The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of the Second Semester Students

in English Speaking Subject of English Department Sriwijaya State Polytechnic

This Report is written to fulfill the Requirement for Diploma III Graduation in English Department at State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya

By:

Rahmita

061030900655

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA

PALEMBANG

2013

APPROVAL SHEET

Name / NIM : Rahmita

Study Program : English for Tourism and Hotel

Title of Proposal Report : The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of Students English Classroom Subject of English Department Sriwijaya State Polytechnic

Palembang, April 2013

Approved by,First advisor, Second Advisor,

Drs. Sunani, M.M Dra. Risa M.pdID. 1963051819900312002 ID. 196508172000031002

Acknowledged by,Head of English department

Dra. Tiur simanjutak, M.Ed.MID. 196105071988032001

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer presents the background of writing, problem,

purpose, benefit and scheme of writing.

1.1 Background

As an international language, English has taken an important role in our life

for communication in all fields. Most of people in the world use English for

communication in business, education, tourism and others. However English is not

the first language in Indonesia, because Indonesia has its own national language

called Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia has been taken from Bahasa Melayu

which does not differentiate status of social, age, also cultural background; it was

supported by Masinambow and Haenam (2002) research, entitled: “Bahasa Indonesia

and local languages”. Bahasa is not only used as a means of formal communication

but also used as a media of the unity in Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is easy to find the

multilingual speaker since Indonesia is a multicultural country that has many ethnics

and mother tongues.

The use of Indonesia and English as a medium of instruction in the English

teaching and learning process has formulated a great problem, since English has been

socialized as a foreign language in Indonesia, it makes the students should try to learn

hard to understand and acquire English. The similar pattern especially happens in

formal educational institution for example: in English Department of Sriwijaya State

Polytechnic where most of the new students should adapt and try to learn hard to

understand and acquire English. This is proven by the data that the writer acquired

from English Department of Sriwijaya State Polytechnic. The data revealed, the

average speaking score of first semester students of English department of sriwijaya

state polytechnic. Morning class (regular) is __ points, and afternoon class (non-

regular) is__ points. Al-Khotaba, et.all. (2012) did a research about the application of

code mixing. The title of their study is “The application of code mixing in teaching

English as foreign language at tertiary level: classroom discourse”. He found in his

research the possibility of using language combination, or mixed language will come

up, especially in learning process and daily conversation in education.

The applications of language combination or mixing from one code to others

in which commonly called as code mixing. According to Nababan cited in Udoro

(2008: 15) code mixing happens when people mix two languages (or more) language

in such speech act or discourse without any force to do mixing codes. Code mixing

can be occurred in spoken and written language. Especially in spoken language for

example: (Radio, song and daily conversation) and written language (magazine or

Short Message Service (SMS). Additionally Alkaz (2011:7), states that teenager’s

language is influenced by the social environment communities and their peers.

Due to those explanations, it can be concluded that the students of English

Department still need the learning process thus sometimes still doing code mixing

during conversation. Another problem is because students have lacked vocabulary

and they are afraid of making mistake when they want to speak English in their

conversation. Therefore, code mixing is one of the ways to overcome that problem

because they can express what they want to say in their conversation.

The description above also happened to the students of English department in

Sriwijaya State Polytechnic which located in Jl. Srijaya Negara Palembang. Some of

students are using different languages such us Palembangnese, Javanese, bataknese,

sekayu, meranjat, lahat, kombring and baturaja. They are the students with different

ethnic, social and cultural background.

Based on the language usage at English Department, the students speak

Indonesian as the main language and English as the medium of communication.

Moreover they have to translate English into Indonesian or Indonesian into English

and sometimes mother tongue will occur in their conversation. Therefore, the writer

is really interested in analyzing “The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of

The Second Semester Students in English Speaking Subject of English Department

Sriwijaya State Polytechnic.

1.2 Problem Formulation

The problem of this report is formulated as follow:

What are the types of Indonesia - English code mixing?

What factors that can influence the use of Indonesia- English code

mixing?

1.3 Purpose

The purposes of this report are:

To study the use of code mixing student English department

To find some factors and type that can influence code mixing and

learning process at Sriwijaya State Polytechnic

1.4 Benefit

The benefits of this final report are:

This research can be used as reference for those who are interested in

sociolinguistic phenomena.

This study is becoming additional source for bilingualism study

especially in Code Mixing

This study enrich the knowledge and information about Code Mixing

The readers are able to know some factors that can influence the

application of code mixing of English in speaking.

1.5 Scheme of writing

CHAPTER I : Introduction

This chapter presents background, problem formulation, purpose and benefit, and scheme overview.

CHAPTER II : Literature Review

This chapter discusses about definition of code, and code mixing, type of code mixing, the difference of Code Mixing and Code Switching, The influential factor of code mixing.

