Trabajo Ingles Extraaaaaa final.docx

8/10/2019 Trabajo Ingles Extraaaaaa final.docx

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Presente Simple(Simple Present Tense)

El Presente Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones habitualesque suceden con cierta frecuencia y no hace referencia a si est ocurriendo en el momentoactual.

I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis.(Hace mencin de un deporte que realizo cotidianamente y que no necesariamente loestoy jugando en este momento).He works in an office. l trabaja en una oficina.(Se refiere al trabajo que desarrolla una persona frecuentemente). They travel to Madrid.Ellos viajan a Madrid.(Habla de un viaje que se repite a diario, aunque el sujeto no lo est realizando ahora).

A continuacin se muestran las formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa de este tiempoverbal:

En el cuadro superior se ha tomado como ejemplo el verbo PLAY (jugar).


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Verbo TO BE(Ser o Estar)

El verbo TO BE, que en castellano se traduce como SER o ESTAR, en el idioma inglsgoza de una particular importancia. Su significado depende del sentido de la oracin. Porejemplo:

I am a doctor. Soy un doctor. (Se aplica como verbo ser)I am in my house. Estoy en mi casa. (Se aplica como verbo estar)

En el siguiente cuadro se puede observar su declinacin en el modo indicativodel Presente Simple:

Tanto en el modo afirmativo como en la forma negativa pueden utilizarse lassiguientes contracciones:


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La conjugacin del verbo TO BE en el Pasado Simple, tiempo verbal que corresponde al

equivalente en castellano del Pretrito Imperfecto y Pretrito Indefinido:

Tambin se pueden utilizar las formas contradas nicamente en la forma negativa:


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Un detalle a tener en cuenta, es que las contracciones generalmente se usan durante una

conversacin y no as en la escritura, salvo que se trate de un texto informal o quetranscriba un dilogo.

Cabe destacar que el verbo TO BE tambin se utiliza en algunos casos especiales que

difieren de idioma espaol, como por ejemplo:

Sirve para expresar la edad y tambin sensaciones, en cuyo caso se traduce

como tener:

John is 15 years old. John tiene 15 aos.Peter is hungry. Pedro tiene hambre.

Otro caso particular es cuando se habla del clima y entonces se traducir como

hacer:

It is hot. Hace calor.

Existen otros casos donde el verbo TO BE se emplea como auxiliar para conjugar tiempos

verbales y tambin para dar rdenes de manera impersonal que desarrollaremos en unaprxima entrega.


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Verbo TO DO(Hacer)

El verbo TO DO es otro de los verbos que se caracteriza por su amplia utilidad dentro delidioma ingles. Puede ser empleado como verbo ordinario cuyo significado es HACER ocomo verbo auxiliar en diferentes tiempos verbales. El siguiente cuadro muestra suconjugacin en el modo indicativo del Presente Simple:

El verbo HACER en el Pasado Simple tiene una nica forma de conjugacin como vemosa continuacin:
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Dentro del idioma ingls se debe distinguir el verbo TO DO (hacer) del verbo TO

MAKE (hacer de fabricar) como por ejemplo:

I do my homework. Yo hago mi tarea.I make cakes. Yo hago pasteles. (Hacer de fabricar)

I did my homework. Yo hice mi tarea.I made cakes. Yo hice pasteles.

Como verbo auxiliar se utiliza para formar los modos interrogativo y negativo delPresente

Simple y del Pasado Simple:

Do you study the lesson? Estudias la leccin?

You dontstudy the lesson. T no estudias la leccin.

Did you study the lesson? Estudiaste la leccin?You didntstudy the lesson. T no estudiaste la leccin.

Observe que en ambos casos el verbo principal es STUDY (estudiar) y que el verbo TO

DO se ha empleado como auxiliar. En la forma negativa puede utilizarse la

contraccin DONT, DOESNT, DIDNT.
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Present Continuous (Presente continuo)

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)

Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio(infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo.

Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Gerundio

I amtalking, eating, learning,

doing, going...

He, She, It istalking, eating, learning,

doing, going...

You, We, They aretalking, eating, learning,

doing, going...

structure (estructura)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + gerundio ("-ing").

Ejemplos:

I'm talking. (Estoy hablando.)

He's eating. (Est comiendo.)

They're learning. (Estn aprendiendo.)


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2.-Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + auxiliar negativo ("not") + gerundio

("-ing").

Ejemplos:

I'm not talking. (No estoy hablando.)

He's not [He isn't] eating. (No est comiendo.)

They're not [They aren't] learning. (No estn aprendiendo.)

2. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + gerundio ("-ing")?

Ejemplos:

Are you talking? (Ests hablando?)

Is he eating? (Est comiendo?)

Are they learning? (Estn aprendiendo?)

Uses (Usos)

1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el

momento en el que hablamos. Expresiones de tiempo tales como "now", "right

now" and "at the moment" indican el presente continuo.

Ejemplos:

I'm studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.)

He's eating at the moment. (Est comiendo en este momento.)


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Is it raining? (Est lloviendo?)

2. Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad

pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se utilizan expresiones

de tiempo como "currently", "lately" o "these days".

Ejemplos:

They're learning English. (Estn aprendiendo ingls.)

She's currently looking for a job. (Actualmente est buscando un trabajo.)

Are you working much lately? (Ests trabajando mucho ltimamente?)

3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se

har en el futuro prximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro que loplanificado suceder.

Ejemplos:

I'm going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.)

He's not [He isn't] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase manaa.)

Are you working next week? (Trabajas la semana que viene?)


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PAST SIMPLE

The Simple Past tense is used to describe actions that have happened at an earlier ti

and have already completed.

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times.

It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of

another action.

Form of Simple Past

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Use of Simple Past

Action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: He visited his parents every weekend.

Actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

If sentences type II (If I talked, )

Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.


