Pravna misao [godina 40, broj 1-2; januar-februar 2009.]

8/2/2019 Pravna misao [godina 40, broj 1-2; januar-februar 2009.]

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ċH_ARF_ ]H RYHPJ^ UNAYFM^ F RYHL_^

RYHPJH CF_HA

_hyhmnpa 9226*8 ‟ 9

mhj~hy # `niy~hysfmnăhjm ‟ pnkmhăh





RYHPJH CF_HAċH_ARF_ ]H RYHPJ^ UNAYFM^ F RYHL_^

sfmnăhjm # pnkmhăh_hyhmnpa+ mhj~hy # `niy~hy

Daefjh WK Iyam 8 # 9

_HEYųHM

ċKHJOF

Ryndkne japnkfyhjfg aeyneif ]hlajh a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn >9

>7

06

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59

>

90

62

827

829

cy* so* Dayhj ŢfcfĄ

eao* ey* @~he R~yfŨnpfĄ

Masfr EakfĄHkch CaĄfĄ# C~mhlfĄ

Rasu~rhl asuphyfphjmh ryhph iayhăln rar~khofmn ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf

Ryfka}f }h f}~ăhphjmn jheknźjasuf f rasu~rlh ryne cnĘ~jhyaejfc s~eac ryhpen

_Ê_LH RYHL_H

^_UHPJAD _ÊH IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN

'Ryfryncfa rya`* ey* Cfaeyhd J* _fcapfĄ+ raurynesmnejfl ^suhpjad s~ehIasjn f Gnyondapfjn f yneapjf rya`nsay Ryhpjad `hl~kunuh ~ Ihjmh K~of

^_UHPJAD _ÊH @NENYHOFMN IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN'Ryfryncfa _nhe IhgufmhynpfĄ+ s~eho ̂ suhpjad s~eh @nenyhofmnIasjn f Gnyondapfjn

RYNDKNE _HEYųHMH ċH_ARF_H RYHPJH CF_HA ^ 9227* DAEFJF

YNDF_UHY HÛAYH ‟ _^YHEJFLHċH_ARF_H RYHPJH CF_HA ^ 9227* DAEFJF

RADKNEF F CFŢKMNJMH

ChŨh HkfmnpfĄ

cy* Dayhj ChylapfĄ

cy* so* Jnycfj KhrhjefĄ

ey* so* F}~efj GhshjapfĄcy* so* Cfyjns HkfihŨfĄ

Jhănka jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph rynchynknphjujfc cnĘ~jhyaejfc eal~cnjufch

Cad~Ąjasuf ryacmnjn ^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn

Aejas ryhpen f ryhph ~ ey~Ũup~

A_PYUF F RYFLH]F

?



KNDHK UGA^DGUMA^YJHK @AY KNDHK UGNAYV HJE RYHOUFON

_hyhmnpa+ Mhj~hyv # @niy~hyvVnhy WK Ja* 8 # 9

>9

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06

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>

90

62

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827



ċ K H J O F

>

cy*so* Dayhj ChylapfĄ+Ryhpjf ̀ hl~kunu ̂ jfpny}funuh ~ Fsuaăjac _hyhmnp~

CAD^ĀJA_UF RYACMNJN ^_UHPH IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN-

Lkm~ăjn yfmnăf= Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh+ Ynr~ikflh _yrslh+ @nenyhofmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ ynpf}fmh ̂ suhph+ Rhykh#cnjuhyjhsl~rŨufjh+ njufunusla dkhshjmn+ pfuhkjf jhofajhkjf fjunynsf+ Ryne#smnejfŨupa+_hpmnu cfjfsuhyh+ jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun

Yn}fcn= Eh if ifkh cad~Ąh ynpf}fmh ^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ jhofa#jhkjn rakfufăln nkfun cayhm~ rasufĄf lajsnj}~s a jmnjac sheyźhm~ f jhăfj~ jhlamf Ąn ifuf f}pyŨnjh* ċkhj W ^suhph+ raspnĄnj jmndapam ynpf}fmf+ jn ~ynĘ~mnspn hsrnlun apad ryaonsh+ h ~ unayfmf rasuamn yh}kfăfuh cfŨkmnjmh a uacn eh kfhchjechjn ~sphmhm~ aih each Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn fkf shca Ryne#suhpjfălf eac f lamac pnĄfjac sn aek~ă~mn a ynpf}fmf* Lhla ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn jn ai~gphuh omnkal~rj~ ~suhpj~ chunyfm~+ ynpf}fmac ~ jm~uynih ~lkm~ăfuf f ~suhpjn jaycn a kalhkjam shca~ryhpf+ asjaphchey~Ũupnjad ~ynĘnjmh f aeynĘnjfc km~eslfc ryhpfch+ ~ rypac yne~nlajacslfc f saof#mhkjfc* Ynpf}fmac ^suhph uynih aulkajfuf jnrynof}jasu+jneaynănjasu f rya#ufpymnăjasu ramnefjfg jaycf* ̂ s~Ũufjf+ ynpf}fmh ^suhph sn

ufăn epfmn dkhpjn dy~rn rfuhjmh ‟ raemnkn jheknźjasuf f aydhjf}hofmn eyźhpjnpkhsuf* ^ ăkhj FFF mn rauynija ~pysufuf jheknźjasuf lamn mn eyźhph jh yh}kfăfunjhăfjn sunlkh ~ raskfmnenmuajslac rnyfae~* ̂ ăkhjapfch FP f P uynih ~ynefuf rfuhjmh lamh sn aejasn jh jhăfj f}iayh enkndhuh ~ Eac jhyaeh+ aejaseacaph Rhykhcnj#uhyjn sl~rŨufjn+ 'jn&rasuamhjmn u}p* njufunuslad dkhshjmh+jhăfj f}iayh f jheknźjasuf Ũn`h eyźhpn un jheknźjasuf f ~suhpj~ ra}fofm~_hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh+ ăfcn sn ihpf aphm yhe* Jfmn ynhkja aănlfphuf uncnkmj~ynpf}fm~ ̂ suhph raŨua jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun fchm~ pyka yh}kfăfun suhpapna ryfyaef eyźhpjad ~ynĘnjmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

Rakfufăln nkfun f unaynufăhyf ~suhpjad ryhph ănsua yhsryhpkmhm~ a cad~Ąjasuf

~suhpjn ynàycn ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf* Mhpja cjfmnjmn mn sjhźja raefmnkmnja raapac rfuhjm~+ h yh}kfăfuh cfŨkmnjmh s~ eacfjhjuja ~skapkmnjh jhofajhkjac ryfrhe#jaŨĄ~ ramnefjhoh* Jh~lh ~suhpjad ryhph caźn ehuf adyhjfănj earyfjas yhsryhpf}hua Ũua mn f shch rae sjhźjfc ~ufohmnc jhofajhkjfg fenakadfmh f ejnpjn rakfufln* ̂sphlac sk~ăhm~+ yhsryhph a ynpf}fmf ^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn cayh ai~gphufufjnlakfla asjapjfg rfuhjmh= lamf s~imnluf uynih eh i~e~ jasfaof ryaonsh ynpf}fmn< Ũuhuynih cfmnjmhuf ~ ̂ suhp~ f jh lamf jhăfj ynpf}fmh uynih eh i~en f}pyŨnjh*

- Yhe ynonj}fyha= rya`*ey* Lhsfc Uyjlh



0

F Jhăfjf ynpf}fmn ̂ suhph

8* Hchjechjslh ungjflh ynpf}fmn ̂ suhph

ċkhj W ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn ryarfs~mn rasu~rhl jmndapn ynpf}fmn* ̂uhălf 8* mn rynepfĘnja eh ‚aphm ^suhp caźn ifuf cfmnjmhj f ear~jmhphj aek~lacRhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn+ lamh ~lkm~ă~mn epauynĄfjsl~ pnĄfj~ ryfs~ujfg f lamf s~dkhshkf ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~*‛ Aphlpa jaychufpja ~ynĘnjmn ynpf}fmn ̂ suhph mnf}h}phka yh}kfăfuh u~chănjmh f iyamjh rfuhjmh= eh kf ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn ~ănsup~mnshca Rynesuhpjfălf eac fkf f Eac jhyaeh< hla ~ rasu~rl~ ~ănsup~mn f Eac jhyaeh+lhla aek~ă~mn a hchjechjfch< eh kf mn cad~Ąh raur~jh ynpf}fmh ̂ suhph< la caźnralynj~uf rasu~rhl ynpf}fmn f lhla sn aj aepfmh*

Rasuamn eph cfŨkmnjmh a uacn la aek~ă~mn a ynpf}fmf ̂ suhph* Ra mnejac cfŨ#kmnjm~+ a ynpf}fmf aek~ă~mn shca Rynesuhpjfălf eac Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn Iasjn

8f Gnyondapfjn+ i~e~Ąf eh sn ~ ăkhj~ W shca aj sracfjmn* Ra ey~dac cfŨkmnjm~+ a9ynpf}fmf aek~ă~m~ aih each Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn+ i~e~Ąf eh ăkhj W f}yfăfua

rynepfĘh eh ̂ suhp caźn ifuf cfmnjmhj f ear~jmhphj aek~lac Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~r#Ũufjn+ h jn shca Rynesuhpjfălad each* Aphm eac sn ~ racnj~uac ăkhj~ rasnijasracfjmn }hua Ũua ~suhpaupayho rynepfĘh rasnij~ pnĄfj~ }h eajaŨnjmn aek~ln ahchjechjfch*

H~uayf lamf schuyhm~ eh aih each Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn ~ănsup~m~ ~ ynpf#

}fmf ̂ suhph sn jn skhź~ a uacn lamac pnĄfjac sn ~sphmhm~ hchjechjf* Ra mnejaccfŨkmnjm~+ hchjechj mn ~spamnj hla }h jmndh dkhsh epfmn uynĄfjn ae ~l~rjad iyamh

?raskhjflh Rynesuhpjfălad each+ eal mn ra ey~dac cfŨkmnjm~ rauynijh epauynĄfj#

8

uhălh ? raeuhălh o 'Ryaone~yn rynepfĘnja eh Ąn sphlf }hlajslf hlu }hgufmnphuf ryfsuhjhl aiheach*‛ 'Cfkn EcfăfĄ+ Aspyu jh jnln hsrnlun asuphyfphjmh ryamnluaphjmh ~suhpjaryhpjadcaenkh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ ~= Raemnkh jheknźjasuf f}cnĘ~ fjsufu~ofmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn fnjufunuh+ Hlhencfmh jh~lh f ~cmnujasuf Ynr~ikfln _yrsln+ Ihjmh K~lh+ 8666+ suy* 8599 ‚A ryacmnjf ̂ suhph aek~ă~mn Rhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh IfG lha jhmpfŨf jasfkho ~suhpaupayjn f}hlajaehpjn pkhsuf< Ryacmnjn ^suhph+ lha f }hlajf+ ryfgphĄnjn s~ hla s~ ~ fsuapmnujac unlsu~ryfgphĄnjn f ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~ f ~ Eac~ jhyaeh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn*‛ 'LhsfcUyjlh+ ^suhpja ryhpa+ @hl~kunu }h mhpj~ ~ryhp~+ _hyhmnpa+ 9220+ suy* 58#59? ‚Ua }jhăf eh epauynĄfjsl~ pnĄfj~ ăfjn 97 ryfs~ujfg ăkhjaph+ h uhlaĘny mn rauynija eh jhmchjmnfsuf iyam i~en f ajfg lamf s~ dkhshkf }h ~sphmhjmn hchjechjh*‛ 'apa cfŨkmnjmn f}jasf AcnyFiyhgfchdfĄ ~= _~he L~yuĄnghmfĄ ‟ Acny FiyhgfchdfĄ+ Rakfufălf sfsunc Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+_hyhmnpa+ 9224+ ?65* Ey~df h~uay rfŨn eh Ąn ^suhp ifuf ryacfmnjmnj rae ~skapac eh i~en‚rasufdj~u ^suhpac rynepfĘnjf lpay~c ryfs~ujfg ‟ jhmchjmn epfmn uynĄfjn raskhjflh ~Rynesuhpjfălac eac~+ um* jhmchjmn 97 ae ~l~rja 59 raskhjflh ~ apac eac~‛* 'Lhsfc Uyjlh+jhp* emnka+ suy* 59

‚]jhăf+ ~ ryaons~ ynpf}fmn ̂ suhph jfmn rynepfĘnjh jheknźjasu Each jhyaeh+ fhla mn ăkhjac FP



4

slh pnĄfjh ryfs~ujfg raskhjflh* _rayjh mn f pnĄfjh lamh uynih eh i~en rasufdj~uh ~Eac~ jhyaeh+ i~e~Ąf eh mn ăkhj W ̂ suhph jn aeynĘ~mn* Ra mnejac cfŨkmnjm~+ jhlajŨua Rynesuhpjfălf eac ~spamf hchjechjn+ a jmfch cayh ifuf rasufdj~u jhofajhkjflajsnj}~s ~ Eac~ jhyaeh+ Ũua }jhăf eh sn }h jmfg cayh f}mhsjfuf pnĄfjh enkndhuh f}

>yneh sphlad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh*Ra jhŨnc cfŨkmnjm~+ hchjechjf jh ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn sn ~sphmhm~

~ Rhykhcnjuhyjam sl~rŨufjf+ lhla mn ryarfshja ăkhjac W+ Ũua }jhăf eh fg cayhm~aeaiyfuf aih sl~rŨufjslh each* Ua Ũua sn ~ ăkhj~ W f}yfăfua sracfjmn shca Ryne#suhpjfălf eac jfmn asjap }h fslkm~ănjmn Each jhyaeh f} ynpf}fajad rasu~rlh+raŨua ~suhpjh jaych enofeja jhpaef Rhykhcnjuhyj~ sl~rŨufj~ lha fjsufu~ofm~ jhe#knźj~ }h sryapaĘnjmn ynpf}fmn* Hrasuya`fyhjmn Rynesuhpjfălad each mn ~ `~jlofmfjaycfyhjmh rasnijad rasu~rlh ra lacn aj aek~ă~mn a ynpf}fmf ^suhph lamf mn yh}#

kfăfu ae ~aifăhmnjad rasu~rlh eajaŨnjmh asuhkfg hlhuh f} jmndapn jheknźjasuf*Ryfkflac aek~ăfphjmh a rynekaźnjfc hchjechjfch ~ Eac~ jhyaeh ryfcmn#

jm~mn sn fsuf rasu~rhl lamf rynepfĘh ăkhj FP ?e f n* Uhlhp jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh Eachjhyaeh a hchjechjfch jh ^suhp jn fslkm~ă~mn rauyni~ rasuf}hjmh ‚jhofajhkjad

0lajsnj}~sh‛+ a lacn dapayn ramnefjf h~uayf* Ua Ąn ifuf sk~ăhm ajeh lhe enkndhufjhmchjmn mnejad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh schuyhm~ eh sn rynekaźnjfc hchjechjfch~dyaźhphm~ pfuhkjf fjunynsf jmfgapad jhyaeh+ }iad ăndh Ąn sn aek~lh a hchjechjf#ch schuyhuf ~spamnjac hla }h jm~ dkhsh pnĄfjh syrslfg+ gyphuslfg f iaŨjmhălfg en#kndhuh lamf s~ ryfs~ujf f lamf dkhshm~+ ~ slkhe~ sh ăkhjac FP ?n*

Rynesuhpjfălf eac aek~ă~mn a ryfmnekad~ hchjechjh epauynĄfjslac pnĄf#4jac dkhsaph ryfs~ujfg raskhjflh lamf dkhshm~+ rae ~skapac eh aphm eac fch lpa#y~c }h yhe* Jfmn j~źja eh smnejfof ryfs~sup~mn epfmn uynĄfjn raskhjflh+ lhla cfsknjnlf h~uayf+ mny ̂ suhp jn rynepfĘh rasnihj lpay~c }h yhe ryf aek~ăfphjm~ a ryfmne#

5

5

sl~rŨufjh ~} ~skap eh sn }h ryfmnekad f}mhsjf epauynĄfjslh pnĄfjh ryfs~ujfg enkndhuh ~Rynesuhpjfălac eac~*‛ 'cfŨkmnjmn _~heh L~yuĄnghmfĄh ~= L~yuĄnghmfĄ ‟ FiyhgfchdfĄ+ jhp*emnka+ suy* 929> ‚Uhla ~spamnjn ryacmnjn cayhm~ eaifuf shdkhsjasu pnĄfjn enkndhuh IaŨjmhlh+ enkndhuh _yih f

enkndhuh Gyphuh ~ Eac~ jhyaeh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn 'jhofajhkjf lajsnj}~s*‛ 'LhsfcUyjlh+ jhp* emnka+ suy* 590 Ifka if aryhpehjfmn eh sn aek~lh a ryacmnjf ^suhph ~ Eac~ jhyaeh eajnsn rasuf}hjmnc‚jhofajhkjad lajsnj}~sh‛+ aejasja ra}fufpjfc dkhsaph pnĄfjn ryfs~ujfg 'fkf pnĄfjn f}hiyhjfgenkndhuh f} yneh sphlad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh* Ufcn if ̂ suhp ~ ofmnkasuf ifa ̀ aychkja ăpysu+ mnyif ~ aih each ifa aunźhj rasu~rhl jmndapn ynpf}fmn+ eal if ea r~jad f}yhźhmh eaŨkh ăfjmnjfoh ehs~ f lajsufu~ufpjf jhyaef jasfaof s~pnynjfunuh*4 Raskapjfl Rynesuhpjfălad each Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn mn ~ ăkhj~ 46*su* 8* f 9* rynepfefa eh Ąn sn ryf eajaŨnjm~ aek~lh ~ lpay~c ~yhă~jhphuf f dkhsapf raskhjflh lamfs~ ifkf ~}eyźhjf ae dkhshjmh+ un eh Ąn sn schuyhuf eh s~ ryfs~ujf raskhjfof lamf ~arŨun jfs~ryfsu~rfkf dkhshjm~ ifkf ~}eyźhjf*

‚Apfc ~suhpac ehuh mn cad~Ąjasu eh aj i~en f}cfmnjmnj* Ua caźn ~yhefuf Rhykhcnjuhyjh



7

kad~ hchjechjh* Jnea~cfo~ suphyh jnmhsja àyc~kfshjh sfjuhdch ‚pnĄfjh ajfglamf s~ ryfs~ujf f lamf dkhshm~‛* Ajh sn jn mhpkmh shca ryf aeynĘfphjm~ pnĄfjn rauyni#jn }h eajaŨnjmn aek~ln a hchjechjfch pnĄ f spfg ey~dfg aek~lh f} jheknźjasuf

Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn* ^suhp ~ ăkhj~ FP 8i f FP 9i aeynĘ~mn lpay~c }h yhelamf jfmn fsuf }h Rynesuhpjfălf eac f Eac jhyaeh* Hla sn sfjuhdch ‚pnĄfjh ajfglamf s~ ryfs~ujf f dkhshm~‛ caźn sgphufuf uhla eh smnejfof Rynesuhpjfălad each cayhryfs~supaphuf pnĄfjh raskhjflh+ ryf ănc~ sn aek~ln eajasn pnĄfjac dkhsaph+ uajflhla jfmn sk~ăhm sh Eacac jhyaeh+ }h lamf ̂ suhp rynepfĘh lphkf`flaphjf lpay~c}h yhe mny aj jn caźn yhefuf hla jmndapfc smnejfohch ryfs~sup~mn aifăjh pnĄfjhenkndhuh 'ashc ae rnujhnsu* Ey~dfc yfmnăfch+ lhla mn ~suhpaupayho ~ rasnijamjaycf ryarfsha lpay~c }h yhe mnejad f ey~dad sl~rŨufjslad each+ sfjuhdch‚pnĄfjh ajfg lamf s~ ryfs~ujf f dkhshm~‛ sn aejasf shca jh rasu~rhl eajaŨnjmh

aek~lh ~ eacapfch*^suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn ryfrheh lhundayfmf ăpysufg ~suhph+ mny sn eajasf

ra rasu~rl~ skaźnjfmnc ae aifăjad }hlajaehpjad rasu~rlh* Eph ~skaph dh ăfjnàychkja ly~ufc ‟ aihpn}h sryapaĘnjmh mhpjn yhsryhpn a ryfmnekad~ hchjechjh fepauynĄfjslh pnĄfjh ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~ rauynijh }h ~sphmhjmn hchjechjh*^rylas uacn+ ramnefjn raskapjfăln aeynein ynkhufpf}~m~ apa jmndapa spamsupa mnyrynepfĘhm~ eh sn rasu~rhl ynpf}fmn mnejfc efmnkac aepfmh lha f aifăhj }hlajaehpjfrasu~rhl* ċkhj 8??* Raskapjflh Rynesuhpjfălad each ua f}yfăfua ~upyĘ~mn= ‚Asfchla jfmn ey~dhăfmn ryarfshja ~ apac aemnkml~+ hchjechjf jh ̂ suhp IfG raejasn

sn rae fsufc ~skapfch lha f }hlajf f ryhun asjapjf }hlajaehpjf rasu~rhl*‛Raskapjfof aih sl~rŨufjslh each rynepfĘhm~ eh ryfmnekad }h ryacmnj~ ^suhphcaźn raejfmnuf shca mnehj raskhjfl 'ăkhj 8?9* Raskapjflh Rynesuhpjfălad eachaejasja enkndhu 'ăkhj 894* Raskapjflh Each jhyaeh* Raskapjfl Each jhyaehrhl+ ~arŨun jn ~upyĘ~mn pnĄfj~ rauynij~ }h ~sphmhjmn ryfmnekadh hchjechjh+ jndasheyźf arŨu~ jayc~ ra lamam rasu~rhl ynpf}fmn ^suhph ryhuf asjapjf }hlajaehpjfrasu~rhl 'ăkhj 897* su* 8* Raskapjflh*

9* Eaehujn jheknźjasuf

ċkhj FFF ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn sheyźf jayc~ a ynpf}fmf efmnkh ~suhpjnchunyfmn* Jhfcn+ ~ uhălf >h apad ăkhjh sn rynepfĘhm~ uyf sk~ăhmh ~ lamfch Ąn eyźhphryn~}nuf fkf caźn ryn~}nuf jheknźjasuf lamn mam f}yfăfua jfs~ ehun apfc ^suhpac*^lakfla if efa jheknźjasuf rynŨha sh njufunuh jh eyźhp~+ ifkh if f}pyŨnjh ynpf}fmh^suhph ~ ajac efmnk~ lamf sn aejasf jh raemnk~ jheknźjasuf f}cnĘ~ Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f njufunuh+ aejasja ifkh if ynpfefyhjh ~suhpjh chunyfmh f} ăkhjh FFF 8* fFFF ?h* Uh ynpf}fmh jn if }hefyhkh ~ rypaifujf unlsu ^suhph+ Ũua }jhăf eh jn if ifkarauynija ~sphmhuf hchjechjn jh ̂ suhp eh if sn f}pyŨfa rynjas jheknźjasu ~lakfla

mn fsr~jmnj mnehj ae ~skaph f} ăkhjh FFF >h ̂ suhph*



6

Aph pysuh ~suhpjn ynpf}fmn jn if cayhkh eh sn adyhjfăf shca jh rynjasjheknźjasuf+ pnĄ f jh aydhjf}hofm~ eyźhpjn pkhsuf+ i~e~Ąf eh if rynjas jheknźjasufjh Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ cadha ifuf ryhĄnj asjfphjmnc japfg fjsufu~ofmh rauynijfg}h pyŨnjmn ufg jheknźjasuf*

^suhp sn jn f}mhŨjmhph a rasu~rl~ lamfc Ąn ifuf ~suhjapkmnjn eaehujnjheknźjasuf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ Ũua mn jhyaăfua asmnukmfpa lae sk~ăhmnph rynjashjheknźjasuf srayh}~cac njufunuh* Jfmn ~upyĘnja lamn fjsufu~ofmn f ra lac rasu~rl~Ąn aek~ăfphuf a rynjas~ jheknźjasuf sh njufunuh jh eyźhp~* Fch yh}kadh }hryfgphuhjmn f rasuamnĄnd f s~ryaujad ~suhpjad ymnŨnjmh* Hyd~cnju ~ ryfkad ymnŨnjmhlamn mn s~ryauja ae phźnĄnd mn eh mn eyźhph }hfjunynsaphjh eh rynjas jheknźjasufjh jmnjn fjsufu~ofmn i~en f}pyŨnj ra ~jhryfmne ~upyĘnjac rasu~rl~ lamfc Ąn sndhyhjuaphuf ryhpjh sfd~yjasu f ifuf f}mnejhănjf àychkja#ryhpjf ~skapf rae lamfcsn pyŨf rynjas jheknźjasuf ~ njufunufch* Hla if mnehj njufunu rynepfefa ynkhufpjakhln ~skapn }h eajaŨnjmn aek~ln a rynjas~ jheknźjasuf 'jh ryfcmny+ aifăj~ pnĄfj~}h eajaŨnjmn uhlpn aek~ln+ h ey~df ~ăfjfa àychkjfc ly~ufc rasu~rhl rynjashjheknźjasuf 'uhla Ũua if+ jh ryfcmny+ rynepfefa eh sn a uacn aek~ă~mn ra rasu~rl~rynepfĘnjac }h ~sphmhjmn ~suhpjfg hchjechjh+ ifkh if }jhuja ~chjmnjhcad~Ąjasu eh eaĘn ea rynjash jheknźjasuf f sufohjmh eaehujfg jheknźjasuf*

_ ey~dn suyhjn+ jheknźjasuf lamn sn rynjasn jh fjsufu~ofmn Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f}payja ryfrhehm~ njufunufch mny fc fg ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjndhyhju~mn jaycac sheyźhjac ~ ăkhj~ FFF ?h* Hla pnĄ njufunuf uynih eh sneadapayja aeynlj~ efmnkh spamfg jheknźjasuf+ uynih fc ear~sufuf eh shcf aek~ăn auacn ra lac rasu~rl~ Ąn ua ~ăfjfuf+ ufc ryfmn Ũua mn ~ rfuhjm~ ~suhpjh chunyfmh alamam sn+ ra ryhpfk~+ aek~ă~mn ra rasnijac rasu~rl~* Hla if njufunuf źnkmnkf ehacad~Ąn aek~ăfphjmn a rynjas~ jheknźjasuf ra rasu~rl~ lamf mn ~ radkne~ spamnàychkjn ăpysufjn fenjufăhj aifăjac }hlajaehpjac rasu~rl~+ ua uynih ehrynepfen spamfc ~suhpfch* ^ sphlac sk~ăhm~+ aek~l~ a rynjas~ jheknźjasuf jheyźhp~ uynih eh eajasn }hlajaehpjh ufmnkh njufunuh*

FF Hsrnluf ynpf}fmn ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn

8* Ryhpja#ungjfălf jneasuhof

A}ifkmjh ynpf}fmh ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn if cayhkh ifuf uauhkjh* Jm~ jnjhkhź~ shca chunyfmhkja#ryhpjf pnĄ f ryhpja#ungjfălf jneasuhof ^suhph* Cad~Ą#jasu uhlpn ynpf}fmn mn rasnihj ryaiknc*

Ryhpja#ungjfălf jneasuhof ^suhph s~ adyacjf* ^suhpjh chunyfmh jfmn ai~#gphĄnjh unlsuac ^suhph ~ cmnyf lamh sn schuyh ~aifăhmnjac ~ ~raynejac~suhpjac ryhp~* ^suhp+ jh ryfcmny+ jn sheyźf jaycn a kalhkjam shca~ryhpf f



82

nlajacsla#saofmhkjac ~ynĘnjm~ Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* ]iad uadh jnlf h~uayf sch#uyhm~ eh phźnĄf ~suhpjf unlsu fch aifkmnźmh ‚nkncnjhuh }h ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyonda#

7pfjn‛+ h jn ~suhph lha ynkhufpja omnkapfuad rfshjad f àychkjad ryhpjad hluh* ^sphlac sk~ăhm~+ ~suhpjh chunyfmh if cadkh ifuf ear~jmnjh jaychch a kalhkjam

6 82shca~ryhpf+ asjaphch ey~Ũupnjad ~ynĘnjmh f km~eslfc ryhpfch* A ufc rfuhjmfchrasuamf ynkhufpjf fkf raur~jf lajsnj}~s jhofajhkjfg rakfufălfg nkfuh*

^suhpjn jaycn s~ ănsua jnraur~jn+ jnrynof}jn f ryaufpymnăjn* ]iad uadh ajf}~ ~suhpjfg ymnŨnjmh rasuamn s~ryausuhpkmnjh cfŨkmnjmh suy~ăjmhlh f} aikhsuf~suhpjad ryhph f ryfrhejflh rakfufălfg nkfuh* PfemnĄnca eh uf jneasuhof jn paenshca hlhencslfc f rakfufălfc yhsryhphch+ pnĄ f }jhăhmja aunźhphm~`~jlofajfshjmn rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh+ rh f cad~Ąjasu ynpf}fmn ^suhph* _~chyhjryndkne yh}kfăfufg suhpaph a ramnefjfc ~suhpjfc ymnŨnjmfch lamf ryafsufă~ f}jnraur~jfg fkf ryaufpymnăjfg jaycf+ ralh}~mn eh sn jn yhef ryasua a }kam jhcmnyf fkfjn}jhjm~ ajfg lamf u~chăn f ryfcmnjm~m~ ̂ suhp* Rynhci~kh f jaychufpjf efa ̂ suhphs~ spn ea eajaŨnjmh aek~ln ^suhpjad s~eh IfG ry~źhkf asjap }h yh}kfăfuhu~chănjmh ryfjofrh lajsufu~ufpjasuf jhyaeh< ăkhj FF ?* ^suhph ryaf}pakmjaadyhjfăhph lhuhkad km~eslfg ryhph jh ~}hl ly~d rynunźja kfăjfg f rakfufălfg ryhph+fhla mn f} omnkfjn ăkhjh FF ̂ suhph mhsja eh s~ ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf ryf}jhuh f ey~dhkm~eslh ryhph f skaiaen< ~suhpjh jaych a pnĄfjf rauynijam }h ~sphmhjmn aek~lh ~Rhykhcnjuhyjam sl~rŨufjf mn jneapakmja mhsja àyc~kfshjh f jn~aifăhmnjh ~~raynejac ~suhpjac ryhp~< eal mn f} omnkfjn ăkhjh P ^suhph mhsja eh ăkhjapfRynesmnejfŨuph }hsu~rhm~ spamn lajsufu~ufpjn jhyaen+ ~ uhălf 9e sn ryarfs~mn eh ajfŨufun pfuhkjn fjunynsn njufunuh ~ lacn s~ ifyhjf< ^suhp jn sheyźf aeynĘnjmnRynesmnejfŨuph lha laknlufpjad Ũn`h eyźhpn+ jfuf en`fjfŨn ~suhpj~ ra}fofm~ _hpmnuhcfjfsuhyh f jmndapn jheknźjasuf< fhla ~suhpf jflhe jn aeynĘ~m~ shsuhp pkhen+

7

eyźhpn+ ifka if ryfcmnynjfmn eh fch jh}fp ‚Nkncnjuf }h ~suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn‛+ rh eh sn jhasjap~ jmfg f}yhef ~suhp*‛ 'Yhmla L~}chjapfĄ+ ^suhpja ryhpa+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu+ Ihjmh K~lh+9229+ suy* ?2>6 Un jaycn if ifkn jhănkjn ryfyaen+ i~e~Ąf eh njufunufch f lhjuajfch ryfrheh ryhpa jaychufpjadynd~kfshjmh kalhkjn shca~ryhpn* Lhla kalhkjh shca~ryhph ~ aih njufunuh raăfph jh fsuapysjfcasjapjfc ryfjofrfch 'cajaufrslh kalhkjh shca~ryhph+ aikfof jnrasynejn encalyhufmn+ f}payjff rynjnsnjf raskapf+ ~ryhpjf jhe}ay jhe mnefjfohch kalhkjn shca~ryhpn fue*+ jnch yh}kadh eh^suhp jn sheyźf ryfjofrn jh lamfch raăfphm~ aih sfsunch kalhkjn shca~ryhpn*82 Chunyfmh km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh ryhpja#ungjfălf jfmn laynluja ~ynĘnjh* Fhla ^suhp+rasynesupac Npyarsln lajpnjofmn a km~eslfc ryhpfch f asjapjfc skaiaehch f cnĘ~jhyaejfglajpnjofmh jhpnenjfg ~ Hjnls~ F+ dhyhju~mn Ũfyal srnluhy km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh+ aj frhljnear~Ũunja f}ephmh jnln ae jmfg+ lamn uhlshufpja jhiyhmh ~ ăkhj~ FF* ̂ dkhpjac sn yhef a kfăjfcf rakfufălfc ryhpfch f skaiaehch+ eal s~ nlajacslh+ saofmhkjh f l~ku~yjh dhyhjuaphjh shcarasynesupac cnĘ~jhyaejfg hlhuh lamf s~ fjlayrayfyhjf ~ ̂ suhp*

‚Ţnsua+ s ai}fyac jh ua eh ̂ suhp jfmn ynd~kfsha sp~ jnargaej~ chunyfm~ 'lamh ăfjf oajsufu~njs



88

~suhpaupayho ryfcmnyh yhef jhpaef eph ynsayh+ jh asjap~ ăndh s~ jnlf h~uayf }hlkm~#ăfphkf eh shca eph cfjfsuhysuph j~źja ăfjn _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh lamf+ suadh+ jn caźnpyŨfuf pkhefjn `~jlofmn< ^suhp jn rynepfĘh nlsrkfofuja eh mn ^suhpjf s~e e~źhj ehaek~ă~mn a shdkhsjasuf }hlajh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn sh ̂ suhpac Iasjn f Gnyonda#pfjn< rasu~rhl ynpf}fmn ^suhph mn jn~ynĘnj mny jn aeynĘ~mn apkhŨunjn rynekhdhănynpf}fmn+ jfuf rynof}ja aeynĘ~mn pnĄfj~ lamac Rynesuhpjfălf eac aek~ă~mn a hchj#echjfch< jnmhsjh ~suhpjh jaych a fjsufu~ofmf lamh aek~ă~mn a ynpf}fmf ̂ suhph suphyhjnea~cfon a uacn eh kf ~ uac rasu~rl~ ~ănsup~mn Eac jhyaeh f jh lamf jhăfj*

9* Chunyfmhkja#ryhpjf hsrnlu ynpf}fmn

^ lyhulac yhe~ sn jn caźn ehuf spnai~gphuhj ryfmnekad rauynijfg fkf cad~#Ąfg ~suhpjfg ymnŨnjmh* Caźn sn ~lh}huf jh epfmn dy~rn rfuhjmh lamh ăfjn sheyźfj~rynekaźnjn fkf yhsryhpkmhjn ynpf}fmn ^suhph* Mnej~ dy~r~ ăfjn rfuhjmh lamh snaejasn jh raemnk~ jheknźjasuf f}cnĘ~ eyźhpn f njufunuh+ h ey~d~ rfuhjmh lamh snaejasn jh aydhjf}hofm~ f ̀ ~jlofajfshjmn rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh*

H& Raemnkh jheknźjasuf* I~e~Ąf eh mn rfuhjmn raemnkn jheknźjasuf ~ asjapfrfuhjmn raemnkn 'f rynyhsraemnkn rakfufăln caĄf f}cnĘ~ jhofajhkjfg rakfufălfgnkfuh+ jfs~ ynhkjn ly~rjfmn ryacmnjn apad sndcnjuh ~suhpjn chunyfmn+ asfc hla sn

88

pfsalf rynesuhpjfl jn aek~ăf jh japn fjunypnjofmn* Eyźhph f njufunuf s~ f eashefchkf }hmnejfăln f fslkm~ăfpn jheknźjasuf+ cheh fg ^suhp jfmn uhla en`fjfsha fnlsrkfofuja yh}epamfa* Rynjas jheknźjasuf jh eyźhp~ mn ~ raskfmnenmuajslac rnyfa#e~ pyŨnj ra pfŨn asjaph ‟ ajfg lamn mn rynepfefa shc ^suhp f ajfg lamf s~ yn}~kuhuemnkaphjmh pfsalad rynesuhpjflh* _uadh sn caźn ynĄf eh ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyonda#pfjn ~ chunyfmhkjac scfsk~+ lhe mn yfmnă a apac sndcnju~ ~suhpjn chunyfmn+ jn ăfjfshca ^suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn lha rfshjf+ àychkjf arŨuf ryhpjf hlu+ pnĄ f spnajn ryhpjn jaycn lamfch sn pyŨf rynjas jheknźjasuf* @aychkjf ^suhp uynih ~ uacradkne~ f}mnejhăfuf sh chunyfmhkjfc ^suhpac+ Ũua }jhăf eh ăkhj FFF ^suhph uynih

ryn~ynefuf uhla eh sheyźf kfsu~ }hmnejfălfg f fslkm~ăfpfg jheknźjasuf lamn s~ yh}kfăf#ufc rasu~rofch ~ ofmnkasuf fkf emnkfcfăja ryfrhkn fjsufu~ofmhch Iasjn f Gnyonda#pfjn*

Un jheknźjasuf 'fslkm~ăfpn fkf }hmnejfăln uynj~uja ai~gphuhm~= srakmj~ rakf#ufl~< srakmjauydapfjsl~ rakfufl~< ohyfjsl~ rakfufl~< cajnuhyj~ rakfufl~< `fjhj#sfyhjmn fjsufu~ofmh f cnĘ~jhyaejfg aihpn}h Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn< fcfdyhofaj~

88

jasfaof s~pnynjfunuh+ raŨua mn ̀ aychkja jhmpfŨh pkhsu lam~ ‚pyŨn‛ rasynesupac spamfg rakfufălfgrynesuhpjflh adyhjfănjh emnkaphjmnc phj~suhpjfg f phjfjsufu~ufajhkjfg ăfjfkhoh*

Uhlpn fjunypnjofmn ajncad~Ąhphm~ eh dyhĘhjf f jhyaef Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn }hfsuh i~e~



89

rakfufl~+ rakfufl~ pn}hj~ }h h}fk f f}imndkfon+ rakfufl~ lynuhjmh f iayhplh suyhjhoh ~Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf< sryapaĘnjmn cnĘ~jhyaejfg f cnĘ~njufunuslfg lyfpfăjaryhp#jfg ryarfsh f shyhejm~ sh Fjunyrakac< f}dyhejm~ f `~jlofajfshjmn }hmnejfălfg fcnĘ~jhyaejfg lac~jflhofajfg aimnlhuh f pn}h< ynd~kfshjmn shaiyhĄhmh cnĘ~njufunufch< lajuyak~ ph}e~Ũjad shaiyhĄhmh< aeiyhj~< ~j~uyhŨjmn raskapn< raynsl~rakfufl~< lyfpfăja }hlajaehpsupa< h~uayslh f syaejh ryhph< fje~suyfmsl~ spamfj~<aiyh}aphjmn jh spfc jfpafch< nlajacsl~ rakfufl~ 'lajonsfmn+ ryfphuf}hofm~+ ef#ynlujh suyhjh ~khdhjmh< raskapja#ryhpj~ aikhsu< rakmaryfpyne~< yheja ryhpapn}hja }h fjsufu~ofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn< f}iayja }hlajaehpsupa*

