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Progress in Botany/Fortschritte der Botanik 54
54 Progress in Botany Structural Botany Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany
Fortschritte der Botanik Struktur Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik
Editors H.-Dietmar Behnke, Heidelberg Ulrich Liittge, Darmstadt Karl Esser, Bochum Joachim W. Kadereit, Mainz Michael Runge, Gottingen
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
With 56 Figures
ISBN-13:978-3-642-78022-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-78020-2
e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-78020-2
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this pUblication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 33-15850
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
"JYpesetting: M. Masson-Scheurer, 6654 Kirkel 2 31/3145-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Review
Archaea (Archaebacteria) By O. Kandler
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. First Recognition and Establishment of Archaebacteria
as the Domain Archaea .. . . . . 3. Taxonomy and Ecology of Archaea 4. Characteristics of Archaea
a) Morphology and Cytology. . . b) Cell Walls and Cell Envelopes c) Metabolism ........ .
a) Central Metabolism ... .
~) Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism d) Lipids ............... . e) Modified Nucleosides in Transfer RNA f) DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases g) ATP Synthetase (ATPase) h) Genome Organization ..... .
5. Biotechnological Potential of Archaea a) Methanogens ...... . b) Halobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . c) Thermoacidophilic Archaea . . . . d) Archaea as a Source of Thermophilic Enzymes .
6. Archaea and the Origin of Life . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Structural Botany
I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell By Frank Mayer and Holger Gerberding
1
1
1 4 9 9
12 12 12 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 21
25
VI
1. Eubacterial Cell Wall Structure and Assembly Processes ..... a) Cell Wall Morphology and Assembly in Gram-Positive Bacteria b) Heteromorphism of Cell Envelope in Gram-Negative Bacteria c) Cell Wall Synthesis and Turnover in Gram-Negative Bacteria
2. Archebacterial Crystalline Surface Layers ...... . a) Structure and Assembly of a Coccoid Archebacterium b) Structural Aspects in a Filamentous Archebacterium
3. Periplasmic Space ........ . 4. New Features of the Flagellar Base 5. Cell-Cell Interactions in Myxobacteria References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ll. Cell Architecture and Cellular Morphogenesis
Contents
25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 29
of Eukaryotic Algae (Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta) By Diedrik Menzel
......... 30
Introduction ............ . 1. Rhodophyta . . . . . . . .
a) General Aspects of Cell Structure ex) Organellar Associations ~) Dictyosomes . . . . . . . . y) Mitochondria . . . . . . . . 0) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) £) Rhodoplasts ~) Cell Walls ........ . TI) Pit Plugs . . . . . . . . . .
b) Structure and Behavior of the Interphase Nucleus ex) Polygenomy ......... . ~) Nuclear Transfer and Cell Fusion y) Filament Repair ....... . B) Host-Parasite Interactions . . . .
c) Cytoskeleton, Cell Division, and Mitosis d) Vegetative Morphogenesis
ex) Cell Expansion ..... . ~) Side Branch Initiation y) Protoplasts and Cell Culture
e) Spermatangia and Spermatia . t) Carpogone and Postfertilization Processes
ex) Interaction of Spermatia with the Carpogone ~) Recognition Events Associated with Nuclear Transfer y) Fine Structure of Carpogone and Carposporophyte
g) Sporangia and Spores ex) Tetraspore Formation ~) Spore Germination .
30 31 31 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 46 47
Contents
2. Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) Vegetative Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . b) Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and the Cytoskeleton c) Cell Wall ....... . d) Motile Reproductive Cells ....... . e) Oogonia ................ . t) Fertilization and Early Postfertilization Processes g) Polyspermy Block ...... . . h) Cell Polarity and Gennination
References ....... .
