seminarski mikrobiologija

7/25/2019 seminarski mikrobiologija

1/15

UNIVERZITET U BANJOJ LUCIPRIRODNO-MATEMATIKI FAKULTETStudijski p!"#$% Bi!&!"ij#

SEMINARSKI RAD

T'$#% MIKROOR(ANIZMI U ZEMLJI)TU

Stud'*t% Mij#*# (#ji+ M'*t!% p!, d .i/!ji* Ei+

0


2/15

SADRAJ:

1 UVOD 2

2 ULO(A MIKROOR(ANIZAMA U ZEMLJI)TU 3 21 T#*s,!$#4ij# 5i&j*i6 !st#t#k# 3 22 Mik!5i!&!7k! #8"#*j' 6u$us*i6 $#t'ij# 9 23 R#8##*j' $i*'# $#ti:*!" supst#t# ; 29 St/##*j' $i*'#

; USLOVI ZEMLJI)TA ZA RAZMNO.AVANJE I AKTIVNOST

MIKROOR(ANIZAMA 11


3/15

1. UVOD

Z'$&ji7t'@ k!j' s' *#i k#! #st'siti p!/7i*ski s&!j 8'$&ji*' k!'@ j' /'!$#k!$p&'ks*# i/!t*# s'di*# k!j# pu# !pti$#&*' us&!/' 8# #8/!j 5!j*i6$ik!!"#*i8#$# I8 t!" #8&!"# su 8#j'd*i4' $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu *#j5!j*ij' i

p! 5!ju /st# i p! 5!ju i*di/idu#@ t' 8'$&ji7t' p'dst#/&j# '8'/!# $ik!!"#*i8#$# i8k!"# !*i d!spij'/#ju i u du"' pi!d*' s'di*' u 5i!"'!s,'i Z'$&ji7t' s' u !s*!/is#st!ji !d $i*'#&*i6 $#t'ij#@ !"#*ski6 $#t'ij#@ /#8du6# i /!d' K!&i:i*ski !d*!sip!$'*uti6 '&'$'*#t# p!k#8uju /'&iku /#ij#5i&*!st i@ u $*!"!$'@ !d'uju s#st#/8#j'd*i4# $ik!!"#*i8#$# u *j'$u M'uti$@ !/! *ik#k! *' 8*#:i d# su$ik!!"#*i8$i s#$! *#7&i *#jp!/!&j*ij' us&!/' 8# s/!j' #8/i+' u 8'$&ji7tu@ d# su s' tupi"!di&i i t#k! p!st#&i p!s'5*i 8'$&ji7*i $ik!!"#*i8$i N'$# su$*j' d# su i$ik!!"#*i8$i s#$i u:'st/!/#&i u st/##*ju 8'$&ji7t# u!p7t'@ d# su !*i *j'"!/i #kti/*ist/##!4i *'k#d# i s#d#@ d# i !*i k#! i !st#&i i/i s/ij't@ s/!ji$ i/!t!$ i #d!$p!d'7#/#ju s'di*u p'$# s/!ji$ p!t'5#$# Tip 8'$&ji7t# i$# *#j/'+i uti4#j *# 5!j*!sti #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# K/#&it#titi/*i i k/#*tit#ti/*i s#st#/ 8#j'd*i4'

$ik!!"#*i8#$# j' !d''* k/#&it't!$ 'k!&!7ki6 ,#kt!# 8#/is' !d pi!d' 8'$&ji7t#@du5i*'@ "!di7*j'" d!5#@ st'p'*# !5#d'@ p s'di*'@ k!&i:i*' !"#*ski6 $#t'ij# idu"i6 T#k! s'@ *p@ #8&ikuju $ik!!"#*i8$i k!ji *#s'&j#/#ju #&k#&*# !d !*i6 u'kst'$*! kis'&i$ 8'$&ji7ti$#@ u s/#k!$ !d !/i6 8'$&ji7t# #ut!6t!*' su !*' /st' :ij##d#pti/*# s/!jst/# !$!"u+#/#ju #st *# d#ti$ /ij'd*!sti$# p P!*# 8'$&ji7t# su8#$8*ut# /'+i$ dij'&!$ "!di*' p# j' u *ji$# #ut!6t!*# 8#j'd*i4# psi6!t!,# i&ipsi6!,i Pusti*jsk# 8'$&ji7t# su #id*# i t!p p# su $ik!!"#*i8$i u *ji$# #d#pti#*i/is!ki$ t'$p'#tu#$# i du"i$ p'i!di$# su7' i t#k! d#&j'

Slika 1

2


4/15

2. ULOGA MIKROORGANIZAMA U ZEMLJITU

U 8'$&ji7tu s# !,!$&j'*i$ p!,i&!$@ $ik!!"#*i8$i !d#/#ju *j'"!/u stuktuu@ *i/!!"#*sk' $#t'ij' i st#5i&*!st s/i6 du"i6 s/!jst#/# O*i u:'st/uju u t#*s,!$#4ij#$#s/i6 !"#*ski6 i *'!"#*ski6 j'di*j'*j# u 8'$&ji7tu i !5'85j'uju 5i&jk' #si$iti/i$#

P!s'5*! j' 8*#:#j*# #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# u p!4'si$# st/##*j# 8'$&ji7t# ist#5i&i8#4iji 8'$&ji7*' stuktu' S#d#j i #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu8*#:#j#* j' :i*i *j'"!/' p&!d*!sti U 8'$&ji7tu su pisut*i 5!j*i $ik!!"#*i8$i*#!:it! i8 "up' 5#kt'ij# i "&ji/# P!'d k!is*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu s' $!"u*#+i i 7t't*i@ *#j:'7+' su t! !"#*i8$i i8 "up' *'$#t!d# V'+# k!&i:i*# $ik!!"#*i8#$#u 8'$&ji7tu p!5!&j7#/# i ,i8i:k' !s!5i*' 8'$&ji7t# :i*'+i "# p!!8*iji$ )t't*i$ik!!"#*i8$i t!7' i8/'s*' k!&i:i*' p!t'5*i6 '&'$'*#t#@ # j#/&j#ju s' i k#! p'*!si!4i#8&i:iti6 /i!8*i6 !5!&j'*j# P!'d t!"# $ik!!"#*i8$i su !s*!/*i *!si!4i *i8#'&'$'*t#*i6 5i!"'!6'$ijski6 p!4's# k!ji '8u&ti#ju p!j#/!$@ *#jpij'@ !"#*ski6j'di*j'*j# :i*i!4# k!$p&'ks# u 8'$&ji7tu@ # p!t!$ i *ji6!/!$ $i*'#&i8#4ij!$ U !/!$*i8u p!4's# i8d/#j#ju s'%