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AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Personal pronoun Verb in past MeaningI PLAYED YO JUGUE

YOU OPENED TU ABRISTE

SHE WAITED ELLA ESPERO

HE NEEDED EL NECESITO

IT ASKED LO SOLICITO

WE

YOU

THEY

REMEMBERED

RENTED

LIVED

NOSOTROS RECORDAMOS

USTEDES RENTARON

ELLOS VIVIERON

*NOTE: REGULAR VERBS YOU ADD THE FINISHING + ED

EXCERCISE


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NEGATIVE FORMThe structure of the simple past in a negative way is:

Subject + did + not + verb

EXAMPLES

Personal pronoun DID + NOT ( DIDNT) VERB PRESENT TENSE

I DIDNT CLOSE

YOU DIDNT COOK

SHE DIDNT EXPECTHE DIDNT WAIT

IT DIDNT NAME

WE

YOU

THEY

DIDNT

DIDNT

DIDNT

END

TRAVEL

TURN


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QUESTION

Yes/no questions are also created using the auxiliary did. This time, the auxiliary is

placed before the subject. The verb BE is an exception; in this case, we move BE before

the subject.

AUXILIAR VERB PERSONAL PRONOUN VERB PRESENTTENSE

?

DID I ENJOY ?

DID YOU SMOKE ?

DID HE SWIM ?

DID SHE WASH ?

DID IT ORDER ?

DID

DIDDID

WE

YOUTHEY

PRACTICE

PLANTEDCLEAN

?

??


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EXCERCISES

Fill the blanks with the correct structure


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To form the past simple tense with a regular verb we

add to the infinitive verb.

These are the rules to form the simple past to regular verbs.

1) Usually we add ed in the end of the verb in infinitive form.

> visitvisited

2) If the verb finish with e just add d

> livelived

3) If the verb finish in consonant + vowel + consonant and the

vowel is accented we must duplicate the last consonant and then

add ed

> stopstopped

4) If the verb finish with consonant+y, we must change this y

for i and then add ed

> studystudied

5) If there isn't consonant + y, is used the

general rule (add ed)> playplayed

To form the past simple tense with irregular verbs,changes completely the structure of the verb.


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You can find these structures in the following table.


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EXCERCISES


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SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple future or future imperfect English Simple future say in English is the verb

tense used to express facts, events or actions that will occur in the futuro. Nohave to clarify at what time to develop.

Simple futurein Englishis formed withthe structure:

SUBJECT+ will + VERB

As an example of the conjugation of the simple future, consider the verb to work

(work):

Conjugation Meaning

I will work yo trabajar

you will work t trabajars

he will work l trabajars

we will work nosotros trabajaremos

you will work vosotros trabajareis

they will work ellos trabajaran


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In Englishcontractionsare very frequent

Pronouns and the auxiliary will contract in the following ways:

Conjugation Meaning

I'll work yo trabajar

you'll work t trabajars

he'll work l trabajars

we'll work nosotros trabajaremos

you'll work vosotros trabajareis

they'll work ellos trabajaran

Denialin the simpleFuture

The denial of the future is done not just by adding the adverb between the

auxiliary and the verb will:

SUBJECT + will + not + VERB

Conjugation Meaning

I will not work yo no trabajar

you will not work t no trabajars

he will not work l no trabajar

we will not work nosotros no trabajaremos


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you will not work vosotros no trabajareis

they will not work ellos no trabajaran

Contractions:

The contraction will + not = wont

Interrogationin thesimple future

The question is how, as usual, inverting the verb and subject:

will + SUBJECT + VERB?

Conjugation Meaning

will I work? trabajar?

will you work? trabajars?

will he work? trabajar?

will we work? trabajaremos?

will you work? trabajareis?

will they work? trabajaran?

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Structure

SUBJECT + "will" + VERB.

EXAMPLES

I will [I'll] ring (call) you tonight.

She will [She'll] arrive late.

They will [They'll] be happy to see you.


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NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Structure

SUBJECT + "will" + "not" + VERB.

EXAMPLES

I will not [won't] ring (call) you tonight.

She will not [won't] arrive late.

They will not [won't] be happy to see you.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Structure

"Will" + SUBJECT + VERB

EXAMPLES

Will you ring (call) me tonight?

Will she arrive late?

Will they be happy to see you?


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EXERCISES

Instructions:

Fill the blanks in future simple with the verb in the correct form

1. She spoke German. She will German.

2. I got my results. I will my results.

3. They saw her boyfriend. They will her boyfriend.

4. You expected a present from her. You will a present from her.

5. James believed his neighbor. James will his neighbor.

6. She found her car keys. She will her car keys.

Instructions:

Write positive sentences in will Future.

1. We (help) you.

2. I (get) you a drink.

3. I think our team (win) the match.

4. Maybe she (do) a language course in Malta.

5. I (buy) the tickets.

6. Perhaps she (do) this for you.

7. Maybe we (stay) at home.

8. She hopes that he (cook) dinner tonight.

9. Im sure they (understand) your problem.


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10. They (go / probably) to the party.

Instructions:

Write negative sentences in will future.

1. (I / answer / the question)

2. (she / read / the book)

3. (they / drink / beer)

4. (we / send / the postcard)

5. (Vanessa / catch / the ball)

6. (James / open / the door)

7. (we / listen / to the radio)

8. (they / eat / fish)

9. (she / give / him / the apple)

10. (the computer / crash)


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What are the modals verbs?

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that can not function as a main verb, unlike the

auxiliary verb "be", "do" and "have" that they can function as a main verb.

Modal verbs express modality. They can express ability, possibility, necessity or

other status. Auxiliary verbs are the future and the conditional. The English verb

tenses are not enough to express ideas of possibility or uncertainty. There is no

conditional tense in English. Simultaneously, auxiliaries used for conditional.

Nor is there as the subjunctive tense in Spanish. So it is very important to

understand the uses of modal verbs.

As complementary verbs are modal verbs do not work without other verb. This

other verb is always after the modal verb is in the base form (infinitive without

"to"). Modal verbs are conjugated and have no time.

Many grammarians call it modal auxiliary verbs and some of its features are

similar to that of auxiliary verbs:

No added "-s" in the third person singular present.

