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The American The American Colonies EmergeColonies Emerge
Chapter IIChapter II
Section 1Section 1
Spain’s Empire in the Spain’s Empire in the AmericasAmericas
2.1 Main Idea2.1 Main Idea
Throughout the 1500’s and 1600’s, Throughout the 1500’s and 1600’s, the Spanish conquered Central & the Spanish conquered Central & Portions of North AmericaPortions of North America
2.1 Objectives2.1 Objectives
Describe how the Spanish Describe how the Spanish conquered Native American peoplesconquered Native American peoples
Summarize Spanish exploration of Summarize Spanish exploration of the Americasthe Americas
Summarize Native resistance to Summarize Native resistance to Spanish ruleSpanish rule
Why was the New World Why was the New World important?important?
Spain needed gold to pay for a warSpain needed gold to pay for a war
New territory meant more powerNew territory meant more power
New trading outposts w/ new goods New trading outposts w/ new goods brought moneybrought money
ConquistadorsConquistadors
Spanish explorers who came to the Spanish explorers who came to the new world looking to claim (conquest) new world looking to claim (conquest) lands for Spainlands for Spain
Most landed in Central & South Most landed in Central & South America. Especially in areas around America. Especially in areas around the Carribeanthe Carribean
Ex.) CortesEx.) Cortes
Hernando CortesHernando Cortes
Conquered the AztecsConquered the Aztecs
Had small Number of soldiers in his Had small Number of soldiers in his conquestconquest
Possibly Murdered his wife on the Possibly Murdered his wife on the island of Cubaisland of Cuba
The Aztec ConquestThe Aztec Conquest
Spanish aligned w/ Nahua (enemies Spanish aligned w/ Nahua (enemies of the Aztec)of the Aztec)
Listened to talk of gold in the empireListened to talk of gold in the empire Cortes decided to attack Cortes decided to attack
Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan Made Montezuma their puppet – Made Montezuma their puppet –
forced Aztecs to mine for goldforced Aztecs to mine for gold Aztecs rebelled against SpanishAztecs rebelled against Spanish
New SpainNew Spain
Modern Day MexicoModern Day Mexico
Cortes renamed this area in honor of Cortes renamed this area in honor of Spanish conquestSpanish conquest
Capital was Mexico CityCapital was Mexico City
Built Cathedrals, Schools, and Built Cathedrals, Schools, and HomesHomes
Cont.Cont.
Spanish imposed their will on the NativesSpanish imposed their will on the Natives
Spanish men were known as PeninsularesSpanish men were known as Peninsulares
Married Native women and created a Married Native women and created a Mestizo Mestizo populationpopulation
Used Used Ecomienda – Ecomienda – a system of labor a system of labor which made natives work for Spanishwhich made natives work for Spanish
Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon
Saw “La Florida” – feast of flowers – Saw “La Florida” – feast of flowers – on Easter Sundayon Easter Sunday
Spain searched the land for 50+ years Spain searched the land for 50+ years in search of gold (fountain of youth)in search of gold (fountain of youth)
Abandoned their quest in 1562 & Abandoned their quest in 1562 & allowed French to move inallowed French to move in
French DiscoveryFrench Discovery
Settlers arrived near JacksonvilleSettlers arrived near Jacksonville
Set up a system of pirating in which Set up a system of pirating in which they knocked over Spanish treasure they knocked over Spanish treasure shipsships
Became very wealthyBecame very wealthy
Cont.Cont. Spain sent Menendez de Aviles into Spain sent Menendez de Aviles into
Florida to drive out the FrenchFlorida to drive out the French
He succeededHe succeeded
Set up an outpost known as St. Set up an outpost known as St. AugustineAugustine
Oldest European-founded city in U.S. Oldest European-founded city in U.S. (1565) (1565)
Francisco Vasquez de Francisco Vasquez de CoronadoCoronado
Led Spanish expeditions into AZ, Led Spanish expeditions into AZ, NM, TXNM, TX
Did not find goldDid not find gold
Established route for Spanish Established route for Spanish conquest in SW United Statesconquest in SW United States
Cont.Cont. Catholicism spread northward (w/ disease)Catholicism spread northward (w/ disease)
Remaining Natives were placed in Remaining Natives were placed in congregaciones congregaciones