I& Ifyhăla ryhpa* Jhăfj lajsufu~fshjmh f aek~ăfphjmh rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh+jh rypac cmnsu~ Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn f RynesmnejfŨuph+ uynih ~slkhefuf sh dh#yhjuaphjfc rakfufălfc ryhpfch dyhĘhjh+ ryfjofrac lajsufu~ufpjasuf jhyaeh f ̀ nen#yhkjfc ~ynĘnjmnc* Adyhjfănjmn rhsfpjad ifyhălad ryhph jh f}iayfch }h Rynesmne#jfŨupa Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f Eac jhyaeh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn mn ~ s~ryaujasufsh Npyarslac lajpnjofmac a asjapjfc ryhpfch f skaiaehch f cnĘ~jhyaejfchlufch a km~eslfc ryhpfch lamf s~ shsuhpjf efa ^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ ae#jasja jmndapad Hjnlsh F* Eaehujf yh}kad }h aulkhjmhjmn apad adyhjfănjmh mn j~ź#jasu sryapaĘnjmh aek~ln ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn a lajsufu~ufpjasufjhyaeh* Njufunuf+ lha f lhjuajf+ s~ uac aek~lac rasuhkf c~kufnujfălf+ jn ~ enca#dyh`slac jnda ~ ~suhpja#ryhpjac scfsk~+ i~e~Ąf eh sn dhyhju~mn aedaphyhm~Ąh}hsu~rkmnjasu uyf jhyaeh ~ jmfgapfc fjsufu~ofmhch f rynepfĘhm~ rasnijf cnghjf}cfaek~ăfphjmh lamfch sn mhcăf }hŨufuh pfuhkjfg jhofajhkjfg fjunynsh* Ufcn mn rakfufălfynźfc f ~ njufunufch eaifa aifkmnźmh lajsaofmhufpjn+ h jn pnĄfjsln encalyhufmn*I~e~Ąf eh s~ sph uyf jhyaeh rasuhkh eyźhpaupayjh ~ aih njufunuh+ jnch asjaph eh snrhsfpja ifyhăla ryhpa ehmn ryfrhejfofch shca mnejad 'Ynr~ikflh _yrslh aejas#ja eph jhyaeh '@nenyhofmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

O& RynesmnejfŨupa Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* RasuamnĄf jhăfj f}iayh ăkhjaphRynesmnejfŨuph jn ehmn ~pfmnl źnkmnjn yn}~kuhun+ Ũua s~ mhsja ralh}hkf f}iayf 9220*

daefjn lheh mn f}hiyhj jnkndfufchj ăkhj RynesmnejfŨuph f} yneh gyphuslad jhyaeh*Jnrasynejf f}iayf+ ~ rypac yne~ ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ jn cad~ fs#lkm~ăfuf cad~Ąjasu eh i~en f}hiyhj lhjefehu ladh jn raeyźhph pnĄfjh dkhshkfgifyhăh f} yneh lajlynujad jhyaeh* _uadh mn aryhpehja rynepfemnuf rasynehj f}iayŨn`h eyźhpn* Uhlhp jhăfj f}iayh+ cnĘ~ufc+ j~źja paef schjmnjm~ jmndapfg jhe#knźjasuf mny mn kndfufcfunu rasyneja ifyhjad Ũn`h eyźhpn ~pfmnl chjmf jnda ~ sk~ăhm~jmndapad jnrasynejad f}iayh* Hla s~ jheknźjasuf Ũn`h eyźhpn chjmn+ jnch yh}#kadh eh fg pyŨf lakndfmhkjf aydhj+ uhla eh Ũn` eyźhpn ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf caźn ifuff rasyneja ifyhjf rynesmnejfl sh onyncajfmhkjfc apkhŨĄnjmfch* Jmndh if ifyhkh



8?

Rhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh+ ~} aihpn}j~ shdkhsjasu pnĄfjn enkndhuh f} yneh sph uyflajsufu~ufpjh jhyaeh ~ Eac~ jhyaeh*

Ţn` eyźhpn ~ uac sk~ăhm~ jn if cadha paefuf srakmj~ rakfufl~ Iasjn f Gnyon#dapfjn fhla if c~ ryfrhkn aeynĘnjn jheknźjasuf ~ uam aikhsuf+ jn if rynekhdhai~eźnu fjsufu~ofmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn jfuf if cadha yhsr~sufuf Eac jhyaeh Rhy#khcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn* ̂ ryfjofr~+ laayefjhofmh sh cnĘ~jhyaejfc aydhjf}hofmhchf f}pyŨhphjmn aek~lh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn if ifkf ~ jheknźjasuf _hpmnuh cfjf#suhyh+ h jn rynesmnejflh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* Aj jn if fcnjapha rynesmnehphm~#Ąnd _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh+ jnda if paefa lajs~kuhofmn sh rynesuhpjfofch raskhjfălfgdy~rh f rynekhdha lhjefehuh }h rynesmnehphm~Ąnd*

E& _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* Ynpf}fmac ̂ suhph uynih eh i~en

ai~gphĄnjh ~suhpjh chunyfmh a _hpmnu~ cfjfsuhyh lha jasfao~ pkhefjfg `~jlofmh*Ua jh rypac cmnsu~ }jhăf eh uynih eh i~en en`fjfshjh ~suhpjh ra}fofmh _hpmnuhcfjfsuhyh* Ajh mn pnĄ ~upyĘnjh ~ ]hlaj~ a _hpmnu~ cfjfsuhyh+ demn sn lhźn eh mn uaaydhj f}pyŨjn pkhsuf lamf pyŨf pkhefjn ̀ ~jlofmn* J~źja mn eh ̂ suhpac i~e~ ~upyĘnjn

89jheknźjasuf _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh+ lha Ũua ua ăfjn ~suhpf njufunuh* ^suhpjac jaycaccayhm~ ifuf ~upyĘnjf ryfjofrf ra lamfch sn _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh lajsufu~fŨn f aek~ă~mn*Nlsrkfofuja cayh ifuf rynepfĘnja eh Ąn ~ jmndap shsuhp ~Ąf mnejhl iyam rynesuhp#jflh sphlad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh f aeynĘnjf iyam ryfrhejflh nujfălfg dy~rh fjhofajhkjfg chjmfjh 'u}p* ‚asuhkf‛+ lha f eh Ąn rynesmnehphm~Ąf fchuf epamfo~

8?

}hcmnjflh f} yneh yh}kfăfufg lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh*Jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh uynih ryfkhdaefuf ryfjofrfch lajsaofmh#ufpjn encalyhufmn* ]hlaj a _hpmnu~ cfjfsuhyh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn mn ea aluaiyh9224* daefjn a uacn paefa yhă~jh mny mn rynepfĘha eph asjapjh jhăfjh aek~#ăfphjmh apn fjsufu~ofmn* Jnln aek~ln s~ cadkn ifuf eajaŨnjn ryfcmnjac pnĄfjsladjhănkh+ eal s~ ey~dn cayhkn ifuf ryfgphĄnjn ae ra eph cfjfsuyh f} yneh sphladlajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh* Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ suy~lu~y~ _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh+ ua mn }jhăfka ehs~ un aek~ln cadkn ifuf ~spamnjn lajsnj}~sac jhofajhkjfg rakfufălfg nkfuh rasyne#supac jmfgapfg ăkhjaph lamfch s~ ryfrhkf ynsayf ~ apam fjsufu~ofmf* Pfsalf ryne#suhpjfl mn f}cmnjhch ]hlajh a _hpmnu~ cfjfsuhyh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn ~suhjapfapnĄfjslf ryfjofr aek~ăfphjmh*

89

ryncfmnyh f cfjfsuhyh*8? Ufcn if ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn sheyźha jayc~ skfăj~ ajam lamh rasuamf ~ ̂ suhp~ Inkdfmn+lamh mn uhlaĘn `nenyhkjh eyźhph sh lajsaofmhufpjfc encalyhuslfc ynźfcac+ mny ăkhj 66* uad~suhph rynepfĘh eh Ąn pkheh fchuf jhmpfŨn rnujhnsu ăkhjaph+ cnĘ~ lamfch Ąn+ sh cad~Ąfcf}~}nulac ryncfmnyh+ ifuf mnejhl iyam ăkhjaph lamf dapayn `yhjo~slf f gakhjeslf mn}fl* 'p*Oajsufu~ufaj a` Inkdf~c+ Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh @nenyhkjad rhykhcnjuh Inkdfmn+ guur=!!ttt*`ne#rhyk*in!dt~l2220*guc/N88N0

Eae~Ũn+ ^suhp @nenyhofmn IfG ua ăfjf jh srnof`făhj jhăfj+ mny rasnija ~upyĘ~mn jheknźjasu



85

^ unayfmf mn pyka ănsua cfŨkmnjmn eh pkheh+ lha arnyhufpjf efa f}pyŨjn pkhsuf+uynih eh i~en aydhjf}aphjh jh jhăfj lamf acad~Ąhph iy}a f n`flhsja aek~ăfphjmn+radauapa }hua Ũua mn ajh aydhj lamf shca f}pyŨhph }hlajn lamn eajnsn f sryapaefrakfufl~ lam~ ~upyef ey~dh fjsufu~ofmh* Aek~ăfphjmn r~unc lajsnj}~sh eapaef ~rfuhjmn n`flhsjasu jmnjad yheh* _ ey~dn suyhjn+ cnĘ~ufc+ ~suhpjh f rakfufălh ra}f#ofmh pkhen ~arŨun jfmn uhla skhih lhla f}dkneh jh rypf radkne* Ajh ~upyĘ~mn eyźhp#j~ rakfufl~ lam~ }hlajaehpja ufmnka àychkf}~mn lya} }hlajn+ dkhpjf mn jasfkho}hlajaehpjn fjfofmhufpn+ h jfmn ae chkad }jhăhmh jf jmnja apkhŨĄnjmn eh sryapaef}hlajn* _uadh sn caźn ynĄf eh mn pkheh caĄjh rakfufălh fjsufu~ofmh* ̂ Iasjf f Gnyon#dapfjf ua jfmn shspfc uhla+ }hua Ũua mn RynesmnejfŨupa rynunźjfmf ăfjfkho f}pyŨjnpkhsuf+ hkf jf _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh+ s ai}fyac jh cmnŨapfuf sfsunc eyźhpjn pkhsuf+ jfmn jmn#dap ryasu snypfs* Jnch yh}kadh eh aek~ăfphjmn r~unc lajsnj}~sh i~en asjapjf fkf

ăhl mnefjf jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh* Aj caźn ~upyĘfphuf ryfmnekadn}hlajh f ey~dfg hlhuh f} jheknźjasuf Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn f aifăjac pnĄfjac

mny Ąn jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun fajhla cayhuf eh rasufdj~ lajsnj}~s a jmfgapam sh#eyźfjf ~ }hlajaehpjac ufmnk~* _hcfc ufc sn ifuja schjm~mn cad~Ąjasu ~sra#yhphjmh }hlajaehpjad rasu~rlh mny _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh+ lha en ̀ houa rynurasuhpkmnjfjasfkho }hlajaehpjn fjfofmhufpn+ caźn emnkaphuf iy}a f n`flhsja*

Ey~dhăfmn mn sh rfuhjmfch a lamfch _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh aek~ă~mn lajhăja* Lhlajnch ey~dn fjsufu~ofmn lamh if paefkh yhă~jh a lacryacfsjac lhyhluny~ ufgaek~lh+ _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh a jmfch cayh rasufĄf lajsnj}~s mny if ryfcmnjh pnĄfjslad

ryfjofrh ryf jmfgapac eajaŨnjm~ jhy~Ũfkh ryfjofr lajsnj}~sh ~ aek~ăfphjm~*

N& Rhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* JhmpnĄn jnea~cfon fyh}cfcafkhźnjmh f}h}fphm~ ~suyamsupa f jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn

mny mn ajh jasfkho ~suhpaupayjn f }hlajaehpjn pkhsuf+ h ifuja ~ufăn f jh rakfufăl~s~eifj~ _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh* I~e~Ąf eh mn Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh ̀ nenyhkjh eyźhph shrakfufălfc ynźfcac lajsaofmhufpjn encalyhufmn+ Rhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh j~źjacayh ifuf epaeacjh* Ifujh srnof`făjasu iashjslagnyondaphălad ̀ nenyhkf}ch mn ehEac jhyaeh+ lha ‚ey~df‛ fkf ‚dayjmf‛ eac Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn jfmn rynesuhp#

jfŨupa `nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh 'njufunuh+ jnda lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh* _uadh sphlh yhs#ryhph a ynpf}fmf ^suhph cayh sheyźhuf ryfmnekadn a uacn lhla eh Eac jhyaeh ra#suhjn f rynesuhpjfŨupa njufunuh lha ̀ nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh*

Ey~df ryaiknc mn shsuhp Each jhyaeh* Lhla s~ njufunuf ~ uynj~ul~ eajaŨnjmh85^suhph ifkf mnejajhofajhkjf aejasja epajhofajhkjf+ nuja`nenyhkf}hc sn adkneha

85

mn+ ~paenĄf ryfjofr lajsufu~ufpjasuf jhyaeh+ fcrkfofuja aeynefkh eh s~ ajf lajsufu~ufpjf jh ofmnkamunyfuayfmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ h jn shca ~ mnejac fkf ey~dac njufunu~+ hkf rakfufălf yh}ka}f jfs~ea}pakmhphkf eh ~suhpjh ymnŨnjmh i~e~ ~ slkhe~ s ufc ryfjofrac*

Ra jhŨnc cfŨkmnjm~+ ua mn ifka ~ s~ryaujasuf sh Rynhci~kac ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ lamh



8>

~ fslkm~ăfpac ryhp~ _yih ~ Ynr~ikfof _yrslam+ h IaŨjmhlh f Gyphuh ~ @nenyhofmf Ia#8>sjn f Gnyondapfjn eh i~e~ ifyhjf ~ Eac jhyaeh* Ryfjofr lajsufu~ufpjasuf jhyaeh+

jhyaăfua jhlaj eajaŨnjmh aek~ln ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f} 9222*daefjn+ ryaufpymnăf apac ~suhpjac ymnŨnjm~* ArŨuasu ifyhălad ryhph }hgufmnph eh ~Eac jhyaeh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn ~ aih njufunuh i~e~ ifyhjf enkndhuf sph uyf jh#yaeh+ h jn shca mnejad aejasja eph* Uhm f}iay if pyŨfkh njufunuslh }hlajaehpjh

80ufmnkh+ paenĄf yhă~jh a jhofajhkjac shsuhp~ suhjapjfŨuph ~ njufunufch+ lamf ifcayha aeyhźhphuf iyam enkndhuh f} sphlad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh lamf sn ifyhm~ ~

84 mnejac aejasja ey~dac njufunu~* Ey~dfc yfmnăfch+ syrslf jhyae if+ jh ryfcmny+rynesuhpkmhkf syrslf enkndhuf ifyhjf ~ aih njufunuslh }hlajaehpjh ufmnkh+ h lakfla ifjmfg ifka ifyhja ~ mnejac aejasja ey~dac njufunu~+ }hpfsfka if ae uadh lakfla mnifyhăla ufmnka lamn ajf }hsu~rhm~*

_kmnenĄn rfuhjmn mn lhlhp uynih eh i~en aejas eacaph Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~r#Ũufjn* Ra mnejac cfŨkmnjm~+ Rynesuhpjfălf eac uynih eh i~en dkhpjf ăfjfkho }hla#jaehpjn pkhsuf* _pf }hlajf f ey~df hluf f} jheknźjasuf Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn uyniheh i~e~ ~sphmhjf ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~+ h Eac jhyaeh uynih eh eé ryfsuhjhlshca jh ajn hlun lamf sn ufă~ pfuhkjfg jhofajhkjfg fjunynsh* ̂ suhpac uynih eh i~e~en`fjfshjh rfuhjmh ae pfuhkjad jhofajhkjad fjunynsh+ cheh+ ra mnejac rynekaźn#jac ymnŨnjm~+ f ajh rfuhjmh lamh jfs~ f}yfăfua en`fjfshjh lha pfuhkjh+ cad~ raeaeynĘnjfc ~skapfch ifuf aeynĘnjh lha uhlph*

Yhpjaryhpjasu eacaph Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn acad~Ąhph eh njufunuf+

lha `nenyhkjn mnefjfon+ f lajsufu~ufpjf jhyaef+ lha jasfaof s~pnynjfunuh+ ~ r~jamcmnyf ~ănsup~m~ ~ asuphyfphjm~ jmnjfg jheknźjasuf* Ufcn sn r~unc yhpjaryhpjasufsl~rŨufjslfg eacaph asuphy~mn yhpjaryhpjasu lajsufu~ufpjfg nkncnjhuh iashjsla#gnyondaphăln `nenyhofmn f acad~Ąhph eh mneja sndcnjufyhja 'raefmnkmnjaey~Ũupa ̀ ~jlofajfŨn jh ryfjofrfch rakfufălad ynźfch lajsaofmhufpjn encalyhufmn*

8>

Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ srasaijf f }hfjunynsaphjf }h en`fjfshjmn f }hŨufu~ pfuhkjfg fjunynsh syrsladjhyaeh* Fsua phźf }h aejas IaŨjmhlh aejasja Gyphuh lamf spamh rakfufălh ryhph asuphy~m~ ~ mnejac f ey~dac njufunu~*80 Cadha if sn ă~uf ryfdapay eh mn ehjhŨjmh jhofajhkjh suy~lu~yh suhjapjfŨuph ~ njufunufchyn}~kuhu jhsfkjad rynsnkmhphjmh suhjapjfŨuph ualac yhuh* Fhla mn ua uhăja+ cayh sn paefuf yhă~jh fa ăfjmnjfof eh Eac jhyaeh Ũufuf fjunynsn spfg IaŨjmhlh+ spfg _yih f spfg Gyphuh lamf źfpn ~ Iasjf fGnyondapfjf+ un eh sn ryfkflac sryapaĘnjmh f}iayh jmfgapfg enkndhuh cayh paefuf yhă~jh a uacneh ajf i~e~ }hfsuh kndfufcjf rynesuhpjfof spamfg jhyaeh+ aejasja eh jmfgap dkhshălf lhrhofunu ~Eac~ jhyaeh aedaphyh ăfjmnjfof eh rynesuhpkmhm~ aeynĘnjf+ pnĄf fkf chjmf+ iyam ryfrhejflh spadlajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh*84 Lhla mn yfmnă a f}iayfch }h eyźhpja }hlajaehpja ufmnka+ cayhka if sn paefuf yhă~jh shca auacn eh ~ jmnc~ i~en mnejhl iyam rynesuhpjflh f} yneh sph uyf lajsufu~ufpjh jhyaeh* Jn if ifkaj~źja eh ~ sphlac ramnefjac njufunu~ i~en ifyhj fsuf iyam enkndhuh f} yneh sph uyf lajsufu~ufpjhjhyaeh*

Jn caźn sn iyhjfuf rynurasuhplh eh s~ shca _yif f} Ynr~ikfln _yrsln+ h jn f ajf f} @nenyhofmn