CHPATER III : Research methodology

This Chapter describes about research method, sample and population, technique of data collection and data analysis

CHAPTER IV : Finding

This chapter contains the result from observation and questionnaire

CHAPTER V : Conclusion and Suggestion

This chapter presents conclusion and suggestion.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer presents about the definitions of Code, Code Mixing, Types of Code Mixing, the Difference between Code Mixing and Code Switching, and The factors that Influence Code Mixing.

2.1 Definition of Code

In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in different

situations. It makes them easier to discuss a particular topic or to speak with other.

They may choose a particular code or to express their feeling. While talking about

work or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that is related to

those fields rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.

A code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. According

to Stockwell (2002:8-9 cited in Cakrawti, 2011), a code is “a symbol of nationalism

that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or

register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes.”

Similarly, Wardaugh (1986:101) also maintains that a code can be defined as “a

system used for communication between two or more parties used on any occasions.”

When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the

system of communication that they employ a code. Therefore, people usually require

selecting a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide

to switch from one code to another or to mix codes, sometimes in very short

utterances and it means to create a code. From those opinions of the code given by

many linguists above, the writer conclude that a code can be said as a language, and

the code is a form of the language variation that is used by a people to communicate

with other people in daily interaction or communication (conversation) within

particular society.

2.2 Definition of Code Mixing

Code Mixing, as the phenomenon which always occurs in language either in

bilingual or multilingual society, and the term is always interesting to discuss. The

use of Code Mixing will happen because the speaker tends to mix into another

language. The use of code-mixing, also happen in communicating process. It makes

the students more comfortable to have communication with other people. According

to Bentahila and Davies (2010) code-mixing is the random alternation of two

languages within a sentence. Nababan cited in Udoro (2008:15) claims that code

mixing happens when people mix two languages (or more) languages in such speech

or discourse without any force to do mixing codes. Trudgill cited in Udoro (2008:15)

defined “Code Mixing is as the process whereby speakers indulge in code switching

between languages of such rapidity and density, even within sentences and phrases

that are not possible to say at any given time which language they are speaking”.

From the definition above the writer can conclude that code mixing is the way people

communicate by mixing more than one language in one sentence.

2.3 Types of Code Mixing

Code Mixing is classified into two terms. It was supported by Suwito

(2004:114). There are inner Code mixing and outer Code Mixing.

a. Inner Code Mixing is a mixing from the original language or their own

language into national language, so the speaker inserts the elements of their own

language or elements of varieties and style into the dialect. For example: “cari istri

yang harus setolokan dong”.

This example use Indonesia language, but the conversant inserts a word stolokan.

stolokan in this example means : “suitable” is included into inner code mixing,

because the speaker inserts the elements of their own language or elements of

varieties and style into the dialect.

b. Outer Code Mixing occurs, if the speaker inserts the elements of their own

language into language foreign. For example: “jangan lupa minggu depan ada

meeting di kanwil pusat”. This example use Indonesian but coversant insert words

“meeting”, which constitute as the vocabulary of English. Based on suwito

(2004:114), this example is including outer code mixing because the conversant

inserts their language into pieces of foreign language.

2.4 The difference of Code Mixing and Code Switching

Living in the multilingual community will make the multilingual speakers get

a trouble in speaking or communicating. The problem appears because of the

language selection. In a multilingual community there will be more than two

languages. The possibility of switching or even mixing the language will occur in the

multilingual community. However, it is not easy to differentiate between code mixing

and code switching. Furthermore, we can find some indicators related to the

differences of these two sociolinguistics terms, code switching and code mixing.

Code switching refers to the speaker change into another language meanwhile

speaker tends to mix another language into the sentence is called code mixing.

Switching or mixing languages has become a linguistic phenomenon that was

observed by many experts. According to Holmes (1992:35 cited Jiunkpe, 2006:6)

Code Switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one code to another code. For

example, a speaker who Speak Indonesia in his conversation then he changes his code

in to Japanese. In this case the speaker may use some codes or switch to another code

as a signal of group membership and shared with an addressee. In addition, Gardner

(2009) states that code-switching belongs primarily to the study of sociolinguistics,

which can be used as an approach to detect code-switching. Despites of definition

about ‘code mixing’, Al Khotaba, et.at (2012) claims that code-mixing, is when a

fluent bilingual talks to another fluent bilingual without any change at all in the

situation. Borrowing is simply when an item is borrowed from one language to

become part of the other language. Code mixing suggests that the speaker is mixing

up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches

are very well –motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two

codes.

2.5 The influential factor of code mixing

There are some factors which affect code switching and code-mixing such as

grammatical, lexical, and societal factors. Among these factors, societal factors would

be the most influential factors for the reasons why bilinguals switch and mix their

languages. It was supported by Fishman (2000 cited in Suganda 2010) which found

that the choice of language among bilingual speakers is determined by factors such as

setting, participants, topic or situation.

1. According to Fishman, the first factor of the choice of language among

bilingual speaker is setting: (in terms of time and place, and the

situation). The situation controls the choice of variety. Wardaugh

(1990:103) mention that” People change the code as they redefine

situation that they face – formal to informal, official to personal, serious,

humorous, and politeness to solidarity.”