More Spanish migration led to New MexicoMore Spanish migration led to New Mexico
Santa Fe (Holy Faith) - CapitalSanta Fe (Holy Faith) - Capital
New missions built along New missions built along el Camino Real el Camino Real
Pope’s RebellionPope’s Rebellion
Pueblo religious leaderPueblo religious leader
Led 17,000 natives in an uprising Led 17,000 natives in an uprising against the Spanishagainst the Spanish
Drove Spanish away for roughly 15 Drove Spanish away for roughly 15 yearsyears
ResultResult
Spain would lose to the Britain in a Spain would lose to the Britain in a Naval WarNaval War
Lost control of the AtlanticLost control of the Atlantic
Britain now began to build colonies Britain now began to build colonies along the Atlanticalong the Atlantic
Section 2Section 2
An English Settlement at JamestownAn English Settlement at Jamestown
2.2 Main Idea2.2 Main Idea
The first permanent English The first permanent English Settlement in North America was Settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 16071607
2.2 Objectives2.2 Objectives
Identify the obstacles facing the first Identify the obstacles facing the first English settlers in North AmericaEnglish settlers in North America
Understand the factors that helped Understand the factors that helped Jamestown to FlourishJamestown to Flourish
Contrast English and Spanish Contrast English and Spanish patterns of conquestpatterns of conquest
Describe the economic and social Describe the economic and social inequities that triggered Bacon’s inequities that triggered Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
JamestownJamestown
Why did the English decide to settle Why did the English decide to settle the Americas?the Americas?
Did the natives really save the Did the natives really save the colony?colony?
ColonizationColonization
English colonies were funded by English colonies were funded by private interests private interests
Joint-stock companies – group of Joint-stock companies – group of investors seeking profitinvestors seeking profit
Were granted charters by the King Were granted charters by the King
Cont.Cont.
King James I granted a charter to the King James I granted a charter to the Virginia CompanyVirginia Company
Planned to found a colony in a land Planned to found a colony in a land previously explored by previously explored by Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Walter Raleigh
Profit Splitting = Investors would receive Profit Splitting = Investors would receive 4/5 of all gold and silver; King would 4/5 of all gold and silver; King would receive 1/5receive 1/5
The JourneyThe Journey
150 passengers, 3 ships (Susan 150 passengers, 3 ships (Susan Constant, Discovery, & Godspeed)Constant, Discovery, & Godspeed)
Landed on a peninsula and sailed Landed on a peninsula and sailed upriverupriver
Named the land and river after King Named the land and river after King JamesJames
Bad from the StartBad from the Start
Main purpose of Jamestown = Main purpose of Jamestown = GOLDGOLD
People grew sick from waterPeople grew sick from water
Colonists did not know how to farmColonists did not know how to farm
By Winter of 1607, 38 people By Winter of 1607, 38 people remained aliveremained alive
John SmithJohn Smith
Took control of the colony in the Winter of Took control of the colony in the Winter of 16071607
Issued an ultimatum – “He that will not work Issued an ultimatum – “He that will not work shall not eat!”shall not eat!”
Persuaded the Persuaded the Powhatan Powhatan to help the coloniststo help the colonists
Smith was burned later that winter and went Smith was burned later that winter and went home to Englandhome to England
Spring, 1609Spring, 1609
600 new colonists came over600 new colonists came over
Powhatan became worried about Powhatan became worried about settlers taking over. They killed settlers taking over. They killed livestock and destroyed farmslivestock and destroyed farms
Only about 60 of the 600 actually Only about 60 of the 600 actually survived this time periodsurvived this time period
Fate?Fate? The remaining 60 colonists decided to leaveThe remaining 60 colonists decided to leave
Crossed paths with a ship bearing new Crossed paths with a ship bearing new settlerssettlers
Eventually went backEventually went back
New rule = “Pull your weight or die!!!”New rule = “Pull your weight or die!!!”