80

Fhla jh rypf radkne caźn f}dknehuf eh sn mhăhjmnc ~suhpjn ra}fofmn Rynesuhpjfălad87each ramnejasuhpkm~mn f ăfjf n`flhsjfmfc pyŨnjmn }hlajaehpjn pkhsuf+ ryfyaeh '`n#

enyhkjad eyźhpjad ~ynĘnjmh f 'sndcnjufyhjad ey~Ũuph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn jhkh#86ź~ eh sn jn cfmnjmhm~ ra}fufpja#ryhpjh ymnŨnjmh a aejas~ sl~rŨufjslfg eacaph*

Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh+ f ra aifc~ spamfg jheknźjasuf f ra jhăfj~ aek~ăfphjmh jmnjfgrakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh+ jn ryfrheh lhundayfmf ăpysufg ̀ nenyhofmh* Fsuayfmslf+ rakfufălf fnujfălf yh}ka}f+ lha f ăfjmnjfoh rasuamhjmh sndcnjufyhjad 'raefmnkmnjad ey~Ũuph+sjhźja emnk~m~ ~ ryfkad hyd~cnju~ eh lajsufu~ufpjf jhyaef f njufunuf fchm~ ryhpa jhŨfyal~ h~uajacfm~ f r~j~ yhpjaryhpjasu ~ pyŨnjm~ eyźhpjn pkhsuf* Eaehujf yh}kad mnf ăfjmnjfoh eh ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~+ ihync jhănkja+ rasuamf cad~Ąjasu ryndkh#

92shphjmh ra jhofajhkjac asjap~* _~Ũufjh rasuamhjmh Each jhyaeh jfmn shca ~ ua#cn+ rh ăhl jfmn rypnjsupnja ~ uacn+ eh Ũufuf pfuhkjn jhofajhkjn fjunynsn+ lamf sn

fajhla jn cad~ rynof}ja aeynefuf+ pnĄ f eh ain}ifmnef r~j~ yhpjaryhpjasu njufunuhf lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh lha rakfufălfg s~imnlhuh ~ ryaons~ aek~ăfphjmh* Ehlkn+s~Ũufjh jfmn ~ uacn eh Eac jhyaeh Ũufuf fjunynsn nujfălfg dy~rh f sryfmnăf hsfcfkhofm~jnln ae jmfg+ pnĄ eh ain}ifmnef jmfgap~ nd}fsunjofm~ lha rakfufălfg laknlufpfunuh

98lamf lajsufu~fŨ~ f pyŨn eyźhpj~ pkhsu* Lhe iashjslagnyondaphăla ey~Ũupa jn if

87

pkhsuf+ sphlf japf sh}fp mn eajasfa spn pnĄf iyam }hlajh= rypf sh}fp Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn'chjehujf rnyfae 8660#8667 mn ~spamfa ashcjhnsu }hlajh< ey~df sh}fp '8667#9222* ephensnurnu< uynĄf sh}fp '9222#9229* Ũn}ensnu uyf< ănupyuf sh}fp '9229#9220* 996< h rnuf sh}fp mn earakapfjn spad chjehuh ~spamfa 40 }hlajh 'pfemnuf Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofm~ Rhykhcnjuhyjnsl~rŨufjn IfG+ guur=!!ttt*rhykhcnju*ih!fjenw9*rgr1arofmh3shey}hmf&fe359&mn}fl3i*_uhkja rapnĄhjmn iyamh ~spamnjfg }hlajh mn yn}~kuhu suhifkf}hofmn eyźhpjn pkhsuf f rynjashjheknźjasuf jh Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~+ hkf jf apf ăfjfaof jn if cadkf eapnsuf ea aphla aifcjn}hlajaehpjn hlufpjasuf eh jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn ra snif aunźhph}hlajaehpjf rasu~rhl*86 Ra ryhpfk~+ eajmf eac `nenyhkjad rhykhcnjuh mn sjhźjfmf ~suhpjf ăfjfkho ~ ăpyŨĄfc`nenyhofmhch+ ~ lamfch fsuayfmslf+ rakfufălf f nujfălf yh}ka}f jn }hgufmnphm~ pnkfl~ shcasuhkjasu`nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh 'ryfcmny s~ Jmnchălh f H~suyfmh* @nenyhofmn jh ăfmf s~ jhsuhjhl ~ pnĄam cmnyf~ufohkf nujfălf+ fsuayfmslf fkf rakfufălf yh}ka}f s~ ain}ifmnefkn pnĄ~ shcasuhkjasu `nenyhkjfg

mnefjfoh f yhpjaryhphj rakaźhm eacaph `nenyhkjad }hlajaehpjh ufmnkh* Rajnlhe mn dayjmf eacăhl sjhźjfmf ~suhpjf ăfjfkho 'ryfcmny _njhuh ~ Lajdyns~ _HE*92 ^ sh}fp~ Rynesuhpjfălad each }h chjehujf rnyfae 9220#9282* daefjh sn jhkh}n ephensnu ephraskhjflh iaŨjmhăln jhofajhkjasuf+ ănuyjhnsu raskhjflh syrsln jhofajhkjasuf f Ũnsu raskhjflhgyphusln jhofajhkjasuf* 'p* Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofm~ Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+guur=!!ttt*rhykhcnju*ih!fjenw9*rgr1arofmh3shey}hmf&fe35&mn}fl3i98 ċhl if sn cadka yh}cfskfuf f a uacn eh rynesmnehphm~Ąnd _hpmnuh cfjfsuhyh fcnj~mnRhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh h jn shca Rynesuhpjfălf eac* Ey~da f+ ra jhch+ ryfgphukmfpfmn ymnŨnjmnif ifka eh Rhykhcnjuhyjh sl~rŨufjh ifyh _hpmnu cfjfsuhyh ~ omnkfjf h jn shca eh fcnj~mnrynesmnehphm~Ąnd* Ufcn if ifkf jhdkhŨnjf nkncnjuf rhykhcnjuhyjad sfsunch f amhăhjh ra}fofmhRhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn ~ aejas~ jh RynesmnejfŨupa*

^rylas uacn Ũua s~ eacapf Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn yhpjaryhpjf ~ pyŨnjm~ }hlajaehpjn



84

ifka raefmnkmnja jh jhăfj eh uyf nujfăln dy~rn+ sh srknuac spamfg aydhjf}hofmh ffjsufu~ofmh f jmfgapfg cnĘ~saijfg aejash+ jn ăfjn ynkhufpja }hupaynjn raesfsuncn+jn if ifka yh}kadh eh Eac jhyaeh i~en yhpjaryhphj sh Rynesuhpjfălfc eacac ~pyŨnjm~ jheknźjasuf Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn* Uheh if ifka eapakmja ~upyefuf ynkh#ufpja rynof}j~ kfsu~ rfuhjmh a lamfch aj caźn aek~ăfphuf+ f ua fslkm~ăfpa ~ ofkm~ }hŨuf#un ajadh Ũua s~ pfuhkjf fjunynsf mnejn jhofmn* Hkf+ raefmnkmnjasu iashjslagnyonda#phălad ey~Ũuph f raepamnjasu uyfm~ nujfălfg }hmnejfoh mn eapnkh ea uadh eh sn ~alpfy~ sphln ae jmfg ynkhufpja shcasuhkja f omnkapfua aefdyhphm~ spf ryaonsf lamf s~lhyhlunyfsufăjf }h mnehj ey~Ũupnjf sfsunc* Un nujfăln dy~rn fchm~ spamn rakfufălnrynesuhpjfln ‟ jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun ‟ lamf fg rynesuhpkmhm~ rynch ‚srakmjacspfmnu~‛+ aejasja rynch ey~dn epfmn nujfăln dy~rn* _uadh mn aph raefmnkmnjasuiashjslagnyondaphălad ey~Ũuph e~iala rakfuf}aphjh f jhŨkh mn spam f}yh} ~ suy~l#

u~yf f jhăfj~ aek~ăfphjmh eyźhpjfg fjsufu~ofmh* Jfmn+ ehlkn+ yfmnă a uacn eh ey~dhăfmfaejasf sl~rŨufjslfg eacaph uynih eh ain}ifmnen n`flhsjfmf yhe Rhykhcnjuhyjnsl~rŨufjn+ pnĄ eh sn ryajhĘ~ fjsufu~ofajhkjh ymnŨnjmh lamh earyfjasn rynph}fkhźn#jm~ ̀ yhdcnjuhofmn ey~Ũuph*

ûpyĘfphjmn kfsun rfuhjmh ae pfuhkjad jhofajhkjad fjunynsh ~ ̂ suhp~ Iasjn fGnyondapfjn if ifka ryfgphukmfpa shca hla if Eac jhyaeh ifa aydhjf}aphj uhla ehfsuapyncnja rynesuhpkmh f njufunun f lajsufu~ufpjn jhyaen* ^ uac sk~ăhm~ if njuf#unuslh }hlajaehpjh ufmnkh+ paenĄf yhă~jh a c~kufnujfăjasuf spamfg enkndhofmh+ ifyhkh

mnejhl iyam enkndhuh ~ Eac jhyaeh lamf if fcha fsun jheknźjasuf lha f Rynesuhp#

jfălf eac* Eac jhyaeh if ~ uac sk~ăhm~ aek~ăfpha pnĄfjac dkhsaph spamfgăkhjaph* Jmndapf ăkhjapf if aifăja dkhshkf lha rynesuhpjfof njufunuh+ hkf if snfsuapyncnja lajsufu~fshkf ~ lk~iapn enkndhuh lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh lamf if cadkfeh ryadkhsn jnla rfuhjmn pfuhkjfc }h fjunyns spad jhyaeh+ jhlaj ăndh lajlynujhaek~lh jn if cadkh ifuf eajnsnjh in} shdkhsjasuf pnĄfjn enkndhuh f} yneh sph uyflajsufu~ufpjh jhyaeh*

99Rasnihj rynecnu yhsryhpn rynesuhpkmh u}p* njufunusla dkhshjmn* Jmndap~sheyźfj~ aeynĘ~mn ~suhpjh jaych ra lamam sn aek~ln ~ Rhykhcnjuhyjam sl~rŨufjfeajasn pnĄfjac dkhsaph ryfs~ujfg f dkhshkfg ăkhjaph+ rae ~skapac eh uh pnĄfjh

ai~gphuh jhmchjmn mnej~ uynĄfj~ ăkhjaph ifyhjfg sh unyfuayfmn sphlad njufunuh* Hlauh pnĄfjh jn caźn ifuf rasufdj~uh+ aek~lh Ąn ifuf ~spamnjh rae ~skapac eh ryaufpjmn jn dkhshm~ epfmn uynĄfjn fkf pfŨn ăkhjaph ifyhjfg jh unyfuayfmf sphlad njufunuh*Ryfcmnjh u}p* njufunuslad dkhshjmh ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~ aesu~rh ae ~aifăhmnjfgymnŨnjmh a jhăfj~ aek~ăfphjmh eajmnd each ̀ nenyhkjad }hlajaehpjad ufmnkh* Lhla

mn uhm eac ~pfmnl rynesuhpjfŨupa dyhĘhjh+ h sphlh `nenyhkjh eyźhph fch spamndyhĘhjn jn}hpfsja ae uadh ~ lamam ̀ nenyhkjam mnefjfof asuphy~m~ spamh rakfufălh ryh#

99

nkfun jn cad~ rasufĄf lajsnj}~s a ynpf}fmf ̂ suhph*Aja mn uakfla }jhăhmja eh rynesuhpkmh mnehj a lkm~ăjfg yh}kadh }iad lamfg jhofajhkjn rakfufăln



87

ph+ jnch asjaph }h njufunusla dkhshjmn ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~ mny mn aj ryne#suhpjfŨupa spfg dyhĘhjh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ h jn rasnija dyhĘhjh mnejad ae#jasja ey~dad njufunuh* Aja mn ~pnenja s ofkmnc srynăhphjmh ryndkhshphjmh lamn mn

jhănkja cad~Ąn ~ apac eac~ }iad uadh Ũua s~ jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun pyka jn#yhpjacmnyja rynesuhpkmnjn ~ jmndapac shsuhp~* Njufunusla dkhshjmn uynih eh ajn#cad~Ąf eajaŨnjmn aek~lh ryaufp pakmn ăkhjaph Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn ifyhjfg ~

mnejac njufunu~*Njufunusla dkhshjmn+ cnĘ~ufc+ jn fslkm~ă~mn cad~Ąjasu ryndkhshphjmh ~

Rynesuhpjfălac eac~+ aejasja eajaŨnjmh aek~lh in} lajsnj}~sh jhofajhkjfgrakfufălfg nkfuh* Aja ua shca aunźhph mny aek~lh caźn ifuf eajnsnjh hla mn }h jm~dkhshkh shca mnejh uynĄfjh ăkhjaph each ifyhjfg jh unyfuayfmf mnejad aejasja ey~#

9?dad njufunuh* _h suhjapfŨuh encalyhuslad ryaonsh rakfufălad aek~ăfphjmh uhlph

aek~lh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn jn if cadkh ifuf kndfufcjh* Ryaiknc mn ~ uacn Ũuas~ dyhĘhjf+ lha jasfaof s~pnynjfunuh+ raefmnkmnjf ~ njufunuslh ifyhălh ufmnkh f lhadyhĘhjf njufunuh+ Ũua mn ~ s~ryaujasuf sh ăfjmnjfoac eh Rynesuhpjfălf eac uynih ehrynesuhpkmh dyhĘhjn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn lha jnemnkmfp~ omnkfj~+ jn}hpfsja ae uadh~ lac njufunu~ asuphy~m~ spam rakfufălf s~imnlufpfunu* Njufunusla dkhshjmn mn yn}~kuhulacryacfsh ra lacn mn `~jlofmh Rynesuhpjfălad each layfdaphjh rhyofmhkjfc}hsu~rhjmnc njufunuh lha eyźhpja#ryhpjfg omnkfjh rh sn uhla f cadka ensfuf eh snnjufunuslfc dkhshjmnc yh}ifmn omnkfjh rakfufălad s~imnlufpfunuh dyhĘhjsuph Iasjn fGnyondapfjn+ h eh sn jn supayn ra~}ehjf cnghjf}cf }h srynăhphjmn ryndkhshphjmh*

^lakfla mn Eac jhyaeh yhpjaryhphj sh Rynesuhpjfălfc eacac ~ ryaons~eajaŨnjmh aek~lh+ jnch yh}kadh }h njufunusla dkhshjmn ~ apac ey~dac* ̂ sk~ăhm~eh aek~lh i~en eajnsnjh ryndkhshphjmnc ~ Rynesuhpjfălac eac~+ enkndhuf f} yneh

mnejad lajsufu~ufpjad jhyaeh ~ Eac~ jhyaeh if cadkf sryfmnăfuf jmnja lajhăja95~sphmhjmn*

9?

dkhshjm~+ h }h ryfmnekad jnln aek~ln dkhsh ephensnu raskhjflh f} @nenyhofmn f Ũnsu f} Ynr~ikfln_yrsln+ schuyhĄn sn eh mn uh aek~lh ~spamnjh+ fhla mn ryaufp jmn dkhshka ashc raskhjflh f}Ynr~ikfln _yrsln+ ehlkn pnĄfjh raskhjflh ifyhjfg jh jmnjam unyfuayfmf*95 Jn caźn sn h ryfayf upyefuf eh if aphlhp jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn rynumnyhjafkf s~pfŨn ănsua aunźhpha jmnj yhe* _phlh jhofajhkjh rakfufălh nkfuh mn raefmnkmnjh ~ pfŨnrakfufălfg suyhjhlh* Jh eyźhpjac jfpa~ sn ~pfmnl àycfyh ‚pnkflh lahkfofmh‛ efmnkaph spn uyfjhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun+ uhla eh Ąn ajn+ ryfmn jnda Ũua ryfsu~rn eajaŨnjm~ aek~ln ~Rhykhcnjuhyjam sl~rŨufjf+ paefuf yhă~jh eh ajh i~en ryfgphukmfph }h spn lahkfofajn rhyujnyn* Uajn }jhăf eh s~ ikalhen jncad~Ąn+ pnĄ shca eh mn jmfgaph f}pmnsjasu chjmh+ raŨua lahkfofajfrhyujnyf ~pfmnl cayhm~ paefuf yhă~jh a lacryacfsjac lhyhluny~ aek~lh* Phjryhpjf ̀ hluayf+ lhaŨua s~ suyhjhălf shsuhp sl~rŨufjslfg pnĄfjh f pkheh jh njufunuslac f eyźhpjac jfpa~+ lha fhlu~nkjh rakfufălh rfuhjmh+ ifuja ~ufă~ jh yhe Rhykhcnjuhyjn sl~rŨufjn* Ua jhmiakmn raupyĘ~mnaejas ~spamnjfg f jn~spamnjfg }hlajslfg ryfmnekadh ~ sh}fp~ 9222#9229* f lhsjfmfc sh}fpfch'sh f}~}nulac 9224* daefjn*

Jh ryfcmny+ hla smnejfof Rynesuhpjfălad each ryfs~sup~m~ spf raskhjfof f ajf ryfsu~rn





92

aydhjf}hofmf f jhăfj~ yheh rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh f raemnkf jheknźjasuf* _uadh sn sphlhrakfufălh fkf jh~ăjh yhsryhph a ~suhpjam ynàycf ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf lajonjuyfŨnjh eph dkhpjh rfuhjmh= shsuhp+ jhăfj f}iayh f aek~ăfphjmh rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmhIasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ s mnejn suyhjn f jhăfj jh lamf mn f}pyŨnjh raemnkh jheknźjasuff}cnĘ~ eyźhpn f njufunuh+ s ey~dn*

_yrslh rakfufălh nkfuh caźn ifuf en`fjfshjh lha ‚~suhpaiyhjfunkmslh‛+ eal s~iaŨjmhălh f gyphuslh ‚~suhpaynàychuaysln‛+ fhla jh pyka yh}kfăfun jhăfjn* ̂ raef#

mnkmnjac ey~Ũup~ Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn uyf eacfjhjujh rakfufălh s~imnluh sn }jh#ăhmja yh}kfl~m~ ~ spamfc radknefch jh ~suhpjn ynàyc~+ Ũua ifuja ~ufăn jh jmnj~cad~Ąjasu f sheyźhm* _yrslh rakfufălh nkfuh }hdaphyh aă~phjmn rasuamnĄnd ~suhpjadsfsunch lamf raăfph jh epanjufunuslac ~ynĘnjm~+ h ryaufpf sn f ehkmjmnc rynjas~

90

jheknźjasuf jh eyźhpjf jfpa* _yrsln rakfufăln suyhjln ryfgphuhm~ yhsryhp~ a ~suhp#jam ynàycf+ rae ~skapac eh ajh jn eapaef ~ rfuhjmn nd}fsunjofm~ njufunuh f easufd#94j~uf jfpa jmfgapn h~uajacfmn* Hla if ifkh jhcnuj~uh ~suhpjh ynàych lamh if

~dya}fkh ~suhpj~ ra}fofm~ Ynr~ikfln _yrsln+ syrslh rakfufălh nkfuh if yh}cauyfkhcad~Ąjasu aydhjf}aphjmh yn`nynje~ch }h auomnrkmnjmn* Rynjas jheknźjasuf shYnr~ikfln _yrsln jh Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ if ifa ryfgphukmfp shca hla if a jmnc~aek~ăfkh Jhyaejh sl~rŨufjh Ynr~ikfln _yrsln ra rasu~rl~ }h ryacmnj~ ^suhph

