QED Disinfection of Drinking Water in China Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE

QED Disinfection of

Drinking Water in China

Thomas PrevenslikQED Radiations

Discovery Bay, Hong Kong

Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China

Introduction


China’s massive population poses difficult environmental challenges for 1.2 billion people.

Water pollution is among the most pressing issues (Natl Acad Scie 2007).

Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day requires extensive treatment facilities.

Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people — by drinking water that is contaminated by human waste are

subjected to waterborne pathogens 1

Disinfection Methods


Water purifiers reduce diarrheal diseases by 30–40%. But fewer than 5% of Chinese homes have purifiers, despite costing

around 2,000 renminbi.

Water purifiers require electricity for pumping through filters coated with silver NPs.

NP stands for nanoparticle.

Silver NPs provide antimicrobial action by damaging the DNA of bacteria, but NPs that come off the filter and enter the body also

damage human DNA that if not repaired, may lead to cancer.

UV Disinfection


UV disinfection of drinking water outside the body avoids the danger of cancer posed by NPs in filters.

Currently, LEDs in the UV-C are thought to provide future disinfection of drinking water. Just irradiate drinking

water with UV-C

LEDs stand for light emitting diodes.

But LEDs still require a source of electrical power.

Boiling Water


In China, water is disinfected by boiling

Even if water becomes drinkable, few people will stop boiling drinking water - a habit in China.

Boiling kills or deactivates all waterborne patho gens, including protozoan cysts that can be resistant to chemical disinfection

including viruses too small to filter out.

Even if the water is tur bid, boiling can remove volatile organic compounds such as benzene and chloroform.

But electricity to boil water is not always available

What can be done?

Proposal

QED induced EM radiation from body heat in a hand-held nano-coated aluminum bowl provides the UV- C to inexpensively

disinfect water without electricity.


3

QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic.UV-C = UV at 254 nm

Drinking Bowl

Operating Principle

QED converts body heat from the hand holding the bowl to UV-C radiation because the temperature of the nano-

coating cannot increase by QM.

QM = Quantum Mechanics


4

Nano Coating


Heat transfer - 3 modes: Conduction, Radiation, Convection

By applying a nano coating to a surface, natural convection is avoided with conservation proceeding as QED induces conversion of body heat into EM radiation instead of the

usual temperature increase

Suggests:

QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer?

5

4th Mode of Heat Transfer


Nano Coating conserves body heat without temperature increase as QED radiation bypasses

natural convection to enhance heat transfer

Body heat

Macro Coating Temperature increase

Natural convection

QED Radiation

Nano Coating < 100 nm

Substrate

6

No temperature increase

Theory


Heat Capacity of the Atom

Conservation of Energy

TIR Confinement

Refractive Index

7

Heat Capacity of the Atom

8

kT 0.0258 eV

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1 10 100 1000

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

-E

-eV

Thermal Wavelength - l - microns

Classical Physics (MD, Comsol)


l

l1

kT

hcexp

hc

E

kT 0.0258 eV

Classical Physics (MD, Comsol)

QM(kT = 0)

In nano coatings, the atom has no heat capacity by QM


Conservation of EnergyHow does EM conservation proceed?

ProposalAbsorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED

radiation inside the nano coating - by frequency up - conversion to its TIR resonance

TIR = Total Internal Reflection

9

Nano coatings have high surface to volume ratio

Absorbed EM energy concentrated in the coating surfaces temporarily traps itself to form the TIR confinement

QED converts the trapped EM energy to standing wave QED radiation that escapes the coating

f = ( c/n) / / 2 = d E = h f

TIR Confinement

9Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China

HeatQED

Radiation

QED

RadiationBody Surroundings

Coating

2d =

Application


Analysis

Coating Selection

Body Heat

Disinfection Dosage

12

Analysis


13

1 10 100 10000.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Coating Thickness - d - nm

QE

D R

adia

tion

W

avel

engt

h - -

mic

rons

n = 2

n = 4IR

VIS

UV

EUV

UV-C

For ZnO (n = 2.4) , UV-C requires thickness about 50 nm

Coating Selection


Initially, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on aluminum (n = 1) bowl.Now, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on stainless steel (n = 1.4) bowl.

But what about zinc toxicity?

Currently, Al2O3 ( n = 1.42) by anodizing the aluminum (n = 1) bowl requires 90 nm thickness to produce UV-C

Avoids toxicity as anodized surface may be sealed

However, leaching of Zn into drinking water is not toxic and instead is beneficial to humans suggests

ZnO is the optimum bowl coating

14

Response Time


The bowl wall is between the hand and the coating. For wall thickness t, the time constant is,

, and

Aluminum having t = 0.1 cm and =/st = 20 ms

Stainless steel with t = 0.05 cm and =/s = 60 ms

On 1 s time scale, response times are fast

12

Body Heat - Upper Bound


Body at 32 C and ambient at 20 C gives T = 12 C

For body heat Q = 6 mW/cm2,

T = Q t / K

For aluminum and stainless steel, K = 1.5 and 0.14 W/cm-K gives T = 0.0004 and 0.002 C << 12 C ?

Body heat Q >> 6 mW/cm2 because temperature difference controls Q

13

Disinfection Dosage


The US HEW guidelines for UV-C light disinfection require a minimum dose of 16 mJ/cm2, but recently the National

Sanitation Foundation International set 38 mJ/cm2

For body heat Q = 5.71 mW/cm2 , the water must be held in the bowl for 7 seconds

Recommendation: Hold water in bowl for 10 seconds giving a dosage of 60 mJ/cm2

18


15

Body heat for 10 seconds

> 60 mJ/cm2

Disinfects:

All Bacteria / Yeastand

Most Spores / Virus

Collaboration


The applications of QED induced UV-C radiation in the disinfection of infectious diseases are numerous and

diverse, the development of which is beyond the capability of the author.

Collaboration with interested parties is solicited.

21

Questions & Papers

Email: [email protected]

http://www.nanoqed.org

Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 22

http://www.nanoqed.org/

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QED Disinfection of Drinking Water in China Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE