

thaj' mang v ta mot vi cao-tng Thin-chc^ ^,ti'c trong

su- khng chp r tn, de cho ta tim sir-tich. (Xem sch Ton-

thiv & #, q. 1, t 21). Theo sch Thien-uyen tp anh flf M M ^

(q- _t t* 17-18 c mot vi su tn l DM-KH Ht ffl mtv du d-

thp th-ky, lue sinh-thi ngiri nhp mon mot vi su Chim-

thnh dac dao. Cng vo thi y lai thy c mot vi tn l MAH

MARA Jl-M )M Hl>t-tin l ngui Chim-thnh, sangla ly ho l ho

Diro-ng #, tu cha Quan-i || ^. sau di du phuo-ng cc xir*

khng bit

tung-tich * du. Chinh hbi vua

Ly THNH-TN ^ M T*


7/17

him-thnh. Vua ta nhn thj' dc dao phong cho lm Quc-

sir. Sau ny chinh THAO-DUNG TIIIN-SI? l ngiri dlrng nn phiTho-dirng l mot phi thin-hoe Vit-nam ma ta da bit su*-

tich t nm 1069. cho dn 1205.

Vn-ehu*o*ng- Dn nhu vn-chuo'ng, chc th no cng c di-

hu'ng it nhiu ca ngui Chim. V phiro-ng-din ng-ngn thi

khng cn ng na: my miroi phen vua ta sang dnh Chim

bt v bao nhiu ngiri; lai cn c hang ngiri bi qun Chim

bt mang di, sau tha cho v. Nm 1449 ngui Chim giao gi

bon TRNH-NGUYN-DNH I? 7C ^ ^i non tram ngui (Xem sch

Cirang-mnc $^ g , q. 18, t 22). Lai c hang ngiri Chim tu* lai qui

phue ma vua ta dem

yen tr i cc noi : di LE

DAI-HNH, ngui Chim

chu B-chnh dem b-thuc toi ho'n tram ngiri sang phu triu ta

(Xem sch Ton-thir & fjf, q. 2, t*35). Cui di Trn mot ngiri

tu-Tig Chim-thnh dem c em, c ho sang phu triu ta, triu-

dinh lai cho di ho di tn (Xem sch : Ton-tlur, q. 23, t 19).

Di LE THI-TN, cng c mot bon tu dem nhau dn phu thuc,

va giai va gai d'n ho-n ba tram ngui (Xem sch Cirong-muc,

q. 17, t 29). T di no dn di kia, nhng ngui Chim - ln

vi ngui ta, n o khi qua lai, no lue giao-dich, trao lui di

y, ti no khng tp-nhim ting ni ngui Chim, dng mai nn

quen, ngy lu qun hn rang muon ca ngui Chim. Su*

trao-di y tuy v-tinli ma tim-nhiem d-dng lm. Muntim xem trong ti'ng ta nhng ting no l ti'ng Chim thi

cng khng kh, nhirng ton cng, ton thi-gi, phi de lm mot

vn-d ring, naj' ch xin k qua mot vi ch lm thi-du : nhu*

ti'ng ne m ca ta cng ngha vi ting nam ca Chim ; ting

nep ca ta cng ngha vi ting nhiop ca Chim. Chc han nhng

ting nem va nep l di-hir-ng ca ting Chim d (Xem sch, Le

japonais et les langues austroasiatiques, ca MATSUMOTO).

V cc truyn-ky, nhng truyn c-tich, ta vn tir-ng ca ta,

nhirng thirc '

ra ta miro*n ca ngui ma khng bit. Ngaj'nhir

truyn Tm Cm, ch ty l Conte de Cendrillon ma ta cho l

truyn b Y-lan phu-nhn f jUl ^ Ai vo- vua LY THNH-TN,

sinh ra vua LY NHN-TN, C dn th- p- lng Cam-cu l^j ^,

Cm-di & ^ thuoe huyn Gia-lc M J^> tnh Hi-duo-ng ?# ^

by gi.