90

lha njufunu ~ IfG f ua schuyhca cfjfc~cac jhŨnd jhofajhkja#rakfufălad alpfyh*‛ 'Ryfmnekad rakfufăln rkhuàycn _yrsln encalyhusln suyhjln+ Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh _E_#h+ guur=!! ttt*sesys*oac!fjenw*rgr1arufaj3oacQoajunju&uhsl3pfnt&fe39>&Funcfe3?9* Rhyufmhencalyhuslad ryadynsh 'RER ~ spamam Ryadyhcslam ayfmnjuhofmf upyef eh mn Ynr~ikflh _yrslharufchkja ymnŨnjmn syrslad jhofajhkjad rfuhjmh ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf ~ apac fsuayfmslacuynj~ul~+ cheh if f ey~dh ymnŨnjmh ryhpjad f rakfufălad rakaźhmh Ynr~ikfln _yrsln cadkh ifufryfgphukmfph* 'Ryadyhcslh ayfmnjuhofmh RER#h }h daefjn 9224#9282+ Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh RER#h+ guur=!!ttt*rerfjà*jnu!shey}hm*rgr1fe385894 ‛_yrslh encalyhuslh suyhjlh ryfgphuh yh}dapayn a raiakmŨhjm~ sfsuncslfg ymnŨnjmh+ ~lakflaajh eajasn ryasrnyfunu dyhĘhjfch f ~lakfla jn y~Ũn suyhunŨl~ suhifkjasu ey~Ũuph f enmuajsl~

njufunusl~ suy~lu~y~ IfG* ]jhăf ryfgphuhca spn ryacmnjn lamn eajasn raiakmŨhjmn n`flhsjasuf faedapayjasuf fjsufu~ofmh+ h jfs~ ~ s~ryaujasuf sh fjunynsfch Ynr~ikfln _yrsln f jmnjfg dyhĘhjh*‛'Ryfmnekad rakfufăln rkhuàycn _yrsln encalyhusln suyhjln+ jhp* emnka* ‛Jmndaph s~Ũufjslhynpf}fmh if eapnkh ea japfg unj}fmh f s~laih ~ ăfuhpac yndfaj~* Cfyapjf srayh}~c f ^suhpjfalpfy cad~Ąn mn cfmnjmhuf shca lajsnj}~sac f fslynjac pakmac njufunuh+ lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaehf dyhĘhjh ~ IfG+ f shca ~ ryhpo~ suphyhjmh n`flhsjad f jnefslyfcfjhuayslad sfsunch+lacrhufifkjad s npyarslfc suhjehyefch*‛ 'Rakfufălf ryadyhc _hpn}h jn}hpfsjfg saofmhk#encalyhuh+ Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh _J_E#h+ guur=!!ttt*sjse*ayd!ejj!Rayuhks!2!Eal~cnjuf! rakfufolfRyadyhc*re`+ suy* 9* ‛]iad uadh RER jnĄn fĄf fsrae pnĄ yhjfmn }hoyuhjad cfjfc~ch+ hua mn arsuhjhl njufunuslad dkhshjmh lha dhyhjofmh yhpjaryhpjasuf Y_ ~ IfG* Ryfsuhjhl jh~lfehjmn njufunuslad dkhshjmh ~ asjapf }jhăf ryfsuhjhl jh ~lfehjmn Y_*‛ 'Ryadyhcslhayfmnjuhofmh RER#h }h daefjn 9224#9282+ jhp* emnka*

Jh ryfcmny+ _yrslh encalyhuslh suyhjlh fsufăn= ‚]iad uadh sn }hkhźnca }h Ynr~ikfl~ _yrsl~



98

uad njufunuh* _yrslh rakfufălh nkfuh sn+ cnĘ~ufc+ ~ ryfjofr~ ryaufpf ehkmjmnc ryn#jas~ jheknźjasuf jh fjsufu~ofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

_yrsln rakfufăln suyhjln sn yh}kfl~m~ ~ radkne~ sryncjasuf jh aeynĘnjmn ai#kflh eyźhpjad ~ynĘnjmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* Aifăja f}imndhphm~ eh sn f}yfăfuaf}mhsjn a uacn lhlpa mn f lhlpa uynih eh i~en jmnja eyźhpja ~ynĘnjmn* F eal ~pfmnlfsufă~ spam~ ryfpyźnjasu ~suhpjac suhu~s~ x~a+ yfmnula dh aeynĘ~m~ lha ̀ nenyhkja fkflaj`nenyhkja ~ynĘnjmn '~jfuhyja shca ra snif jn eakh}f ~ ai}fy mny sn fjsfsufyh jhskaźnjac lhyhluny~ Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn shsuhpkmnjn ae eph njufunuh* Efa syrslnrakfufăln nkfun mn ~ uac radkne~ ~ăfjfa fslayhl ~ raskmnejmn pyfmncn+ fsufă~Ąf spamn}hkhdhjmn }h `nenyhkj~ Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~+ rae ~skapac eh Ynr~ikflh _yrslh

96i~en mnejh ae ̀ nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh sh Ũfyalfc apkhŨĄnjmfch*Gyphuslh rakfufălh nkfuh mn mnefjsupnjh ~ suhp~ eh ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn

uynih ifuf ynpfefyhj+ lhla ~ radkne~ jmnjn unyfuayfmhkjn aydhjf}hofmn+ uhla f aikflheyźhpjad ~ynĘnjmh* Ajh schuyh eh Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh uynih eh i~en ~ynĘnjh lha`nenyhkjh eyźhph ~ lamam Ąn `nenyhkjn mnefjfon ryfchyja ifuf lajsufu~fshjn rynchnujfălac lyfunyfm~* Eyźhph if ifkh shsuhpkmnjh ae uyf fkf pfŨn ̀ nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh lamnjn if cayhkn fchuf unyfuayfmhkjf lajufj~funu+ ăfcn sn fcrkfofyh eh sphlf lajsufu~ufpjfjhyae uynih eh fch ‚spam~‛ ̀ nenyhkj~ mnefjfo~+ aejasja ̀ nenyhkj~ mnefjfo~ ~ lamamif rynesuhpkmha pnĄfj~ suhjapjfŨuph f ufcn `hlufălf eacfjfyha ryaonsac aek~ăf#

?2phjmh* @nenyhkja eyźhpja ~ynĘnjmn mn jhmiakmn ymnŨnjmn }h Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~

97

97

}hmnejfăln aydhjn rfuhjmn mnejhla ~suhpjfc hchjechjfch f eh sn caźn ăfjfuf shcaepauynĄfjslac pnĄfjac ~ Rhykhcnju~+ h jn }hlkm~ăofch fkf aek~lhch*‛ 'Asjapn ryadyhcsln rkhuàycn }h rnyfae 9220* ‟ 9282* daefjh+ Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh _J_E#h+ guur=!!ttt*sjse*ayd! ejj!Rayuhks!2!Eal~cnjuf!ryadyhc*re`96 ‚^ i~e~Ąjasuf _J_E pfef Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ lha skaźnj~ `nenyhkj~ eyźhpj~ }hmnejfo~+ ~lamam jflac jfmn ufmnsja f ~ lamam jfla jflac jn jhcnĄn ymnŨnjmh* ^ uam f uhlpam Iasjf fGnyondapfjf Ynr~ikflh _yrslh mn mnejh `nenyhkjh mnefjfoh+ sh sjhźjfc jheknźjasufch+rynra}jhukmfph f eaiya aydhjf}aphjh*‛ 'Asjapn ryadyhcsln rkhuàycn }h rnyfae 9220* ‟ 9282*daefjh+ jhp* emnka?2

Uhla GE] IfG en`fjfŨn Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ lha `nenyhkj~ eyźhp~ shsuhpkmnj~ ae ănufyf`nenyhkjn mnefjfon* I~e~Ąf eh mnej~ `nenyhkj~ mnefjfo~ uynih eh ăfjf efsuyflu _hyhmnpa+ h eh snrynasuhkn uyf aiyh}~m~ jh uncnkm~ fsuayfmslfg+ nujfălfg f ey~dfg lyfunyfmh+ ăfmn arŨufjn jn cayhm~ăfjfuf mnej~ rapn}hj~ omnkfj~+ jn caźn sn }hlkm~ăfuf jfŨuh ey~da asfc eh ~ sphlam ae jmfg uynih eheacfjfyh ra mnehj lajsufu~ufpjf jhyae* ' Jhănkh ~suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ Fjunyjnuryn}njuhofmh GE]#h IfG+ guur=!!ttt*ge}ifg*ayd!tniyaau!ms!~rkahene!jhonkh*eao* ‚]iaduadh sn }hkhźnca eh sn IfG aydhjf}fyh lha ̀ nenyhkjh eyźhph ~j~uhy lamn if sn ̀ nenyhkjn mnefjfonàycfyhkn uncnkmnc nujfălad hkf f asuhkfg phźjfg lyfunyfmh lha Ũua s~ }nckmarfsjf+ dasraehyslf+ryacnujf+ rapfmnsjf fue*‛ 'Rkhuàych }h japf ~suhp IfG + Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh GE] 8662+guur=!!ge}8662*ayd!fjenw*rgr1arufaj3oacQoajunju&uhsl3pfnt&fe396&Funcfe3?6* GE]8662+ cnĘ~ufc+ ~ spac ryfmnekad~ japfg ~suhpjfg ymnŨnjmh jn rynof}fyh iyam i~e~Ąfg ̀ nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh+ jhpaenĄf shca eh fg jn caźn ifuf chjmn ae uyf*

‚^ ifujfc f}cmnjhch uynih lajhăja en`fjfshuf eh mn rynjas jheknźjasuf s njufunuh jh



99

}iad pfŨnjhofajhkjad lhyhlunyh jmnjad ey~Ũuph* Aja if sn yh}kflaphka ae rasua# mnĄfg ~suhpjfg ymnŨnjmh f }iad uadh Ũua mn rasuamnĄf ~suhp aluyafshj f jn ain}imnĘ~mnyhpjaryhpjasu sph uyf jhyaeh* _uadh gyphuslh rakfufălh nkfuh+ lha f syrslh+ schuyh ehjapf ̂ suhp uynih eh i~en yn}~kuhu lacryacfsh uyf jhyaeh* UynĄh gyphuslh rakfufălhdy~rhofmh schuyh eh uynih ~lfj~uf njufunun+ h Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ aydhjf}aphuf lha

?8‚mnefjsupnj~ enonjuyhkf}fyhj~ ̀ nenyhofm~ ź~rhjfmh fkf ralyhmfjh‛*PaenĄn rakfufăln suyhjln lya} lamn gyphuslh rakfufălh nkfuh asuphy~mn spam

~ufohm sn jn yh}kfl~m~ ifuja jf ~ spac pfĘnjm~ ramnefjfg nkncnjhuh i~e~Ąnd ~suhp#jad ~ynĘnjmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* Ajn s~ mnefjsupnjn ~ suhp~ eh i~e~Ąf rhykh#cnju Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn uynih eh asuhjn epaeac f eh dh ăfjn ]hsu~rjfălf eac f

?9rasyneja ifyhjf Eac jhyaeh* Pkheh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn uynih eh i~en rhyfunuja

shsuhpkmnjh* Yh}kfln sn mhpkmhm~ ~ radkne~ ~ynĘnjmh fjsufu~ofmn Ũn`h eyźhpn* Ra mnejac cfŨkmnjm~+ aj mn fjalasjf aydhj ladh }hmneja sh eph earynesmnejflh 'f}yneh yh}kfăfufg lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh ifyh Rhykhcnju IfG+ eal ra ey~dac

??cfŨkmnjm~ uynih eh asuhjn uyaăkhja RynesmnejfŨupa IfG*Gyphuslh rakfufălh nkfuh+ raefmnkmnjh ~ pfŨn rakfufălfg suyhjhlh+ mn u}p* Lyn#

?5Ũnpslac enlkhyhofmac ~srmnkh rasufĄf lajsnj}~s a ifujfc rfuhjmfch ~suhpjnynàycn ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf* Ajh sn ~ apam enlkhyhofmf enlkhyfŨn lha }hdapayjflaă~phjmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn ~ lamam Ąn uyf jhyaeh ifuf lajsufu~ufpjf jh ofmnkamunyfuayfmf* Rauynija mn eajfmnuf japf ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn lamf uynih eh raăfph

jh jhănkfch syh}cmnyn fkf rhyfunuh '}hpfsja ae uadh eh kf sn yhef a f}iay~ }hla#jaehpjn pkhsuf fkf f}iay~!fcnjaphjm~ jh f}pyŨjn fkf ryhpas~ejn ̀ ~jlofmn+ lajsnj#}~sh f yauhofmn lamfch uynih eh sn ain}ifmnef }hsu~rkmnjasu sph uyf lajsufu~ufpjhaydhjh ~ fjsufu~ofmhch Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ }hŨufuh jmfgapfg fjunynsh ~ ryaons~aek~ăfphjmh f yhpjaryhpjasu ~ rynesmnehphjm~ ufc fjsufu~ofmhch* Epanjufunusla~ynĘnjmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn uynih eh i~en jhr~Ũunja+ h ajh uynih eh i~en ~suya#

mnjh lha enonjuyhkf}aphjh eyźhph sh uyf jfpah pkhsuf* ^ shcam Enlkhyhofmf jn rfŨnjfŨuh a iyam~ rakfufăla#unyfuayfmhkjfg mnefjfoh lamn Ąn ăfjfuf synejmf jfpa pkhsuf* Jfmn

?8

f ryfmn ~mnefjmnjmh sh JGF ~ rasnijam enlkhyhofmf a ~suhpjfc rfuhjmfch ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf*?9 Apa cfŨkmnjmn jn efmnkf Gyphuslh snkmhălh suyhjlh ‟ Japh gyphuslh fjfofmhufph 'G__#JGF+ raăfmnc cfŨkmnjm~ jnch yh}kadh }h rasuamhjmn Each jhyaeh ~lakfla if rakfufălf sfsunc Iasjn fGnyondapfjn ifa easkneja ~ynĘnj jh ryfjofrfch lajsaofmhufpjn encalyhufmn* 'F}mhphrynesmnejflh G__#JGF+ tni rayuhk ‚95 shuh‛+ >* m~j 9224+ guur=!!ttt*95shuh*fjà!>669?? Rypf ryfmnekad }hsu~rh GE]IfG ~ spac jhoyu~ ~suhph+ h ey~df GE] 8662*?5 Unlsu LynŨnpsln enlkhyhofmn+ lamh mn raurfshjh 98* snrunciyh 9224* daefjn ~ dyhe~ LynŨnpaae suyhjn Ũnsu rakfufălfg suyhjhlh+ sn caźn jhĄf jh rayuhk~ Gyphuslad l~ku~yjad pfmnĄh=guur=!!ghlhpn*ayd!fjenw*rgr1arufaj3oacQoajunju&uhsl3pfnt&fe38528&Funcfe38?4

^ rfuhjm~ mn Gyphuslh snkmhălh suyhjlh ‟ Japh gyphuslh fjfofmhufph* A uacn sn G__ f}mhsjfkh maŨ



9?

shspfc mhsja eh kf if un mnefjfon fchkn ~suhpja#ryhpjf suhu~s ̀ nenyhkjfg mnefjfoh 'Ũuasn caźn rynurasuhpfuf+ s ai}fyac jh jhănkjn suhpapn a apac rfuhjm~ dkhpjfgraurfsjfoh Enlkhyhofmn+ jfuf lakfla if ifa jmfgap iyam*

^ uncnkm~ nujfălad ~suhpaynàychuaysuph iaŨjmhăln rakfufăln nkfun sn jhkh}ffenmh dyhĘhjsln yndfajhkjn eyźhpn* Aph rakfufălh nkfuh sn }hkhźn }h uncnkmj~ ynpf}f#

m~ ~suhpjad sfsunch lamac if njufunuf ifkf ~lfj~uf+ h Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh ~suyamnjhlha eyźhph yndfmh lamn if ifkn ̀ aycfyhjn jh nlajacslfc+ dnadyh`slfc+ shaiyhĄhm#jfc f ey~dfc lyfunyfmfch jn#nujfălad sheyźhmh* ̂ uhlpam eyźhpf if yndfmn fchkn }jhu#ja ~źn jheknźjasuf jnda Ũua fg fchm~ shehŨjmf njufunuf* Ramnefjn rakfufăln suyhjln snyh}kfl~m~ ~ sgphuhjm~ ~suhpja#ryhpjad rakaźhmh yndfmh* _uyhjlh encalyhusln hl#ofmn '_EH+ jh ryfcmny+ dapayf a nlajacslfc yndfmhch lamn if fchkn rhykhcnju f

pkhe~+ h rfuhjmh f} spamn jheknźjasuf if ~ynĘfphkn aek~lhch+ eal if }hlajaehpjhjheknźjasu ifkh yn}nypfshjh }h eyźhpjf rhykhcnju* Aj if ifa epaeac+ raŨua ~jmnc~ cayhm~ ifuf rynesuhpkmnjf dyhĘhjf f jh aedaphyhm~Ąf jhăfj }hŨufĄnjf fjunynsflajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh+ hkf eacapf jn if ifkf yhpjaryhpjf ~ pyŨnjm~ }hlajaehpjnpkhsuf+ raŨua if ey~df eac cadha aek~ăfphuf shca a uhlshufpja jhiyamhjfcrfuhjmfch ae pfuhkjad fjunynsh lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh*

Eal phźnĄf ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn rynepfĘh eh s~ jasfaof s~pnynjfunuhdyhĘhjf f lajsufu~ufpjf jhyaef+ _uyhjlh }h Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ '_IfG ~ spac Jh#

?>oyu~ ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn rynekhźn eh jasfkho s~pnynjfunuh i~en jhyae '~

scfsk~ rakfufălad jhyaeh aejasja dyhĘhjh* F aph suyhjlh sn }hkhźn }h yndfajhkja~ynĘnjmn eyźhpn* Rasuamhkh if uyf jfpah pkhsuf ‟ eyźhpjf+ yndfajhkjf f arŨufjslf*Yndfmn jn if cadkn ifuf aiyh}aphjn jh uncnkm~ nujfălad fkf fsuayfmslad+ pnĄ shcanlajacslad+ shaiyhĄhmjad+ l~ku~yjad fkf dnadyh`slad lyfunyfmh* Ajn if pyŨfkn}hlajaehpj~ f f}pyŨj~ pkhsu+ h ~ jmfgapam jheknźjasuf if ifkf raskapf lamf jfs~ ehuf ~jheknźjasu eyźhpf* Rhykhcnju if ifa epaeac f ăfjfkf if dh Rynesuhpjfălf eac f _njhulha rynesuhpjfŨupa yndfmh* Jhoyu ^suhph jn rynepfĘh rasnijn cnghjf}cn }hŨufunpfuhkjfg jhofajhkjfg fjunynsh+ jfuf ryfcmnj~ ryfjofrh syh}cmnyjn fkf rhyfunujn}hsu~rkmnjasuf lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh ~ rakfufălfc fjsufu~ofmhch* Ţn` eyźhpn if ifa

fjalasjf aydhj lamnd if ifyha Rynesuhpjfălf eac Rhykhcnjuh IfG+ f ua aifăjacpnĄfjac hla rynugaeja jn if cadkh ifuf rasufdj~uh uyaănupyufjslh pnĄfjh* Jmnc~if+ f}cnĘ~ asuhkfg+ ryfrhkh ryhph yhsr~Ũuhjmh rhykhcnjuhyjfg eacaph+ eajaŨnjmh~ynehih sh }hlajslac sjhdac f fcnjaphjmh ăkhjaph pkhen+ ăfmf shsuhp jn if cayhaifuf jhofajhkja ~yhpjaunźnj*

_aofmhk#encalyhuslh rhyufmh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn '_ERIfG ~ spac Jhoyu~^suhph Ynr~ikfln Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn en`fjfŨn Iasj~ f Gnyondapfj~ lha eyźhp~