T#*s,!$#4ij# 5i&j*i6 !st#t#k#G 6u$i,ik#4ij# st/##*j' 6u$us# Mik!5i!&!7k! #8"#*j' 6u$us*i6 $#t'ij# R#8##*j' $i*'# $#ti:*!" supst#t# St/##*j' $i*'#

2. 1 Trans!r"a#i$a %il$ni& !s'a'aka

S/j'# !"#*sk# $#t'ij# u 8'$&ji7tu p/'*st/'*! p!ti:' !d !st#t#k# /i7i6 5i&j#k#@ k#! i!d p!duk#t# *ji6!/!" &u:'*j#@ d!k 5i!$#s# i/!ti*j# i $ik!!"#*i8#$# s#:i*j#/# *j'**'8*#t#* di! K#k! su !st#4i p! s/!j!j 6'$ijsk!j stuktui #8&i:iti u"&j'*i 6id#ti@4'&u&!8i@ p'kti*@ &i"*i*@ $#sti@ u&j#@ /!sk!/i@ /it#$i*i@ itd@ t! su u p!4's' t#*s,!$#4ij'

uk&ju:'*' 5!j*' /st' $ik!!"#*i8#$# P!4'si t#*s,!$#4ij' !5u6/#t#ju$i*'#&i8#4iju@ 6u$i,ik#4iju i k!*8'/#4iju *'p!tpu*! #8&!'*i6 !st#t#k#@ # !d/ij#ju s'@u *#j/'+'$ st'p'*u@ *# p!/7i*i 8'$&ji7t# i u 8!*i i8!s,''Min(rali)a#i$a !5'85j'uj' !s##*j' i$!5i&i8!/#*i6 6'$ijski6 '&'$'*#t# u tki/i$#/i7i6 5i&j#k# i $!"u+*!st *'p'kid*!" ku'*j# $#t'ij' u !d"!/##ju+'$ 'k!sist'$uVis!k s#d#j k! #8"#d&ji/'@ u /!di #st/!&ji/'@ !"#*sk' $#t'ij'@ p!"!duj' 58!j$i*'#&i8#4iji@ d!k j' /'&ik# k!&i:i*# &i"*i*# 8*#t*! usp!#/# T#*s,!$#4ij# !"#*sk'$#t'ij' s' !d/ij# p'k! *i8# p'*i6 p!i8/!d#@ # p!$j'*# 6'$ijsk!" s#st#/# p#+'*#j' suk4'sij#$# /st# $ik!!"#*i8#$#*+"iika#i$a j' *i8 5i!6'$ijski6 t#*s,!$#4ij# $!&'ku*!" s#st#/# p/!5it*i6!"#*ski6 $#t'ij# i *#st#*#k *!/i6 6u$us*i6@ k!j' s# $i*'#&*i$ s#st!j4i$# 8'$&ji7t#

!5#8uju !"#*!$i*'#&*# j'di*j'*j# B#kt'ij' i "&ji/' su k&ju:*i *!si!4i u p!4'su6u$i,ik#4ij'@ u pi!d*i$ s'di*#$# N# t#j *#:i* s' st/##ju '8'/' '&'$'*#t# p&!d*!sti8'$&ji7t#@ # s#$ p!4's !d'uj' $*!"' ,i8i:k' i 6'$ijsk' !s!5i*' 8'$&ji7t#Pi k!n)(r,a#i$i8*#t#* di! 6'$ijski6 '&'$'*#t# !st#j' u i$!5i&i8!/#*!$ st#*ju i t'k s'*#k!* du'" i&i k#+'" /'$'*# uk&ju:uj' u 5i!"'!6'$ijsk' 4ik&us' ku'*j#

3


5/15

22 Mikr!%i!l!-k! ra)laan$( &+"+sni& "a'(ri$a

Mik!5i!&!7k! #8"#*j' 6u$us*i6 $#t'ij# j' s#st#/*i di! 5i!"'!6'$ijsk!" ku'*j# ii$# 8*#:#j*u u&!"u u !5'85j'i/#*ju /i7i6 5i&j#k# #8!t!$ i '&'$'*ti$# $i*'#&*'is6#*' Mi*'#&i8#4ij!$ 6u$us# *#st#j' u"&j'*di!ksid@ #$!*ij#k@ #8!t#st# i #8!t*#

kis'&i*# i *i8 du"i6 j'di*j'*j# :i*i!4# p!4's# #sp#d#*j# i di*#$ik' 8'$&ji7t#Sp!s!5*!st d# #8u 6u$us i$#ju $ik!!"#*i8$i i8 #8&i:iti6 t#ks!*!$ski6 "up#"&ji/'@ 5#kt'ij'@ A4ti*!$H4't's@ # p!4's #8"#d*j' s' !st/#uj' #kti/*!7+u 8#j'd*i4#$ik!!"#*i8#$#@ ij'tk! p!j'di*#:*i6 /st# R#8&i:it' 5#kt'ij' i8 !d!/# Nocardia,Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus su@ *# pi$j'@ u st#*ju d# sp!! k!ist'6u$i*sku kis'&i*u i s!d*# j'di*j'*j# k#! i8/!' #8!t# i u"&j'*ik# (&ji/' Trichodermaviride, Penicillium frequentans i Aspergillus fumigatus t#*s,!$i7u ,u&/!kis'&i*' u6u$i*sku@ itd

Slika 2:Nocardia sp. Slika /:Bacillus sp.

Slika 0: Corynebacterium sp. Slika :Micrococcus sp.