ID. Phloem Regeneration ........ . By Rainer Kollmann and Alexander Schulz
VII
48 48 51 53 53 55 56 56 57 58
63
1. Introduction ...................... 63 2. Phloem Regeneration After Wounding . . . . . . . . . . 64
a) Tissue Changes Preceding Wound-Phloem Development 65 b) Ultrastructure ........... 65 c) The Induction of Wound-Sieve Tubes
and Their Contact to Bundle Phloem . 66 d) Translocation in Wound Phloem 69
3. Phloem Regeneration in Graft Unions . 70 a) Graft-Union Development ..... 70 b) Translocation Between the Graft Partners in Relation
to Phloem Regeneration ............. 72 c) Symplastic Connections Between the Graft Partners 73 d) Mechanism of Secondary Plasmodesmata Fonnation 74
4. Conclusion 76 References ................... 77
IV. Reproductive Development in Seed Plants: Research Activities at the Intersection of Molecular Genetics and Systematic Botany .................... 79 By Rolf Rutishauser
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2. From Vegetative to Floral Apices - a Developmental Continuum 79 3. Developmental Pathways of Inflorescences 81
a) Computer Stimulation, Tenninological Questions 81 b) Inflorescence Development in Grasses (poaceae) 81 c) Inflorescence Development in Leguminosae
and Some Other Dicotyledons ..... 82 d) Inflorescence Development in Asteraceae
and Other Angiospenns with Pseudanthia 83 e) Cone and Ovule Ontogeny in Gymnospenns (Mainly Conifers) 83
vm
4. Developmental Pathways of Flowers . . . . . . . . . . a) How to Defme Whorls and Cycles ........ . b) Flexibility of Floral Construction, Meristic Variation,
and Chaotic Flowers in Angiosperms ..... c) Polyandrous Flowers in Dilleniidae and Rosidae
("Mid-level Dicotyledons") ........ . d) Development of Highly Synorganized Flowers
with Cyclic Phyllotaxis (Asteridae, Orchids) . e) Some Comments on Gynoecium Development t) Fusion Events During Floral Morphogenesis
5. Homeosis, Heterochrony, and Developmental Mutants a) Fashionable Concepts ............. . b) Naturally Occurring Homeosis in Flowering Plants c) Naturally Occurring Heterochrony in Flowering Plants d) Developmental Mutants and the Arabidopsis-Anti"hinum
Model of Floral Morphogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Cladistic Analysis Using Floral Developmental Characters 7. Evolution of Floral Ontogenies 8. Outlook References
B. Physiology
Contents
84 84
85
86
87 88 89 90 90 90 91
92 94 95 96 97
I. Plant Water Relations ......................... 102 By Rainer LOsch
1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues ........... 102 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant 105 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpirational Water Loss . . . . . 107 4. Water Relations of Seeds and During Early Germination Stages 113 5. Effects of Water Shortage on Growth and Metabolism 115 6. Implications of Waterlogged Conditions . . . . 119 7. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance 120 8. Water Relations in Poikilohydric Plants 124 References ................... 125
n. The Transport Phloem. Specifics of its Functioning 134 By AartJ. E. van Bel
1. Functions of the Transport Phloem ..... 134 2. (Ultra)structure of the Transport Phloem . . . 136 3. Membrane Potential Mapping of Stem Tissues 137 4. Symplastic Discontinuity Between SE/CC Complex and Adjoining Cells 138 5. Energy Channeling Between Sieve Element and Companion Cell . 140 6. Release/Retrieval Via Pump/Leak Systems in the SE/CC Complex 141
Contents
7. Sugar Uptake by the SEICC Complex .......... . 8. Sugar Release from the SE/CC Complex . . . . . . . . . . 9. Alternative or Parallel Apoplastic and Symplastic Unloading
from the SEICC Complex into Axial Sinks . . . . . . . . . 10. (Un)loading of Storage Carbohydrates in the Transport Phloem 11. Driving Forces of Phloem Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. PMF Gradients Along the Phloem Pathway ........ . 13. Potential Consequences of Functioning of the Transport Phloem
for the Relative Growth Rate. . . . . 14. Signaling Along the Phloem Pathway References ............. .
ill. Progress in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Research: Major Developments During the Past Years in Retrospect By Ulrich Schreiber and Wolfgang Bilger
1. Introduction ..................... . 2. Progress in Noninvasive Modulation Measuring Techniques
a) Modulation Fluorometry .............. . b) Related Modulation Spectroscopy .......... .
3. The Saturatipn Pulse Method and Separation of Different Forms of Nonphotochemical Quenching ............. . a) The Saturation Pulse Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b) Separation of Different Forms of Nonphotochemical Quenching
4. Plant Stress Investigations ................ . a) Fluorescence as a Nondestructive Tool in Stress Research b) Photoinhibition and Photoinhibitory Quenching .....