?> Fjunyjnu ryn}njuhofmh _uyhjln }h IfG+ guur=!!}hifg*ih!eatjkahes!86Q?*re`



95

Ũnsu yndfmh ~ lamam s~pnynjfunu ryfrheh dyhĘhjfch 'ăk* 9* su* 9* Jhoyuh+ h IaŨjmhof+Gyphuf f _yif s~ lajsufu~ufpjf jhyaef lamf fchm~ ryhpa jh ryarayofajhkj~ fkfrhyfunuj~ }hsu~rkmnjasu ~ fjsufu~ofmhch pkhsuf+ aejasja ryhpa pnuh f ryhpa jhaek~ăfphjmn r~unc lajsnj}~sh a rfuhjmfch ae pfuhkjad jhofajhkjad fjunynsh 'ăk*?* Jheknźjasuf Ynr~ikfln s~ uhlshufpja jhiyamhjn ~ ăkhj~ ?0* Jhoyuh f pyka s~aifcjn* F}cnĘ~ asuhkad+ ai~gphuhm~ chlyanlajacsl~ rakfufl~+ ̀ fslhkj~ rakfufl~+eyźhpj~ rakfofm~+ }eyhpsupnj~ rakfufl~+ yhejaryhpjn aejasn+ ryaonsjn }hlajn+spamfjslaryhpjn aejasn+ saofmhkj~ rakfufl~ fue* ]hlajaehpj~ pkhsu ~ eyźhpf ifpyŨfa Rhykhcnju Ynr~ikfln Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ shsuhpkmnj ae Rynesuhpjfăladeach f Each yndfmh* _pn yndfmn if skhkn mnejhl iyam rynesuhpjflh ~ Eac yndfmh+ ryfănc~ if sn paefka yhă~jh eh ~ sphlam yndfmf i~en ifyhj fsuf iyam rynesuhpjflh spfg

lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh f aedaphyhm~Ąf iyam rynesuhpjflh asuhkfg 'ăk* 52* su* ?* Êac~ yndfmh if sn ̀ aycfyhkf f lk~iapf enkndhuh lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh lamf if paefkfyhă~jh a }hŨufuf pfuhkjfg jhofajhkjfg fjunynsh* F}pyŨjh pkhsu if ifkh raefmnkmnjhf}cnĘ~ Rynesmnejflh f Pkhen* Rynesmnejflh if ifyha Rynesuhpjfălf eac f} ynehspamfg ăkhjaph f jmndapn jheknźjasuf if ifkn chjmn jnda Ũua s~ jheknźjasuf Ryne#smnejfŨuph IfG ra shehŨjmnc ̂ suhp~* Jhoyu ̂ suhph jn sheyźf aeynein a jhofajhk#jac shsuhp~ Pkhen* _~esl~ pkhsu if pyŨfkf Pygapjf s~e+ yndfajhkjf f asjapjfs~eapf* Aphm jhoyu paef yhă~jh a ~ănŨĄ~ lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh ~ ryaons~ ynpf}fmn^suhph+ i~e~Ąf eh hchjechjf jn if cadkf ifuf ~spamnjf hla fg jn ryfgphuf pnĄfjh

syrslfg+ gyphuslfg f iaŨjmhălfg enkndhuh ~ Eac~ yndfmh*

]hlkm~ăhl

Jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun s~ dkhpjf jasfaof rakfufăln caĄf ~ cmnyf ~ lamam fcua ear~Ũuh AGY* ċhl f hla rakfufăln fjsufu~ofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ }iad rasnijn~kadn AGY#h+ jnchm~ cad~Ąjasu pyŨnjmh pkhsuf ~ cmnyf ~ lamam mn ua sk~ăhm ~ ey~#

?0 dfc eyźhphch+ cnĘ~jhyaejf `hluayf cayhm~ paefuf yhă~jh a suhpapfch f fjunyn#sfch jhofajhkjfg rakfufălfg nkfuh* _uadh ajn cayhm~ ifuf f rynecnu unayfmslad

fjunynsaphjmh+ ~rylas ăfjmnjfof eh emnk~m~ ~ ~skapfch ~skapjad s~pnynjfunuh* Ajnsn yh}kfl~m~ ~ s~Ũufjslfc rfuhjmfch ‟ eh kf Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh uynih eh rasuamflha eyźhph fkf lha shpn} eyźhph< lhlpa uynih eh i~en jmnja eyźhpja ~ynĘnjmn'`nenyhkja fkf ~jfuhyja&< lhlhp uynih eh i~en shsuhp rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh 'ryaray#ofajhkjh f!fkf rhyfunujh }hsu~rkmnjasu lajsufu~ufpjfg jhyaeh fkf }hsu~rkmnjasu dyhĘh#jh lha rakfufălad jhyaeh&< lhla ajn uynih eh aek~ă~m~ 'pnĄfjslfc jhănkac+ jh

?0

yfmnăf*]iad uadh sn aryhpehja rasuhpkmh rfuhjmn eh kf mn Iasjh f Gnyondapfjh eyźhph ~ ryhpac scfsk~



9>

ryfjofr~ ‚mnehj ăapmnl ‟ mnehj dkhs‛+ fkf ~} ryfcmnj~ cnghjf}hch }hŨufun pfuhkjfg?4 jhofajhkjfg fjunynsh &< lhla uynih eh i~e~ raefmnkmnjn jheknźjasuf f}cnĘ~ eyźhpn

?7f ‚synejmnd jfpah pkhsuf‛ f lhlph uynih eh i~en jmfgaph sheyźfjh* I~e~Ąf eh sn jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun jn cad~ srayh}~cmnuf a lkm~ăjfc

rfuhjmfch eyźhpjad ~ynĘnjmh f rakfufălad ynźfch Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ unŨla sn ~ikfslam i~e~Ąjasuf caźn aănlfphuf uncnkmjh ynpf}fmh jmnjad ^suhph* Ynhkjfmn mnaănlfphuf eh sn f}pyŨn jmndapn ear~jn+ lhla if ~suhpjh chunyfmh ifkh spnai~gphujaynd~kfshjh+ lhlhp mn sk~ăhm ~ ey~dfc ~suhpjfc sfsuncfch+ fsryhpn ryaufpymnăjasuf fjaychufpja ~slkhef sh suphyjfc+ i~e~Ąf eh mn ̂ suhp pfŨn r~uh ynpfefyhj aek~lhchpfsalad rynesuhpjflh fkf srayh}~cac njufunuh a rynjas~ jheknźjasuf+ ryf ănc~ jfs~pyŨnjn fjunypnjofmn ~ jmndap rypaifujf unlsu* Uhlph ynpf}fmh ̂ suhph jns~cjmfpa jnif eapnkh ~ rfuhjmn uncnkmjn ryfjofrn ~suhpjad sfsunch Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn jfuf if~jfmnkh }jhăhmjfmn japfjn ~ jhăfj lajsufu~fshjmh+ suy~lu~y~ f jhăfj aek~ăfphjmh

rakfufălfg fjsufu~ofmh+ }iad ăndh if jmnjf }jhăhm f raskmnefon ~ scfsk~ ynàycneyźhpjn aydhjf}hofmn ifkf ynkhufpja chkf+ hkf if cadha ifuf rasufdj~u jhrynehl ~jhăfj~ ynd~kfshjmh ~suhpjn chunyfmn+ rynof}jasuf f kadfăjasuf jmnjad sheyźhmh f~jhrynĘnjm~ ramnefjfg aikhsuf ey~Ũupnjad źfpauh 'km~eslh ryhph f skaiaen+ nla#jacsla f saofmhkja ~ynĘnjmn+ kalhkjh shca~ryhph&*

?4

lajsaofmhufpjn encalyhufmn*?7

Rfuhjmn raemnkn jheknźjasuf mn shca ~suhpja#ryhpjf f}yh} rfuhjmh jh lamf jhăfj Ąn ifuf f}pyŨnjhraemnkh caĄf f}cnĘ~ jhofajhkjfg rakfufălfg nkfuh* Ajn jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun lamn jnchm~fjunyns eh eacfjfyhm~ ryaonsfch aek~ăfphjmh jh eyźhpjac jfpa~+ jhsuamn eh }heyźnunyfuayfmhkf}hofm~ spamn rakfufăln caĄf* Ey~dfc yfmnăfch+ ajn s~ }hfjunynsaphjn eh rakfufăla#unyfuayfmhkjn mnefjfon lamn lajuyakfŨ~ 'njufunuf fkf caźeh jnln japn ̀ nenyhkjn mnefjfon fchm~ ŨuapnĄn jheknźjasuf+ lhla if asuphyfphjmnc ryhph jh pyŨnjmn ufg jheknźjasuf lajuyakfshkn ryaonsnaek~ăfphjmh f ey~Ũupnjad iadhusuph 'ufc nkfuhch+ jh ryfcmny+ jn aedaphyh rynjas jheknźjasuf ~aikhsuf raynsln rakfufln+ mny ufcn d~in efa `fjhjsfmslfg synesuhph j~źjfg }h asuphyfphjmn spamneacfjhofmn* Ajn jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun lamn }hdaphyhm~ rynjas jheknźjasuf jh fjsufu~ofmnIasjn f Gnyondapfjn fkf jmnj~ yndfajhkf}hofm~ ufcn źnkn ea~}nuf efa rakfufăln caĄflajl~ynjuslfc jhofajhkjfc rakfufălfc nkfuhch f s~emnkaphuf ~ pyŨnjm~ efmnkh jmfgapfg ifpŨfgjheknźjasuf jh eyźhpjac jfpa~*

^ }hpfsjasuf ae uadh+ jhofajhkjn rakfufăln nkfun sn spysuhphm~ ~ }hdapayjfln pnĄfjsln fkf



90

cy* so* KhrhjefĄ Jnycfjey* so* GhshjapfĄ F}~efjcy*so* Cfyjns HkfihŨfĄ

AEJA_ RYHPEN F RYHPH ^ EY^ŢUP^-YNKHUFAJ_ INUTNNJ M^_UFON HJE KHT FJ _AOFNUV

_hźnuhl= ^ apacn yhe~ yh}chuyhm~ sn ramhc+ s~Ũufjh f yhpjaunźh ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph* Yhe mn raefmnkmnj ~ uyf efmnkh* ^ rypac efmnk~ hlu~nkf}fyhj mn ryaiknc ramch f s~Ũufjn ryhpen ~ ey~Ũup~* Aj ~mneja rynesuhpkmh ~pae ~ ryaikncn lamfch sn yhe ihpf* ^ ey~dac efmnk~ yheh hjhkf}fyh sn yh}pam f

nkncnjuf ra}fufpjad ryhph* Yh}chuyhm~ sn yh}kfăfuf ramcapf ryhph f ehmn snaimhŨjmnjmn }hŨua mn rasuamhjmn ryhph }jhăhmja ~ ey~Ũup~* ]h yh}kfl~ ae rypad f ey~dad efmnkh lamf sheyźn gfsuayfmsl~ f ncrfyfmsl~ hjhkf}~ ryhpen f ryhph+ uynĄf efa mn raspnĄnj rfuhjm~ yhpjaunźn ryhpen f ryhph* Jh uncnkm~uadh sfsunchuf}fyhj mn Ũfyal srnluhy yhpjaunźn aejash ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph+ shdknehphjmnc jaychufpjad ~ynĘnjmh ryhpnejad aejash f ryhpne#jasuf ey~Ũupnjfg jhănkh* Ryfcmnjac fjunyefsofrkfjhyjad ryfsu~rh rasuhpkmn#jh mn lkm~ăjh uhălh aejash yhpjaunźn ryhph+ aeynĘfphjmn unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn ryhph* F}iayac unźfŨuh pyfmnejasuf ra}fufpjad ryhph rasufźn sn spygh ryhph #

ryhpeh* Jhpnenjf s~ jhăfjf jhy~Ũhphjmh sfsunch yhpjaunźn ~ ryhp~+ lha

ryaons f}cfmnŨuhjmh unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn ryhph f lha rayncnĄhm yhpjaunźn ryhph+ jmfgapa eaefyfphjmh f ear~jmhphjmn* Jh srnof`făhj jhăfj sfjunuf}fyhj mn Ũfyal srnluhy enunycfjhjuf lamn ~ufă~ jh aeynĘnjmn sheyźfjslad jhănkh ryhpnejasu 'yhpjaunźh ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph+ fjunyns lha synesupa }h racfmnyhjmn unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn ra}fufpjad ryhph+ ryhpeh lha unźfŨun yhpja#unźn ra}fufpjad f ryfyaejad ryhph+ ryhpeh lha unźfŨun yhpjaunźn ra}fufpjad ryhph f km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh&+ jh ănc~ sn }hsjfph un}h a ryhpef lhaunźfŨu~ yhpjaunźn ~ ra}fufpjac ryhp~* ^ }hlkm~ăjfc yh}chuyhjmfch mnsfsuncslf+ lajof}ja f mn}dyapfua f}kaźnjh sfjun}h spfg ynknphjujfg sra}jhmh a ryhpef f ra}fufpjac ryhp~ lamn s~ f}jnsnjn ~ racnj~ufc efmnkapfch yheh*

Lkm~ăjn yfmnăf= ryhpa+ ryhpeh+ yhpjaunźh+ ra}fufpja ryhpa+ ryfyaeja ryhpa+~suhp+ km~eslh ryhph+ fjunyns*

_~cchyv= Fj ugfs rhrny tn oajsfenyne fcrynssfaj+ nssnjufhk hje ihkhjon a` m~sufon hje rasfufpn kht* Ugfs rhrny fs snrhyhune aj ugynn rhyus* Fj `fysu+ tn~rehune ryaikncs s~og hs fcrynssfaj hje nssnjufhk m~sufon fj saofnuv* Caynapny+ ugn `fysu rhyu a` rhrny ynrynsnju fjuyae~oufaj a` ryaikncs+

- Yhe ynonj}fyha= rya`*ey* Acny FiyhgfchdfĄ



94

enunycfjne iv ugn ynsnhyog* Fj ugn snoaje rhyu a` rhrny tn chln hjhkvsfshia~u npak~ufaj hje augny fcrayuhju nkncnjus a` rasfufpn kht* Hs tnkk hs tnoajsfenyne kau$s a` ef``nynju fcrynssfaj a` kht+ tn a``nyfjd nwrkhjhufaj+ tgv

kht fs s~og fcrayuhju fj saofnuv* Ugn ̀ fysu uta rhyus a` rhrny ghpn hj hoonju aj gfsuayfohk hje ncrfyfohk hjhkvsns hia~u m~sufon hje kht* Fj sacn ef``nynju thv+ ugfye rhyu a` rhrny fs fjfufhune x~nsufaj a` ihkhjon hia~u m~sufon hje kht* Aj ugn rfkkhys a` ugnsn `hous+ tn oajsfenyne ugn tfen srnouy~c a` ihkhjon hje ynkhufaj inutnnj m~sufon hje rasfufpn kht* Fj heefufaj tn rnyonfpne ugn y~kns inutnnj m~sufon ynkhufajsgfr hje m~sufon a` saofnuvynkhufajsgfr* Aj ugn hrrkfohufaj a` iyhjog a` ljatknedn tn r~u eatj ugn lnv rafju hia~u ynkhufaj hje m~sufon a` kht+ tgfog enunycfjne iv ugn ihkhjon a` kht*

Hs tnkk hs tn snn `yac ugn ynsnhyog+ ugn onjuyhk rafju a` rasfufpn kht

àkkatne iv ugn m~sufon* Fj ugn oajufj~fjd a` rhrny+ tn rynsnjune sacn thvshia~u enyhjdn a` svsunc ihkhjon enunycfjne iv ugn kht* Fj srnof`fo thv+ m~sufon hs hyn ' ihkhjon inutnnj m~sufon hje rasfufpn kht+ fjunynsu hs h ̀ ~je ày onjuyn a` ihkhjon inutnnj rasfufpn hje jhu~yhk kht+ m~sufon hs h onjuyn a` ihkhjon inutnnj rasfufpn kht hje g~chj yfdgus hje ̀ ynneac&*

Fj oajok~sfajs+ aj svsunchufo thv tn rynsnjune svjugnsfs a` hkk ynknphju ljatknedn hia~u m~sufon hje rasfufpn kht tgfog oajsfenyne hje cnjufajne iv ugn ynsnhyog*

Lnv tayes= kht+ m~sufon+ ihkhjon+ rasfufpn kht+ jhu~yhk kht+ oajsufu~ufaj+g~chj yfdgus+ fjunynsu*

^PAE

^ raskmnejmn pyfmncn ryhpeh f ryhpa s~ rajapa rasuhkf rynecnu fjunj}fpjadfsuyhźfphjmh ~ ryhpjfc jh~lhch* Ryhpeh f ryhpa rasuhm~ lkm~ăjf lyfunyfmf rynchlamfch sn cmnyf f pynej~mn aeynĘnjf+ arŨuney~Ũupnjf+ ryhpjf f ryfpyneja#sfsuncslfraynehl* ]h ~lkm~ăfphjmn ryhpen f ryhph lha suhjehyeh rynch lamfch sn pynej~m~hkunyjhufpjn phyfmhjun ey~Ũupnjad ~ynĘnjmh jfmn rauynija jflhlpa aryhpehjmn mny mn

ryhpeh aăfdkneja pyfmnejasu ra snif* Ja skfăja skaiaef+ ryhpeh rayne fjunypnjujnfch f fjsuy~cnjuhkj~ pyfmnejasu* Caźn sn ralh}huf # h ~ `fka}a`slam f ryhpjamkfunyhu~yf ua mn askajho+ jh ufrfăhj f sfd~yja kndfufchj ryfsu~r f suyada kadfălfealh}hja ‟ eh mn ryhpeh laj}fsunjujh sh e~ialfc+ pyka uncnkmjfc aikfofch km~eslnyhofajhkjasuf+ eh sn ~ mnejac jnf}pmnsjac spfmnu~+ ryhpfăjf hyhjźchjf ralh}~m~lha jhmomnkfsgaejfmf f }h ramnefjoh f }h }hmnejfo~ ~ omnkfjf* Ryhpeh f ryhpa s~ phźjf fsh suhjapfŨuh e~dayaăjn arsuamjasuf sfsunch* _fsunc lamf sn ~ mhpjam rnyonrofmfeaźfpkmhph lha jnryhpnehj iy}a sufăn cjadn ryaufpjfln+ h arŨun jn}heapakmsupa

mhpjasuf eapaef+ ryfmn fkf lhsjfmn+ ea jmndapad ~y~Ũhphjmh* Ja+ eh if ryhpeh rasuhkh



97

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96

8* RYHPEH

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? mn ryfmn spndh mnejhlasu+ Ũua Ąn ynĄf shdkhsjasu f}cnĘ~ s~ryasuhpkmnjfg suyhjh*‛ ]hRkhuajh ryhpeh mn raur~jh pykfjh+ shpyŨnjsupa e~Ũn* _alyhu rynekhźn eh ryhpe~uynih rya~ăhphuf jhmryfmn ~ alpfy~ eyźhpn+ rh unl ajeh ~ e~Ũhch ramnefjhoh mny s~ ~eyźhpf yfmnăf rfshjn ly~rjfmfc skapfch f jh pnĄnc ryasuay~+ h asfc uadh eyźhph mn