Truyn Tm Cm phc ai cng nghe t flia h, th ma l mot

truyn miro-n ca ngui Chim-thnh. Nguyn truyn Tm Cm

gc -An-d, lan khp Dng-ducmg, no "Cap-mien, no *Chim-

thnh, gio-su* PAUL DEMIV|LLE da kho-ciru cc bn dich truyn

Cendrillon, so snh vi nhau thi thy ro-rng truyn Tain Cm ca


8/17

-- 98

minh mirm * Chim, vi truyn y khng thy *sch Tau) Xem-Bulletin de l'Ecole franaise d'Extrme-Orient, q. XXI, trang 277 va

281). Lai n truj'n Da-soa sch Lnh-nam trich-qui, $j| |

% *r. lm t th-ky th nuri bon (Xem Bulletin de l'Ecole

Franaise, q. XXI, trg. 277) va truyn Cha-n, trong Truyen-kyman-Juc f$ -uf $j| $$> lm t th-ky th miri su cng miro*ii

*truj'n Pmgana, * Chim-thnh. Nguyn truyn Rmyana ca

ngui An-d, truyn cho ngiri Chim, rbi ta lai chp lai ca

ngui Chim. Truyn nj' cng dura thj' - sch Tu.

Cn tho* vn thi lai khng th khng c duo-c., khi xa nh xa

nir'c, lue dau. lue kh, su no m thm, ti no chng phi plitra ngn t de giai ni dau d*n cng thanh-thin bach-nht. Nhngthi-ca y ln vo phong-dao tuc-ng ma ta khng bit tron loc

ring tng cu ra lai kh ho-n mon ng-ngn. Nay xin tam k

my cu phong dao, vi bi tho 1 c ca ta, nhn c vic ngang

mt di vi ngiri Chim ma pht-xnt. Nguj'n v di TRAN ANH-

TN c g b HUYN-TRN cng-cha JT Y f Hfecho vua Chim

tn la CHE-MN tfjlj Je. Cc quan c nhiu ngui can ma vua khng

nghe. Ngui duo'ng thi cho l mot vic nhn-duyn p-ung. Dn-

gian lm ra phong-dao de ch-diu,clai-khi nhng cu : Ho ai cnh

ng cho c du, hoai bot loc cho ngu vy , Tiec thay cy que

gira rng ; de cho thng Mn thng Mirng n !eo . Cc vil-nhn

thi miro'n vic nng Chiu-qun gi Hb, vinh ra tho* quc-m de

ng\i y tro-phng va thuo*ng tic giai-nhn. Ton tp c 48 bi d

lue dng trong Bng-lhanh, (s 3, trang 169j va- cc s sau) nayfrich lue mot vi bi : Vua du VU-O-NG-TU--NG de g cho cha

Thuyn-vu :

Hn Hb van mun ven tram dung,H trm ring ty c phu nng !

Bac-quc tuy rang ngoi di-tuc,

Viro-ng-dinh song cng mot bin-phuong.O' dy hanh thm nn mai nhat,V dy sen tn loi c hiro-ng.Ho-n thit thi dng a i on na,B ngyo gm lai hon huo-ng.

VU-O-NG-TU-NG vo bai y't Hn-vuo'ng :

T nan khn chi lnh qun-vucng,Roi-roi thm dau ni doan-trung ;Khm-nm khu du ngoi b ngoc,

Then-thng ra mat tnrc nh vng.

Mat hoa nri-rvrm chiu deo tuyt,

My lieu ru-ru dng siro*ng ;

Hang thm phen ny xun n phvi,

Long qui khn bit ngng v duang.


9/17

- 99 r-

Kinh-t. Dn nhu* kinh-t l vn-d quan-h cho mot

xa-hi, cc triu vua ta, ngay t hbi moi tir-ch cng dluu tm dn, du cho vic khn-hoang va di-dn l trong

yu ; nhn th ma bit loi dung nhiu nhn-cng Chim-thnh.

Ngay t di LY THNH-TN, trn dnh Chim nm Minh-dao

th ba (1044), lue khi-hon, dem v ho*n 5.000 ngui, chodn - trn Vnh-khang TK M* vo mai Dng-chu % h\\ (r

vng gip Thanh-ha, Ninh-binh) cho dat ra tng lnro-ng,

p theo tn Chini-thhh de cho bon dn moi khi dng

long tii-huo-ng. Dn di LE TIII-TN, du thp-ng th-ky,

c mot bon Chim l PIIAN-T *?# ,, c trai, ln gi toi lion

300 ngiri qui phu cho - gii-gic khp cc dao. Nm Hbng-dc

(1470 - 1497) du d-i vua LE THNH-TN, gia trn cui cngma nu-c Chim bi tiu-dit, vua Chim va ho hng vo* con

thi cho - ngoi ca Bo-khnh H ^. Ca Bo - khnh

khng bit dich vo lng no quanh H-ni, nhung c le *

vo ca Nam hu Gim, vi c ch ni ca Bo-khnh gn

phu-ng Bich-cu (Xem sch Cirong-muc M @ q. 25, t- 29).Cn cc binhdinh thi hoac cho di lm ' trang trai ca cc th-gia,

th-thn, hoac cho lp trang-trai ring. Ay trong cc quan-sch moi

tim diro-c c my vic y. Nu ta ly -cc Da-s va Ph-ky tng nh

thi cn nhiu ch ni dn vic di dn ; xin k qua my lng gnH-ni v phia khi Ty-hS c trai Nht-to B, -P- xua kia

tn l Nht-kiu H -%, sau king ch hy di ra Nht-to.