Began to see success; Mainly due to Began to see success; Mainly due to Brown Brown GoldGold (TOBACCO) (TOBACCO)
1612 & John Rolfe1612 & John Rolfe Rolfe experimented w/ tobaccoRolfe experimented w/ tobacco
Cross-bred native tobacco & Brazilian Cross-bred native tobacco & Brazilian tobaccotobacco
England’s citizens could not get enoughEngland’s citizens could not get enough
Colonies exported vast amounts & Colonies exported vast amounts & Jamestown grewJamestown grew
The Headright SystemThe Headright System
Introduced by the Virginia Company in Introduced by the Virginia Company in 16181618
Was needed due to the tobacco exportsWas needed due to the tobacco exports
Anyone who paid for passage to colony Anyone who paid for passage to colony received 50 acres of landreceived 50 acres of land
Was it theirs to give away?Was it theirs to give away?
Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants
Some people paid for several people to go Some people paid for several people to go to Jamestown, therefore, they received to Jamestown, therefore, they received large amounts of land (Enter large amounts of land (Enter “Plantations”)“Plantations”)
Workers were needed in the fieldsWorkers were needed in the fields
Were granted food and shelter in Were granted food and shelter in exchange for 4-7 years of service (lower-exchange for 4-7 years of service (lower-class citizens)class citizens)
The First AfricansThe First Africans
Arrived in 1619; about 20 peopleArrived in 1619; about 20 people
Were indentured servants, Were indentured servants, NOTNOT slavesslaves
Received freedom and land upon Received freedom and land upon completion of their servitudecompletion of their servitude
Treated the same as other colonistsTreated the same as other colonists
Cont.Cont.
Tobacco was used for currencyTobacco was used for currency
Slaves cost more than indentured Slaves cost more than indentured servantsservants
Eventually, the Colony’s wealth grew Eventually, the Colony’s wealth grew to the point that people had rather to the point that people had rather have slaveshave slaves
English vs. NativesEnglish vs. Natives
The English took more and more The English took more and more land from the Nativesland from the Natives
The English were not allowed to The English were not allowed to marry natives (The Spanish were)marry natives (The Spanish were)
Considered Natives second-class Considered Natives second-class humanshumans
Cont.Cont.
The English retaliated on the Powhatan The English retaliated on the Powhatan for their actions during Spring of 1609for their actions during Spring of 1609
Colonists demanded Natives pay Colonists demanded Natives pay tributes of corn & labortributes of corn & labor
Colonists pressed the issue by killing Colonists pressed the issue by killing innocents, kidnapping, and burning innocents, kidnapping, and burning Native villagesNative villages
A Brief PeaceA Brief Peace
Pocahontas was one of the children Pocahontas was one of the children kidnappedkidnapped
Married John Rolfe in 1614Married John Rolfe in 1614
Led to a period with no hostilityLed to a period with no hostility
PocahontasPocahontas
Real name = Matoaka; Married name = Real name = Matoaka; Married name = RebeccaRebecca
““Supposedly” saved John Smith’s life in Supposedly” saved John Smith’s life in 16071607
They are married in Disney’s versionThey are married in Disney’s version She was held hostage by the EnglishShe was held hostage by the English Did Pocahontas love Rolf?Did Pocahontas love Rolf? They had one child, ThomasThey had one child, Thomas Died in 1617 in EnglandDied in 1617 in England
No More PeaceNo More Peace
In 1622, the Powhatan attacked English In 1622, the Powhatan attacked English colonies and killed around 350 colonistscolonies and killed around 350 colonists
The Virginia Company had to send more The Virginia Company had to send more troops & supplies; almost caused troops & supplies; almost caused bankruptcybankruptcy
King James revoked the Charter in 1624 King James revoked the Charter in 1624 and declared it a Royal Colonyand declared it a Royal Colony
Cont.Cont.
Now the colony was under direct Now the colony was under direct rule of the Kingrule of the King
King James sent more troops to King James sent more troops to Virginia to conquer the NativesVirginia to conquer the Natives
By 1644, more than 10k people lived By 1644, more than 10k people lived in the Virginia Colonyin the Virginia Colony
Rebellion & DiscontentRebellion & Discontent
Indentured Servants did not have Indentured Servants did not have much money; therefore, they could much money; therefore, they could not buy landnot buy land
Without land they had no vote or Without land they had no vote or rightsrights
Lived on outskirts of Virginia and Lived on outskirts of Virginia and fought with Nativesfought with Natives
Cont.Cont.