She can swim very well.

No need any auxiliary to form the negation, interrogation, short answers

and question tags (also known as "tagline questions").

You must not be tired (negative).

Might it rain? Yes it might (interrogative and short answer).

You will come to my party, will not you? (question tag).

Pet contractions.

I must not go.

She Could not drive.

After the modal verb main verb of the sentence is placed in infinitive form

without "to", except with the modal ought to.

She May be in London.

You ought to phone your mother.

May lack the most tense and have no infinitive or past participle, or form-

ing (to must, Musting or musted be incorrect).


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It may replace a verb above.

She can not sing but His brother can.

Common Modal Verbs

Can

Could

May

Might

Must Ought to

Shall

Should

Will

Would

Cases for which the phrasal modals are used

"Can" means skill or ability. In these cases it can be translated as

"power"

In interrogative sentences, the use of "can" can apply for permission or to

inquire about possibilities.

"Could" is the past of "can"; indicates possibility or ability in the past.

You can also use "could" for possibilities in the future.

As "can", in interrogative sentences "could" may request permission or to

inquire about the possibilities, but is more formal.

As "could", "may" is used to indicate future possibilities. In interrogative sentences, the use of "may" is more polite than "can" or

"could".

"Might" is used to indicate possibilities in the present or the future. In

these cases, it is synonymous with "may".

"will" is used to form the future tense.

"Will" is used in interrogative sentences to ask for information, a favor or

options.

"Shall" is used as "will" to form the future tense. The use of "shall" is

much more common in the UK and is generally more polite. You can also use "shall" to offers and suggestions or to inquire about

options or preferences.

"Should" indicates a requirement or recommendation. It reflects a view

on what is right. This translates as the conditional of "duty" in Spanish.

"Should" is used in interrogative sentences to ask if there is an

obligation, or ask for a recommendation.

"Ought to" is synonymous with "should".

"Must" indicates an obligation, prohibition or need. You can also use

"have to" (have to).

"Would" is used to declare a preference and to ask for something

politely.


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Note: "would", is used in conditional sentences.

Exercicio for review

1___ you help me?

a) Wouldb) Should

c) Might

d) Can

2They ___ practice more if they want to win the championship.

a) should

b) Would

c) might

d) may

3You ___ not drink and drive.

a) may

b) might

c) shall

d) would

e) must

4___ you always be late?


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a) may

b) might

c) would

d) must

5I ___ like to go to New York someday.

a) may

b) might

c) will

d) should

e) would

6It ___ be dangerous to drive if you are tired.

a) can

b) will

c) shall

d) ought

e) should

f) would

7___ you help me move?

a) might

b) willc) ought to

d) should


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FIRS CONDICIONAL

The first conditional is used to express a strong connection between the

condition and the result. To understand what we do reference let's see an

example.

If I win the lottery, I will buy me a House.

WHAT SERVES?

We use the conditional to indicate a condition and a result and therefore

consists of two sentences, the main and which indicates the condition.

This type of sentences indicates what will happen if the condition takes place

in the present or the future.

HOW DO YOU FORM?

AFFIRMATIVE:

First conditional is formed with the

simple present in the 'if-clause' (sentence

with 'if') and the simple future in the 'main

clause' (main phrase).

Structure :

[IF ... + PRESENT SIMPLE] + [WILL + VERB

MAIN]

Example : If Iwinthe lottery, Iwill buya house.

* In this case are somewhat likely, since we indicate what we

would do in the event that the condition was real.

It is also used to give instructions, using the imperative or

modal verbs in the main sentence.

If you want your present, go to your room.

If you need a pencil, you can take mine.


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OTHER EXAMPLE :

If it rains today, I'll stay at home.

If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.

If I have time, I'll visit my parents this

afternoon.

If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.

If she doesn't call you, you can call her.

NEGATIVE:

To make a conditional negative we can use two differentstructures. The first would be denying the verbs following

normally.

Example :

. If I don't win the lottery, I won't buy a house.

* As we can see in the example, simply refuse the phrases.

Remember that they may both be denied or only one of them.

However, we can also use 'unless' followed by the verb in

affirmative, while maintaining the same meaning.

Example :

Unless I win the lottery, I won't buy a house.

* Please note that 'unless' means 'unless' or 'if not', by what

already indicates a negative meaning


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OTHER EXAMPLE :

she doesn't call you, you can call her.

If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.

If they don't want to go out, they can stay home.

If they don't come here, we'll have to go there

If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to the party.


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WHAT SHOULD I REMEMBER?

GRAMMAR:

It is important to remember how

the present Simple (Simple

present), as this time is used in

the 'if-clause'. It is also necessary

to recall how to use the modal 'will' to express future, its

negative form and peculiarities.

STRUCTURE:

When we talk about conditional sentences we must bear in mind

that are formed by two phrases.

1 The 'if-clause' that is the phrase that contains the particle 'if'.

This phrase indicates the hypothesis or condition.

2 The 'main clause', i.e. the main phrase. This phrase which

indicates it is the result.

ORDER:

Remember that these two phrases can be swapped the order,

that is, we can also find the 'main-clause' first and then the 'if-

clause'.

If I win the lottery, I will buy a house.

I will buy a house if I win the lottery.

* 1 When the 'if-clause' in front separated phrases with a

comma, otherwise it is not necessary.

* 2 Reminds us, in addition, we can find 'will' contracted.


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EXERCISE 1

Complete the boxes with the verbs that are listed in

parentheses at the right time. Using the short forms of the verbs

whenever possible.

Principio del formulario

1. If you (send) the letter today, it'll arrive tomorrow.

2. If you don't study, you (pass) the exam.

3. If it rains, we (stay) at home.

4. If it (be) sunny, we'll go to the beach.

5. If that shop (be) closed, we'll go to another one.

6. If you (want) , we'll go to the park.

7. If Adam (arrive) late, his father will be upset.

8. If you work hard, you (get) a bonus.

9. If it isn't expensive, I (buy) two.

10. If you (call) me, I won't answer the phone.


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Choose the correct option for the first conditional

sentences.