Tuo-ng truyn trai j' l noi an tri ngui Chim k hi xua.

Cch tnh-li H-dng d 20 cj'-s (km.) c lng Nhn-ha

fi fn cng l mot trai cho ngui Chim - khi xua. Theo

bi dia-da ky lng T-Thanh-oai & ftfe M ffi (t 57) ca eu

NG-DAO ^ ^ trong b Ng-gia vn-phi ^t 0$ ]SC #t Lng

T-Thanli-oai khi xira rng lm, tip gip mai toi lng Ha-

Thanh-oai (tc l lng Thirong-phc Jb M by gi) v hbi

Thun-thin triu Le (du thp-ng th-ky), dn thon Phc-

lm %% #fc phiu-lira, rung dt b hoang, mai dn nm Hbng-

dc sau trn dnh Chim, dem ngui Chim cho lp trang-

trai * dy, goi tn l L-xuyn trang Q jl| , dn nm

Cnh-hirng qui-ti (1773) nhn sua so dinh, di lm x Ph-din

^ ES, by gi* l lng Nhn-ha... O3 xa H-ni thi v vng

Thanh-ha cn c nhiu du tich cc lng dn Chim. Nhu*

trong sch Son-cir tqp thut ]\i ^g $jf Mi c ni: My trang-

trai - don Yn-dinh -3? 5 tip gip huyn Cam - thy l

nhng noi vua LE THNH-TN an tri ngiri Chim, dn

nhng lng y du l di - chng Chim - thnh. Trong

mot quyn Gia-ph mot ho Vo kia * Thanh-ha c ni chinh

t tien ho y l ngui Chim-thnh, theo vua LE THI-TO


10/17

100

ra khai-quc c cng, sang * x ta, dn di Hbng-dc drcphp cho con cliu khai-khan rung hoang, tt c dn 38 trangtrai, gii-gic c vng t Ninh-binh vo Thanh-ha. Ngui Chim

qua lai x ta nhiu nhu th, v su bun-bn giao-dich tt thinh,

khng cn phi ni. Lai nhn vic di-d-n ma x ta c thm

nhiu ging la cy v ma nue l cc ging la chim bj'

gi. Moi nghe ni la chim l ca Chim-thnh mang sang

ta, ai cng phi cho l c-thuyt, bt qu ting chim l phn

ngha ting ma ; va khng n h t xua ngui minh l mot dn

canh-nng ma lai

khng tir tim duo-c

ging la de

cy liai

ma.V la Chim-thnh khng nhng sch ta nhiu ch ni ma

sch Tu cng ni phn minh. Nhng sch y ton l sch c

gi-tri c : Sch Vn-di Ivqi-ngir 3 H jflff fg- ca eu L-QU-DN c ni : La ca nu'C Chim - ta, lit trang cy v

ma nue... Trong sch Num-s tp bien $3 $* $| Hf, q. 8 ,t 4) ca eu VU-VN-LP t 3t 3i ni lai r han : Nu-c ta

lien tip vi Chim-thnh, dirac nhiu ging thc ' Chim mang.

sang, cho nn la cy ma nng c nhiu ging ma goi l la

chim, chng tt c c toi 35 th..., nhung dai-khi c liai

ging thng dung l la chim ham va la chim du-... SchTu cng chp la cy ma h l la ly ging * Chim-thnh,nn goi l la Chim-thnh. Theo sch Tuong-son d-luc t-ft) lll

SjP U> vua CHN-TN nh Tng. T j , lira y dn vic

thc la, nghe ni nu-c Chim-thnh c ging la ira cy v ma

nng, khong nm Dai-trung Tung-ph ^C *+> M $r (1008-1018),.sai su dem tien sang Chim-thnh mua diro-c ba van hoc dem

v lm ging, t d nirc Tu moi c th la goi l la Chim.