Poor people became discontent w/ Poor people became discontent w/ Governor William Berkeley’s policiesGovernor William Berkeley’s policies
Felt taxes were being raised and not Felt taxes were being raised and not being used to benefit thembeing used to benefit them
Natives & poor colonists fought, Natives & poor colonists fought, increased tension among classes in increased tension among classes in colonycolony
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon was a planter w/ $$$Nathaniel Bacon was a planter w/ $$$
He was an ally of Berkeley’s until nowHe was an ally of Berkeley’s until now
He aligned himself w/ the poor and He aligned himself w/ the poor and raised an army to fight nativesraised an army to fight natives
He despised nativesHe despised natives
Cont.Cont.
Berkeley declared the army illegalBerkeley declared the army illegal
Bacon’s army marched on Bacon’s army marched on Jamestown in 1676 to confront Jamestown in 1676 to confront BerkeleyBerkeley
The army burned the town & The army burned the town & Berkeley fled away to BritainBerkeley fled away to Britain
Cont.Cont. Bacon died one month after taking Bacon died one month after taking
JamestownJamestown
Berkeley returned and put down the Berkeley returned and put down the rebellionrebellion
King Charles called Berkeley to England King Charles called Berkeley to England to remove him from powerto remove him from power
He died before this occurredHe died before this occurred
Section 3Section 3
Puritan New EnglandPuritan New England
2.3 Main Idea2.3 Main Idea
English Puritans came to North English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620.America, beginning in 1620.
2.3 Objectives2.3 Objectives
Identify the motives that led the Identify the motives that led the Puritans to New EnglandPuritans to New England
Summarize the principles of Summarize the principles of government established by the government established by the dissenters who fled to Rhode Islanddissenters who fled to Rhode Island
Explain the conflicts between the Explain the conflicts between the English Colonists and the Pequot & English Colonists and the Pequot & WampanoagWampanoag
The Puritans ArriveThe Puritans Arrive
What made the Puritans leave?What made the Puritans leave?
Why did they decide to create their Why did they decide to create their own “model society?”own “model society?”
PuritanismPuritanism
Began during the English Began during the English ReformationReformation
King Henry VIII broke from the King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church in the 1530’sCatholic Church in the 1530’s
Elizabeth I formed the Church of Elizabeth I formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)England (Anglican Church)
Cont.Cont.
Some people felt the Church of England Some people felt the Church of England had kept too much Catholic traditionhad kept too much Catholic tradition
Puritans wanted to eliminate all Puritans wanted to eliminate all Catholic influence from their churchCatholic influence from their church
They believed people should They believed people should “experience” God through prayer, “experience” God through prayer, scripture, and personal studyscripture, and personal study
Cont.Cont.
Some Puritans believed they should Some Puritans believed they should reform the Church from within while reform the Church from within while others (others (SeparatistsSeparatists) believed they ) believed they should form their own congregationsshould form their own congregations
The Separatists would become what The Separatists would become what we know as PILGRIMSwe know as PILGRIMS
From Holland to AmericaFrom Holland to America
In 1620, the Massachusetts Bay In 1620, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was foundedColony was founded
It was the 2It was the 2ndnd English colony in English colony in AmericaAmerica
Plymouth Rock was their landing Plymouth Rock was their landing pointpoint
The Massachusetts Bay The Massachusetts Bay CompanyCompany
Formed by John WinthropFormed by John Winthrop
They obtained a charter in 1629 for They obtained a charter in 1629 for an independent colonyan independent colony
Came to America aboard a ship Came to America aboard a ship known as the known as the ArbellaArbella
Cont.Cont.
Boston would serve as their capitalBoston would serve as their capital
17 more ships brought settlers over 17 more ships brought settlers over
The Colony eventually incorporated The Colony eventually incorporated the Plymouth Colony which was the Plymouth Colony which was settled 9 years earliersettled 9 years earlier
““City Upon a Hill”City Upon a Hill”
Winthrop explained to everyone they Winthrop explained to everyone they had a role, “Some rich, Some poor”had a role, “Some rich, Some poor”
All adult males who belonged to the All adult males who belonged to the church had the right to vote (40%)church had the right to vote (40%)
Voted for a general court who in turn Voted for a general court who in turn chose the governor (John Winthrop)chose the governor (John Winthrop)
Puritan LawPuritan Law
The Church and the State were not The Church and the State were not separatedseparated
Civic laws were imposed by the ChurchCivic laws were imposed by the Church
Family was important Family was important
Strict Punishment for disobeying Strict Punishment for disobeying
ProvidenceProvidence
Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson disagreed with Puritan Lawdisagreed with Puritan Law
Williams, a Separatist, claimed 2 Williams, a Separatist, claimed 2 things against the will of the churchthings against the will of the church
1. Land must be purchased from 1. Land must be purchased from Natives; 2. Government could not Natives; 2. Government could not punish for religious beliefspunish for religious beliefs
Cont.Cont.