2. The second factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is

the participants or interlocutors in the interaction (which will be

characterized by things such as age, sex, social statues and socio-

economic background, and also by the kind of relationship existing

between them). Participants here can refer to the speaker, listener and the

third party.

3. The third factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is the

Message Intrinsic Factors (quotation, Reiteration, topic-comment)

Individual speaker will usually have preferences for using a particular

language when speaking about a certain subject. According to Holmes

(1992:44 cited in Suganda 2010) claims that: “people may switch code

within a speech event to discuss a particular topic”.

4. The Fourth factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is

the function of the interaction (which can be to greet, apologize, and

exchange information and also include: language attitude, dominance

and security ). The choice is made with the intention that the message

should convey a particular meaning or have a certain effect Holmes

(1992:44 cited in Suganda 2010)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter described about research method, population and sample, the

study of data collection technique and data analysis.

3.1 Research Method

In this chapter, the writer will deal with descriptive method. Descriptive

method of research is a method which tries to describe the problem in descriptive

manner, in this case the researches enable to describe or present the picture of

phenomenon or phenomena under investigation. Descriptive method as involving

collection of data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the

status of the subject of the study Gay (1976 cited diyah 2012). In this final report, the

descriptive method research divided into observation and questioner.

3.2 population and sample

3.2.1 The population of sample

The subject of this report is code mixing participants of English department

student in Sriwijaya state polytechnic. The location Sriwijaya state Polytechnic on Jl.

Srijaya negara Palembang. The populations of this research are the student of English

department who Study in Sriwijaya state polytechnic especially in regular and non

regular second semester.

3.2.2 Sample of the study

According to Beaver (2009:8), a sample is a subset of measurements selected

from the population of interest. Refers to the theory, the researcher took two classes

in the morning and afternoon Department. They are from the one regular class

(morning) and one from non regular class (afternoon). Batch year 2012/2013, each of

the class comprise of 24 students.

The participants of students in the class as sample of the study who use code

mixing when they are talking to each other in their speaking class subject, the

reseacher has reason why the writer choose the English department student in second

semester because they are as the new student and they should adapt with the

atmosphere in English department which commonly use English in the classroom. So

it can caused the students are difficult to use English because of the vocabulary or the

lack of their background are different but they should speak English in their English

class. So more possibilities it can occur the code mixing in the class.

3.3 Techniques of Data Collection

In technique of collecting the data, the writer divides part trough by

observation and questionnaire in the classroom

a. Observation

In collecting data the writer will observe the student class in English

department. During the observation the writer will watch and record the

activity of student in the class. It is supported by Dr.Price, Oswald (2006),

which state that “Observational research is type of correlation (i.e., non-

experimental) research in which a researcher observes ongoing behavior”. So

in this case, the writer will conduct the observation by watching and recording

the activity student in the class.

b. Questionnaire

In this method the writer is inspired by the questionnaire which has

been applied by Tusakdiyah (2012). She applied seventeen (17) items of an

adapted questionnaire were developed in his study with titled “ the analysis

of code mixing by teenager’s at Global English Language Center ” an

exploratory study” to measure influential factor code mixing. In this study the

writer apllied the modification of questionnaire which consists of two

different sections: A, B, which are described as follows;

A. Biographical information of the participants - made up of six items.

B. Students' views about the reason using of code mixing - consisting of

twelve items.

The questionnaire implemented both structured (closed) and

unstructured (open ended) questions. Students were asked to give their

honest opinions in a 2--Likert scale. The scale was comprised as follows;

Agree, and Disagree.

The writer gave the questionnaire to all the participants’ class.

According to Trueman (2000), a questionnaire is a series of questions asked

to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic.

When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires

become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific

groups or people or entire population. It means the questionnaire contain of

the questions are close with the question that cause why they use code mixing

3.4 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the writer will conclude the result of observation and

questioner

1. The result of observation in analyzing the data, the writer would be

following steps. There are:

a. Recording the conversation of participants

b. Writing the result of recording

c. Analyzing and studying about the data

d. Marking code mixing that appear in the conversation class

e. Identifying the types of code mixing that appear in the conversation class

2. After recording the conversation, the writer will give the questionnaire for

the participants’, then the result of questionnaire in analyzing the data, the

writer will do following steps. There are:

a. Shorting by the different class, they are second A.b and B.b semester

b. Analyzing the answers of the participants. In this case the writer will

analyzed the answer by using the formula Hartono (2002: 37-38): P =

F/N x 100%

Note

P = Percentage

F = Frequency/ total respondents

N = Total number of respondents

c. Concluding the result of code-mixing factors in students English

Departement.

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

The Chapter discussed the findings of the study and discussion about the types of

code mixing use by students English Department in Speaking Subject and The

influential factor of code mixing.

4.1 finding

After analyzing the data collected through observation and questionnaire, the

writer identified the types and code mixing factors that used by student English

Department in speaking class.

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