1 Introduction WRE

8/11/2019 1 Introduction WRE

1/36


2/36


3/36

Water as a Natural Resource

EARTH -The blue planet

There are more than 326 million trillion gallons of water on

Earth.

Less than 3 % of all this water is fresh water and of that

amount, more than two-thirds is locked up in ice caps and

glaciers.

With so much water around it seems like there is enough to seeus through for millions of years.

But did you know that even water, which seems to be in

abundance, might one day become scarce?


4/36


5/36


6/36

Water Availability & Access

The per capita availability of water in the country is 1545 cubic

meters as per the 2011 census.

The per capita water availability in the country is reducing

progressively due to increase in population.

The average annual per capita availability of water in the country,

taking into consideration the population of the country as per the 2001

census, was 1816 cubic meters which reduced to 1545 cubic meters as

per the 2011 census.


7/36

Water availability in Canada & Alaska : 189 x 10 m

per year per capita.(H ighest water availabi l i tyin this region across the world)

Water availability in North-Africa : 0.21 x 10 m peryear per capita.(Lowest water availabil i ty in this region across the world)


8/36

Water Availability in India

In several parts of the India,

water is being used at a

much faster rate than can be

replenished by rainfall

In 2025, the per capita

water availability in India

will be reduced to 1500

cubic meters from 5000 in1950.


9/36

Due to limited availability of water, but growing demand of water

due to increasing population, urbanization and industrialization, India

is facing water stress.

In addition due to contamination of water sources and poor water

treatment facility it is often difficult to get safe drinking water.

DO YOU KNOW ???

We are all water creatures ; it makes up :

1. 60% of your body.

2. 70% of your brain.

3. 80% of your blood.


10/36

Water Availability in Rajasthan

The per capita annual water availability in the State is about 780

cubic meter (cum) against minimum requirement of 1000 cum.

It is feared that the availability would fall below 450 cum by the

year 2050.

As per the international accepted norms, availability of water

below 500 cum is considered as absolute water scarcity.


11/36

Water Cycle


12/36

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O

cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and

below the surface of the Earth.

Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over

time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the

atmosphere.

The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to

ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes

of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and

subsurface flow.

In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid(ice)

and gas (vapour).


13/36

The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to

temperature changes ; For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up

energy from its surroundings and cools the environment.

When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment,

these heat exchanges influence climate.

By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cyclepurifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports

minerals to different parts of the globe.

It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth,

through such processes as erosion and sedimentation. Finally, thewater cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and

ecosystems.


14/36

Processes

1. Precipitation: Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface,

Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog dripand sleet.

2. Interception: The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage,

eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the

ground.

3. Runoff: The variety of ways by which water moves across the land.

This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff.

4. Infiltration : The flow of water from the ground surface into the

ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or

groundwater.


15/36

5. Evaporation: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases

as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying

atmosphere. Evaporation often includes transpiration from plants, thoughtogether they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration.

6. Advection : The movement of water in solid, liquid, or vapor

statesthrough the atmosphere.

7. Transpiration: The release of water vapor from plants and soil into

the air.

8. Percolation : Water flows horizontally through the soil and rocks

under the influence of gravity.


16/36

Water Quality

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biologicalcharacteristics of water.

It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of

one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.

It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against

which compliance can be assessed.

The most common standards used to assess water quality relate tohealth of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.


17/36

The parameters for water quality are determined by the

intended use.

Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on

water that is treated for :

1. human consumption

2. industrial use

3. in the ecological environment.


18/36

Human Consumption

Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms

such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as

salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial

processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and

radioactive contaminants.

Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as

human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of

water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of

the water).


19/36

Hydropower

Hydroelectric facilities use the power of flowing water

to turn turbines that produce electricity.

Hydropower has come under scrutiny fromenvironmentalists, but new technologies promise to

increase the efficiency of power generation while

simultaneously decreasing the impact of hydroelectricity

on the environment.


20/36


21/36

Navigation

Navigable waterways are defined as watercourses that have

been or may be used for transport of interstate or foreign

commerce.

Agricultural and commercial goods are moved on water on

a large scale , making navigation an important economic

concern.

Federal regulations control construction, excavation and

disposal in and around navigable waters.

Navigation interests may come into direct conflict with

other interests, including hydropower and wildlife

conservation.


22/36

Industrial Use

Dissolved minerals may affect suitability of water for a range of

industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is

probably the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium which

interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate

and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers.

Hard water may be softened to remove these ions , the softening

process often substitutes sodium cations.

Hard water may be preferable to soft water for human consumption,

since health problems have been associated with excess sodium andwith calcium and magnesium deficiencies. Softening decreases

nutrition and may increase cleaning effectiveness.

E l i l W t Q lit


23/36

Ecological Water Quality

Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality,

relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to

different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human

uses.

Toxic substances and high populations of certain microorganisms can

present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation,

swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses.

These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for

drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify

protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum,

retention of current quality standards.


24/36

Rights & Issues

Water crisismost glaring problem

Available water within a region < Regions demand

Term used by UN and other National Organizations

To describe the availability of potable water in a region

Become more and more piercing day by day


25/36

Major Reasons

Increase in Population

Decrease in ground water level

Daily water consumption increased many folds

Misuse of Water

Climate change

Water management

Pollution

Summer Season and high temperature results in evaporation of

water resources


26/36

Population

Population tripled-use of water

resources become 6

fold

By next 50 yearsworld population

will increase by 40-

50%

Industrializationand urbanization -

will result in an

increasing demand

for water


27/36

Water Consumption

Global consumption of

water is doubling every

20 years

More than one billionpeople on earth lack

enough fresh water for

drinking

By the year 2025, thedemand for freshwater is

expected to rise to 50%


28/36

Misuse of Water

Increased industrial and urban water usage

Reduction in the water available for agriculture in drought

prone area

Inequitable distribution of rainfall

India - water security and providing sanitation is a problem

in rural area


29/36

Climate Change

Reason-global warming

Depleting supply of water

Make rainfall more erratic and cause unpredictable weather


30/36

Pollution

Sewage disposal, industrial effluents, chemical

fertilizers, pesticide.

Underground wells violates the desired level of

dissolved oxygen and coli form

High concentrations of toxic metals, fluoride, and

nitrates


31/36

Surface Water

Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river,

lake, wetland, or ocean; it is related to water collecting as

groundwater or atmospheric water.

Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally

lost through discharge to evaporation and sub-surface seepage into

the ground.

Although there are other sources of groundwater, such as connate

water and magmatic water, precipitation is the major one andgroundwater originated in this way is called meteoric water.


32/36


33/36

Ground Water

Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore

spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.

A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when

it can yield a usable quantity of water.

The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock

become completely saturated with water is called the water table.

The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.


34/36


35/36

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECT

A multipurpose river valley project includes the following aspects-

1. Irrigation

2. Water supply for public health and sanitation

3. Generation of hydro-electric power

4. Flood control and river training

5. Erosion and sediment control: soil conservation

6. Inland navigation

7. Fish culture

8. Recreation

9. Drainage


36/36

Thank You ! !

Documents

1 Introduction WRE