QUIZQUIZQ1-What is perceptual Q1-What is perceptual

expectancy? give daily life expectancy? give daily life examples.examples.

Q2-Explain extra sensory Q2-Explain extra sensory perception?perception?

Q3-What is perceptual constancy?Q3-What is perceptual constancy?

AssignmentAssignmentQ-What is emotion? Q-What is emotion? Explain the theories of Explain the theories of emotion?emotion?

ArticleArticleCultural influence on Cultural influence on EmotionEmotion

MotivatioMotivationn

What is motivation?What is motivation?

Motivation is a desire to achieve a Motivation is a desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy to goal, combined with the energy to work towards that goal.work towards that goal.

Motivation is the inner power or Motivation is the inner power or energy that pushes one toward energy that pushes one toward performing a certain action.performing a certain action.

Motivation has much to do with Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is absent are absent, motivation is absent too.too.

►Motivation is present Motivation is present whenever there is a clear whenever there is a clear vision, precise knowledge of vision, precise knowledge of what one wants to do, a strong what one wants to do, a strong desire and faith in one's desire and faith in one's abilities.abilities.

Rules of MotivationRules of Motivation

►1-Set a major goal, but follow a 1-Set a major goal, but follow a path.path.

The path has mini goals that go in many The path has mini goals that go in many directions. When you learn to succeed at directions. When you learn to succeed at mini goals, you will be motivated to mini goals, you will be motivated to challenge grand goals. Set a goal. If you challenge grand goals. Set a goal. If you have a major goal, it would be a good idea if have a major goal, it would be a good idea if you split it into several minor goals, each you split it into several minor goals, each leading to your major goal. leading to your major goal.

2-Finish what you start2-Finish what you start

A half finished project is of no use to A half finished project is of no use to anyone. anyone.

Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of finishing self-motivated projects. finishing self-motivated projects.

3-Socialize with others of 3-Socialize with others of similar interestsimilar interest..

►Mutual support is motivating. We will Mutual support is motivating. We will develop the attitudes of our best develop the attitudes of our best friends. friends.

► If they are losers, we will be a loser. If If they are losers, we will be a loser. If they are winners, we will be a winner. they are winners, we will be a winner.

4-Learn how to learn4-Learn how to learn. .

►Dependency on others for knowledge Dependency on others for knowledge supports the habit of procrastination. supports the habit of procrastination.

► In fact, when we learn the art of self-In fact, when we learn the art of self-education we will find, if not create, education we will find, if not create, opportunity to find success beyond our opportunity to find success beyond our wildest dreams. wildest dreams.

5-Harmonize natural talent 5-Harmonize natural talent with interest that motivates.with interest that motivates.

►Natural talent creates motivation, Natural talent creates motivation, motivation creates persistence and motivation creates persistence and persistence gets the job done. persistence gets the job done.

6-Increase knowledge of 6-Increase knowledge of subjects that inspiressubjects that inspires..

►The more we know about a subject, The more we know about a subject, the more we want to learn about it. the more we want to learn about it.

7-Take risk7-Take risk..

►Failure and bouncing back are Failure and bouncing back are elements of motivation. Failure is a elements of motivation. Failure is a learning tool. No one has ever learning tool. No one has ever succeeded at anything worthwhile succeeded at anything worthwhile without a string of failures. without a string of failures.

Motivational conflictsMotivational conflicts►Two motives are said to be in Two motives are said to be in

conflict when the satisfaction of conflict when the satisfaction of one leads to the inability to act on one leads to the inability to act on the other-----the other-----

►Researches have identified four Researches have identified four basic kind of motivational basic kind of motivational conflicts.conflicts.

1-Approach-Approach 1-Approach-Approach ConflictsConflicts

►Occur when you are equally Occur when you are equally attracted to two or more possible attracted to two or more possible activities or goals.activities or goals.

►Two desirable things are wanted, Two desirable things are wanted, but only one option can be chosen ( but only one option can be chosen ( example: desirable party \Or test) example: desirable party \Or test) "I want this but I also want that.""I want this but I also want that."

Avoidance- avoidance Avoidance- avoidance ConflictConflict

►Avoidance- avoidance Conflict which Avoidance- avoidance Conflict which require you to choose between “the require you to choose between “the lesser of two evils” occur when you lesser of two evils” occur when you dislike two alternatives.dislike two alternatives.

►Two unattractive alternatives Two unattractive alternatives ( example: study or to serve the ( example: study or to serve the guest "I don't want This and I don't guest "I don't want This and I don't want that.want that.

Approach- Avoidance Approach- Avoidance ConflictConflict

attractive and unattractive parts attractive and unattractive parts to both sides "I want this but I to both sides "I want this but I don't want what this entails“don't want what this entails“

►Occur when one activity or Occur when one activity or goal has both a positive and a goal has both a positive and a negative aspect.negative aspect.

Multiple-Approach- Avoidance Multiple-Approach- Avoidance Conflict Conflict

►Occur in a situation that Occur in a situation that offer several possible offer several possible choices, each containing choices, each containing advantages and advantages and disadvantages.disadvantages.

Theories of motivationTheories of motivation

► Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory►Arousal TheoryArousal Theory►Drive TheoryDrive Theory► Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory►Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory►Humanistic TheoryHumanistic Theory

Instinct theoryInstinct theory

►Instinct theoryInstinct theory is a theory that is a theory that all actions, thoughts, and intents all actions, thoughts, and intents can be traced back to being can be traced back to being caused by instinct.caused by instinct.

►An An instinctinstinct is a fixed is a fixed pattern of behavior that is pattern of behavior that is unlearned, universal within unlearned, universal within a species, and ‘released’ by a species, and ‘released’ by a specific set of conditions.a specific set of conditions.

Arousal TheoryArousal Theory

►Arousal theory states that we are Arousal theory states that we are driven to maintain a certain level of driven to maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. arousal in order to feel comfortable. 

► Arousal refers to a state of emotional, Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity. intellectual, and physical activity. 

Drive theoryDrive theory   

According to drive theory, physiological According to drive theory, physiological needs that arise within the body needs that arise within the body create an unpleasant state of tension, create an unpleasant state of tension, which motivates or which motivates or drivesdrives the the organism to behave in ways that organism to behave in ways that reduce the need and return the body reduce the need and return the body to a balanced, less tense state (what to a balanced, less tense state (what we call we call homeostasishomeostasis).).

A prime example would be the A prime example would be the internal feelings of hunger or internal feelings of hunger or thirst, which motivates us to eat.  thirst, which motivates us to eat.  According to this theory, we are According to this theory, we are driven to reduce these drives so driven to reduce these drives so that we may maintain a sense of that we may maintain a sense of internal calmness.internal calmness.

Incentive theoryIncentive theory

► Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory People are motivated to behave in ways People are motivated to behave in ways

that produce a valued incentivethat produce a valued incentive Incentives work when we Incentives work when we expectexpect that we that we

can gain the incentive and when we can gain the incentive and when we valuevalue the incentivethe incentive

Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory

►The cognitive approach to motivation The cognitive approach to motivation emphasizes thinking and perceptual emphasizes thinking and perceptual interpretation. As individual learn that interpretation. As individual learn that certain behaviors lead to certain goals, certain behaviors lead to certain goals, they develop cognitive expectancies they develop cognitive expectancies that motivates them to exhibit that that motivates them to exhibit that behaviors.behaviors.

Maslow’s humanistic Maslow’s humanistic theorytheory

►The best way to describe this theory is The best way to describe this theory is to utilize the famous pyramid to utilize the famous pyramid developed by developed by Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow (1970) (1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs. called the Hierarchy of Needs. 

► Maslow believed that humans have Maslow believed that humans have specific needs that must be met and specific needs that must be met and that if lower level needs go unmet, we that if lower level needs go unmet, we can not possible strive for higher level can not possible strive for higher level needs.  needs. 

►The Hierarchy of Needs shows The Hierarchy of Needs shows that at the lower level, we must that at the lower level, we must focus on basic issues such as food, focus on basic issues such as food, sleep, and safety.  Without food, sleep, and safety.  Without food, without sleep, how could we without sleep, how could we possible focus on the higher level possible focus on the higher level needs such as respect, education, needs such as respect, education, and recognition.and recognition.

Stimulus Stimulus motivesmotives

►Stimulus motives cause the Stimulus motives cause the individual to seek out sensory individual to seek out sensory stimulation through interaction stimulation through interaction with the environment.with the environment.

Exploration and Exploration and CuriosityCuriosity

► the curiosity motive cause us the curiosity motive cause us to seek out a certain amount to seek out a certain amount of novelty and complexity, and of novelty and complexity, and with no other apparent with no other apparent motivation we seek out and motivation we seek out and explore new environments.explore new environments.

CompetenceCompetence►The motivational theory of The motivational theory of

competence states that people competence states that people are motivated to interact are motivated to interact successfully with the successfully with the environment.environment.

►Extrinsic and Intrinsic Extrinsic and Intrinsic motivationmotivation

Learned social motivesLearned social motives

Henry Murray developed a list Henry Murray developed a list of human needs that are of human needs that are basically learned social basically learned social motives.motives.

achievementachievement

►Need to master difficult challenges, Need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, & meet high outperform others, & meet high standardsstandards Behavior depends on.Behavior depends on. PowerPower affiliationaffiliation

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