5. Photosynthetic Rate Determination from Fluorescence Measurements a) Expressions for Rate Determination
on the Basis of Quenching Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . b) Comparison of Effective Quantum Yields ofPS I and PS II
6. Mechanisms of Regulated Radiationless Energy Dissipation 7. Membrane Energization and Nonassimilatory Fluxes 8. Outlook References
IV. Photosynthesis: Carbon Metabolism
IX
142 143
144 145 145 146
147 148 148
. . . . . 151
151 152 152 153
154 154 155 157 157 158 160
160 163 164 167 168 169
Twenty Years of Following Carbon Cycles in Photosynthetic Cells . 174 By Grahame 1. Kelly and Erwin Latzko
1. Introduction 2. Uptake of CO2 .
a) Cyanobacteria b) Eukaryotes c) Carbonic Anhydrase
174 175 175 176 176
x
3. RuBP Carboxylase ........... . a) Regulation of RuBP Carboxylase Activity
4. Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes a) Light-Mediated Regulation ...... .
5. Chloroplast Starch ........... . 6. Cytosolic Sucrose Biosynthesis: Control by Cytosolic FBPase
and Sucrose-P-Synthase . 7. Mitochondrial Respiration ........ . 8. Photorespiration . . . . . . . . . 9. Stress and Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism 10. C4 Photosynthesis ....... .
a) PEP Carboxylase ........ . 11. C3-C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis 12. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) 13. Concluding Comment References ............. .
V. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds By Hermann Bothe
Contents
177 179 180 181 183
185 186 187 188 189 191 192 193 194 195
201
1. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction ......... 201 2. Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms 204 3. Nitrogen Fixation in Symbiosis 207 4. Denitrification 210 5. Nitrification 213 References 213
VI. Secondary Plant Substances Further Topics of the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ........ 218 By Horst-Robert Schutte
1. Introduction 218 2. Quinones . . 218 3. Lignans 227 4. Capsaicinoids 231 References 233
VII. Mineral Nutrition: Tropical Savannas By Ernesto Medina
1. Introduction: The Concept of Savanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Recent Reviews on Savannas in General and Nutrients in Particular 3. Savanna Soils and the Concept of Nutrient Availability . . . 4. Correlations Between Soil Fertility and Savanna Composition
and Structure ...................... .
237
237 238 238
239
Contents
5. Grassland Productivity and Nutrient Availability 6. Biological Interactions Regulating Nutrient Availability
in Savanna Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) Grass-Tree Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . b) Mound-Building Termites and Leaf-Cutting Ants c) Mycorrhiza ............... . d) N2-Fixation by Legume-Rhizobia Associations e) NrFixation by Free-Living Microorganisms .
7. Nutrient Cycling and the Effect of Fire: Are Savannas Sources or Sinks for Biogenic Nutrients? a) Nitrogen Losses Through Denitrification and Ammonification b) Nitrogen Losses Through Fire c) Nitrogen Balances
8. Conclusions References
VIII. Developmental Physiology: Signal Transduction By Hubert H. Felle
1. Introduction 2. Perception of the Signal
a) Growth Substances . b) Pathogens .....
3. Transformation of the Signal 4. Amplification of the Signal: Secondary Messengers
a) Phosphoinositides ......... . b) Ca2+ ••.............. c) Fatty Acid-Derived Second Messengers d) Sphingolipids ...... . e) pH ................ . f) Electrical Fields and Waves .... .
5. The Transduction of the Signal: Protein Kinases 6. The Target(s) and the Cellular Response 7. Outlook References
c. Genetics
XI
240
243 243 244 245 245 246
247 248 249 249 249 250
254
254 254 255 256 256 257 257 258 259 260 261 261 261 262 263 264
I. Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 By Rudolf Eichenlaub
1. Introduction 268 2. Bacterial Conjugation 268 3. The Origin of Transfer 270 4. Transfer Replication 271
XII Contents
5. Regulation of DNA Transfer ." 273 274
. 275 6. Summary References
ll. Recombination: Sexual Reproduction - a Tool for Outcrossing and Recombination of Genetic Material ............ . By Ursula Kiies and Ulf Stahl
. . 277
1. Introduction: The Benefits of Sexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . 277 2. Genetic Control of Sexual Reproduction - the Mating Type Genes 278
a) The Ascomycetous Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . . 278 b) The Ascomycetous Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 282 c) Filamentous Ascomycetes: Cochliobolus heterostrophus,
Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina . . . . . . 283 d) The Hemibasidiomycete Ustilago maydis ....... 284 e) Holobasidiomycetes: Coprinus cinereus and Schizophillum commune 285
3. The Significance of Mating Type Switching ........... 287 4. Unlike Other Genes, Intragenic Recombination May Be Prevented
in Mating Type Genes 289 5. Conclusions 290 References ....... 290
ill.Isolation of Plant Genes by T -DNA and Transposon Mutagenesis-Gene Tagging ............................. 295 By Anders LOnneborg and Christer Jansson
1. Introduction 295 2. T-DNA Mutagenesis 295
a) T-DNA Integration 295 b) T-DNA-Mediated Gene Tagging 298
3. Transposon Mutagenesis ..... 299 a) Transposons . . . . . . . . . . 299 b) Transposon-Mediated Gene Tagging 300
4. Prospects 303 References .............. 303
IV. Function of the Genetic Material: Transposable Elements in Lower Eukaryotes ............ 306 By Michael Ciriacy
1. Introduction 2. LTR-Transposons 3. Non-L TR Retrotransposons 4. Origin and Evolution of Retroelements 5. Transcription and Expression of Retrotransposon Functions
306 306 310 311 312
Contents
6. Reverse Transcription and Integration 7. Conclusions References
V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics By Gudula Riemen, Thomas Lisowsky, Frideriki Maggouta, Georg Michaelis, and Elke Pratje