Nguyn dn ta v di thuo*ng-c ch chuyn ngh sn bn va

dnh c, ngh cy cy - du lai? Triu-D j|g $ mang -Tu

sang. Th ma -nirc Tu mai th-ky th miri mot m-i c gingla chim, khng le ging la y qua Tu rbi moi sang ta t

lue chinh nir-c Tu chira c. Vy theo sch va ting ni thi

ta thu nhp ging la y ca Chim tru'c nu-c Tu ho-n tram nnr

ngaj' t hbi moi bat du giao-thip vi ngui Chim.

My-thut. en phuo-ng-din my-thut hay my-ngh iiu-c Nam

thi nhng lui phn-don trong cc sch Ty chira c th cho l

dinh-binh diro'c. Sch Ty c ni: Ngiri An-nam khng th gj^

thnh duefe mot ci my-thut ring, vi nuc Tu di vi tu-4u*ng

ca ngui An-nam

vn c ci th'-lu-c

chuyn-cb. Trit-hoc, tn-gio, vn-chuo-ng, m-nhac, php-lut, phong-tuc, ht thay ci

gi cng l Tu c, dn ni xt cho cng, tht khng c mot

th chi * nir'c Nam ma khng c kiu, c mu - bn Tu.

Tuy trong cc cng-trinh ca ngui An-nam lm ra, nhn cng

c ci v my-miu kh-i, thanh-thot diu-dng, tc l ci


11/17

- 101

dac-sc ca ngiri An-nam; song d db choi cng vj', d dn-di

cng vy, ci sng-y (conception), ci vn-th [style), cch dim-xuj't {dtail ornemental) cng l thun do loi Tu c... (Theobn dich trong Hng-lhanh, s 3, trang 141).

C thu-c nhu th khng? Thit tu-ng c hira xt ht cc

phu-oTig-din thi cu kt-lun y c le vi qu. Ta hay ly

mj' dieu thirc dich-xc ma cng xem xt thi nht l v

my-thut, ta lai cng hiu ro nu*c ta khng nhng ch hp-thuvn-ha Tu ma c vn-ha cc nu*c lng-ding mien Nam,nht l ca ngiri Chim-thnh l ngui lm mi-gii cho ta

manh nht.

V my-ngh, ngiri ta thu-ng chia ra lm liai hang : mot

hang thuc v hinh sac, gbm c hi-hoa, diu-khc va kin-trc ;mot hang thuc v thanh-m, gbm c ca-v va m-nhac. V

ca-v thi tht vin-vong qu, kh long ma bit duo-c. Vi chinh

ngaj' ca-v - Chim-thnh da khng ai bit th no, hung chi

lai dn ca-v ta cng chira c ai Irai y suy xt. Nhung v

m-nhac thi tht may, cng cn lai it nhiu din-c gip ta

de r ra manh-mi.

Tru-c khi tim xem m-nhac Chim-thnh, nht l cc nhae-

khi c cn di-luu * x ta cht no khng, thit-tir'ng nn

xt qua xem m-nhac Chim-thnh c gi-tri gi va c vo

x* ta bao gi* khng ? C ly y ma suy thi nu-c Chim-

thnh - vo qung gia con du-ng giao-thng nh*n, tt hp-

thu duo*c nhiu nh-hir'ng' An-d, chc m-nhac c v hng-hbn hoat-dng. Theo mot quyn sch ca gio-su P. DEMIVILLE

d kho-cu ky v m-nhac Chim-thnh Nht-bn (La

musique chame aa Japon) thi ngay t du th-ky th tm,nhac Chini-th.uih d thinh-hnh Nht-bn, goi l Lm-pnhac.-$K i $!, ting Nht doc l Rinygaku, thuc v loi

v-nhac ffs || bugaku ngha l va ma va dnh nhac. Nhirngma th nhac y t Ph-nam tfe ^j sang qua Tu roi moi

sang dn Nht. Bt du t lh-ky th mui mot gi d i thi

Lm-p-nhac * Nht-bn d gn mt ht ci dac-sc ma lin

vo nhac Tu, ch cn gi c ci hu-danh Rinygaku ma thi.

Theo su ta thi c le vua ta cng da thir-ng-thc ci gi-trim-nhac j' ma dem v ta nhiu ln.

