Unit 1Unit 1 Colonial Era Colonial Era

and American and American BeginningsBeginnings

Chapter 2: Chapter 2:

The American Colonies EmergeThe American Colonies Emerge

English Settlement of English Settlement of JamestownJamestown

► England decided not to fund colonization of England decided not to fund colonization of the new lands like Spain had done.the new lands like Spain had done.

► King James IKing James I, in 1606, granted a , in 1606, granted a chartercharter or or official permit for two official permit for two joint-stock companiesjoint-stock companies to to colonize the Americas, which allowed several colonize the Americas, which allowed several investors to pool their wealth in support of a investors to pool their wealth in support of a colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit.colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit.

► The The Virginia companiesVirginia companies of London and of London and Plymouth started organizing a colony and Plymouth started organizing a colony and selling stock in order to raise funds.selling stock in order to raise funds.

►The The Plymouth companyPlymouth company disbanded, disbanded, leaving the leaving the Virginia companyVirginia company of London of London as the sole company.as the sole company.

►The Virginia company promised gold The Virginia company promised gold would be found and each person who would be found and each person who went to colonize the land would get a went to colonize the land would get a share.share.

►The king of England would get 1/5 of all The king of England would get 1/5 of all the gold and silver.the gold and silver.

► In April of 1607 three In April of 1607 three ships of the Virginia ships of the Virginia company (company (Susan Susan Constant, Discovery, and Constant, Discovery, and GodspeedGodspeed) sailed up the ) sailed up the James River and started a James River and started a settlement known as settlement known as JamestownJamestown..

► John SmithJohn Smith was the leader was the leader of the colony and he of the colony and he sensed trouble from the sensed trouble from the start.start.

► He noticed that everyone He noticed that everyone was consumed with was consumed with finding gold and had no finding gold and had no desire to farm or even desire to farm or even build permanent housing.build permanent housing.

► Many colonists became ill from Many colonists became ill from drinking infected river water. And drinking infected river water. And because there were no crops, the because there were no crops, the colonists began to starve.colonists began to starve.

► By the winter of 1607 only 38 of the By the winter of 1607 only 38 of the original 150 settlers were still alive.original 150 settlers were still alive.

► Many of the settlers had never done Many of the settlers had never done manual labor and had refused to farm manual labor and had refused to farm or help build shelters.or help build shelters.

► John Smith finally set a law stating John Smith finally set a law stating that, “he that will not work shall not that, “he that will not work shall not eat.”eat.”

Recent Discoveries at Recent Discoveries at JamestownJamestown

► Excavation since 1994 has Excavation since 1994 has uncovered hundreds of uncovered hundreds of thousands of artifacts dating to thousands of artifacts dating to the first half of the 17th century. the first half of the 17th century. Nearly half of the objects date to Nearly half of the objects date to the first years of English the first years of English settlement (1607-1610). The site settlement (1607-1610). The site of James Fort was not washed of James Fort was not washed into the river as most people into the river as most people believed for the past 200 years. believed for the past 200 years. We have uncovered over 250 We have uncovered over 250 feet of two palisade wall lines, feet of two palisade wall lines, the east cannon projection the east cannon projection (bulwark), three filled in cellars, (bulwark), three filled in cellars, and a building, all part of the and a building, all part of the triangular James Fort. Also a triangular James Fort. Also a palisade wall line and a large palisade wall line and a large building were found attached to building were found attached to the main fort to the east. the main fort to the east.

A drawing of James Fort (c.1609) by Pedro de Zuniga, a Spanish ambassador. The sketch shows a flag-like projection which is more probably an enclosed garden. The three sides and circular bastions at the corners are common to all three descriptions of the early fort.

► The local natives, the The local natives, the Powhatan IndiansPowhatan Indians, were , were persuaded to give the settlers food and support.persuaded to give the settlers food and support.

► John Smith was burned in an accident and had to John Smith was burned in an accident and had to return to England. The colonists now had no return to England. The colonists now had no leader…leader…

► In 1609, 600 more settlers were sent to Jamestown. In 1609, 600 more settlers were sent to Jamestown. They found the colony in disarray and being They found the colony in disarray and being harassed by the Powhatan.harassed by the Powhatan.

► The Powhatan killed all the settler’s livestock and The Powhatan killed all the settler’s livestock and kept the settlers from hunting for food.kept the settlers from hunting for food.

► By the spring of 1610 only 60 colonists survived.By the spring of 1610 only 60 colonists survived.

► Jamestown was saved when a new leader showed Jamestown was saved when a new leader showed up. He did not hesitate to flog or even hang up. He did not hesitate to flog or even hang colonists that did not do their fair share of the work.colonists that did not do their fair share of the work.