1. Introduction .................. . 2. Mitochondrial Genomes . . . . . . . . .
a) Complete DNA Sequence of Mitochondrial DNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Marchantia polymorpha
b) Paternal Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA ....... . 3. Mitochondrial Mutants of Higher Plants .......... . 4. Components for Mitochondrial Transcription and Replication:
an Evolutionary Mosaic in Yeast 5. RNA Processing and Splicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. RNA Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Regulation of Mitochondrial Translation by Nuclear Genes 8. Protein Import into Mitochondria References ...................... .
VI. Extranuclear Inheritance: Linear Protein-Primed
:xm
314 315 316
318
318 318
318 321 322
323 325 326 327 328 330
Replicating Genomes in Plants and Microorganisms ........ 334 By Friedheim Meinhardt and Matthias Rohe
1. Introduction ...... 334 2. Occurrence and Structure . . 335 3. Replication Mechanism . . . 341 4. Prokaryotic Linear Elements 343 5. Cytoplasmic Elements 345
a) Fundamentals ... 345 b) Applied Aspects .. 346
6. Mitochondrial Plasm ids 347 7. Phylogenetic Relationships 349 8. Prospects 353 References ......... 353
VII. Molecular Genetics of Phytopathogenic Fungi 358 By Paul Tudzynski and Klaus-Michael Weltring
1. Introduction .................. 358 2. Molecular Genetic Methods:
New Tools for the Study of Fungus-Plant Interactions 358 3. Applications and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . 363
XlV
a) Identification and Characterization of an A virulence Gene b) Cutinase and Penetration c) Toxins ............. . d) Phytoalexin Metabolism .... . e) DsRNA Involved in Hypovirulence
4. Conclusion References
D. Taxonomy
Contents
363 363 364 366 367 369 369
I. Systematics of the Bryophytes .................... 373 By Jan-Peter Frahm
1. General Aspects 373 2. Morphology, Anatomy 373 3. Chemistry ...... 374 4. Systematics and Evolution 374
a) General ....... 374 b) Monographs, Revisions 376 c) Cytology 376 d) Fossil Bryophytes 377
5. Floristics . 377 6. Geography 379 7. Ecology 382
a) General 382 b) Pollution 383
References 383
II. Systematics of the Pteridophytes By Karl U. Kramer
1. Systematics .............. . 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature 3. Floristics . . . . . . . . 4. Geography and Ecology . 5. Morphology and Anatomy 6. Chemotaxonomy .... 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization 8. Folklore, Uses 9. Fern Allies References
386
386 388 389 390 391 394 394 396 397 398
Contents xv
E. Geobotany
I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary . . . . 402 By Burkhard Frenzel
1. Paleoecology of the Younger Part of the Last Glaciation ........ 402 2. Last Interglacial and the Beginning of the Last Glaciation ....... 407 3. Pleistocene Vegetation History of Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia 408 4. Problems of the European Middle Pleistocene Vegetation History 411 5. Correlation of Old and Middle Pleistocene Sediments ...... 415 6. Paleoecology of Southeasternmost Europe and Middle Asia . . . . 415 7. Human Influences on Natural Ecosystems and the History of Soils 417 References ............................ 421
II. Plant Geography By Eckehart J. Jager
1. Trends ofInvestigation ............... . 2. Terminology .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Taxonomic and Floristic Foundations of Plant Geography
a) New Findings and Range Extensions b) Distribution of Marine Algae . c) New Floras ........ .
ex) Large Monographic Floras P) Regional Flora Handbooks y) Local and State Floras (Eurasia and Australia)
4. Plant Distribution Mapping a) Grid Mapping Projects ....... . b) Dot Maps ............. . c) Discussion of the Distribution Patterns
5. Chorology and Taxonomy . . . . . . . . 6. Reconstruction of Geographic Origin and Migration Routes. . 7. Vicariance Biogeography and Geographic Speciation 8. Sernander's Nunatak Hypothesis .... 9. Ecological Factors of Plant Distribution
a) Climate .... b) Edaphic Factors ....... . c) Dispersal .......... .