Nm 1044, vua LY THI-TN di dnh Chim-thnh, ko qunha thnh Pht-th ftj % (Vijaya), bt cc thn thip vua Chim l

Sa-du va chon nhng ngiri cung-n gii ma. lit, bt din khc

Ty-thin ; ... A #fc% U, f# ^ ^ # ^ M g ic ^ W Hfe$$ m % Ift M # (Xem sch: Ton-thir & H, q. 2, t 42)

mang v cho * c trong cung, nm sau lm cung-din ring cho

bon n*-nliac j' *. Den di vua LY THNH-TN (1060), nhn


12/17

~_ 102

t* n-nhac y, dem tuyn-din cc k hc Chim thnh, rbi tir

bt-chuc ph vo m-nhac ta cho nhac-cng dnh.

... m fi m m * & m m ^-* im m i MK Z..(Xem sch Ton-thir, quyn 3, t 4). Mai d'en di LY CAO-TN

(1200) c lnh sai nhac-cng ch cc khc nhac dt tn l

nhac Chim-thnh ; sir chp ting nhac ny, thanh-on ai-thiro-ng,khin ai nghe thy cng phi chau my roi le. )>. . .


13/17

Theo sch Vu trang ty bt f ^ ^' f, ca eu Pham-dinh-H, (q. 1, t 6-10), trng co*m ch goi l yu-cb M'Wt>

tang trng nhu* ci thng nh ma di, dnh c hai mat mot

lue, khi dnh phi gin hai ming co*m np vo gia liai mat

trng thi moi c ting ku, tai th goi l trong-com. Khi dnh

trng-co-m, tuy khng cn phi ma nhirng cng phi dn-dj'.

Trong sch An-nam chi-hrox ^c f ^ fo c chp rang: Vo

hbi du th-ky th miri, m-nhac dm ma mr-c Nain

c mot th nhac khi tn l Phqn-c-ba W ~ Wz l mot vt

t Chim-thnh mang lai (Xem bn dich ca ng C. SAINSON,

trang 94). Vy Phqn-co-ba hay Phqn-chim-ba iS ^ t-c i

ci trng corn.ta cn trng thj' ngj' nay.V phuo-ng-din cliu-khc thi nh c nhiu di-tich ngui

Chim cn lai * sut do Trung-kv, nn c th bit duo-c

nhiu dieu dich-xc ho*n cc phiro'ng-din khc. Chng ta thm

cc danh-lam c-tich, nht l cc dn di th cc vua, quan

di Ly, Trn cho dn lue L-so*, thirng thy c tuo-ng phong

qui, de * tru--c liiro*ng-n. Nhir dn Ly Bt-d * lng

Dinh-bng bn Bc, lm t di Trn. D l noi thang-

mc cc vua Ly, c cng di dnh Chim-thnh, m-mang b-

coi, tr di-hoa cho con chu v sau. Dinh va dn lng Yn-s

3c T cng lng Duo-ng-liu ^1 W o* H-dng, th duc LY-PHUC-MAN %fi 88 |f|> cng l mot vi dai-tirng di Ly, c cngbinh Chim. Lng ng qun. NGUYEN-DIEN frc tM * canh cha

Lim cng c tuo-ng phng bang d, vi ng cng c cng di

dnh Chim. Tiro*ng phong no cng mttt su bung to. Cu L-

QU-DN $ :g t? cho l ngui nirc Nguu-hng ^ "fl. liay l

luc-s Chim-thnh (Xem sch: Kien vn tieu-lnc ^ fl /h $ft,

q. 2, t 33). Nu ta derii nhng tuo-ng phng y ma so-snh v-i

cc tiro-ng d moi do duo*c *Thp-Mam, tnh Binh dinh, hin by* vin Bo-tng H-ni, thi no mt, no trn, no bung, no cc

bp chn, bp tay, r-rng het dng nhu nhau, ai cng phi

bo l ca tay mot ngiri tho* tac ra. Cc tuo-ng phong y divi chng ta c nhiu y-ngha : n o l nh-hir'ng ngiri Chim

trong my-ngh nir'c Nam ; no du-tich v-cng ca t-tin taO).

(1) C ngui bo t di nh Hn bn Tu d c lm nhng

tuerng d t qui, hoac dng hu, hoac dng tu'*c nrra - cc

c-m, ngay nhu-mi itlu nay - cc ngi c-m t di Hn

tim thy * Thanh-ha cng c do thy cc tirrag j' bang

dbng ; nhu-ng xt ky cc tiro-ng d di Hn lue trong sch Kim-.

thqch sch & fa ^, quan-hoai doc l Km che so, l mot

pho sch c bien chp d cc c khi, bi-ky t di Hn, tri quacc di

Dung, Tng, Nguyn cho dn di Minh bn Tu - thi

nhng tiro-ng, nhu tuo-ng Vn-thi l-hii thqch-thil $. ft fe /fef

/S g*, cng V-lu-ang Ihach-lhcit ^ .%k15 .M?, di Hn, v.v.. ,

du khng ging cc tirmg phng Chim-thnh ; cc dn, t

ta. Vy hay xin ghi de kho-st ky-cng.