► John RolfeJohn Rolfe began to grow a new strain of tobacco, began to grow a new strain of tobacco, which was soon in high demand in Europe.which was soon in high demand in Europe.

► Jamestown began growing Jamestown began growing tobaccotobacco or “brown gold” or “brown gold” and exported about 1.5 million pounds of it a year.and exported about 1.5 million pounds of it a year.

► The farmers at Jamestown needed laborers to work The farmers at Jamestown needed laborers to work the tobacco fields and began to use the the tobacco fields and began to use the headright headright systemsystem..

► The headright system promised 50 acres of land to The headright system promised 50 acres of land to anyone who moved to Jamestown. They would also anyone who moved to Jamestown. They would also get an additional 50 acres for each family member get an additional 50 acres for each family member who came along.who came along.

► Indentured servantsIndentured servants also began to move to also began to move to Jamestown. Indentured servants received “free” Jamestown. Indentured servants received “free” passage to the colonies in return for a set period of passage to the colonies in return for a set period of time that they had to work off the debt. The servant time that they had to work off the debt. The servant usually worked for about 4 to 7 years as a type of usually worked for about 4 to 7 years as a type of slave until the debt was paid.slave until the debt was paid.

► In 1619 a Dutch ship brought the first Africans to In 1619 a Dutch ship brought the first Africans to Jamestown. They were originally treated as Jamestown. They were originally treated as indentured servants and were eventually given indentured servants and were eventually given freedom and land.freedom and land.

► As the colony grew there was a need As the colony grew there was a need for more land. This led to warfare for more land. This led to warfare between the English colonists and the between the English colonists and the Powhatan natives.Powhatan natives.

► The English did not intermarry with The English did not intermarry with the natives, but rather drove them the natives, but rather drove them away. War was always likely between away. War was always likely between the natives and any English colony.the natives and any English colony.

► The English forced the Powhatans to The English forced the Powhatans to give them food and provide labor. If give them food and provide labor. If they refused the English burned their they refused the English burned their villages and took their children villages and took their children hostage.hostage.

► One of these kidnapped children was One of these kidnapped children was PocahontasPocahontas, who later married John , who later married John Rolfe in 1614. This helped to bring Rolfe in 1614. This helped to bring about temporary peace between the about temporary peace between the English and Powhatan.English and Powhatan.

► In 1622 the Powhatan had no more patience for the In 1622 the Powhatan had no more patience for the English settlers and attacked them, killing 340 English settlers and attacked them, killing 340 settlers.settlers.

► The Virginia company sent more troops and The Virginia company sent more troops and supplies, but the king of England had changed his supplies, but the king of England had changed his mind about the charter. mind about the charter.

► King James I revoked the charter of Virginia and King James I revoked the charter of Virginia and made it into a made it into a royal colonyroyal colony under his direct control. under his direct control.

► By 1644 10,000 colonists lived in Virginia.By 1644 10,000 colonists lived in Virginia.

► Two classes of people began to form in Virginia: the Two classes of people began to form in Virginia: the landownerslandowners with with full rightsfull rights and the and the former servantsformer servants who had who had no landno land and and no rightsno rights..

► The frontier settlers, those living on the outskirts of The frontier settlers, those living on the outskirts of the settlement, were constantly engaged in fighting the settlement, were constantly engaged in fighting with the Indians. with the Indians.

► They asked the They asked the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses (the Virginia (the Virginia legislature; see p.48) for help, but the government legislature; see p.48) for help, but the government refused. refused.

► Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon, a frontier settler, formed an army to , a frontier settler, formed an army to fight the natives, but fight the natives, but Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley, the governor , the governor from England, declared the local army illegal.from England, declared the local army illegal.

► Bacon turned his army towards Jamestown instead Bacon turned his army towards Jamestown instead and burned much of it, forcing Berkeley to sail back and burned much of it, forcing Berkeley to sail back for England.for England.

► Bacon died shortly Bacon died shortly after the rebellion.after the rebellion.

► Berkeley returned Berkeley returned and disbanded the and disbanded the illegal army, who illegal army, who now had no leader.now had no leader.

► Although Although Bacon’s Bacon’s RebellionRebellion was not was not successful, it did get successful, it did get King Charles’ King Charles’ attention and he re-attention and he re-called Berkeley to called Berkeley to England.England.

The PuritansThe Puritans

► The The PuritansPuritans came to the came to the New World not for profit like New World not for profit like at Jamestown, but rather to at Jamestown, but rather to build a model new society build a model new society and for religious freedom.and for religious freedom.

