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8/16/2019 Proteomik, Dr. Oeke Yunita, gasal 2014.pdf
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KULIAH BIOTEKNOLOGI
PROTEOMIK
Dr. Oeke Yunita, S.Si., M.Si., Apt.
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The birth of proteomics
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Importance of Proteins:
• CATALYSTS • STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• SIGNALS
•
RECEPTORS • KEY COMPONENTS OF THE MACHINERY
• INVOLVED IN MANIPULATION OF DNA AND RNA
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Proteins are the molecule tools for most cellular functions
TYPE FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Structural proteins Support Collagen, Elastin,
Keratin
Storage proteins Storage of amino acid Ovalbumin,
Casein
Transport proteins Transport of othersubstrate Hemoglobin
Hormonal proteins Coordination of and
organism’s activities
Insulin
Receptors proteins Response of cell to
chemical stimuli
Receptor in nerve
transmit route
Contractile proteins Movement Actin, MyosinDefensive proteins Protecton against
disease
Antibodys
Enzymatic proteins Selective acceleraton
of chemical reactions
Trypsin, ATPase,
GAPDH
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Diverse properties of proteins in a cell
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What is PROTEOMICS ?• The systematic analysis of the protein population in a
tissue, cell, or subcellular compartment.
• "The analysis of the entire protein complement
expressed by a genome, or by a cell or tissue type.“
• Systematic determination of diverse properties ofproteins, including sequence, quantity, state of
modification, interactions with other proteins,
activity, subcellular distribution and structure.
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DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation
Comparative genomics
Functional genomics
Comparative andfunctional proteomics
Genome sequencing projects
New avenue to study biology
Metabolites Metabonomics
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In vitro/ In vivocell-based assays
Bioinformatics
Proteomics
TranscriptomicsCGTCCAACTGACGTCTACAAGTTCCTAAGCT
Genomics
Integrated view of the
complex biological systems
Integration of Omics
validation
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PROTEOMICS
is inherently more challenging than
genomics/transcriptomics
Nucleic acids / genomics
– NA’s can be amplified
– NA’s show uniform behaviorin purifying and handling
– NA’s are self -complimentary
– NA’s have limited (butincreasingly appreciated)modifications
– NA’s are stable to drying,spotting, etc.
Proteins/proteomics
– No
– No
– No
– No
– conditional
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PROTEOMICS can answer
• Protein identification
• Protein Expression Studies
• Protein Function
• Protein Post-Translational Modification
• Protein Localization and Compartmentalization• Protein-Protein Interactions
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General classification for
PROTEOMICS
• Protein Expression comparison (beginning)
– Quantitative study of protein expression between samplesthat differ by some variable
• Structural Proteomics (simulation) – Goal is to map out the 3-D structure of proteins and
protein complexes
• Functional Proteomics (everything)
– To study protein-protein interaction, 3-D structures,cellular localization and posttranslational modifications (PTMS) in order to understand the physiological functionof the whole set of proteome.
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PROTEIN EXTRACTION
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Current status of proteomic technologies
Two most applied technologies:
1. 2-D electrophoresis:
separation of complex protein mixtures
2. Mass spectrometry:
Identification and structure analysis
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GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Denaturing – SDS-PAGE
– SDS gives uniform neg. charge
– Separates proteins by size/mass
• Non-denaturing
– Separates based on charge and size/conformation
• Often combined with Western blotting (using
antibodies specific for proteins of interest)
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SDS-PAGE
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WESTERN BLOT
HIV lysate
proteins are
separated by
size using gel
electrophoresis
Proteins are
transferred
(blotted) onto the
surface of a
membrane
Strips are
incubated with
patient serumand antihuman
IgG conjugated
with an enzyme
(and
chromagen)
The membrane is
cut into strips
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Western Blot Banding
*
*
*
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2D Gels
• Proteins are first separated according to isoelectricpoint
– pH gradient is applied (usually horizontally)
– Each protein is charged except at it’s isoelectric point
• Proteins are then denatured in sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)
– Unfolds them into straight molecules
– Binds SDS molecules roughly proportional to the length ofthe denatured protein
– Electric current then separates the proteins according tomass, similar to a regular agarose gel
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2D-GE
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Protein Data Bank (PDB)
Global data collection (>30000 records)
– www.pdb.org
– 3D structures
– experimental data
– biological and chemical information
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
35 000
40 000
1 9 7
6
1 9 7 7
1 9 7
8
1 9 7
9
1 9 8 0
1 9 8 1
1 9 8 2
1 9 8 3
1 9 8 4
1 9 8 5
1 9 8 6
1 9 8 7
1 9 8 8
1 9 8 9
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 1
1 9 9 2
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 4
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
P D B e
n r t i e s
total
per year
Proteins NA Complexes Other Total
X-ray 27335 807 1270 85 29497
NMR 4421 674 118 17 5230
El. Microsc. 77 9 27 0
113Other 70 4 3 0 77
Total 31903 1494 1418 102 34917
Molecule TypeMethod
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• Analyze the
proteome of both
diseased and healthy
cells
• Find changes in:
– Cell or tissues
–
Subcellularstructures
– Protein complexes
– Biological fluids
Clinical
Proteomics
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• Develop new biomarkers for disease diagnosis
and early detection
• Identify new targets for drugs
• Better evaluate the therapeutic effect ofpossible drugs
Clinical Proteomics
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Differential Protein Expression Profiling
Identification of proteins in a sample as a function of a particularstate: differentiation, stage of development, disease state, response
to drug or stimulus
Normal DiseasedWhich proteins are upor down regulated ?
Biomarkers or drug targets
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LUNG Ca
BIOMARKER
DISCOVERY
ClinicalProteomics
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Overview of Proteomic Approach
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