Williams was ordered arrested, but Williams was ordered arrested, but he fled to Providencehe fled to Providence
Had land arrangement w/ the Had land arrangement w/ the Narragansett TribeNarragansett Tribe
Guaranteed separation of church Guaranteed separation of church and stateand state
Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson
Claimed that worshipers did not need the Claimed that worshipers did not need the church to interpret the Bible for salvationchurch to interpret the Bible for salvation
She was banished and fled to ProvidenceShe was banished and fled to Providence
1642, her husband died and she fled to 1642, her husband died and she fled to New Netherland (New York)New Netherland (New York)
Died in a Native – Dutch war in 1643Died in a Native – Dutch war in 1643
Native Resistance Native Resistance
English settlements were growing all over English settlements were growing all over the Northeastthe Northeast
Natives saw this as a threat to their livesNatives saw this as a threat to their lives
Natives believed no one owned the landNatives believed no one owned the land
Puritans needed land for farming, Natives Puritans needed land for farming, Natives for hunting and gatheringfor hunting and gathering
Cont.Cont.
Natives thought treaties promised Natives thought treaties promised them gifts in return for the use of land them gifts in return for the use of land for a for a LIMITEDLIMITED time time
Settlers saw the treaties as a Settlers saw the treaties as a one-one-timetime deal deal
This would lead to several problems in This would lead to several problems in the near futurethe near future
The Pequot WarThe Pequot War
Connecticut, 1637Connecticut, 1637
Pequot rebelled against colonistsPequot rebelled against colonists
Colonists aligned themselves w/ the Colonists aligned themselves w/ the Narragansett (long-time rival of Narragansett (long-time rival of Pequot)Pequot)
Cont.Cont.
The Pequot nation was almost The Pequot nation was almost completely destroyedcompletely destroyed
The Narragansett eventually pleaded The Narragansett eventually pleaded for the lives of the Pequotfor the lives of the Pequot
Proved to be unsuccessfulProved to be unsuccessful
King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War
Events of preceding Pequot War led Events of preceding Pequot War led up to the eventup to the event
Natives were expected to obey Natives were expected to obey Puritan LawPuritan Law
Wampanoag Chief, Metacom (King Wampanoag Chief, Metacom (King Philip), organized a revolt against the Philip), organized a revolt against the PuritansPuritans
Cont.Cont.
War broke out in 1675War broke out in 1675
Forts were burned, deaths Forts were burned, deaths accumulated on both sidesaccumulated on both sides
Disease, food shortage, and numbers Disease, food shortage, and numbers led to the eventual surrender of the led to the eventual surrender of the NativesNatives
Cont. Cont.
Metacom was shot by a Native who Metacom was shot by a Native who was an ally of the colonistswas an ally of the colonists
His head was displayed in Plymouth His head was displayed in Plymouth for 20 yearsfor 20 years
Native American power in New Native American power in New England would be forever goneEngland would be forever gone
Cont.Cont.