14/17

Th chi dn loi dim-suyt trong ngh diu-khc nu*c Nam

cng c nhiu nh-hir'ng my-ngh ngui Chim-thnh. Mongtm thng ba, di vo hi Lng gi* ra cha Thay , khi dn

cha Thy, ta dng lai ngm ci b d tru'c bn th chinh.

Nht l cc su hinh qu-qui - cc gc chn qui; no net tram-tr,no hinh un cong, khng khc gi nhng hinh garuda * cc

b th bang d *My-so*n va * Dbng-du*o*ng ca ngiri Chim.

Cha Thay ch goi l cha Thin-phc 5*c $S> * vo lng Thuy-kh ffij g, phu Quc-oai PS Is5c,tinh So*n-ty lll ffi by gi,lm t th-ky th mirai mot.Cha c th duc T-BAO-HANH f j| fj,l mot vi cao tng, d tng du-phiro*ng cc x mien tj'-nam, vi c

tri sang hoc dao bn Thin-trc ^ 5&, khi dc dao v tu-hnh

o* cha y. Theo tue truyn, ngi thot *

xc * trn nui Sai-son f lit, ha kip lm vua LY THAN-TN, nn trong cha nyc th c vua THAN-TN. Tru'c bn th* vua THAN-TN C hai

tuo-ng phong to, vi vua THAN-TII Ccng dnh dui ngui Chim-

thnh sang xm-ln dt ta. Nhn th chinh cc nh kho-c

Ty, nhir ng G. DUMOUTIER, H. PARM ENTIER cng du mun

cng-nhn rang: phn nhiu dn-di c Bc-ky c chiu nh-

hu'ng vn-ha ca ngui Chim. Ci b d - bn th trn cha

Thay thi ng J. Y. CLAEYS d k-cu, cho b y l chinh ca

cc ngiri tho* Chim-thnh bi bt v ta lm ra. (Xem bi L'autel

de Thin-phc ca ng CLAEYS trong Bulletin de l'Ecole franaise

d'Extrme-Orient, quyn xxvm, trang 485). Khng nhng *

chaThy, gn dy nhn bit manh-mi di-tich garuda * cha Thy, nguita lai mitim ra mot vi noi khc, cng c du vt ngiri Chim,

nhir - dng Kinh-ch $$ i thuc ph Kinh-mn, tnh Hi-diro-ng.

Thp cha Bo-thi:-n $g f^ ^ j$ (1) ca vua Ly Thnh-tn

sai lm, xua nay vn truyn l mot vt trong bon trong-khi

3g $| ca ta (2). Theo sch An-nam chi liroc T M *c7IHft ca L-

(1) Dy l ci c-thp - cha Bo-thin v d-i Ly, khng bit

dich-xc du, c le vo xm nh th by gi. Xin ch- nham

vi ci thp con ' b ho Hon-kim, truc ca nh gij' thp,

cng c ba ch

bo-thin-thp fg 3^ *^> ci d ch l mot

phndi-tich ca cha quan Thiro-ng NGUYEN-BANG-GIAI lm hbi Tir-dc.

(2) Bon trong-khi ca nu-c Nam tc l bon vt ky-quanthuc v my-thut ca ta. Trong bi minh ci dnh cha Ph-minh

# m 3- JfH% h trong sch Viel- n thi-tp Sg # M S (t 24) c ni ; Cc ng gi tu-o-ng-truyn nu*c ta c b on trong-khi, l : Thp cha Bo-thin, Plit cha Quynh-lm, Dnh cha

Ph-minh, Cliung Quy-din. Nay chung vi dnh du mt ;ch cn thp va plit hay cn ....sch Vit-m thi-tqp chp bi

minh ny ca ng NGCYEN-TRUNG-NGAN ft & jl c le sai,


15/17


16/17


17/17

BULLETINDE LA

SOCIETE D'ENSEIGNEMENT MUTUEL

DU TONKIN

Tome XV- N I

Janvier - Mars (935

IMPRIMERIE LE-VAN-tAtsl

130 a 138, Rue du Coton

hiANOI v

-1935-

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