1.

a) If I finish my homework, I will go to the party.

b) If I finished my homework, I will go to the party.

2.

a) If he want dinner, he will cook.

b) If he wants dinner, he will cook.

3.

a) If it is cold tomorrow, I stay home.

b) If it is cold tomorrow, I will stay home.

4.

a) He plays hockey if he has time tomorrow.

b) He is going to play hockey if he has time tomorrow.

5.

a) She will not watch the movie if the television is broken.

b) She will not watch the movie if the television will be

broken.

6.

a) Richard is going if he has time.

b) Richard is going to go if he has time.

7.

a) Do you drive if the car has gas?

b) Will you drive if the car has gas?

8.

a) If you need help, I will do it.

b) If you needed help, I will do it.


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Exercises on gerunds after prepositions

A: Please fill in the correct preposition and the gerund.

1. Marius is very good ____ ___________ (do) archery.

2. Our reason ____ ___________ (go) to Lindelbrunn was the season.

3. Mr S. had the idea ____ ___________ (organise) a disco for the

classes.

4. Some people are afraid ____ ___________ (fly).

5. Mr S and Mr Seibel are very bad ____ ___________ (paint).

6. Tourists in New York are interested ____ ___________ (visit) all

the sights.

7. I like the idea ____ ___________ (work) in a Spanish school one

day.

8. The students of the E-Course English 8 are tired ____

___________ (write)

tests

9. We talked ____ ___________ (have) a Singstar-party next week.

10. Mr and Mrs B. are dreaming ____ ___________ (go back) to the

US one

day.

11. Vegetarians are against ____________ (eat) meat.


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12. Ronnie Wood thought ____ ___________ (date) Nicola, a London

gem

shop girl.

13. Hillary Clinton was very excited ____ ___________ (hear) about

the death

of the tyrant Muammar Gaddafi.

14. Many people in Libya have the hope ____ ___________ (live) in

peace

now.

15. The "men in red" are very good ____ ___________ (play) football.


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Gerund after verb examples:

If a verb comes after a preposition such as in, at, with, about,

of, on, etc. the verb must end in-ing. Let's see the following

examples :

I'm interested in working for you.

She's very good at singing slow songs.

He's fed up with listening to his complaints.

Indonesian people are excited about going on Idul Fitri holiday.

They take advantage of having a motorcycle to solve traffic jam

problem.

These shoes are good for dancing.

Instead of going abroad, they went to see their parents in the

country.

Before eating, we always say a prayer.

After leaving school, I worked as a government employee.

He banged the door without saying anything.

We can be more and more clever by listening to others.


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It is important to remember that all prepositions (as, despite, fro

m, for, with, etc.) are followed by the gerund.

PREPOSITIONS

As

Despite

From

For

With

To

By GERUNDS

In

On

At

Up

Through

After

Etc.


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GERUND AFTER THE VERB

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the

second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:

I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for

example:

I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are

usually followed by a verb in gerund form:

admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny,

detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like,

finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off,

mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent,

risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:

She is considering having a holiday.

Do you feel like going out?

I can't help falling in love with you.

I can't stand not seeing you.


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ENGLISH TIP:

Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive

form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate,

intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start

I like to play tennis.

I like playing tennis.

It started to rain.

It started raining.


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EXCERSICE

1. He threatened _____________ the police about the accident.

(tell)

2. She stopped ___________ to that store when she found out

about the managers dishonesty. (go)

3. She hired a boy __________ her grass. (cut)

4. He suggested _____________ another doctor. (consult)

5. He deserved _____________ a medal. (get)

6. He promised ______________ her a gift. (bring)

7. He caused her _______________ the dish. (break)

8. She finished ______________ her homework. (do)

9. He tolerates them ______________ in class. (eat)

10.She struggled ______________ her children. (feed)

11.He persuaded her _____________ the night off. (take)

12.They go ______________ every Saturday night. (dance)


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GERUND IN PASSIVE SENSE

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In

this case, the gerund has a passive sense.

I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)

This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)

TIP:

The expression "something wants doing" is not normally used in

American English.

The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted


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INFINITIV

El infinitivo es la forma verbal que hace referencia a la accin o

estado sin referirse al tiempo en que sucede, es decir, expresasolamente la accin en s misma. Puede actuar en la oracin

como sustantivo, adjetivo, adverbio, objeto directo u objeto

indirecto, adems de la funcin verbal. Equivale en espaol a

los verbos terminados enar, -er oir.

El infinitivo en ingls se forma anteponiendo la preposicin to al

verbo:

To walkcaminar

To eatcomer

To sleepdormir

El infinitivo se usa en construcciones gramaticales combinado

con otros verbos, formando una cadena verbal (verb string):

I was thinking to make some coffee. (Estaba pensando hacer

algo de caf)

We begin to study at eight oclock. (Nosotros empezamos a

estudiar a las ocho)

Cuando se quiere expresar la accin en infinitivo despus de los

siguientes verbos:


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Enjoy

Mind

Stop

Miss

Avoid

Consider

RememberAppreciate

Finish

Deny

Admit

Risk

Recall

En este caso, se usa el gerundio para expresar la accin

abstracta que corresponde al infinitivo, pues despus de estosverbos nunca se usa la forma to+verbo:

We finish running in the third place. (Terminamos de correr en

tercer lugar)

They miss eating their grannys cookies. (Ellos extraan comer

las galletas de su abuelita)

El infinitivo se escribe sin la partcula to, cuando se escribe

despus de los siguientes verbos:

Make

Let

Hear

See

Watch

Feel

I saw walk the spider directly to the fly (vi caminar a la araa

directo a la mosca)

Dont worry. Let them do the try. (No te preocupes, djalos

hacer el intento)

Cuando se escribe el infinitivo despus de las preposiciones but

(sino, pero) y except (excepto) y cuando to (a, para) funciona

como preposicin, tampoco se escribe to antes del verbo:


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He does nothing except sleep. (No hace nada excepto dormir)

I cant doanything but forget. (no puedo hacer nada mas que

olvidar)

Yes, I need the car to travel to California. (S, necesito el coche

para viajar a California).

Cuando se combina con objetos y complementos, forma lasfrases infinitivas (infinitive phrase), un tipo de frase verbal.

Tambin estas frases pueden funcionar como sustantivos,

adverbios, adjetivos, objeto directo u objeto indirecto.

To play football on Saturday morning is the best thing of my

weekend. (Jugar ftbol el sbado por la maana es lo major de

mi fin de semana).

I Work everyday to earn much money (trabajo todos los das

para ganar mucho dinero)

Ejemplo de infinitivos en ingls

(infinitives):

To act (Actuar)

To add (Agregar)

To answer (Responder)

To appear (Aparecer)

To arrive (Llegar)

To ask (Preguntar)

To bark (Ladrar)

To be (Ser o estar)

To became (llegar a ser)

To belong (pertenecer)

To born (nacer)

To build (construir)

To can (poder) To clean (limpiar)

To close (cerrar)

To contain (contener)

To cook (cocinar)

To cost (costar)

To cover (cubrir)

To crack (romper)

To create (crear)

To cross (cruzar) to cry (llorar)


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To dark (oscurecer)

To die (morir)

To discover (descubrir)

To draw (dibujar)

To drink (beber)

To drive (manejar)

To dry (secar) To ear (or)

To eat (comer)

To elect (elegir)

To exchange (intercambiar)

To experiment (experimentar)

To explain (explicar)

To express (expresar)

To feel (sentir)

To finish (terminar) To fix (arreglar)

To fly (volar)

To follow (seguir)

To formulate (formular)

To found (encontrar)

To freeze (congelar)

To fun (divertir)

To gift (regalar)

To give (dar)

To go (ir)

To grow (crecer)

To have (tener)

To help (ayudar)

To honor (honrar)

To include (incluir)

To jump (saltar)

To know (saber)

To learn (aprender)

To leave (irse)

To left (dejar)

To list (listar)

To listen (escuchar)

To live (vivir)

To look (ver)

To loose (perder)

To make (hacer, fabricar) To mean (significar)


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To modify (modificar)

To move (mover)

To play (jugar, tocar un instrumento)

To pull (empujar)

To put (poner, colocar)

To reach (alcanzar)

To read (leer) To record (grabar)

To refuse (rechazar)

To remain (permanecer)

To remember (recordar)

To repair (reparar)

To return (regresar)

To save (Salvar, ahorrar)

To schedule (Programar, planear)

To sell (vender) To set (poner, colocar)

To shine (amanecer)

To show (mostrar)

To sing (cantar)

To sit (sentar)

To sleep (dormir)

To smell (oler)

To Smile (Sonreir)

To solve (resolver)


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Definition

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.TheArticlesa, an, and theare adjectives.

the tall professor the lugubrious lieutenant a solid commitment a month's pay a six-year-old child the unhappiest, richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is

called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is anengineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resultingmodifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping myfamily in the poorhouse.

Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use or over-use of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to domore work than they should.Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns dothe hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectivesthat don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely,exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest,and when you simply insist on its presence without showingit to your reader well, you're convincing no one.

Position of Adjectives

UnlikeAdverbs,which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in asentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or nounphrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, andwhen they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See Below.)When indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anybody are

modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:

Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be

punished.

Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, arealways "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):

The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York

proper.
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverbshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverbshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverbshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#orderhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#orderhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#orderhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverbshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm


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See, also, the note ona- adjectives,below, for the position of such words as"ablaze, aloof, aghast."

Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification:

Gladys is a richwoman, but Josie is richerthan Gladys, and Sadie is therichestwoman in town.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, andthe superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.)We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative forcomparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequentlyaccompanies the comparative and the word theprecedes the superlative. Theinflected suffixes -erand -estsuffice to form most comparatives and superlatives,although we need -ierand -iestwhen a two-syllable adjective ends in y(happierand happiest); otherwise we use more and mostwhen an adjective has morethan one syllable.

Positive Comparative Superlative

rich richer richest

lovely lovelier loveliest

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

much

many

some

more most

far further furthest
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#a-_adjectiveshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#a-_adjectiveshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#a-_adjectiveshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#a-_adjectives


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Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already

express an extreme of comparison unique, for instance although it

probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something

can be more perfect, and someone can have a fullerfigure. People who argue

that one woman cannot be more pregnantthan another have never been nine-

months pregnant with twins.

According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does notadmit ofcomparative degrees. We could say, however, "more nearly complete." I amsure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in theGuide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "morepreferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this listare as follows:

absolute impossible principal

adequate inevitable stationary

chief irrevocable sufficient

complete main unanimous

devoid manifest unavoidable

entire minor unbroken

fatal paramount unique

final perpetual universal

ideal preferable whole


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Some comparative and superlative adjectives are irregular, including some very

common ones such as good/better/best and bad/worse/worst.

Case AdjectiveComparative

Form

Superlative

Form

1-syllable adjectives

ending in "e"

close closer closest

huge huger hugest

large larger larger

strange stranger strangest

wise wiser wisest


ending in a consonant with a

single vowel preceding it

big bigger biggest

fat fatter fattest

red redder reddest

sad sadder saddestthin thinner thinnest


ending in "y"

dry drier driest

spry sprier/spryer spriest/spryest

wry wrier/wryer wriest/wryest

1-syllable adjectives,

other cases

fast faster fastest

great greater greatest

quick quicker quickest

short shorter shortest

tall taller tallest2-syllable adjectives

ending in "e"

fickle fickler ficklest

handsome handsomer handsomest

polite politer politest


ending in "y"

bumpy bumpier bumpiest

heavy heavier heaviest

icy icier iciest

shiny shinier shiniest

tiny tinier tiniest

2-syllable adjectives able abler ablestgentle gentler gentlest


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ending in "le", or "ow"

hollow hollower hollowest

narrow narrower narrowest

shallow shallower shallowest

simple simpler Simplest

2 or more syllable adjectives,

other cases

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

colorful more colorful most colorful

complete more complete most completedelicious more delicious most delicious

generous more generous most generous

important more important most important

Irregular and confusingadjectives

bad worse worst

far (place) farther farthest

far (place or time) further furthest

good better best

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

little (size) littler littlest

little (amount) less least

many/much/some more most

old (people or

things)older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).

