The American Colonies EmergeChapter 2

Spain’s Empire in the AmericasSection 1

Main IdeaThroughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquered Central America and portions of North America.

Why It Matters NowSpanish language, religion, and architecture continues to influence the Americas

Why was Cortés interested in the Aztec empire?He was interested in the territory and vast wealth of the Aztec empire.

What factors enabled the Spaniards to conquer the Aztec?The Spaniards superior weapons, the diseases that accompanied them, and the support of other native peoples.

Why did the Spanish begin to use African slaves on their plantations in the New World?They needed the slaves to work in the mines and plantations after the Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda.

Why did the Spanish build a road between Santa Fe and Mexico City?As a means by which goods could be transported back and forth.

Why did the Native Americans of New Mexico revolt against the Spanish settlers?The settlers had forced the Native Americans to pay tribute. Those who failed to pay or who were caught practicing their native religion were abused physically.

Spain established a profitable empire in the Americas

1. Cortés conquers the Aztec2. Spain took gold and silver from Mexico3. Spaniards established the encomienda

system4. Many natives died from disease5. Spaniards established settlements

from Mexico north to Florida and New Mexico

Do you agree or disagree with the statement:The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, which led to the creation of Mexico, was neither a triumph nor a defeat?

If you agree: Large mestizo population in Mexico –

reflecting mixed Spanish and native heritage

If you disagree: The native peoples were conquered by

force, depleted by disease, and subjugated under a harsh labor system, and therefore had little choice but to submit to Spanish influence.

The Spaniards’ exploration and settlement north of Mexico and their interaction with Native Americans there

Early Spanish explorers failed to find much gold, so settlement was limited to far-flung missions and defensive outposts.

Spanish missionaries provided Native Americans with material goods, education, and protection, but sometimes abused them and suppressed their culture.

Some Native Americans converted to Christianity, but others resisted violently

What can you infer from the fact that approximately 17,000 Native Americans from all over New Mexico took part in Popé’s rebellion?

The Native Americans were well organized.

The Spanish priests had alienated a large number of Native Americans during the previous decades.

Geography Skill BuilderPage 39

How many voyages to the Americas did Columbus make? Four

In what years did England and France sail to the Americas and which regions did they explore?

I. EnglishA. 1497, 1609, and 1610B. They explored the east coast and upper

Canada

II. FrenchA. 1524 and 1534-1535B. In 1673 and 1682, they explored parts

of Canada and the mid-western and southern United States

An English Settlement at JamestownSection 2

Main IdeaThe first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

Why It Matters NowEnglish colonies in Virginia developed into the present states of the southern United States

What factors contributed to the near failure of Jamestown?Disease, the unwillingness of many colonists to work, and the hostile actions of the Powhatan.

Why was tobacco so important to the Jamestown colony?Tobacco became very popular in Europe and proved to be a high profitable cash crop.

How did the conditions of indentured servitude differ from those of the headright system?The headright system allowed settlers to purchase their own land. Indentured servants worked for a landowner for a limited period of time, usually four to seven years.

What factors led to the importation of slaves to Virginia? As the number of indentured servants in

the colony declined, colonists needed laborers to work the tobacco plantations.

An increase in wealth enabled them to pay for more expensive slave imported from the Caribbean

Why were the colonists in conflict with Powhatan? Still angry because of Powhatan’s

treatment of them during the Starving Time, the settlers began demanding tribute.

Plus, the colonists kept moving further and further into Powhatan territory

Why was Nathaniel Bacon frustrated with Governor Berkley? Bacon, like many settlers, was

frustrated because Berkley had levied taxes on poor settlers and failed to use the money he gained from those taxes to build forts and protest settlers from hostile Native Americans.

Timeline of the major developments in the colonization of Virginia 1607 – Jamestown founded 1609 – The Starving Time began 1612 – John Rolfe developed new strain of tobacco 1618 – Headright system introduced 1619 – first slaves arrived in Virginia and House of

Burgesses first met 1622 – Chief Opechancanough led raids on settlers 1624 – King James I made Virginia a royal colony 1675 – Fighting erupts between settlers and Native

Americans 1676 – Bacon’s Rebellion

The success of tobacco farming in Virginia had wide-ranging effects. Jamestown colonists – revived a failing

colony Indentured servants – provided the

possibility for work and new life Powhatan – tobacco required much land

which the colonists took from them Planters – gained most of the tobacco

wealth

The following lines appear in Michael Drayton’s 1606 poem, “To the Virginian Voyage”“When as the luscious smell of that delicious land Above the sea that flows The clear wind throws Your hearts to swell”

What do these lines tell you about the expectations many colonists had before they arrived in Virginia?

The poem suggests an idealized land, where rich harvests provided a “delicious” smell, the wind is “clear,” and invigorating but not oppressive, where hopes and dreams are possible.

Puritan New EnglandSection 3

Main IdeaEnglish Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620.

Why It Matters NowThe United States continues to use an expanded form of representative government begun by the Puritans.

How were the Separatists different from other Puritans?Separatists wanted to separate from the Anglican Church, the state church of England. Other Puritans wanted only to reform the Anglican Church from within.

Why did the Puritans leave England?Some Puritans, such as the “Pilgrims,” left to break with the Church of England. Other Puritans left to escape political, social, and economic turmoil.

Who could vote in Massachusetts Bay Colony?Stockholders in the Massachusetts Bay Company and all adult males who belonged to the Puritan church.

What two principles did Providence guarantee that Massachusetts Bay did not?• Separation of church and state• Religious freedom

How did Native Americans view land treaties?Native Americans believed that land treaties were agreements to share, not own, the land, and for a limited period of time.

Cause and EffectCause Effect

Persecution of Puritans in England

Puritan immigration to New England

Puritan belief in hard work Rapid growth and success of Massachusetts Bay

Roger Williams’s dissenting beliefs

Founding of Rhode Island based on his principles

Rapid colonial expansion in New England

Conflict with Native Americans

Defeat of King Philip End of Native American power in southeastern New England

Anne Hutchinson Puritans believed their way of worship was

the only way, that their leaders carried out God’s will, and that society needed to be tightly knit and behavior strictly controlled.

Puritans leaders may have felt especially threatened by Hutchinson’s views because she was a woman and the church and society were male-dominated.

Settlement of the Middle ColoniesSection 4

Main IdeaThe Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvannia.

Why It Matters NowThe principles of tolerance and equality promoted in the Quaker settlement remain fundamental values in America.

What were the important characteristics of the colony of New Netherland?• Ethnic diversity• Religious tolerance• Generally good relations with Native Americans

How did the Quaker beliefs compare to the Puritan beliefs?Both groups believed in a personal experience of God. However, Puritans had ministers while the Quakers did not

How did Penn’s attitudes and actions toward the Native Americans differ from those of the Puritans?Penn desired to gain respect and friendship and paid Native Americans for their land.Puritans generally viewed Native Americans as heathens controlled by evil and eventually set out to remove or destroy them.

New Netherland To attract settlers, the Dutch of New

Netherland opened their colony to people of all backgrounds, including free Africans.

Williams Penn followed the Dutch example in Pennsylvania.

From these actions resulted colonies of extraordinary diversity and vitality.

Where’d the come from and what’s their name?Origin Name of Group

England English

Netherlands Dutch

Sweden Swedes

Finland Finns

Germany Germans

France French

Scandinavia Scandinavians

Europe Europeans

Africa Africans

Colonial Meeting Houses(page 57)1. Both favor a simple, unadorned exterior and

interior. Both are “meetinghouses” that resemble regular houses. Puritans had pulpits which emphasized the importance of their ministers; Quakers had seats that faced each other so that anyone in the congregation could participate in the service.

2. The central aisle leads to the alter which is separated by a screen. The well-to-do had highly decorated pews in accordance with their socioeconomic status.

Compare New Netherland and Pennsylvania New Netherland only – founded by the

Dutch and built on fur trade Both – attracted colonists from many

ethnic groups, practiced religious toleration, became a proprietary colony, established good relations with Native Americans

Pennsylvania only – shaped by Quaker ideals, avoided a land-owning aristocracy

Both New Netherland and Pennsylvania encouraged settlers to come from all over western Europe.Do you think this was a good decision for these colonies? Why or why not?

Good decision Both colonies prospered and they both

practiced religious toleration

Bad decision Dutch were unable to hold New

Netherland and the Quakers on whose principles the “holy experiment” was founded – soon became the minority.

How did William Penn succeed in achieving his goals for Pennsylvania, and how did he fail?

Penn established freedom of religion and a representative assembly, practiced religious tolerance, and maintained peace between colonists and Native Americans for 50 years.

Penn did not profit financially, Quakers became a minority, and slavery was introduced.

Other colonies Maryland – Lord Baltimore set it up as a

haven for Catholics King Charles II awarded territory that

would become North and South Carolina

Georgia James Ogelthorpe Wanted it to be a haven for debtors Prohibited slavery and the drinking of

rum English officials hoped that Georgia

would buffer the rest of the colonies from Spanish Florida