Planning in WRE Management

8/12/2019 Planning in WRE Management

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There are some 30 government agencies and offices in

the Philippines which are concerned with waterresources development and management responsible

with their own sectoral concerns.

These agencies deal with the water supply, irrigation,

hydropower, flood control, water management, etc. For administrative supervision, these agencies are

distributed among executive departments of the National

Government.

In the government-controlled corporations, councils,

boards and development authorities, supervision is only

exercised at the policy level.


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Its main objective is to achieve scientific and orderly

development and management of all the water resources

of the Philippines consistent with the principles of optimum

usage, conservation and protection to meet present and

future needs. The mantle of authority of NWRB is derived

from Presidential Decree (PD) 424 (NWRC Charter), PD1067 (Water Code of the Philippines) and PD 1206 (Water

Utilities).

National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created

in 1974 in our country as the authoritative national

organization to coordinate and integrate all activities inwater resources development and management.


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Fragmentation among water-related agencies is evident

in three areas of concern: water supply and distribution,

economic and resource regulation, and planning and

policy formulation. Agencies that are involved in WATER SUPPLY AND

DISTRIBUTION:

1. the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Services (MWSS)

and its two concessionaires (after it was privatized in 1997) forMetro Manila, servicing 62.68% of its total population;

2. the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) and its water

district offices for other cities and municipalities, servicing 58%

of the total urban population within its area of responsibility; and

3. the Departments of Interior and Local Government (DILG)andPublic Works and Highway (DPWH) and local governments

which manage community water systems (usually involving

point sources and piped systems with communal faucets),

servicing 86.85% of the countrysrural population.


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The following agencies have the same function as

RESOURCE REGULATORS:1. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR)formulates policies for the enforcement of

environmental protection and pollution control

regulations. It is primarily responsible for the

preservation of watershed areas and ensures water

quality with respect to rivers, streams and other sources

of water.

2. The Department of Health (DOH)is responsible for

drinking water quality regulation and supervision ofgeneral sanitation activities.


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As for PLANNING AND POLICY FORMULATION,

1. The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA),serves as the highest socio-economic planning and

policymaking agency of government. It ensures that

programmes of government agencies are consistent

with the government programmes as laid out in theMedium-term Development Plan, the Long-term

Development Plan (also known as Plan 21) and the

Medium-term Public Investment Programme.

2. The National Irrigation Administration (NIA)

3. The Department of Energy


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The first important consideration is compiling a

list of alternatives that is comprehensive. The

planning process should be an evaluation of allpossible alternatives with respect to project

features and water use.

Planning should consider alternative and

competing for water as well as the various

possibilities for control and delivery of the

water.


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Engineering alternatives

Nonstructural or Management alternatives

Alternative objectives Institutional alternatives

Alternatives of Timing


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1. One or more aspects of water development can be

eliminated on the basis of physical limitations.

2. Certain problems may be fixed in location.

3. The available water may be limited or subject only for

minor changes.

4. Maximum land areas usable for various purposes maybe definable.

5. A policy decision may reserve lands for specific

purposes.

6. Legal constraints may reserve certain lands or prohibitcertain activities or actions.


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Engineering Alternative

Pursuing proper maintenance and upkeep of existing

drainage systems through the concerted efforts of Daet

LGU.

Management or Non-structural Alternative

Putting up and maintaining viable and effective garbage

collection and disposal systems for areas near rivers and

waterways for drainage.

Institutional Alternative

Coordinating the development of flood control project

with the implementation of irrigation project institutional

alternative.


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The role of planners and policy-makers (more importantly

to NWRB) is to present alternatives for consideration of

the public or their elected decision makers.

They must be careful not to advocate or eliminate an

alternative because of their own views or prejudices.


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Planning agencies are required to seek participation of

interested members of the public in the planning

process. Input from the public can be achieved through:

1. Public hearings in which proposed plans are

discussed and in which opportunity is provided for

the public to ask questions and voice opinions are

legally required in many instances.

2. Workshops in which various public and governmentrepresentatives discuss issues are sometimes held.

3. Gaming simulation, the technique of role playing

where real-world problems are simulated by

individuals who play the part of decision-makers orcitizens, provides an opportunity for citizens to

experience decision-making problems and become

sensitive to the complexities of the economic, social

and environmental factors involved in decision

making.


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When alternatives have been defined, the plannerstask is to

provide data which aids in the choice among alternatives.

In response to the economic objective, data on benefits and

costs are required. Each alternative must be specified insufficient detail so that costs can be reliably estimated.

All costs, including those induced by the project, should also

be included.

In addition to estimating water availability the study must

determine energy production, irrigation use, etc. so that the

benefits in pesos may be computed.

Not all benefits or costs of water projects can be measured in

money terms. Some can be presented in descriptive terms

only. When dealing with social and environmental factors, a

subjective approach is deemed best.

Even after a rank ordering of the alternatives is made,

political considerations may govern the choice among themost favorable alternatives.


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An important element in planning of a water project is

consideration of the means by which the project will be

financed. And in order to implement a proposed project,

finding the money to build and operate it is essential.

The institutional setting is such that water projects are

sponsored in a variety of ways. Some projects are

sponsored by the government; some by irrigation(NIA),water conservation, and flood control sectors. And there

are also projects that are jointly sponsored by a

combination of these entities.

Local governmental bodies finance projects in a variety ofways; through taxes, special assessments, revenues

collected for services received, and bond issues.


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In the Philippines, inadequate financial support

to water, sanitation and sewerage programmesis one of the main sectoral concerns identified.

Major investments in water supply and

sanitation programmes are not a priority of

local government units. Capital financing for

major sanitation and sewerage programmes

remains a problem. High capital costs make

the construction of conventional sewers inmany urban areas unaffordable without

subsidies.