1. My house is (big)bigger

than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.

3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.

4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.

5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?

6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.

8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?

9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.

10. He was the (clever) thief of all.


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1. Complete the sentences. Use the comparative forms of the

short adjectives.

1. Tokyo is than Shanghai. (large)

2. Europe is than South America. (small)

3. The Amazon river is than the Mississipi river. (long)

4. Antarctica is than Africa. (cold)

5. The Caspian sea is than lake Michigan. (deep)

6. Brazil is than Norway. (hot)7. Andagoya, Colombia, is than Santiago, Chile. (wet)

8. The Atlantic ocean is than the Mediterranean. (wide)

9. The Aconcagua, in South America, is than Mt. McKinley, inNorth America. (tall)

10.The Niger river is than the Congo river. (short)

2. Complete the sentences. Use the comparative forms ofthe long adjectives.

1. Gold is than silver. (expensive)


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2. Reality TV programmes are than

chat shows. (interesting)

3. Science is difficult but Maths is

. (difficult)

4. I think that Halle Berry is than Sharon

Stone. (beautiful)

5. Tigers are than crocodiles. (dangerous)

1. Complete the sentences. Use the superlative forms of the shortadjectives.

1. Antarctica is the place on Earth. (cold)

2. Vatican City is the country in the world. (small)

3. The Atacama desert, in Chile, is the place in the world. (dry)

4. Mount Everest is the mountain on Earth. (tall)

5. The Nile river, in Egypt, is the river in the world. (long)

6. Colca Canyon, in Peru, is the canyon on Earth. (deep)

7. Roe River, in Montana, USA, is the river in the world. (short)

8. The and sea in the world is the Red

sea. (warm) (salty)


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9. Lake Titicaca, in the Andes, is the navigable lake in the world. (high)

10. The place on Earth is El Azizia, Lybia. (hot)

11. Cherrapunji, in India, is the place on Earth. (wet)

12. The Pacific is the ocean in the world. (wide)

TYPES OF ADVERBS

Adverbs may be classified differently then show what they are, how they work, and

some examples to better understand this topic.

1.- ADVERBS OF MANNER

We use these adverbs when we would express the way an action is performed. They

are generally formed by adding "ly" at the end of the adjective.

Most end in 'ly' is equivalent to 'mind' termination

Generally derived from adjectives.

Ejemplos.

Adjetivo

Adverbio

slow slu)- lento slowly(sluli)- lentamente

easy iisi)- fcil easily(isili)- fcilmente

careful krful)- cuidadoso carefully(krfuli)- cuidadosamente

simple smpl)- simple simply(smpli)- simplemente

happy jpi)- feliz happily(jpili)- felizmente

natural nchural)- natural naturally(nchurali)- naturalmente

There are also exceptions to this rule:

Adjetivo

Adverbio

good guud)- bueno well(ul)- bien

fast fast)- rpido fast(fast)- rpidamente

hard jrd)- duro hard(jrd)- duramente

The detective carefully gathered the evidence.

El detective cuidadosamente reuni la evidencia.

She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Ella se mova lentamente y hablaba bajo.


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It rained continually for five days.

LLovi continuamente por cinco das.

They work very hard to save money.

Ellos trabajan muy duro para ahorrar dinero.

Exercises:

Complete the following statements correctly.

She knows me __________ (good)

They drive _______(fast)when they go in that car.

The old man walked ________(slow)

2.-Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place allow us to indicate where an action is performed: here, there, above,

everywhere, away.

here (jer) - aqu

there (der) - all

near (nar) -cerca

nearby (nirbai) -cerca

far (fr) - lejosaway (eui)lejos

Examples.

Stay righthereand dont move. I will be back soon.

Qudate aqu mismo y no te muevas. Estar de vuelta pronto.

Martin has lived there, beyond the hills, all his life.

Martin ha vivido all, ms all de las colinas, toda su vida.

Is there any drugstore nearby? I need to buy medicines.

Hay alguna farmacia cerca? Tengo que comprar medicinas.

They walked far from their camp but couldnt find any water.

Caminaron lejos de su campamento, pero no pudieron encontrar agua.

The zoo is three miles away. Should we go there by car?

El zoo est a tres millas de distancia. Deberamos ir all en coche?

Exercises.

Place the following words in the sentence which adequately reflect.


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ahead, behind, in front, opposite, around, beyond.

A high-rise building is being constructed ________.

Our house is the one with a fence _______.

I saw a man on a horse and a dog running ________.

Rabbits were scampering all ______ the field.

When I see those mountains, I wonder what is _________.

Please walk _______ and Ill follow you.

3.- ADVERBS OF TIME

When we express what time an action is performed, we use adverbs of time: now,

early, late, soon, already, tomorrow.

early (rli) - tempranolate (lit) - tarde

earlier (rlier) - antes, ms temprano

later (liter) - luego, ms tarde

then (den) - luego, entonces

before (bifr) - antes

after (fter) - despus

afterwards (fterurds)luego

Examples.

Daniel usually wakes up early every morning.

Daniel por lo general se despierta temprano cada maana.

Joe and Pam arrived late last night.

Joe y Pam llegaron tarde anoche.

If you want to catch the 7 o'clock bus, you must leave earlier.

Si quieres agarrar elautobs de las 7, debes marcharte ms temprano.

I am busy right now. Please call me back later.

Estoy ocupado ahora mismo. Por favor llmeme ms tarde.

We're going to the party, so we'll see you then.

Vamos a la fiesta, entonces te veremos entonces.

I'm sure I've seen you before.