10. Man's Impact on Plant Distribution 11. Phytogeographic Subdivision of the Continents References ................. .
428
428 429 429 429 429 430 430 431 431 433 433 434 435 435 436 437 438 439 439 440 440 441 442 443
XVI Contents
ill.Ecologicai Aspects of Nitrogen Nutrition ............... 448 By Marianne Popp
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Use of the Stable 15N Isotope in Ecophysiological Research
a) Methodology ............ . b) Nitrogen Fixation in Natural Ecosystems c) Insectivorous Plants ......... . d) Parasitic Plants ........... .
3. Nitrogen Assimilation and Nitrogen Allocation in Relation to Photosynthesis and Plant Performance a) Nitrate or Ammonium? .. b) N03- Assimilation Where? c) Nitrogen Allocation
4. Nitrogen Deposition 5. Outlook References
F. Special Topics
I. Floral Ecology
448 449 449 450 452 453
454 454 455 456 457 458 458
Report on the Years 1988 (1987) to 1991 (1992) ........... 461 By Gerhard Gottsberger
1. Introduction . . . .. ......... . 2. Functional Aspects of Flowers and Inflorescences,
Flower Longevity, Metabolism, and Movement 3. Means of Attraction, Rewards . . . . . . . . . .
a) Color Vision, Visual Patterns, and Pigmentation b) Production of Scent and Heat c) Nectaries and Nectar . . . . . d) Oil Secretion and Oil-Flowers e) Pollen and Pollen Presentation
4. Pollinator Behavior, Pollinator Efficiency, Flower Constancy, Foraging Strategies ...... .
5. Flower Classes and Their Evolution .. . . . a) Zoophily .................. .
a.) Evolution and Pollination of Early Angiosperms; Cantharophily, Flies and Thrips as Flower Visitors
P) Melittophily and Ant Pollination ..... y) Psychophily, Sphingophily, and Phalenophily 5) Omithophily .. . . . . . . . . . e) Mammal Pollination and Visits of Lizards . .
461
461 463 463 464 465 467 469
470 471 471
471 474 476 477 478
Contents XVII
b) Anemophily and Hydrophily .............. 479 6. Pollination of Particular Groups; Flower Biological Radiation 480
a) Differentiation of Various Angiosperms at the Species, Genus, and Family Level . 480
b) Ficus ................ 484 c) Orchids ............... 485 d) Economy of Pollination and Crop Plants 486
7. Breeding Systems and Gender Distribution 487 a) Pollen-Pistil Interaction ....... 487 b) Incompatibility Versus Compatibility, Cleistogamy; Apomixis 488 c) Heterostyly ................. 490 d) Sex Distribution; Monoecism Versus Dioecism,
and the Costs and Benefits of Reproduction .. 491 8. Pollination Studies at the Community Level, Distribution of Flower Types,
Flowering Phenology, and Nature Preservation 492 References ............................ 494
II a. Mycorrhizae: Ectomycorrhiza and Ectendomycorrhiza By Reinhard Agerer
505
1. Ectomycorrhiza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 a) Symbiotic Organisms and Morphology/Anatomy
of the Symbiotic Organs ........... 505 a) Keys, Including Detailed Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae 505 ~) Comprehensive Descriptions of Selected Ectomycorrhizae 507 y) Unidentified Ectomycorrhizae Named Binomially 507 5) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Fungi,
Including Short Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae 507 e) Strain Variability of Fungi Regarding Ectomycorrhizae Formation 508 C) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Some Selected Plants,
Including Short Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae 508 11) Influence of Tree Clones on Ectomycorrhiza Formation 509
b) Ontongeny and Ultrastructure 509 c) Pigments ....... 510 d) Nucleic Acid Researches 510 e) Physiology ...... 510
a) Protoplasts . . . . . 510 ~) Substances Assumed as Important for Formation
of Ectomycorrhizae 510 i) Hormones 510 ii) Phenolics 511
y) Recognition 511 5) Enzymes . . 511
e) Carbon Nutrition of Ectomycorrhizae 512
XVIII
o Growth Responses of Plants 11) Phosphate Nutrition 9) Nitrogen Nutrition t) Micronutrients x:) Water ..... .
t) Ecology ...... . a) Ecological Laboratory Research P) Researches in Natural Habitats 'Y) Coexistence with Other Organisms
i) Fungi . ii) Bacteria iii) Animals iv) Plants .