► Why they leftWhy they left: The Puritans : The Puritans believed that the Anglican believed that the Anglican Church was still too much Church was still too much like the Catholic Church.like the Catholic Church.

► The Puritans wanted to The Puritans wanted to purifypurify the Anglican Church the Anglican Church from any form of from any form of Catholicism.Catholicism.

► Puritans believed Puritans believed that everyone should that everyone should worship through worship through faith, prayer, and faith, prayer, and study of the Bible.study of the Bible.

► Puritans believed Puritans believed that the power of the that the power of the church was with the church was with the congregation and not congregation and not with the minister.with the minister.

► Some Puritans Some Puritans wanted to reform the wanted to reform the Anglican Church from Anglican Church from within, but others did within, but others did not.not.

► Those who did not Those who did not want to reform the want to reform the church were known church were known as as SeparatistsSeparatists..

► King James I punished King James I punished any Separatists that any Separatists that he could find.he could find.

► One group of One group of Separatists, known as Separatists, known as the the PilgrimsPilgrims, moved , moved to Holland and then to Holland and then eventually to the New eventually to the New World in 1620, World in 1620, forming the forming the Plymouth Plymouth ColonyColony..

► In 1629 In 1629 John WinthropJohn Winthrop and and some friends secured a royal some friends secured a royal charter to form a joint-stock charter to form a joint-stock company, known as the company, known as the Massachusetts Bay CompanyMassachusetts Bay Company..

► In 1630 17 ships with 1000 new In 1630 17 ships with 1000 new colonists arrived at the new colonists arrived at the new Massachusetts Bay Colony.Massachusetts Bay Colony.

► These colonists were well These colonists were well prepared to start a new colony prepared to start a new colony because they planned the because they planned the move and had many artisans or move and had many artisans or skilled workers with them.skilled workers with them.

► John WinthropJohn Winthrop, the first , the first Governor of the Governor of the Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay ColonyBay Colony called this new called this new colony a “City upon a Hill.”colony a “City upon a Hill.”

► In the next 10 years 20,000 In the next 10 years 20,000 more English colonists more English colonists immigrated to the colony.immigrated to the colony.

► The Puritan colony turned out The Puritan colony turned out to be a type of democracy.to be a type of democracy.

► The Mass. Bay Co. allowed all The Mass. Bay Co. allowed all male members of the Puritan male members of the Puritan church, as well as stockholders, church, as well as stockholders, to vote.to vote.

► These voters, called These voters, called FreemenFreemen, , voted on the members that voted on the members that made up the General Court made up the General Court that selected the Governor.that selected the Governor.

► Puritans came to the New Puritans came to the New World to follow their own form World to follow their own form of worship. They were very of worship. They were very intolerant of other religions in intolerant of other religions in their colony and of those who their colony and of those who had different beliefs.had different beliefs.

► Roger WilliamsRoger Williams believed that the Puritan gov’t had no believed that the Puritan gov’t had no right to punish people for their religion, and he was right to punish people for their religion, and he was considered a huge threat to the Puritan way of life.considered a huge threat to the Puritan way of life.

► He also believed that the royal charter was illegal since He also believed that the royal charter was illegal since the land was not purchased from the local natives.the land was not purchased from the local natives.

► The General Court ordered his arrest and removal back The General Court ordered his arrest and removal back to England.to England.

► Williams escaped and negotiated some land from the Williams escaped and negotiated some land from the natives in order to start a new colony, which he called natives in order to start a new colony, which he called Providence.Providence.

► Williams guaranteed separation of church and state Williams guaranteed separation of church and state and religious freedom to all settlers.and religious freedom to all settlers.

► Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson was also in was also in trouble with the Puritans trouble with the Puritans because she believed that the because she believed that the Holy Spirit was in all believers Holy Spirit was in all believers and that any believer could and that any believer could read and interpret the Bible. read and interpret the Bible. She also believed that there She also believed that there was no need for a church or was no need for a church or minister for people to depend minister for people to depend on.on.

► Hutchinson was banished Hutchinson was banished from Mass. Bay and moved to from Mass. Bay and moved to Williams’ colony of Williams’ colony of Providence/Rhode Island or Providence/Rhode Island or “Rogue Island.”“Rogue Island.”

► As more and more colonists began arriving and As more and more colonists began arriving and claiming land, more problems arose between settlers claiming land, more problems arose between settlers and natives.and natives.

► Settlers brought European diseases which often spread Settlers brought European diseases which often spread to the natives and killed hundreds and thousands.to the natives and killed hundreds and thousands.