Estoy seguro que le he visto antes.

Mr. Kane can meet you next week, or the week after.

Sr. Kane puede encontrarle la prxima semana, o la semana despus.

James and Molly had lunch and afterwards went for a walk.

James y Molly almorzaron y despus dieron un paseo.


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Exercises.

Place the following words in the sentence which adequately reflect.

Formerly, latterly, ever, soon, again, thereafter, lately, recently.

I'll visit you _______, granny.

George hasn't been feeling well ________.

Try _____ later.

They lived happily _________.

Thailand, ________ known as Siam, is an exotic country.

Have you _____ seen a UFO?

________ her art has become very bold.

They've traveled to Europe _______.

4.-ADVERBS OF DURATION

Those that indicate how long a certain action and answer type questions "for how

long?" All day, for a while.

all day (l di) - todo el da

all week (l wik) - toda la semana

the whole morning (de jul morning) - la maana entera

for a while (for e uil) - por un rato/tiempofor five minutes (for fiv mnits) - por cinco minutos

for two years (for tch ers) - por dos aos

Examples.

Bob's been studying all day and now has a headache.

Bob ha estado estudiando todo el da y ahora tiene un dolor de cabeza.

The painter has been working on a portrait all week.

El pintor ha estado trabajando en un retrato toda la semana.

The mechanic's been fixing my car the whole morning.

El mecnico ha estado fijando mi coche la maana entera.

They had waited for Jim for a while before they left.

Ellos haban esperado a Jim un rato antes de que se marcharan.

You should play the guitar for five minutes every day.

Usted debera tocar la guitarra durante cinco minutos cada da.

We've been taking tennis lessons for two years.

Hemos estado tomando lecciones de tenis durante dos aos.

Exercises.


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Exercises.

Coloca las palabras siguientes en la oracin en que correspondan adecuadamente.

Always, usually, frequently, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly

ever, never.

They _________ spend the summer in the mountains.

You ________dine at Peter's, don't you?

Mrs. Hills __________ leaves home after 10:00 p.m.

Janet __________ visits her parents.

Mr. Robins ___________ drives at night.

I _________ have corn flakes for breakfast.

Oliver _________ buys new clothes.

They ___________ go hiking.

We ________ water our garden when it's hot.

Ben ___________ goes to the theater.

6.- ADVERBS OF ORDER.

Are used to express the order in which events occur, help us to list: Firstly, secondly,

lastly, finally.

first (frst) - primero

at first (at frst) - al principio

initially (inshali) - inicialmente

first of all (frst ov l) - antes que nada

in the first place (in de frst plis) - en primer lugar

secondly (scondli) - en segundo lugar

thirdly (zrdli) - en tercer lugar

fourthly (forzli) - en cuarto lugar

Examples.

First, she screamed, then she ran away.

Primero ella grit y luego huy.

At first I liked the book but then it got very boring.

Al principio me gust el libro pero luego se volvi muy aburrido.

Initially he checked the microphone.

Al principio l prob el micrfono.

First of all, I'll introduce myself.

En primer lugar, me presentar.


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In the first place, let me give you an overview of the course.

En primer lugar, djeme darle una vista general del curso.

Secondly, we'll discuss what you expect from my lectures.

En segundo lugar, hablaremos de lo que usted espera de mis conferencias.

Thirdly, I'll test your language skills.

En tercer lugar, probar sus conocimientos de la lengua.

Fourthly, you'll have a chance to ask me questions.

En cuarto lugar, usted tendr una posibilidad para hacerme preguntas.

Exercises.


Lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end.

_______ , let me summarize the main points of my presentation.

The plane ________ departed two hours late.

Harry had applied to university many times, and _________, he was admitted.

_______, I'd like to express my ideas about the facts.

________, I'd like to repeat the three major issues.

7.- ADVERBS OF DEGREE.

They answer questions such as "to what degree?" And indicates how strongly an action

is performed: very, completely, Greatly, extremely.

much (mch) - mucho

so much (su mach) - tanto

too much (tch mach) - demasiado

very little (ltl) - muy poco

so little (su litl) - tan poco

too little (tch litl) - demasiado poco

Examples.

I miss you so much!

Le echo de menos tanto!

My son didn't like the soup much because it was cold.

A mi hijo no le gust mucho la sopa porque estaba fra.

You've done too much for me.Thank you.

Usted ha hecho demasiado por m. Gracias.

We still know very little about insects.

Todava sabemos muy poco sobre insectos.


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Tony knows so little about biology that he failed the test.

Tony sabe tan poco sobre biologa que l no aprob el examen.

Evidently, Alexander worked too little on his project.

Claramente, Alexander trabaj demasiado poco en su proyecto.

Exercises.


More, much more, far more, less, much less, far less.

Liz likes geography _______ than history.

This textbook is _______ difficult than that one.

Houses in Texas are ______ expensive than in Hawaii.

Antarctica is ________ inhabited than Patagonia.

Alec proofread the text __________ carefully than Greg did.

You need to drive _________ to get to San Francisco.


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Personal PronounsPersonal pronouns may be classified byperson,numberandcase.In the

English language, there are three persons (first, secondand third), each of

which can be divided into two forms by number (singular and plural), as in

the table. Third person also distinguishesgender(male, female or neuter)

English has two cases, subjectand object.Subject pronouns are used

when the person or thing is thesubject of the sentence or clause (I like to

eat chips, butshe does not.).Object pronouns are used when the person

or thing is theobject of the sentence or clause (John likesme butnother).

Subject + verb + object

Personal Pronouns:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person


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three persons (points of view)

1st person - the one(s) speaking (I me my mine we us our ours)2nd person - the one(s) spoken to (you your yours)3rd person - the one(s) spoken about (he him his she her

hers it its they their theirs)

SINGULAR PLURAL

Subjective objective possessive subjective objective possessive

1stperson I me my, mine We us our, ours

2ndperson You you your, yours you you your, yours

3rdperson he

she

it

him

her

it

his

her, hers

its

they them their, theirs


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Examples

Exercises

Replace the underlined word or words with a subject pronoun, he, she, it, we

or they.