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>rynch lamnc s~ ‚~ ryhpef sheyźhjn spn km~esln pykfjn*‛ Jhfcn+ ryhpeh sn u~ mhpkmh+}h jmndh lha f }h Rkhuajh+ lha pykfjh rhy nwonkhjon+ uauhkjh pykfjh= in} rasnijfglhyhlunyfsuflh+ aejasja lha ajh lamh aimnefjm~mn lhyhlunyfsufln spfg ey~dfg pykfjh*Rkhuaj ryhpe~ f}mnejhăhph sh ghycajfmac f pykfjac ~ lamam sn mhpkmhm~ suarkmnjfcayhkjf f ryhpjf nkncnjuf* Rkhuajap ~ănjfl Hyfsuaunk raschuyh ryhpe~ ~ jmnjamarŨuasuf+ lha uauhkj~ pykfj~+ h spam rakh}jf asjap a ryhpef Hyfsuaunk frhl oyrf f}Rfuhdaynmsln unayfmn # ‚eaiyac }h lamfc eyźhph unźf*‛ Hyfsuaunkap suhp eh mn jhmiakmn

0aja eyźhpja ~ynĘnjmn lamn fch ‛~ pfe~ arŨu~ layfsu+– h ‚arŨu~ layfsu‛ Hyfsuaunk mnen`fjfsha lha ryhpe~* Rynch Hyfsuaunkapac ~ănjm~ ‚asjapja jhănka ryhpen mn mne#jhlasu+ h ryhpfăjasu mn ryfkhdaĘhphjmn uad arĄnd jhănkh rasnijfc alakjasufch

4lajlynujad sk~ăhmh*‛ Hyfsuaunk ryhpneja ~ spamam ifujasuf ++f}mnejhăhph sh

8

Inadyhe 8666+ suy*92*9 Gacny+ Fkfmheh+ _vsRyfju+ 9222+ suy* WPF#?75? ĒayĘa Enk Pnlfa+ ar*ofu*+ suy*945 Rkhuaj+ Eyźhph+ IFD]+ Inadyhe+ 8640+ ljmfdh P+ suy* ?06>> Hyfsuaunk+ Jflachgaph nuflh+ _pn~ăfkfŨjh jhlkheh Kfiny+ ]hdyni+ 8679+ ljmfdh P*8*8896h#i0 Hyfsuaunk+ Rakfuflh+ IFD]+ 8675*suy* 054 Hyfsuaunk+ Jflachgaph nuflh+ ar*ofu*+ suy*888#859<

ĒayĘa Enk Pnlfa+ Ryhpa+ ryhpeh f eyźhph+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu ^jfpny}funuh ~ Inadyhe~+



?2

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6 mnl fch raskh sh ‚ey~dfc ăapmnlac+ uhla Ũua dh ralyhen+ ~ifmn fkf alknpnuh‛_kfmnenĄf ryfcmny Hyfsuaunkh f Ofonyajh+ Uach Hlpfjslf fjsfsufyh jh fjuny#

s~imnlufpjac lhyhluny~ ryhpen= ajh mn pykfjh he hkuny~c f ~scmnyhph km~en lh

}hmnejfălac eaiy~* Ajh }hgufmnph yh}kfăfun spmnuapn* Jnch ryhpen asfc ~ scfsk~aejash mnejad ăapmnlh s ey~dfc rh sn shca cnuhàyfălf caźn dapayfuf a ryhpeflamh sn aejasf jh shca mnejad ăapmnlh*

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82jhkjam cmnyf*‛88Ae ra}jhufg yfcslfg ryhpjfg f}payh eh mn ‚ryhpeh suhkjh f uyhmjh+‛ rynla

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}hcfskfuf in} jaychufpjad unchuf}fyhjmh pyfmnejasuf lha Ũua s~ ryhpeh+ mnejhlasu fskaiaeh* Yh}chuyhjmh a ryhpef fchm~ spam~ gfsuayfmsl~ lajsuhju~* Uhla ~ spamamljmf}f ‚Raey~ămh ryhpen‛ Chmlk Pakony '_rgnyns a` M~sufon+ Cfoghnk Thk}ny jhrk~yhkfsufălf jhăfj aimhŨjmhph unayfm~ ryhpen+ s ofkmnc asuphynjmh+ lhla aj ua }apn+

8?‛skaźnjn mnejhlasuf*– Rae ramcac ryhpen Eźaj _um~hyu Cfk raeyh}~cfmnph‚jnŨua Ũua jn shca eh mn eaiya+ eh sn yhef f kaŨn eh sn jn yhef jnda aja Ũua ramnefjho

85caźn eh uyhźf ae jhs lha spamn cayhkja ryhpa*‛ Ehlkn+ ua mn jnŨua Ũua ey~df

7

6 Magj @fjjs+ Jhu~yhk Kht hje Jhu~yhk Yfdgus+ Awàye+ 8672+ suy*877*82 _* Ugach Hlpfjslf+ _~cch ugnakadfhn F+ FF + suy* 8*9*66+ 6>*h988 ^krfmhjaph f}ynlh ‚Ryhpeh mn suhkjh f uyhmjh pakmh+ sphlacn ehuf ryhpa lamn c~ ryfrheh‛

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ĒayĘa Enk Pnlfa+ ar*ofu*+ suy*9?



?8

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^ }hgumnp n`flhsjasuf+ suhifkjasuf+ e~dayaăjn aeyźfpasuf ey~Ũupnjfg fjsufu~#ofmh shspfc sn nlsrkfofuja jhcnĄn fcrnyhuf~c ryhpen* In} ai}fyh jh pfŨnpmnlapjfcfshajf yhe+ ryaiknc ryfyaen ryhpnejasuf asuhmn maŨ ~pfmnl jnyfmnŨnj* Jh asjap~easu~rjfg ryhpjfg f}payh slakhsufln+ lkhsfăjn uyhefofmn+ yfcslfg ryhpjfg f}payhcaźnca lajsuhuaphuf eh mn Hyfsuaunkapa ~ănjmn a ryhpef fchka adyachj ~umnohm jhyh}pam ̀ fka}a`fmn a ryhpef+ hkf f jh yh}pam ̀ fka}a`fmn ryhph rh f ryhpjn cfskf ~ omnkfjf*Jhlaj }hpyŨnulh FF* spmnuslad yhuh+ Hyfsuaunkapa ~ănjmn a ryhpef ifka mn mneja aeuncnkmjfg rakh}fŨuh jmnchălfg ryhpjfg nlsrnyhuh lamf en`fjfofm~ ryhph uncnkmn jhryhpef lha dkhpjac nkncnju~*

In} ai}fyh lakfla ra}jhmnca ryhpja+ `fka}a`sla fkf unakaŨla }jhănjmn‚ryhpen‛+ sphlf ramnefjho rasmne~mn ~j~uhyjmf km~eslf asmnĄhm ryhpen f uyhdh }hryhpeac* Rar~u asmnĄhmh km~ihpf fkf asmnĄhmh cfyh f sfd~yjasuf+ asmnĄhm ryhpen f źnkmh}h jmnjac ynhkf}hofmac scmnŨunjf s~ f aikflaphjf ~ km~eslam shpmnsuf lamh jhsrnychjnjuja raesmnĄh eh źfpfca ryhpneja* _hca spmnsja f shpmnsja yh}kflaphjmnryhpen ae jnryhpen fjfofyh jhs eh iyfźkmfpa dyhefca pkhsufuf asmnĄhm fjefpfe~hkjnryhpen+ eh sn rajhŨhca f emnk~mnca ~ slkhe~ sh ryhpeac un uhla aeyźhphca ra}f#ufpjn aejasn rynch ryhpef*

9* RA]FUFPJA RYHPA

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8>ofmnk~ fsuayfm~ lha ryhpneja f lha ra}fufpja ryhpa*‛Rynch Adfsu~ Laju~+ rasuamn uyf dkhpjn ̀ h}n lh lajhăjam sra}jhmf* Ryph ̀ h}h

‚unakadfmn‛ rynugaefkh mn ryaspmnufunkmsup~ + um* ey~dam ̀ h}f+ ‚cnuh`f}fălam*‛UynĄh `h}h rynesuhpkmh ‚ra}fufpf}hc‛ lamf }h spn ramhpn ~}fch jh~ăjh

aimhŨjmnjmh+ demn dkhpj~ yfmnă paen jh~ăjfof* Rynecnu rya~ăhphjmh sphln jh~ln+uhla f ryhpjn+ caźn sn adyhjfăfuf shca jh aja Ũua mn ncrfyfmslf ryapmnykmfpa* Uhlphpyfmnejasja jn~uyhkjh ryhpjh jh~lh }h rynecnu spadh fsuyhźfphjmh ~dkhpjac snpnźn }h ra}fufpja ryhpa* Ifujh aifkmnźmh jn shca ra}fufpjad ryhph jnda f ryhpjnjh~ln f}epamnjh s~ f} asjapjfg nkncnjhuh ra}fufpjad ryhph*

8>

Inadyhe+ suy*6Iaźfehy ChylapfĄ+ _uphyhjmn ryhph+ ]iayjfl yheaph+ Inadyhe+ 9222+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu



?9

Jn ~kh}nĄf ~ enuhkmj~ suy~lu~y~ ra}fufpjad ryhph+ eh if f}epamfkf asjapjhspamsuph ra}fufpjad ryhph+ nkhiayfyhjf s~ asjapjf nkncnjuf ra}fufpjad ryhph* Rypfnkncnju sn aejasf jh jhăfj suphyhjmh+ demn ra}fufpja ryhpa rynesuhpkmh upaynpfj~km~ef* ^ ra}fufpjac ryhp~ jnch j~źjn pn}n ryhph f cayhkh+ eal sn uynĄf nkncnjura}fufpjad ryhph aejasf jh jmndap sheyźhm lamf jfmn adyhjfănj* Rypa f ~mneja jhm#phźjfmn spamsupa ra}fufpjad ryhph mn arŨuasu+ lamh frhl cayh ifuf jh jnlf jhăfjaeynĘnjh* Mn}fl ra}fufpjad ryhph cayh ifuf lyfsuhkja mhshj+ yh}~ckmfp f mneja#suhphj* ^} emnkaupayjasu f ~slkhĘnjasu yh}jfg }hlajh phźja spamsupa mn f rasua#

mhjasu f }hiyhjh ynuyahlufpjasu* Jh lyhm~+ jn uhla chjmn ifuja spamsupa ra}fufpjadryhph mn ~j~uyhŨjmh cayhkjh pyfmnejasu f ryhpnejasu* F} apadh raskmnejmnd spamsuph+lha cayhkjf ramhc f}pfyn ryhpeh f jhmpnĄh pykfjh # ryhpnejasu* Eph s~Ũufjslhspamsuph s~ }hmnejfălh }h ryhpe~ f ra}fufpja ryhpa # ey~Ũupnjasu f mnejhlasu* Apfc

mn shdyhĘnj }hmnejfălf pmnăfuf casu lamf srhmh ryhpe~ f ra}fufpja ryhpa* ^ shcamryfryncf }hlajh+ ~ aydhjf}hofajfc suy~lu~yhch ~ lamfch sn suphyh ryhpa+ eh ifryhpeh arsuhkh f shă~phkh jhmpnĄ~ pykfj~+ rauynija mn eh sphlf }hlaj i~en }hsjaphjjh jnlac arŨunc ryhpfk~ lamf mn ryhpnehj+ aejasja eh sn }hlajaehpjf ryaons}hsjfph jh ryhpnejac sfsunc~ pyfmnejasuf* Lyfunyfm ryhpnejasuf sfsunch pyfmnejasufpyŨf sn hjhkf}ac ‚pyfmnejasuf lamn rynesuhpkmhm~ asjap lynfyhjad ryhph f yh}chuyh#

80jmn cad~Ąfg suhpaph heynshuh jaycf ryne jmfch*‛ Apfc sn ymnŨhph rfuhjmn }hla#jaehpjad s~imnlufpf}ch f aimnlufpf}ch+ ryhpfkjn gfmnyhygfmn pyfmnejasuf+ nufălfg+cayhkjfg f encalyhuslfg ryfjofrh*

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jad ryhpjad sfsunch lamf ~ omnkfjf cayh ifuf ryfcmnjmfp # n`flhshj* Jnryfcmnjmfpasufkf jnn`flhsjasu ramnefjfg ryhpjfg jaycf jn }jhăf eh jaycn jfs~ ra}fufpjn+ jndara}fufpja ryhpa aihpn}~mn jh e~źjasu eh sn ajn pyŨn* Cmnyfka ra}fufpfunuh mnejadryhph+ raschuyhjad ~ omnkfjf+ mn ‚jmndapa pyŨnjmn+ jmndapa ryfcmnjmfphjmn+ eal mn}h ra}fufpfunu mnejad efmnkh uhlpad ra}fufpjad ryhpjad raynulh cmnyfka+ aiyj~ua+ eh

mn uhm efa ryhpjad raynulh jh ryarfshj jhăfj rasuha shsuhpjf nkncnju uhlpad raynu#

80

84 Magj @fjjs+ ar*ofu* suy*949*

H*Ynenkihog+ Tsunr ea ryhta}jhtsuth+ Uay~j 8677+ suy*878*



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86jnrasynejac ryfmnujmac jmfgapfc shcafjunynsfch‛

?* AEJA_ RYHPEN F RA]FUFPJAD RYHPH

Ral~Ũhphm~Ąf eh ryajhĘn aedapay jh rfuhjmn ‛Ũuh mn ryhpa–'x~fe nsu f~s+

ryhpjh jh~lh sn s~aăfkh s japfc ryaikncac* C~kufrkfofyhjf ryfsu~rf ~ f}jhkhźnjm~arŨun en`fjfofmn arynefmnkfa mn dy~r~ unaynufăhyh eh }hsu~rhm~ un}~ eh mn }hehuhlryhpjn jh~ln eh aeynef ‚Ũuh ryhpa uynih eh i~en jh aeynĘnjac cmnsu~ f ~ aeynĘnja

92pyfmncn‛ 'x~fe sfu f~yfs* Jnlf unaynufăhyf ~ en`fjfofm~ ryhph jn ~jasn pykfj~ ryhpenf upyen eh jn rasuamf rapn}hjasu ryhph f ryhpen+ eal ey~df ryhpe~ schuyhm~ lkm~ă#jfc nkncnjuac ~ en`fjfyhjm~ ryhph f jn jndfyhm~ }jhăhm rapn}hjasuf ryhph sheyźhpac+ h rasnija sh jmnjac aydhjf}aphjac ryfcmnjac shjlofmh* Frhl+ ryach#uyhja sh apn pyncnjsln efsuhjon+ caźnca lajsuhuaphuf eh sn ~ ofkm~ jaychkjad`~jlofajfshjmh ey~Ũupnjn }hmnejfon ̀ ~jehcnjuhkjf asjap ~ aikflaphjm~ ra}fufpja#

ryhpjn jaycn rasuhpkmh ryhpeh f ryhpnejasu* Rynch jnlfc cfŨkmnjmfch+ ~dyhe#jmac ryhpen f ryhpfăjasuf ~ ra}fufpja ryhpa ~paef sn yne ~ }hlajn* ]hua mn ra#uynija ra}fufpjfc ryhpac rasuhpfuf cnghjf}cn lamf Ąn asfd~yhuf ryhpnejn aejasn~ ey~Ũup~+ rasnija ~ aejas~ mnejhlaryhpjasuf f }hŨufun ryhpfăjasuf jhe chjmncaĄjfch ~ ey~Ũup~* F} ufg yh}kadh rasnij~ aedapayjasu dyhĘhjfch e~d~mn }hla#jaehpjh pkhsu* JfŨuh chjmn aedapayjh jfmn jf f}pyŨjh pkhsu+ rasnija ~ eyźhphchlamn s~ fj`fofyhjn lyfcfjhkac f lay~rofmac+ Ũua }h raskmnefo~ fch jnryhpnejnaejasn ~ ey~Ũup~* Ae Hyfsuaunkh mn ra}jhuh f}ynlh=‛FĄf s~efmf+ }jhăf fĄf ryhpef‛ Ũuajh spamsupnj jhăfj aeskflhph aejas s~esln pkhsuf f ryhpen*

Hla sn ~srasuhpf ryhpnehj sfsunc aejash ~ ey~Ũup~+ lamf mn pyncnjslf fryasuayja ~slkhĘnj sh ra}fufpja#ryhpjfc jaychch+ supaynjf s~ spf ~skapf }hryhpfăjasu* Hla sn rhl ~ pyfmncn lyf}h f jnfchŨufjn ra}fufpjfc ryhpac jaycfyhjnŨua Ũua ~ asjapf jfmn ryhpneja '}hlaj a rapnĄhjm~ rkhuh raskhjflh ~ pyfmncnnlajacsln lyf}n+ eakh}f ea jn~yhpjaunźnjasuf ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph+ h ryh#

87

86 Magj _u~hyu Cfkk+ ar* ofu+ suy*949*92 K~lfĄ+ Y*+ LaŨ~ufĄ+ I*+ ^pae ~ ryhpa+ 99 f}ehjmn+ Inadyhe 922>+ suy*47

_jnźhjh _hpfĄ+ Asjapn ryhph+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu Ihjmh K~lh+ 922>+ suy* ?9>#?9>



?5

pfăjasu jnsuhmn* ]hua ryhpeh cayh ifuf ~jfpny}hkjf rnychjnjujf ryfjofr }hlajaehp#oh jh lamnc uynih eh raăfphm~ spf fsryhpjf aejasf cnĘ~ km~efch* ‛Ryhpfăjasu fryhpeh ~ rasu~rl~+ mnefjn s~ pyfmnejasuf }h lamn sn yhofajhkja caźn schuyhuf eh

98rasuhpkmhm~ jaycn lamn Ąn ifuf ~jfpny}hkja raŨuaphjn*–Rynch sgphĄhjm~ D~suhph Yheiy~gh+ ryhpa mn ajh suphyjasu ăfmf mn scfsha

eh sk~źf ryhpjam pyfmnejasuf+ fenmf ryhph* ]h Yheiy~gh ramhc ryhph mn ‚~scmnynj jh99fenm~ ryhph+ h fenmh ryhph rhl jn caźn ifuf jfŨuh ey~da jnda ryhpeh*– Ryhpeh fch

spamn pygapjn f hrsak~ujn pyfmnejasuf+ rar~u fenmn eaiyh ~ cayhk~ fkf fenmn kfmnradh~ ~cmnujasuf* Ryhpa mn suphyjasu ăfmf mn scfsha eh sk~źf ryhpef f caźnca upyefuf eh mnryhpa pakmh }h ryhpeac* CnĘ~ufc ryhpa sn jn spaef shca jh ryhpe~+ ryhpa mney~Ũupnjh ramhph rapn}hjh sh pyfmnejasuf* Rynch ~ănjmn Yheiy~gh+ ryhpeh mn mnejh

ae uyf asjapjn pyfmnejasuf fenmn ryhph ~ lamam ryhpeh aeynĘ~mn shca àyc~ ryhph*Lheh if sphlf ramnefjho ~ ey~Ũup~ ra spamfc cmnyfkfch aeynĘfpha Ũuh mn ryhpneja+pymneajasjf lphju~c ryhpen fcha if efsrny}fyhj f Ũhyakfl aikfl* Ryarfsfphjmnc ŨuhĄn ifuf ryhpneja ae suyhjn aydhjh lamf mn ~ suhjm~ f eh sryapnen ua Ũua mn ryarfsha+ryhpeh mn uyhjsàycfyhjh ~ ryhpa+ ăfcn sn fsuapyncnja rasufźn ey~dh f uynĄhpyfmnejasu fenmn ryhph+ ra sgphuhjm~ Yheiy~gh+ spysfsgaejasu f ryhpjh sfd~yjasu shspamfc lhyhlunyfsuflhch* CnĘ~ufc jfmn fslkm~ănjh cad~Ąjasu eh sn ~spamf fjnryhpnejh jaych* ]hua rasuamn rasnijf cnghjf}cf lamfc sn uhlpn jnryhpnejnjaycn ~lkhjmhm~ f} ryhpjad raynulh* ̂ sk~ăhm~ rapynen ra}fufpjad ryhph f ~ăfjmnjn

jnryhpen sjhdac s~eh rasufźn sn laynlufpjh ryhpeh+ f}yfohjmnc ryhpjfg shjlofmhlamn uynih eh unźn eh rapyhun efsuyfi~ufpj~ ryhpnej~ yhpjaunź~ f}cnĘ~ ăapmnlhlamf jn raŨu~mn f lamf raŨu~mn }hlaj* Uhla eh ~ jnlac pyncnjslac yhsraj~ lamf snryaunźn ae pyncnjh ryfmn lyfpfăjad emnkh ea pyncnjh jhlaj lh}jn*