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The integration of the concepts of environment and

ecosystem into the national vision for water must take

into account the fact that an integrated approach towater resources development and management is

needed with a multi-sectoral involvement, based on the

principle of sustainability. Therefore, it must be

everybodys concern, and the collective objective is a

must to make certain that an adequate supply of quality

water is maintained for the entire population without

harming the ecosystem.

National development and productivity must beachieved and sustained through the development and

management of environmentally sound water

resources.


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There are three main areas of concern to consider in Planning:

a. Watershed degradatio n

The chronic shortage of water supply in and around Metro Manila in the past

years has brought to the forefront recognition of the adverse effects of mansactivities in the watersheds. Due to illegal logging, shifting cultivation, forest

fires, natural calamities, conversion to agricultural land and allocation of land

to human settlements due to population growth, the forests have been

shrinking steadily. Rapid deforestation, coupled with inappropriate land use

practices, has led to soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation problems in the

countrys rivers, lakes and reservoirs, resulting in more frequent and moresevere flooding and a reduced water supply in the dry season. This state of

affairs has also resulted in a decrease in the recharging ability of the

aquifers. The government has launched several programmes and projects

for the rehabilitation of degraded watersheds and protection of those that

are still in good condition. However, so far, these initiatives have been

inadequate to address the alarming rate of watershed degradation, becauseof the lack of a clear strategy, limited financial resources, fragmented

implementation responsibility, shortage of properly trained manpower and

increasing socioeconomic pressure resulting from the rapid increase of

population in the forested uplands where the vital watersheds are located.


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b. Groun dwater deplet ion and saline intrusion

The uncontrolled withdrawal from groundwater aquifers in

recent years has resulted in the continuous decline of groundwater

levels and in saltwater intrusion in areas near the coast such as Metro

Manila (WRR IV), Cavite (WRR IV), Iloilo (WRR VI) and Cebu (WRR

VII). The indiscriminate use of groundwater wells for residential or

industrial use was due to the failure of water utility providers to service

these areas. Aside from the excessive abstraction of groundwater,there is no national groundwater data network to speak of, in the sense

that there are very few observation wells for time series data on

piezometric levels and pumping rates from production wells. The

groundwater data being collected by many agencies are spatial and

static information on the wells drilled such as location, lithology, wellcasings and the results of pumping tests during the

development of these wells.


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c. Water quali ty

Water is becoming a critical resource in the Philippines. This is

due to the increased pressure on freshwater resources by the rapid

growth of population, improvement of living standards and increasingeconomic development. Although the country is endowed with

abundant water resources, usable water is becoming limited due to

contamination and pollution. Forty of the more than 400 main rivers in

the country are reportedly polluted in varying degrees. All rivers in

Metro Manila are considered biologically dead. Water pollutioncompounded by poor sanitation and hygiene practices has led to an

upsurge of waterborne and water-related diseases. Pollution of water

sources is due to uncontrolled industrial and agricultural development

and to the rapid growth of the population without the development of

waste disposal facilities. The runoff during floods flushes out

contaminants and wastes such as industrial effluents, agricultural

pesticides, traffic emissions, street refuse and uncollected garbage,

which eventually find their ways into the rivers and the groundwater

aquifers.


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Where project seems to be essential, the planner will

find it necessary to consider carefully the ecological

impact on the stream and adjacent areas and try to

develop a plan that will have a minimum of detrimental

effects.

In the architectural design of structures special thought

must be given to appearance. Special treatment of

surfaces to avoid large expenses of concrete, colouring

to blend with the surroundings, planting of grass,shrubs, or trees to enhance visual feeling, and other

similar measures should be considered.


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A partial list of environmental consequences of water-resources projects might

include the following:

Degradation of downstream channel or coastal beaches by loss of sediment

trapped in a reservoir.

Loss of unique geological, historical, archaeological, or scenic sites flooded by

a reservoir.

Flooding of spawning beds for migratory fish preventing their reproduction or

destruction of spawning gravel by a channel dredging or lining.

Change in stream water temperature as a result of a reservoir leading to

changes in aquatic species in the stream.

Release of reservoir bottom water that may be high in dissolved salts or low inoxygen resulting in a change in aquatic species.

Drainage of swamps, potholes, etc decreasing the opportunity for survival of

aquatic or amphibious animals or waterfowl.

Change in water quality as a result of drainage from irrigation project which

may encourage growth of algae in the receiving water or lead to a change in

aquatic species as salinity of the receiving body increases. Creation of barrier to normal migration routes of land animals by a reservoir.

Altering aquatic species by increased turbidity from man-induced erosion or

from dredging operations.

Damage to fish by passage through pumps or turbines or over spillways of

high dams.

Damage to stream-bank vegetation by alteration of flow patterns in a stream.


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These are just a few consequences of water-resource projects. Thus

a clear distinction should be made between damage that is

temporary and effects that are long term and irreversible.

The NEPA of 1969 requires that an environmental mpact statement

(IES) be prepared for all projects proposed by different agencies.

The IES should include a full and fair discussion of the probable

impact of the proposed project alternatives, pointing out in detail any

adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided. If, after

preliminary study, the agency finds that no significant environmentalimpacts are likely to occur , an IES is not necessary unless

challenged by citizens or other entities.

A multi-disciplinary team of specialists including biologists,

hydrologists, social scientists, and others is required to conduct anenvironmental impact study.

The task is to forecast the environmental impacts of alternate

actions. During preparations of the IES, comments must be received

from all agencies that have jurisdiction over the various aspects ofthe potential impacts.


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Documents

Planning in WRE Management