► The natives realized that as soon as they died from The natives realized that as soon as they died from disease the English would claim their lands.disease the English would claim their lands.

► The English often tried to make treaties with the The English often tried to make treaties with the natives, but both groups had different views or ideas of natives, but both groups had different views or ideas of treaties. The natives believed that the treaties for land treaties. The natives believed that the treaties for land use were temporary since no one actually owned the use were temporary since no one actually owned the land. The English settlers look at the treaties and land. The English settlers look at the treaties and permanent and binding.permanent and binding.

► Puritans viewed the natives as “heathen agents of the Puritans viewed the natives as “heathen agents of the devil” who wanted to destroy them and their societies.devil” who wanted to destroy them and their societies.

► However, the natives eventually came to believe the However, the natives eventually came to believe the same things about the English.same things about the English.

► The The Pequot nationPequot nation arose against the colonists, but the arose against the colonists, but the colonists surrounded them and killed all but 5 of 600.colonists surrounded them and killed all but 5 of 600.

► 40 years later 40 years later Chief MetacomChief Metacom aka aka King PhilipKing Philip started a started a bloody revolt, attacking and destroying colonial bloody revolt, attacking and destroying colonial villages.villages.

► Eventually the natives were worn down by disease Eventually the natives were worn down by disease and starvation and were forced to surrender.and starvation and were forced to surrender.

► After After King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War the natives were never a force the natives were never a force of hostility in the northeastern colonies again.of hostility in the northeastern colonies again.

Settlement of the Middle Settlement of the Middle ColoniesColonies

► Henry HudsonHenry Hudson was an was an Englishman who was Englishman who was employed by the Dutch.employed by the Dutch.

► Hudson sailed up the Hudson sailed up the Hudson river and explored Hudson river and explored the area. The Dutch soon the area. The Dutch soon built trading posts near built trading posts near Manhattan Island.Manhattan Island.

► The Dutch started a fur The Dutch started a fur trade with the trade with the IroquoisIroquois..

► The Dutch gov’t chartered a The Dutch gov’t chartered a new colony (under the new colony (under the Dutch West India Co.) Dutch West India Co.) known as known as New NetherlandNew Netherland and named their capital and named their capital New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam..

► At first the Dutch colony had trouble attracting people. At first the Dutch colony had trouble attracting people. Eventually the colony was opened to anyone. The Eventually the colony was opened to anyone. The Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans soon came to New Netherland.Europeans soon came to New Netherland.

► The Dutch colony was open to all types of religions The Dutch colony was open to all types of religions and attracted Protestants, Catholics, and Jews to the and attracted Protestants, Catholics, and Jews to the colony.colony.

► The Dutch also treated the local natives with respect.The Dutch also treated the local natives with respect.► The English did not want the Dutch between their The English did not want the Dutch between their

northern and southern colonies, so a military force northern and southern colonies, so a military force under the command of the under the command of the Duke of YorkDuke of York was sent to was sent to take over.take over.

► New Netherlands was taken without firing a shot. The Duke of New Netherlands was taken without firing a shot. The Duke of York soon renamed the colony York soon renamed the colony New YorkNew York..

► He also gave a friend some land nearby which was named He also gave a friend some land nearby which was named New New JerseyJersey..

► Land was also given to those owed money by King Charles II. Land was also given to those owed money by King Charles II. William PennWilliam Penn was owed 16,000 pounds and was granted property was owed 16,000 pounds and was granted property in the New World: in the New World: Pennsylvania and DelawarePennsylvania and Delaware..

► Penn guaranteed every male settler 50 acres of land and the Penn guaranteed every male settler 50 acres of land and the right to vote. He also formed a representative type of right to vote. He also formed a representative type of government.government.

► Penn provided a separate assembly or gov’t for Pennsylvania Penn provided a separate assembly or gov’t for Pennsylvania and Delaware. and Delaware.

► He was determined to have peace with the native people and He was determined to have peace with the native people and made sure that they were paid in full for their lands.made sure that they were paid in full for their lands.

► Penn also regulated trade with the natives and even formed a Penn also regulated trade with the natives and even formed a court with colonists and natives on the board.court with colonists and natives on the board.

► Other settlers included the Other settlers included the QuakersQuakers, who believed in , who believed in having no formal ministers having no formal ministers and allowing anyone to and allowing anyone to speak as they were moved.speak as they were moved.

► Quakers dressed plainly and Quakers dressed plainly and refused to follow a social refused to follow a social ranking system. They also ranking system. They also believed in believed in pacifismpacifism or or refusing to serve in the refusing to serve in the military.military.