Slika : Trichoderma viride Slika 3:Penicillium frequentans

9


6/15

2./ Ra)aran$( "in(rala "a'i4n! s+5s'ra'a

Mik!5i!&!7k! #8"#*j' $i*'# $#ti:*!" supst#t# !5'85j'uj' $!5i&i8#4iju*'!p6!d*i6 '&'$'*#t# $i*'#&*' is6#*' M'u #kti/*i$ u:'s*i4i$# u p!4'su$ik!5i!&!7k!" #8##*j# $i*'# su 5#kt'ij' *iti,ik#t!i@ /st' i8 !d!/# Thiobacillus,

Pseudomonas, Bacillus, "&ji/' i8 !d!/# Penicillium i Aspergillus, !d*!s*!Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Trichoderma, Mucor i usarium, u *'7t! $#*j!j $j'iDj'&!/#*j' $ik!!"#*i8#$# u !d*!su *# $#ti:*i supst#t j' i&i *'p!s'd*! i&i p!s'd*!J'd#* !d pi$j'# *'p!s'd*!" dj'&!/#*j# s' 5#8i# *# #kti/*!sti $ik!5i!&!7ki6 '*8i$#k!ji i8#8i/#ju !ksid#4iju i&i 'duk4iju '&'$'*#t# s p!$j'*&ji/!$ /#&'*t*!7+u P!d*ji6!/i$ uti4#j'$@ Thiobacillus /st'@ *# pi$j'@ !ksiduju su$p! i d/!/#&'*t*! "!'pi :'$u s' /7i t#*s,!$#4ij# piit#@ 6#&k!piit# i du"i6 su&,id*i6 $i*'# E*8i$ski$'6#*i8#$ u #sp#d#*ju $i*'# !d *#j/'+'" j' 8*#:#j# u 8'$&ji7ti$# 6u$id*i6 !5stiU 8'$&ji7ti$# s# *!$#&*!$ /*!7+u 5i!&!7k! #sp#d#*j' supst#t# s' !d/ij# di'kt*i$dj'&!/#*j'$ 'kst#4'&u*i6 p!&is#6#id# k!j' $ik!!"#*i8$i p!dukuju

Slika 6: Thiobacillus sp. Slika 7:Pseudomonas sp.

Slika 18: Chephalosporium sp. Slika 11: Chaetomium sp.

;


7/15

Slika 12:Mucor sp. Slika 1/:usorium sp.

2.0 S',aran$( "in(rala

P!4'si #8"#d*j' $#ti:*!" supst#t# p#+'*i su p!4'si$# st/##*j# *!/i6 $i*'#@pij' s/'"# t#*s,!$#4ij!$ *'kist#&*i6 6'$ijski6 j'di*j'*j# i j'di*j'*j# u #st/!'*!$st#*ju B!j*' su p!t/d' t'!ij# ! 5i!"'*!$ p!ij'k&u p!j'di*i6 $i*'# i u&!8i k!ju

$ik!!"#*i8$i i$#ju u *ji6!/!$ *#st#j#*ju St#&*! pisust/! ,!si&i8!/#*i6 5#kt'ij# u!d"!/##ju+i$ stij'*#$# i $i*'#&i$# s# j'd*'@ i pisust/! $i*'# ,'i6idit# u"/!'/iti$ t#&!8i$# #8&i:iti6 /st# s#/'$'*i6 5#kt'ij#@ s# du"' st#*'@ *'!p!8i/!d!k#8uju u&!"u $ik!!"#*i8#$# u *#st#j#*ju ud# "/!# T#k! j' $ik!5i!&!7k!$#*#&i8!$@ u 5!ksitu *#'*# 5!"#t# i #8*!/s*# 8#j'd*i4# $ik!!"#*i8#$# u k!j!jd!$i*#*#t*i di! 8#j'd*i4' :i*' "/!'/it' i $#*"#*sk' 5#kt'ij' St/##*j' $i*'# j'@u *'ki$ s&u:#j'/i$#@ '8u&t#t p!s'd*!" dj'&!/#*j# $'t#5!&i:k' #kti/*!sti$ik!!"#*i8#$# T#k!@ *# pi$j'@ dj'&!/#*j'$ p!i8/!d# #8$j'*' 5#kt'ij#!esulfovibrio desulfuricans /!d!*ik-su&,id# i "allionella sp F'2 *#st#j' su&,id"/!# k!ji d#&j' p'i u piit P!'d u:'7+# u *#st#j#*ju ud# "/!# $ik!!"#*i8$ii$#ju 8*#:#j*u u&!"u i u ,!$i#*ju du"i6 $i*'# T#k! 7i!k! #sp!st#*j'*' /st'

k!j' #sp!u p!t'!&iti:k!$ i #$!*i,ik#4i!*!$ #kti/*!7+u Achromobacter, Bacillus,Pseudomonas, #ibrio, $treptomyces u:'st/uju u st/##*ju k#5!*#t*i6 i ,!s,#t*i6$i*'#G d'su&,!,ik#4i!*' 5#kt'ij' i k/#s4i su sp!s!5*i d# st/##ju k#5!*#t*' $i*'#&'itd

Slika 10:!esulfovibrio desulfuricans Slika 1: "allionella sp


8/15

Slika 1:Achromobacter sp.

/. ZAJEDNI9A MIKROORGANIZAMA U ZEMLJITU

Z5!" /'&ik' k!&i:i*' !"#*sk!" i du"!" supst#t#@ 5!j i di/'8it't 6't'!t!,*i6

$ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu j' j#k! /'&ik O5i:*! 5!j $ik!!"#*i8#$# u "#$u8'$&ji7t# i8*!si 10@ tj 5i!$#s# $ik!!"#*i8#$# s#:i*j#/# 0@1-3 8'$&ji7*'!"#*sk' $#t'ij' Mik!!"#*i8$i u 8'$&ji7tu@ *# !s*!/u *ji6!/' u&!"' u,u*k4i!*is#*ju 'k!sist'$#@ :i*' #ut!6t!*' i&i 8i$!"'*' 8#j'd*i4' $ik!!"#*i8#$#Zi"!(ni $ik!!"#*i8$i p!k#8uju /is!k st'p'* #kti/*!sti p'$# k! #8"#d&ji/i$supst#ti$# 5i!&!7k!" p!ij'k Z#j'd*i4# s'@ !5i:*! !d&ikuj' *#i8$j'*i:*i$#kti/*!sti$# p!j'di*i6 /st# i&i ,i8i!&!7ki6 "up# $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8#/is*!sti !dd!stup*!" supst#t#@ tj !d stup*j# d'"#d#4ij' !"#*sk' $#t'ij' Vst' i8 !d!/#Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor s#$! su *'k' !d tipi:*!8i$!"'*i6 5#kt'ij# i "&ji/#A+'!&'!n+u!'*u 8#j'd*i4u :i*' $ik!!"#*i8$i k!ji su u 8'$&ji7tu st#&*! pisut*i@ #

*ji6!/ 5!j s' 8*#:#j*! *' $ij'*j# 5'8 !58i# *# pisust/! supst#t# B#kt'ij' s' p!s/!j!j 5!j*!sti i #8*!/s*!sti@ p!s'5*! isti:u u 8#j'd*i4i $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu@pi :'$u su (#$-*'"#ti/*' d!$i*#*t*' u !d*!su *# (#$-p!8iti/*'@ sp!!"'*' u!d*!su *# #sp!!"'*' U!5i:#j'*' su /st' i8 !d!/# Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium,Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Caulobacter, Cellulomonas,

Clostridium, Corynobacterium, lavobacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterum,

Pseudomonas, $taphylococcus, $treptococcus i %anthomonas. R'ti/*! u:'7+'p!j'di*#:*i6 !d!/# $ij'*j# s' u 8#/is*!sti !d tip# 8'$&ji7t# T#k!@ *# pi$j'@ u8'$&ji7tu tu*d' p'!/ujuBacillus aglomeratus i B. asterosporus, d!k su u p!d8!&ud!$i*#*t*'B. cereus iB. mycoides d# 5i i6 u ju*iji$ '"i!*i$# s$ij'*i&i B. idosus iB.megatherium. P! s/!$ 8*#:#ju@ u 8'$&ji7tu s' isti:u A4ti*!$H4't's !d k!ji6 su*#jpisut*ij' /st' i8 !d!/# $treptomyces i Nocardi. Micromonospora, Actinomyces idu"'@ su i#k! 8#stup&j'*' u $#*j'$ 5!ju@ t#k!' #ut!6t!*' u 8'$&ji7tu A4ti*!$H4't'ssu 'ti/*! !tp!*' p'$# su7i t' su u pusti*jski$ 8'$&ji7ti$# :'st! d!$i*#*t*'G 85!"!s!5i*' d# su !sj't&ji/' p'$# *iski$ p /i7' i6 j' u 5#8*i$ i *'ut#&*i$ 8'$&ji7ti$# U7u$sk!$ 8'$&ji7tu i st'&ji@ p!'d *#pij'd *#5!j#*i6 !d!/# *#'*' su i /st' i8 !d!/#My&ococcus, Chondrococcus, Archangium, Polyangium. Od p!s'5*!" 8*#:#j# 8#,u*k4i!*is#*j' t''sti:*i6 'k!sist'$# j' pisust/! #8!t!,iks#t!#@ 5i&! d# su #'!5*'A'otobacter chroococcum i&i #*#'!5*' Clostridium@ s&!5!d*' i&i si$5i!tsk'

=


9/15

(hi'obium sp., Bradyrhi'obium sp. /st' U 8#j'd*i4' $ik!!"#*i8#$# uk&ju:'*' su i#8&i:it' /st' ,!t!#ut!t!,*i6 CH#*!5#4t'i# i8 !d!/#Anabaena, Calotri&, Chroococcus,Cylindrospermum, Nodularia, Nostoc, )scillatoria, Phormidium, Plectonema, *# pi$j'(&ji/' su 8*#:#j#* di! 8#j'd*i4' $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu "dj' su #kti/*! uk&ju:'*'u p!4's' t#*s,!$#4ij' !"#*sk' $#t'ij'@ #si$iiju $i*'#&*i6 '&'$'*#t#@

!5#8!/#*j' 6u$us# N#j:'7+' s' *#' u p!/7i*ski$@ d!5! #'is#*i$ s&!j'/i$#8'$&ji7t# d! !k! 104$ du5i*'@ d!k su *# du5i*#$# /'+i$ !d 304$ ij'tk! *#'*'N#j/'+i di! 8'$&ji7*i6 "&ji/# su /st' i8 !d!/# Alternaria, Arthrobotrys, Aspergillus,Auerobasidium, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, "eotrichum, usarium,*elminthosporium, Penicillium, Phoma, Trichoderma, d!k su !*' i8 !d!/#Allomyces,Mucor, Pythium, (hi'opus, $aprolegnia t#k!' 5!j*' U 8'$&ji7tu su pisut*i 5!j*ik/#s4i@ $'u *ji$# i /st' i8!&!/#*' s#$! i8 8'$&ji7t# i8 !d!/# +ipomyces,$channiomyces, *ansenula, Candida, Cryptococcus U 8'$&ji7tu su pisut*' i 5!j*'#&"' i8 #8dj' C6&!!p6H4!p6Ht#@ R6!d!p6H4!p6Ht#@ Eu"&'*!p6H4!p6Ht# iC6Hs!p6H4!p6Ht# N#j/'+i di! #&"i *#s'&j#/# p!/7i*u 8'$&ji7t# "dj' s' p!*'k#d *#i id! 10


10/15

0. RASORED I ;ROJNOST MIKROORGANIZAMA U ZEMLJITU

R#sp!'d $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu 8#s&uuj' t#k!' p!s'5*u p#*ju@ j' s' :'st!"!/!i ! k!s$!p!&itsk!$ k##kt'u 8'$&ji7*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$# M'uti$@ isti*# j' d# j't# !s!5i*# j#:' i8#'*# k!d $ik!!"#*i8#$# *'"! k!d !st#&i6@ #&i t! *ik#k! *' 8*#:i d#

+' s' j'd*i t' isti $ik!!"#*i8$i *#iti s/ud# i *# s/#k!$ $j'stu *#7' p'd!s,''@ *iti:#k u j'd*#ki$ k!&i:i*#$# i /st#$# 'st! s' tu #di ! p!j#/i p!s'5*i6 'k!tip!/# is!j'/# p!j'di*i6 /st# $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ 7t! !d##/# p!8*#t! *#:'&! ! 8!*#&*!$#sp!'du *' s#$! $ik!!"#*i8#$# i !st#&i6 !"#*i8#$# u pi!di@ *'"! i 8!*#&*!$#sp!'du 8'$&ji7*i6 tip!/# u p'd!s,'i Otud# s' i !/dj' $!' "!/!iti ! /'tik#&*!$ i6!i8!*t#&*!$ #sp!'du $ik!!"#*i8#$# u p'd!s,'i

*!ri)!n'alni ras5!r(< p!d#8u$ij'/# pisust/! $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tup!s$#t#*! !d p!&!/# k# 'k/#t!u@ # 8#/isi !d k&i$#tski6 ,#kt!# U sj'/'*i$p'dj'&i$# 8#stup&j'*' su 5#kt'ij' 5'8 sp!#@ # k# ju"u s' p!/'+#/# 5!j*!st sp!!"'*i65#kt'ij# Ju*ij# 8'$&ji7t# su 5!"#tij# $ik!!"#*i8$i$# T!p&ij# 8'$&ji7t# su u p!sj'ku

5!"#tij# $ik!!"#*i8$i$# Ak! s' p!s$#t#ju p!j'di*#:*! "up' $ik!!"#*i8#$#@!*d# u 8'$&ji7ti$# 5&i' 'k/#t!u i$# /i7' sp!!"'*i6 5#kt'ij# i #kti*!$i4't#@ ##sp!!"'*i6 5#kt'ij# i "&ji/# i$# /i7' u 8'$&ji7ti$# 5&i' p!&!/i$# U u$j''*i$p!du:ji$# k#! 7t! j' *#7'@ p!dj'd*#k! su 8#stup&j'*' s/' "up' $ik!!"#*i8#$# T#k!*# pi$j'@Bacillus cereus i B. virgulisp't'*! su u sj'/'*i$ 8'$&ji7ti$#@ d!k j' B.megatherium j#:' 8#stup&j'* u ju*i$ 8'$&ji7ti$# D#&j'@ B. mycoides j' s# 7i!ki$#'#&!$ p!sti#*j#@ #&i *j'"!/i ju*i s!j'/i i 'k!tip!/i i$#ju /i7' !pti$#&*u t'$p'#tuu*# Ki$u !k! 3?! C@ *'"! *j'"!/i sj'/'*i s!j'/i A6#"'&sk !k! 2?!C@ 7t! p!k#8uj'i8#8it! pi"!#/#*j' j'd*' ist' /st' #8*i$ 'k!&!7ki$ us&!/i$# Ukup*# k!&i:i*##kti*!$i4't# t#k!' #st' !d sj'/'# k# ju"u@ d!k "&ji/' p!k#8uju !5*uti p!'d#k% *ji6 j'/i7' u sj'/'*i$ 8'$&ji7ti$# M'uti$ p!j'di*i !d!/i "&ji/# $!"u p!k#8i/#ti i du"#:iji#sp!'d% p'dst#/*i4i usarium sp. i Aspergillus sp. su ip#k j#:' 8#stup&j'*i u ju*i$8'$&ji7ti$#@ i#k! t! *'$# /'&ik!" uti4#j# *# ukup*u k!&i:i*u "&ji/i:*' ,&!' $ik!,&!'u!p7t' P'$# t!$'@ j'd*i $ik!!"#*i8$i pip#d#ju /i7' /"!&ju5i/i$ !"#*i8$i$#*p "&ji/'@ d!k du"i j#:' p!k#8uju t!p&!&ju5i/' !d&ik' *p #kti*!$i4't' i sp!!"'*'5#kt'ij' Uk!&ik! s' 8'$&ji7t# !5#uju@ ut!&ik! /i7' d!5i/#ju !d&ik' ju*iji6 8'$&ji7*i6!5sti@ p!st#ju u!p7t' 5i!"'*ij#@ s# /i7' $ik!!"#*i8#$# U 5&i8i*i *#s'&j'*i6 $j'st#@ s#$*!"! /i7' !"#*ski6 !st#t#k# u 8'$&ji7tu@ j#/&j#ju s' i /'+' k!&i:i*' $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ #*#!:it! Bacterium coli@ k#! i8#8iti i*dik#t! 8#"#'*!sti 8'$&ji7t# u i/!ti*jski$i8$'ti$# U*!7'*j' !"#*ski6 $#t'ij# u 8'$&ji7t' d!/!di d! p!/'+#*j# ukup*!" 5!j#s#p!,it*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ d! p!/'+#*j# !d*!s# #sp!!"'*i6 p'$# sp!!"'*i$5#kt'ij#$#@ 7t! $!' d# p!s&ui i k#! i*dik#t! 8#"#'*!sti 8'$&ji7t# !"#*sk!$$#t'ij!$

V(r'ikalni ras5!r(< = #sp!'d $ik!!"#*i8#$# p! du5i*i 8'$&ji7t# i *#d$!sk!j/isi*i P!/7i*# s' !d&ikuj' $#*j!$ 5!j*!7+u $ik!!"#*i8#$# S&!j s# *#j/'+i$5!j'$ $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tu s' u /*i$ !5sti$# *#i *# 10-30 4$ du5i*'@d!k j' u su/i$ p'dj'&i$# *# /'+i$ du5i*#$# u 8!*i p!d8'$*i6 /!d# Du5&ji s&!j'/i8'$&ji7t# su si!$#7*iji 6#*&ji/i$ $#t'ij#$#@ 'k!&!7ki us&!/i su *'p!/!&j*iji t' j'5!j*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# $#*j# U du5&ji$ s&!j'/i$# 8'$&ji7t# /'+i*# $ik!!"#*i8#$#

>


11/15

k!ji p'i/&j#/#ju t'@ *'p!/!&j*ij' us&!/'@ su #*#'!5*i $ik!!"#*i8$i N# #sp!'d$ik!!"#*i8#$# p! du5i*i 8'$&ji7t# uti:u i k&i$#tski ,#kt!i U 6u$id*i$ p'dj'&i$#!"#*sk# $#t'ij# j' u p!/7i*ski$ s&!j'/i$# i $ik!5i!&!7ki p!,i& j' p&i+i N#j/'+i 5!jj' *# du5i*i d! 304$@ # isp!d 1$ sk!! d# i *'$# $ik!!"#*i8#$# U #id*i$p!du:ji$# p!d8'$*# /!d# j' *isk#@ p# j' #'i#*!st 5!&j# i u du5&ji$ s&!j'/i$# T#k! i

*# du5i*i !d 1;0 4$ j!7 u/ij'k *'k' "up' $ik!!"#*i8#$# s' *#' u /'+'$ 5!ju#$!*i,ik#t!i@ d'*iti,ik#t!i@ !&i"!*it!,i&i N# 5!j*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# u 8'$&ji7tuuti:u i 5i&jk' p'k! k!ij'*ski6 i8&u:'/i*# R#sp!'d $ik!!"#*i8#$# p'$# ud#&j'*!sti!d k!ij'*# *#8i/# s' i8!s,'*i p!,i& Tu s' *#i *'k!&ik! 8!*# k!ij'*sk#@ i8!s,'# i!k!&*! 8'$&ji7t'K!ri$(nska )!na !5u6/#t# $ik!!"#*i8$' k!ji i/' *# k!ij'*u 5i&j#k# Tu j'#8*!/s*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# $#*j# 8#stup&j'*i su s#$! !*i k!ji su s' #d#pti#&i *# tu5i&j*u /stu i&i s!tu N#j/i7' i$# #sp!!"'*i6 5#kt'ij# i sp'4i,i:*i6 /st# $ik!i8*i6"&ji/#Ri)!s(ra !5u6/#t# s&!j 8'$&ji7t# *# ud#&j'*!sti !k! 0@; 4$ !d k!ij'*# U !/u 8!*ud!spij'/#ju k!ij'*sk' i8&u:'/i*' k#! i !"#*sk' $#t'ij' i8 8'$&ji7t# B!j*!st@

#8*!/s*!st i #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# j' i8#8it! /'&ik# Z#stup&j'*' su s/' "up'$ik!!"#*i8#$#@ # ukup*# 5!j*!st 5#kt'ij# u p!sj'ku j' !k! 10>u "#$u 8'$&ji7t#N#!:it! su p!/!&j*i us&!/i 8# #$i*!,ik#t!' i s&!5!d*' #8!t!,iks#t!'Ok!ln! )("l$i-'( !5u6/#t# 8!*u k!j# j' !d k!ij'*# ud#&j'*# /i7' !d 1 4$ O/dj' *'$#di'kt*!" uti4#j# 5i&jk' i 5!j $ik!!"#*i8#$# s' p#ti p'k! /'tik#&*!"$ik!5i!&!7k!" p!,i

V'tik#&*i #sp!'d $ik!!"#*i8#$# p! /isi*i p!k#8uj' pi&i:*! !p#d#*j' k#k! p! 5!ju$ik!!"#*i8#$#@ t#k! i p!j'di*i6 /st# i "up# $ik!!"#*i8#$# Z'$&ji7t# *# /is!ki$p*i*#$# i$#ju $#*j' $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ $#*j' su 5i!"'*# k#k! 85!" !p#d#*j# p!d's*'

k!&i:i*' !"#*sk' $#t'ij'@ t#k! i 85!" !p#d#*j# t'$p'#tu' u ti$ !5sti$# U8'$&ji7ti$# *# /'+!j *#d$!sk!j /isi*i@ $#*j' j' !"#*sk' $#t'ij'@ 8'$&ji7t# su p&i+#@/'+' j' k!&'5#*j' 'k!&!7ki6 ,#kt!#@ sij# j' /'"'t#4ij#@ $#*j# su u"#*j# &judsk!"#d#@ # s/' t! uti:' *# s$#*j'*j' 5!j# $ik!!"#*i8#$# N# /'&iki$ /isi*#$#p'!/uju ki!,i&*i $ik!!"#*i8$i@ *#!:it! p'dst#/*i4i "&ji/#@ &i7#j'/# i #&"i

10


12/15

. USLOVI ZEMLJITA ZA RAZMNOAVANJE I AKTIVNOSTMIKROORGANIZAMA

N#jp!/!&j*iji us&!/i 8# #8$*!#/#*j' i #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# su 8'$&ji7t#*'ut#&*' '#k4ij'@ d!5' stuktu'@ p!/!&j*i6 /!d*!-/#8du7*i6 s/!jst#/# i s# s#d#j'$

!"#*sk' $#t'ij' i8*#d 2 U !/#k/i$ 8'$&ji7ti$# *#j5!j*ij' su 5#kt'ij' k!j' s/!j!$'*8i$sk!$ #kti/*!7+u d#ju 8'$&ji7tu *#j5!&j# s/!jst/# U kis'&i$ 8'$&ji7ti$# u /'+'$5!ju su 8#stup&j'*' "&ji/'@ # u #&k#&*i$ i$# /i7' #kti*!$i4't# i du"i6 #&k#&!,i&*i65#kt'ij# B!j*!st i #kti/*!st $ik!!"#*i8#$# u *#7'$ k&i$#tsk!$ p!du:ju j's'8!*sk!" k##kt'# U p!&j'+' i #*u j's'* $ik!5i!&!7k# #kti/*!st j' /'+#@ j' i$#d!/!&j*! /"' i kis'!*ik#@ # t'$p'#tu' su !pti$#&*' 20-30!C U t!ku &j't# isp!&j#/#s' *'"#ti/#* uti4#j /is!ki6@ # u t!ku 8i$' *iski6 t'$p'#tu# T#k!'@ p!8*#/#*j'$ u&!"'i t!k# $ik!5i!&!7ki6 p!4's# u 8'$&ji7tu@ :!/j'k $!' u 8*#t*!j $j'i us$j'iti ip!/'+#ti *ji6!/ ','k#t u p!&j!pi/'d*!j p!i8/!d*ji T#k! s' pi$j'*!$ !"#*ski6u5i/#@ 8#!#/#*j'$ s/j'' 5i&j*' $#s' i&i 't/'*i6 !st#t#k# p!/'+#/# ukup*#$ik!5i!&!7k# #kti/*!st Od/!d*j#/#*j'$ s' st/##ju us&!/i 8# #8/!j #'!5*i6