About 1/10 of the population of the About 1/10 of the population of the colonies would die during this warcolonies would die during this war
This is a higher proportion than that This is a higher proportion than that of the American Revolution & the of the American Revolution & the Civil WarCivil War
Section 4Section 4
Settlement of the Middle ColoniesSettlement of the Middle Colonies
2.4 Main Idea2.4 Main Idea
The Dutch Settle New NetherlandThe Dutch Settle New Netherland
2.4 Objectives2.4 Objectives
Describe daily life in New Describe daily life in New NetherlandNetherland
Explain the reasons for the social Explain the reasons for the social and religious diversity of colonial and religious diversity of colonial PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
Henry HudsonHenry Hudson
Englishman employed by the DutchEnglishman employed by the Dutch
Sailed up modern-day Hudson River Sailed up modern-day Hudson River and explored territoryand explored territory
Discovery led to the founding of New Discovery led to the founding of New NetherlandNetherland
New NetherlandNew Netherland
1621 – Dutch government granted 1621 – Dutch government granted Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Company permission to colonize New permission to colonize New NetherlandNetherland
Specialized in fur tradeSpecialized in fur trade
New Amsterdam (New York) became New Amsterdam (New York) became capital of the colonycapital of the colony
Cont.Cont.
Slow to attract Dutch colonistsSlow to attract Dutch colonists
Settled by people from several Settled by people from several placesplaces
Befriended natives rather than Befriended natives rather than seeking conquest seeking conquest
English TakeoverEnglish Takeover
Saw New Netherland as a wedge Saw New Netherland as a wedge that separated its American colonies that separated its American colonies (Virginia & Massachusetts)(Virginia & Massachusetts)
King Charles II granted the Duke of King Charles II granted the Duke of York (King James II) permission to York (King James II) permission to drive out the Dutchdrive out the Dutch
Cont.Cont.
The Dutch were unsuccessful in raising an The Dutch were unsuccessful in raising an army to defend the colony army to defend the colony
Surrendered w/o a shot being firedSurrendered w/o a shot being fired
Duke of York was now the sole Duke of York was now the sole Proprietor Proprietor (owner) of the colony(owner) of the colony
Renamed it New YorkRenamed it New York
Cont.Cont.
King James II deeded some of the King James II deeded some of the territory to 2 of his friendsterritory to 2 of his friends
Later would become New JerseyLater would become New Jersey
Enter the QuakersEnter the Quakers
Believed God was “inside” everyoneBelieved God was “inside” everyone
No formal ministerNo formal minister Dressed plainlyDressed plainly Opposed WarOpposed War Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech No Military ServiceNo Military Service Considered Radical by Anglicans & Considered Radical by Anglicans &
PuritansPuritans
William PennWilliam Penn Leader of the QuakersLeader of the Quakers
Led settlers to AmericaLed settlers to America
Saw colony as a “Holy Experiment”Saw colony as a “Holy Experiment”
Every male settler would receive 50 acres Every male settler would receive 50 acres and the right to voteand the right to vote
Established freedom of religion & a Established freedom of religion & a representative assemblyrepresentative assembly
Cont.Cont.
Separate assembly was formed in Separate assembly was formed in what is not present-day Delawarewhat is not present-day Delaware
Shared same governor as Shared same governor as PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
““City of Brotherly Love” City of Brotherly Love” (Philadelphia) was the capital(Philadelphia) was the capital
Did Penn Fail?Did Penn Fail?
He died in povertyHe died in poverty
Quakers ended up being a minority Quakers ended up being a minority in their own colonyin their own colony
Slavery was introducedSlavery was introduced
Even the Quakers owned slavesEven the Quakers owned slaves
13 Colonies13 Colonies
Maryland founded by Lord BaltimoreMaryland founded by Lord Baltimore
North Carolina & South Carolina were North Carolina & South Carolina were given to friends of King James IIgiven to friends of King James II
Georgia was founded by James Georgia was founded by James OglethorpeOglethorpe
(Initially outlawed drinking & (Initially outlawed drinking & slavery)slavery)
The Beginning of American The Beginning of American IndependenceIndependence
The 13 British colonies were The 13 British colonies were governed by colonists themselvesgoverned by colonists themselves
Answered directly to the KingAnswered directly to the King
Relationship between the colonies & Relationship between the colonies & England were filled with turmoil England were filled with turmoil from the beginningfrom the beginning
Chapter 2 Essay Chapter 2 Essay QuestionQuestion
How did the colonies go from being How did the colonies go from being a “near failure” to becoming a a “near failure” to becoming a fixture in America?fixture in America?
Be sure and cite specific examples of Be sure and cite specific examples of relationships w/ Natives; Similarities relationships w/ Natives; Similarities & Differences between the English & Differences between the English & Spanish; and the first instances of & Spanish; and the first instances of Rebellion in America Rebellion in America