8) Influences by Man i) Fertilization with Lime or Nitrogen ii) Pesticides . . . . . . . iii) Pollution ...... . iv) Afforestation, Clear-Cut
g) Methods ... . h) Reviews .......... .
2. Ectendomycorrhiza . . . . . . . 3. Some Highlights of This Report Period References .......... .
II b. Symbioses: Mycorrhizae By Fritz ScMnbeck and Ingo Raschen
1. V A-Mycorrhizae ........ . a) Taxonomy of Endophytes b) Physiology and Effects on Plants c) Ecology ...... .
2. Ericales-Mycorrhizae .. 3. Orchidaceae-Mycorrhizae References
Subject Index
Contents
513 513 514 515 515 515 515 516 517 517 517 517 517 519 519 519 520 522 523 523 524 524 525
530
530 530 530 534 536 537 537
541
List of Editors
Section A:
Professor Dr. H.-D. BEHNKE, Zellenlehre, UniversiUit Heidelberg, 1m Neuenheimer Feld 230, W -6900 Heidelberg, FRG
Section B:
Professor Dr. U. LOTIGE, TH Darmstadt, FakulUit fUr Botanik, FB Biologie (10), SchnittspahnstraBe 3-5, W -6100 Darmstadt, FRG
Section C:
Professor Dr. h.c. K. EsSER, Lehrstuhl fOr Allgemeine Botanik, Ruhr UniversiUit, Postfach 102148, W-4630 Bochum I, FRG
Section D:
Professor Dr. J. W. KADEREIT, Institut fOr Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, UniversiUit Maioz, SaarstraBe 21, W-65oo Mainz, FRG
Section E:
Professor Dr. M. RUNGE, Lehrstuhl fOr Geobotanik, Systematisch-Geobotanisches Institut der UniversiUit, Untere Karspiile 2, W -3400 G6ttingen, FRG
Section F:
Professor Dr. J. W.KADEREIT, Institut fUr Spezielle Botanik nnd Botanischer Garten, UniversiUit Maioz, SaarstraBe 21, W -6500 Mainz, FRG
Professor Dr. M. RUNGE, Lehrstnhl fOr Geobotanik, Systematisch-Geobotanisches Institut der UniversiUit, Untere Karspiile 2, W -3400 G6ttingen, FRG
Professor Dr. Otto Kandler was born in Deggendorf, a small town in Bavaria, Germany, on October 23,1920.
From 1946 to 1949 he was studying Biology and Chemistry at the University of Munich, where he also received his doctor's degree in 1949.
From then on he was teaching as Assistant Professor at the Botanical Institute until 1960. Within this period (in 1956/57) he worked as guest professor at Brookhaven Laboratories thanks to a Rockefeller Fellowship and at Radiation Laboratories in Berkeley.
From 1960 to 1968 he was Full Professor of Applied Botany at the Technical University of Munich, and from 1968 to 1986 Full Professor of Botany at the University of Munich, where he, since 1986, is Professor Emeritus.
Otto Kandler took up a variety of additional activities and responsibilities. They include, for instance, research in the field of dairy bacteriology, at the time when he was Head of the Institute of Dairy Bacteriology at the Dairy Research Station of the Technical University of Munich from 1957 until 1966, the function of Dean of the Faculty of Science and the membership in the Senate of the Technical University of Munich in 1964/65, the membership in the Senate and the Executive Board of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1970-76) and the Chief Editorship of various journals, such as "Zeitschrift filr Pflanzenphysiologie" (1963-68) and "Systematic and Applied Microbiology" (1980-1992).
In 1972 he was elected as member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher LEOPOLDINA, and of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1985. In 1989 he received the Ferdinand Cohn Medal for his Merits in Microbiology and in 1992 he was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (First Class Order of Merit of the Federal RepUblic of Germany). Otto Kandler is honorary member of several botanical and microbiological societies and received an honorary doctor's degree from the Technical University of Munich and the University of Gent (Belgium).
His work includes approximately 380 scientific publications.