Example: Fred and I love music. Fred and I often go to concerts.Fred and I

love music. We often go to concerts.

1 The book is very long. The book has 315 pages.

2 My sister is very rich. My sister has four houses.

3 My uncle is a builder. My uncle works very hard.

Possessive pronouns


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Possessive pronouns are used to indicatepossessionor

ownership. Some occur as independent noun

phrases: mine, yours, hers, ours, yours, theirs. An example

is: Those clothes aremine. Others do

not: my, your, her, our, your, their, as in, I

lostmy wallet.(Depending on the context, hisand itscan fall in

either category.) Because the latter have a syntactic role close tothat ofadjectives,always qualifying a noun, some grammarians

classify them asdeterminers.They replace possessive noun

phrases. As an example, Theircrusade to capture our

attentioncould replace The advertisers' crusade to capture our

attention.

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs

EXAMPLES:

Can you lend me a pencil? - I forgot mine.

That is my problem not yours.

Their city is old. Ours is new.

Exercises

Complete sentences with a word or words Possessive pronouns mine,

yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

1Our house is next to .

2Here are your tools. Where are ?

3 I lent Bob my car and he lent me .

Possessive Adjectives
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)


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We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something.The possessive adjectives are:

my, your, his, her, its, our, their whose (interrogative)

These are adjectives. Don't confuse them

withpronouns!

Umber person gender possessiveadjective

example sentence

Singular 1st male/female my This ismybook.

2nd male/female your I likeyourhair.

3rd male his Hisname is"John".

female her Hername is"Mary".

neuter its The dog islickingitspaw.

Plural 1st male/female our We have

sold ourhouse.

2nd male/female your Yourchildren arelovely.

3rd male/female/neuter

their The studentsthankedtheirteacher.

singular/plural

1st/2nd/3rd

male/female (notneuter)

whose Whosephone didyou u

Possessive Adjectives
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htm


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Examples:

This bicycle belong to me. This is my bicycle .

These pencil belong to you. These are your pencils.

Exercises:

Complete the sentences with a possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our,their)

1 That book belong to her. That is book.

2These socks belong to him. These are.socks.

3 Those shirts belong to her. Those areshirts.

Interrogative Pronouns


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Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. In reference to

a person, one may use who(subject), whom(object)

or whose(possessive); for example, Who did that?In colloquial

speech, whomis generally replaced by who. Non-personal pronouns

(whichand what) have only one form.[2]:5657

In many languages (e.g.,Czech,English,French,Interlingua,

andRussian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly

identical. Compare English: Who is that?

Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What.

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that

require more than a yes or no answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

Exercises:

Complete the sentences with a Interrogative pronouns( Who, Whose, Whom,

Which, What.)

1pen is that?

2.. is that?

3..

are you?

Demonstrative pronouns
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2


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Demonstrative pronouns (in English, this, thatand their

plurals these, those) often distinguish their targets by pointing or some

other indication of position; for example, I'll takethese. They may also

beanaphoric,depending on an earlier expression for context, for

example,A kid actor would try to be all sweet, and who needsthat?

demonstrate(verb): to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:

near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those)

near Far

singular this That

plural these Those

Examples:

Does this train go to Glasgow?

That shampoo is very expensive.

Exercises:

1 were on holyday.week, so weve rented a car.

2 Please help mebags are very heavy.

3 Can you pass mebooks, please?

Relative pronouns
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)


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Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, what, whichand that) refer backto people or things previously mentioned: Peoplewho smoke should quit

now.They are used inrelative clauses.[2]:56Indefinite relative

pronounshave some of the properties of both relative pronouns and

indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the

person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly

named: I knowwhat I like.

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It iscalled a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that itsrelative clause modifies. Here is an example:

The person whophoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night"

modifies introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*

Who(subject) and whom(object) are generally only forpeople. Whoseis for possession. Whichis for things. Thatcan beused for things andpeople only in definingrelative clauses (clausesthat are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extrainformation)

examplenotes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun#cite_note-Borjars-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause


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sentencesS=subject,O=object,P=possessive

definingrelative

clauses

S - The person whophoned melast night is my teacher.

- The person thatphoned melast night is my teacher.

Thatis preferable

- The car whichhit me wasyellow.- The car thathit me was yellow.

Thatis preferable

O - The person whomI phonedlast night is my teacher.- The people whoI phoned last

night are my teachers.- The person thatI phoned lastnight is my teacher.- The person I phoned last nightis my teacher.

Whomis correct butformal. The relativepronoun is optional.

- The car whichI drive is old.- The car thatI drive is old.- The car I drive is old.

Thatis preferabletowhich. The relativepronoun is optional.

P - The student whosephone justrang should stand up.- Students whoseparents arewealthy pay extra.

- The police are looking for thecar whosedriver was masked.- The police are looking for thecar of whichthe driver wasmasked.

Whosecan be usedwith things. Of whichisalso possible.

non-definingrelativeclauses

S - Mrs Pratt, whois very kind, ismy teacher.

- The car, whichwas a taxi,exploded.- The cars, whichwere taxis,exploded.

O - Mrs Pratt, whomI like verymuch, is my teacher.

- Mrs Pratt, whoI like verymuch, is my teacher.

Whomis correct butformal. Whois common

in spoken English andinformal written English.


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Examples:

Do you know the person who sold me the car?

The animals that live here are adapted to extreme conditions.

Exercises:

1 It was an earthquake. caused great destruction.

2 The soldiers.fought in that battle were very young.

3A country..citizens know their rights and duties.

- The car, whichI was driving atthe time, suddenly caught fire.

P - My brother, whosephone youjust heard, is a doctor.

- The car, whosedriver jumpedout just before the accident, wascompletely destroyed.- The car, the driver ofwhichjumped out just beforethe accident, was completelydestroyed.

Whosecan be usedwith things. Of whichisalso possible.

Documents

Trabajo Ingles Extraaaaaa final.docx