$ik!!"#*i8#$#@ # *#/!d*j#/#*j'$ s' st/##ju us&!/i 8# 5!&j' #st/##*j' 6#*&ji/i6$#t'ij# i is6#*u 5i&j#k# i $ik!!"#*i8#$# U*!7'*j'$ k':*!" $#t'ij# C#CO3@C#O u kis' 8'$&ji7t# '#k4ij#@ '#k4ij# s' p!p#/&j# d! *'ut#&*' i st/##ju s' us&!/i 8##kti/*!st 5#kt'ij# Isti ','k#t p!sti' s' p!p#/k!$ #&k#&*i6 8'$&ji7t# Z*#:#j*! $j'st!8#u8i$#ju $ik!5i!&!7k# u5i/# k!ji$# s' u*!s' :ist' ku&tu' $ik!!"#*i8#$# ik!ji$# s' i*t'*8i/i# !d''*i $ik!5i!&!7ki p!4's !/j'k $!' i8#8/#ti i *'"#ti/#*uti4#j *# $ik!5i!&!7k' p!4's' u 8'$&ji7tu i t! *'k!*t!&is#*!$ pi$j'*!$ p'sti4id# i$i*'#&*i6 u5i/#@ *'u*!7'*j'$ !"#*ski6 u5i/#@ t'7k!$ $'6#*i8#4ij!$@ itd O/! s'di'kt*! *'"#ti/*! !d##/# *# 5i&j*u p!i8/!d*ju D't#&j*i$ i8u:#/#*j'$$ik!5i!&!7ki6 p!4's# u 8'$&ji7tu 5#/i s' 8'$&ji7*# $ik!5i!&!"ij#

Slika 16

11


13/15

. ;IO>ERTILIZA9IJA ZEMLJITA

U s#/'$'*!j p!&j!pi/'d*!j p!i8/!d*ji s'@ u 4i&ju p!/'+#*j# pi*!s#@ p!/!di *i8#"!t'6*i:ki6 $j'# k!j'@ i8$'u !st#&!"@ sti$u&i7u #st i8#5#*i6 "up#

$ik!!"#*i8#$# i *# t#j *#:i* us$j'#/#ju $ik!5i!&!7k' p!4's' u 8'$&ji7tu S#$ik!5i!&!7k!" #sp'kt#@ p!s'5*! $j'st# 8#u8i$# up!t'5# p'p##t# p!8*#ti6 p!d8#j'd*i:ki$ *#8i/!$ 5i!,'ti&i8#t!i i&i $ik!5i!&!7k# u5i/# u k!ji$# su #kti/*i :i*i!4i$ik!!"#*i8$i P!i8/!d*j# 5i!,'ti&i8#t!# i *ji6!/# up!t'5# !5u6/#t# i85!!d"!/##ju+'@ #kti/*' /st' $ik!!"#*i8#$#G *ji6!/! "#j'*j' u :ist!j ku&tuiGu$*!#/#*j' i $ij'7#*j' s# !d"!/##ju+i$ supst#t!$ i u*!s u 8'$&ji7t' "dj' u:'st/uju u#8&i:iti$ $ik!5i!&!7ki$ p!4'si$# i d!pi*!s' ,i8i!&!7k!$ st#*ju 5i&j#k# U 8#/is*!sti!d /st' $ik!!"#*i8#$# k!ji s' k!ist' /i7' j' #8&i:iti6 tip!/# $ik!5i!&!7ki6 u5i/#A)!'!%ak'(rin j' $ik!5i!&!7k! u5i/! k!j' s#di ku&tuu s&!5!d*i6 #8!t!,iks#t!#@*#j:'7+' s!j'/#A'otobacter chroococcum U*!s!$ !/!" p'p##t#@ s# sj'$'*!$ 5i&j#k#@u 8'$&ji7tu s' p!/'+#/# *ji6!/ 5!j@ # s#$i$ ti$ i i*t'*8it't ,iks#4ij' $!&'ku&sk!" #8!t#

T!k!$ #8!t!,iks#4ij' *#st#&i N3d!pi*!si #8/!ju 5i&j*i6 ku&tu# P!/!&j*! dj'&!/#*j'!/i6 5#kt'ij# d!d#t*! j' u/'+#*! *ji6!/!$ sp!s!5*!7+u d# si*t'ti7u #8&i:it' sti$ut!'#st#Ni'rainj' $ik!5i!&!7k! u5i/! k!j' u s'5i s#di ku&tu' si$5i!tski6 #8!t!,iks#t!#O58i!$ *# sp'4i,i:*!st /st# i8 !d#(hyisobiump'$# p!j'di*i$ 5i&j*i$ /st#$# /i7'j' #8&i:iti6 tip!/# !/i6 p'p##t#@ # up!t'5# s/#k!" !d *ji6 j' !d''*# /st!$&'"u$i*!8' u ku&tui O/i ,'ti&i8#t!i@ 5'8 !58i# *# tip@ d!pi*!s' p!4'su *!duij' ii*t'*8i/i#ju p!4's ,iks#4ij' $!&'ku&sk!" #8!t#>!s!%ak'(rinj' ,'ti&i8#t! k!ji s#di ku&tuuBacillus megatherium varphosphaticusk!ji u*ij't u 8'$&ji7t'@ /7i $i*'#&i8#4iju !"#*ski6 j'di*j'*j# ,!s,!# d! d!stup*i6,!s,!*i6 5i&j*i6 #si$iti/#Silik!%ak'(rin s#di si&ik#t*' 5#kt'ij' Bacillus circulans@ k!j' /7' t#*s,!$#4iju#&u$!si&ik#t# i p'/!d' k#&iju$ i8 *'#st/!&ji/i6 u !5&ik' d!stup*' 5i&jk#$#*+"i,!rin s#di $ij'7#*u ku&tuu $ik!!"#*i8#$# #kti*!$i4't#@ i du"i6 5#kt'ij#@"&ji/' !d"!/!*i6 8# $i*'#&i8#4iju 6u$us*i6 $#t'ij#

Slika 17:A'otobacter chroococcum

12


14/15

3. ZAKLJU?AK

S#d#7*j# p'd!s,'# pu# *#jp!/!&j*ij' us&!/' 8# i/!t i #d $ik!!"#*i8#$# u5i!"'!s,'i@ # !tud# i6 i *#i$! u *#j/'+i$ k!*4'*t#4ij#$# u p'd!s,'i P'd!s,'# j'

t!&ik! p!$#*# $ik!!"#*i8$i$#@ d# su p!st#&i *j'* *'#8d/!j*i s#st!j#k@ j' s'8'$&ji7t' 8#ist# *' $!' *i 8#$is&iti 5'8 *j'"!/' $ik!,&!' i $ik!,#u*' S/' *#j5it*ij'!d&ik' 8'$&ji7t# t#k!' su us&!/&j'*' #kti/*i$ #d!$ *j'"!/' $ik!,&!' i $ik!,#u*'@ #u p/!$ 'du *j'"!/# stuktu# i *j'"!/# p&!d*!st P'd!s,'# j' !$!"u+i #8/it#k#8*!/s*iji$ $ik!!"#*i8$i$# i !"#*i8$i$# u!p7t' Otud# j' 8'$&ji7t' d#*#s p!st#&!'8'/!# $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ k!ji$# s' !5i:*! s*#5dj'/#ju !st#&' pi!d*' s'di*' u5i!"'!s,'i Mik!!"#*i8$i su i/i di! 8'$&ji7t# O*i "# p!tpu*! p!i$#ju i #kti/*!u:'st/uju u ,!$i#*ju *j'"!/i6 s/!jst#/# Mik!!"#*i8$i :i*' !d 0@1 d! 3 4j'&!kup*' !"#*sk' $#t'ij' u 8'$&ji7tu Z#j'd*! s# 5i&jk#$# i i/!ti*j#$#$ik!!"#*i8$i su j'd#* !d p't ,#kt!# k&i$#@ '&j',@ $#ti:*i supst#t@ /ij'$' k!jiu:'st/uju u ,!$i#*ju 8'$&ji7t# N#j8*#:#j*ij# u&!"# 8'$&ji7*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$#

p'dst#/&j# *ji6!/# #kti/*!st k!j!$ s' !$!"u+#/# ku'*j' 6#*&ji/i6 '&'$'*#t# u8'$&ji7tu Z'$&ji7*i $ik!!"#*i8$i 6#*&ji/' '&'$'*t' t#*s,!$i7u i8 !"#*ski6j'di*j'*j# u *'!"#*sk' !5&ik' k!j' 5i&jk' $!"u d# us/!j' P!'d !/!"#@ p!j'di*i*'!"#*ski@ *'pistup#:*i !5&i4i 6#*&ji/i6 '&'$'*#t#@ 8#6/#&juju+i *ji6!/!j #kti/*!sti@p'/!d' s' u pistup#:*' !5&ik' 8# 5i&jk' T#k!' *ji6!/! pisusut/! u 8'$&ji7tu j' d!5#i*dik#t! k/#&it't# 8'$&ji7t# D!k j' p/!5it*! st/##*j' 8'$&ji7t# st#j#&! p!d *'!5i:*!s*#*i$ uti4#j'$ #ut!t!,*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ j' s' #di&! ! st/##*ju !"#*sk'$#t'ij'@ d!t&' j' s#d#7*j' 8'$&ji7t' p!d /'+i$ uti4#j'$ p'dst#/*ik# 6't'!t!,*i68'$&ji7*i6 $ik!!"#*i8#$#@ k!ji p'#uju !"#*sk' !st#tk' 8'$&ji7t# u p!s'5*'6u$us*' $#t'ij'@ # !/' d#&j' $i*'#&i8uju u $i*'#&*' 5i&j*' #si$iti/' Z'$&ji7*#$ik!,&!# i $ik!,#u*# i&i 8'$&ji7*# $ik!p!puij# !st#/&j# du5!k!" t#"# i ust/##*ju p!j'di*i6 8'$&ji7t# i tip!/#@ uti:' *# p'd!"'*'tsk' p!4's' u s#$!$ 8'$&ji7tu@!s!5it! k!d ,!$i#*j# p!j'di*i6 !d''*i6 8'$&ji7*i6 6!i8!*#t# St/##*j' "&'j#@t#&!'*j' k#&4iju$ k#5!*#t#@ #$!,*!" si&i4iju$ di!ksid#@ p# i s#$' "&i*'@ s/' su t!p!4'si u k!ji$# $ik!!"#*i8$i #kti/*! u:'st/uju u s#/'$'*!$ 8'$&ji7tu

13


15/15

6. LITERATURA

!$i+ R Lji&j#*# 1>>>% Ek!l!i$a "ikr!!rani)a"a@ st 12>-139 Pi!d*!$#t'$#ti:ki ,#ku&t't@ K#"uj'/#4

Mij#*# J##k@ Mit# (!/'d#i4# 2003% Mikr!%i!l!i$a@ st 12=-12> P!&j!pi/'d*i,#ku&t't@ N!/i S#d

.i/!ji* T'7i+@ Mi* T!d!!/i+ 1>>2% Mikr!%i!l!i$a@ st 11=-123 N#u:*# k*ji"#@B'!"#d

6ttp%8d#/#s5ij#4!$tZ'$&j#P!/t#st/!>0

Documents

seminarski mikrobiologija