Aphm rapyhĄhm raynulh ryhpfăjasuf asuphy~mn sn ae~}fchjmnc ae lyfcfjhkohajadh Ũua mn sunlha spamfc ‚lyfpfăjfc emnkac '~ sheh ynknphjujac scfsk~

9?‚eaifulh‛ jh fcn pyŨnjmnc sarsupnjn pakmn aejasja skaiaejad f}iayh‛]h yh}kfl~ ae Yheiy~gh+ spamn ~ănjmn a ryhpef Ghjs Lnk}nj rapn}~mn sh

synĄac* Ryhpe~ raschuyh sh rsfgakaŨlad hsrnluh lha ++pmnăjh ăapmnlaph ănźjmh }h

synĄac lam~ lha ramnefjhăja ifĄn jn caźn eh jhĘn+ rh mn }hua uyhźf ~ ey~Ũup~*95Ey~Ũupnjh synĄh }apn sn ryhpeh*‛ ^ spamam unayfmf ryhph Lnk}nj mn ryhpj~ jh~l~

‚aăfsufa‛ ae saofakadf}hch f ̀ fka}a`slad pynejaphjmh+ efsuhjofyha mn ramhc ryhphae ramch ryhpen+ ~ ofkm~ jh~ăjad en`fjfyhjmh ryhph* Lnk}nj ryhpe~ raschuyh lha

98

99 D* Yheiy~g+ @fka}a`fmh ryhph+ suy* ?7#?6*9? Magj @fjjs+ ar ofu* suy*94>*95 Ghjs Lnk}nj ċfsuh unayfmh ryhph+ Inadyhe 8667+ suy*84

_u~hyuh Ghcrsgfynh+ M~sufon fs Oaj`kfou + E~oltayu+ Kajeaj+ suy*>0



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hrsak~uj~ pyfmnejasu f }hlkm~ă~mn eh mn ryhpeh ‛fyhofajhkhj fenhk‛ ăfmh sn sheyźfjh90‚jn caźn easufĄf yhofajhkjfc sh}jhjmnc*‛

_~ryaujad cfŨkmnjmh ae Lnk}njh+ ifa mn Fchj~nk Lhju lamf mn ryhpe~ schuyhaf}payjfmac ae ryhph* ̂ phźhphm~Ąf ăfjmnjfo~ eh ryhpeh shch ra snif jn caźn nd}f#sufyhuf+ Lhju mn schuyha eh mn j~źhj sram ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph lhla if jaychifkh ryhpnejh f }hŨufĄnjh sh ryfj~eac f aihpn}ac* Lhjuapac uyhjsàychofmacj~źjad srhmhjmh ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph+ demn aja Ũua Uynih 'ryhpeh pnĄ Mnsun ~suphyjasuf 'ra}fufpja ryhpa+ ryhpeh mn ryhpja }hŨufĄnjh+ h ra}fufpja ryhpa ryhpne#jfmn*

_pn s~ apa yh}ka}f }iad lamfg jnch mnefjsupnjad sgphĄhjmh aejash ryhpen fra}fufpjad ryhph+ jfuf mhsjad aeynĘfphjmh a uac aejas~* Aja Ũua mn ifuja mn eh snsphlf ryhpjf raynehl rapn}~mn sh asuphynjmnc ryhpen*

?*8* Yhpjaunźh ryhpen f ra}fufpjad ryhph

Jfmn rauynija rasnija jhdkhŨhphuf eh mn ~ ryfyaef ~dkhpjac slaya spn Ũuarasuamf ~ ryarayofmf f ghycajfmf f eh fsuapyncnja rasuamn s~ryaujasuf slaya spndhŨua rasuamf* Frhl+ in} ai}fyh eh kf s~ s~ryaujasuf pfekmfpn fkf khunjujn+ slaya spn snjhkh}n ~ mnejac suhjm~ yhpjaunźn* Uh yhpjaunźh sn ~dkhpjac aihpkmh lya} scmnj~s~ryaujasuf }h lamn s~ rauynijf aeynĘnjf ~pmnuf f pyfmncn+ Ũua shc ryaons aeyźhphjmhyhpjaunźn ăfjf easuh skaźnjfmfc* ]h aeynĘfphjmn unźfŨuh layfsun sn yh}kfăfun cnuaen ~apfsjasuf ăfmn sn unźfŨun uyhźf* AeynĘfphjmn yhpjaunźn ra}fufpjad ryhph f ryhpen

enunycfjfyhja mn mhsjfmfc aeynĘfphjmnc ryfyaen ryhph f ryhpen* ]jhm~Ąf eh s~ryhpa f ryhpeh ey~Ũupnjn ramhpn lamn s~ rapn}hjn f ~pmnuaphjn sh ey~dfc ramh#phch f pyfmnejasufch ~ ey~Ũup~+ ~srasuhpkmhjmn yhpjaunźn ryhpen f ryhph caźn snrasufĄf ~srasuhpkmhjmnc ryhpnejfg aejash ~ ey~Ũup~* Uhlpf aejasf rasufź~ snryfsuhmhjmnc jh lacryacfsn+ ryfikfźhphjmnc s~ryaujasuf+ ăfcn sn aeynĘ~mn synefjhlamh rynesuhpkmh sheyźfjsla unźfŨun ~pmnuaphjfg ramhph f pyfmnejasuf ~ ey~Ũup~ lamn~ufă~ jh ryhpjn aejasn* AeynĘfphjmn unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn ryhpen f ryhph rynesuhpkmhpnach lacrknlshj ryaiknc f jn caźn sn ~upyefuf chunchufălfc en`fjfofmhch }haeynĘfphjmh unźfŨuh* Ryaiknc unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn ryhph f ryhpen ~ jhŨn pyfmncn~dkhpjac sn raschuyh lya} ryf}c~ asuphynjmh f }hŨufun km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh*

Ryhpjh jaych jn ea}pakmhph eh eaĘn ea ~y~Ũhphjmh f skhikmnjmh jn shcaryhpjfg aejash f ryhpjad sfsunch jnda ey~Ũuph ~ omnkfjf+ h yhpjaunźh ryhpen fra}fufpjad ryhph mn ynd~khuay lamfc sn pyŨf ynd~khofmh ufg aejash* ]hua mn pnachphźja eh layfmnjf ryhpen fchm~ spamn suhkja cmnsua ~ ~suhp~ f }hlajfch lhla if ~ryhpjac raynul~ jaych ifkh uh lamh jhmyh}kfăfufmfc ryhpjfc synesupfch Ũufuf ryhpe~lha pyfmnejasu* Ryhpeh fch spamn pygapjn f hrsak~ujn pyfmnejasuf*

9>

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90 Fife+ suy*86

Fife+ suy*98





?4

ai}fyh eh kf ra}fufpja ryhpa f ryhpe~ raschuyhca lya} sph uyf ramhpjh aikflhaejash aph eph ramch+ jhy~Ũhphjmn sfsunch yhpjaunźn caźn jhsuhuf=

• racmnyhjmnc unźfŨuh yhpjaunźn<• rayncnĄhmnc mnejadh ae nkncnjhuh lamf s~ jhkh}n ~ yhpjaunźf*

?*8*8* Fjunyns lha synesupa }h racmnyhjmn unźfŨuh yhpjaunźnra}fufpjad ryhph

^ ryhpja ~ynĘnjfc eyźhphch ~ lamfch mn asuphynjh s~pnynjasu jhyaeh+^suhp f ey~dn jhmpfŨn arŨun ryhpjn hlun eajasf jnrasyneja jhyae fkf ae suyhjnjhyaeh kndfufcja f}hiyhjf rynesuhpjfof+ ra rasnija ~upyĘnjfc ryaone~yhch*Kadfăjh mn rynurasuhplh eh Ąn sheyźfjh uhlpfg ryhpjfg hlhuh ryf}jhuf f Ũufufufuncnkmjh km~eslh ryhph f skaiaen+ aejasja uhlpa ra}fufpja ryhpa mn ~uncnkmnja jh

ryfgphĄnjfc pyfmnejasufch ey~Ũuph f ifĄn ~ }hŨufuf spfg pyfmnejasuf* Uhlpn ra}fufpjnjaycn s~ ryhpnejn* Apa mn rypf fjeflhuay lamf ~lh}~mn eh ra}fufpja ryhpa rny#chjnjuja unźf lh ryhpef*

Ryfkflac eajaŨnjmh ra}fufpjfg jaycf raźnkmja mn eh fjunyns }hlajaehpohi~en ~ yhpjaunźf sh fjunynsac dyhĘhjh+ h uhlhp ~yhpjaunźnjf fjunyns i~en ~ yhp#jaunźf sh ryhpeac*

Jmnchălf ryhpjfl Mnyfjd 'Y~eak̀ Fgnyfjd+ rynesuhpjfl Ynhkfsufăln ryhpjnŨlakn+ ~ spacn emnk~ ‚Ofkm ~ ryhp~‛ fsufăn eh ‚cmnyfka ryhph jfmn hrsak~uja cmnyfkafsufjn+ pnĄ ynkhufpja cmnyfka ofkmh ***‛* Mnyfjd mn jhpna lhla s~ ‚yhejmn in} fjunynsh

hrs~yejn+ lha f yhejmn in} ofkmh*‛ Hjhkadfmac apfg Mnyfjdapfg upyejmf+ eakh}fca easkmnenĄnd=

H= Ryhpa fsufjh ' < jfmn fsua< Ryhpa ofkm ' < ynkhufpja

I= Hrs~ye= Yhejmh in} fjunynsh 3 yhejmh in} ofkmh skfmnef ehI= Jfmn hrs~ye= Yhejmh sh fjunynsac 3 yhejmh sh ofkmacI= fjunyns ofkmH f I= Ryhpa ofkm < fjunyns ofkm skfmnef

Ryhpa fjunyns

_fjun}ac jhpnenjn hjhkadfmn caźnca rasuhpfuf upyejm~ eh mn ryhpa ~ ynkh#ufpjam pn}f sh fjunynsac* Rasuhpkmhjmn unźfŨuh ryhpjn jaycn enunycfjfyhja mn}hlajaehpjfc fjunynsac* Fjunyns }hlajaehpoh mn mhpja eaiya+ eal mn fjunyns ra#

mnefjoh }hŨufuh kfăjfg ryhph f skaiaeh* Rasnij~ rhźjm~ uynih raspnufuf aeynĘfphjm~dyhjfoh }hlajaehpjad fjunynsh* Rynkhslac dyhjfoh }hlajaehpjad fjunynsh caźneaĄf ea cfsuf`flhofmn ra}fufpjad ryhph+ lheh ryhpa rynkh}f ~ synesupa caĄf+ Ũua

96

?2

96

?2 Ynkhufpja # cfmnjmh spam~ pnkfăfj~ lhe dae pnkfăfj~ ryacfmnjf nkncnju s lamfc mn ~ pn}f*

ArŨfyjfmn= Y~eak` Mn`fjd ‚Ofkm ~ ryhp~‛+ Raedayfoh 8667+



?7

~}yal~mn khunjujf s~lai sh ryhpeac* ]hua mn rauynihj ~yhpjaunźnj aejas }hlaja#ehpjad 'mhpjad f kfăjad fjunynsh* ]hmnejfălf sheyźfkho lamf jfpnkfŨn yhpjaunź~fjunynsh }hlajaehpoh f fjunynsh dyhĘhjh sh mnejn suyhjn f ra}fufpjad ryhph sh ey~dnsuyhjn mnsun ryhpeh* Aeyźhphjmn yhpjaunźn rynesuhpkmh aeyźhphjmn ryhpen f ryhpfă#jasuf+ ăfcn sn asfd~yhph eh synefŨjmasu ryhpen i~en ~ spacn unźfŨu~+ Ũua mn ~uncn#kmnja ~ ra}fufpjac ryhp~* Phźjasu aeynĘfphjmh unźfŨuh apn yhpjaunźn jhmiakmn sncaźn shdknehuf lya} s~lai fjunynsh f ~pfmnl ryflyfpnjn źnkmn eh sn alayfsuf jh Ũunu~ey~dadh* Lhla ua Y~sa }hlkm~ă~mn eh s~ ++sph uh }kh ryhph 's~ raskmnefoh pkhsjfŨuph

?8f jnaepamfph ryhujmh jnmnejhlasuf lamh sn ramhpkm~mn*‛ F} ufg yh}kadh rauynija mn ehrasuamf yhpjaunźh fjunynsh }hlajaehpoh f fjunynsh dyhĘhjh* Ţua mn pnĄh ~shdkhŨnjasuapfg fjunynsh+ yhpjaunźh unźf spamam fenhkjam pyfmnejasuf* Ra}fufpja ryhpa lamn unźflh spacn fenhkjac unźfŨu~ mn ryhpnejfmn*

?*9* Ryhpeh lha unźfŨun yhpjaunźn ra}fufpjad f ryfyaejad ryhph

Ryfyaeja ryhpa # f~s jhu~yhkn # }hsjaphja mn jh fenmf eh rasuamn jaycn f jh#ănkh lamh jfs~ ~lkm~ănjh ~ sfsunc ra}fufpjad ryhph un eh sn uhlpn ryfyaejn jaycnyh}pfmhm~ rhyhknkja sh ra}fufpjfc ryhpac* Ryfjofrf ryfyaejad ryhph jfs~ jfdemnryarfshjf+ jnda s~ ~uncnkmnjf ~ yhofajhkjac aejas~ lamndh mn jncad~Ąn uhăja~upyefuf* Lyfsufhj Uach}fmn ~ emnk~ Fjsufu~ufajnryhpa en`fjfŨn lha ‚Iaźhjslf }hlaj}hrfshj ~ syofch spfg km~ef lamf fg ryfcayhph eh ăfjn aja Ũua mn j~źja shdkhsja sh

?9ryfyaeac yhofajhkjad ăapmnlh+ h eh sn rhl ~}eyźhphm~ ae ajad Ũua mam sn ryaufpf*‛

Hehc _cfu ~ spamfc yh}chuyhjmfch rynurasuhpkmh rasuamhjmn ‛ryfyaejad asmnĄhmh–ryhpen ~ km~eslac syo~ f in} uhlpn ryhpen ey~Ũupnjh if sn suy~l~uyh jhryasua??‛yhsrhkh jh huacn–+ h ăapmnl synuha spad s~smneh ‛lha eh ~kh}f ~ khpkm~ mh}ifj~*–

Ryfyaeja ryhpa sn jhkh}f ~ suhkjac rynuyhźfphjm~ f ryajhkhźnjm~ fsryhpjfgfenhkjfg aejash ~ km~eslac ey~Ũup~ maŨ ae shcad jhsuhjlh eyźhpn f ryhph* ]h yh}#kfl~ ae ryfyaejad ryhph+ ra}fufpja ryhpa f}h snin fch kndfufcj~ caĄ f }hsjaphja mnjh pakmf }hlajaehpoh*

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ryhpac*Lheh mn aejas ryfyaejad f ra}fufpjad ryhph ~ yhpjaunźf+ ajeh mn unźfŨunyhpjaunźn ikf}~ spamn fenhkjn uhăln+ h unźfŨun uhlpn yhpjaunźn mn ryhpeh+ ăfmf sheyźhmunźf lh spamam hrsak~ujam pyfmnejasuf* ̂ kadh ryhpen jfmn shca ryasuf unźfŨjf askajho*

?8

ŢL+ 8647*suy*>7*?9 L* Uacchsf+ Fjsufu~ufajns F~yns Rfjenjufh Efpfjh FFF suyhjh 68*?? Hehc _cfug+ Ugn ugnayv a` cayhk snjufcnjus+ Ryacnugn~s Iaals+ Jnt Vayl+ 9222+ suy*89>#890

M* M* Ya~ssnh~+ ‛Yhsryhph a raeyfmnuk~ f asjaphch jnmnejhlasuf cnĘ~ km~efch– ]hdyni+



?6

Ryhpeh mn uh lamh ihkhjsfyhjmnc f}cnĘ~ ra}fufpjad f ryfyaejad ryhph f}dyhĘ~mnryagaejf casu }h rnychjnjuja rynkfphjmn f jhrhmhjmn ra}fufpjad ryhph ae ryfyae#jad ryhph+ h spn ~ ofkm~ suphyhjmh yhpjaunźn f unźjmn lh hrsak~ujam ryhpef*

?*?* Ryhpeh lha unźfŨun yhpjaunźn ra}fufpjad ryhphf km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh

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_h fjefpfe~hkjad hsrnluh+ ifuf ryhpnehj }jhăf jn ae~}fchuf jflacn aja Ũuac~ ryfrheh+ rasu~rhuf ~ slkhe~ sh jmndapfc ryhpfch f skaiaehch um* jn ‚f}ihofphuf‛jfladh phj jmndapn yhpjaunźn* Ryhpfăjasu rynesuhpkmh jnrynlfeja f uyhmja pakmjajhsuamhjmn eh sn sphlacn ryf}jh ryhpa lamn c~ ryfrheh 'khu* F~sufufh nsu oajsuhjs nu

?5 rnyrnu~h pak~juhs f~s s~~c o~fx~n uyfi~njef* Ra ryfjofr~ mnejhlasuf sphla fchryhpa eh ~ slkhe~ sh spamac jhyhpf i~en ~ suhjm~ yhpjaunźn f spf cayhm~ emnkaphufuhla eh jn yncnun jfăfmn suhjmn yhpjaunźn* Hla ifka ăfmn emnkaphjmn jfmn ~ slkhe~ sh

aeyźhphjmnc yhpjaunźn 'jry* ăfjfuf rynch jnlacn jhsfkmn ua }jhăf eh mn jhy~Ũnjsfsunc jnăfmn yhpjaunźn f ~ syh}cmnyf lakfla mn jhy~Ũnj uhm sfsunc yhpjaunźn+ ryhpehsn rynuhrh ~ spam~ s~ryaujasu # jnryhpe~* Ryajhkhźnjmnc yhpjaunźn f}cnĘ~ ryhphramnefjhoh f ryhph pkhsuf eh pkheh ufc ramnefjofch rasufźn sn n`flhsjh }hŨufuh km~e#slfg ryhph f skaiaeh* Jhmphźjfmh aekflh apn yhpjaunźn adkneh sn ~ rasu~rl~ pkhsufeh jnryfsuyhsja ryfcmnjm~mn ra}fufpjn jaycn jh spn suyhjln+ aejasja eh sn ~suhp f}hlajf ryhpneja ryfcmnjm~m~ raemnejhla jh spn* Ryaufp }ka~rauynin ryhph ănsuasn ef}ha dkhs+ schuyhm~Ąf eh ryhpa cayh ifuf ryaźnua mnejac pfŨac fenmac ryhpen+raŨufphjmnc km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh+ sh spamac pyfmneajasjac ~uncnkmnjaŨĄ~* UhpfŨh fenmh ryhpen spam f}pay jnlheh jhĘn ~ ynkfdfmf+ jnlheh ~ aifăhm~+ cayhk~ fkf ae

rapn}fphjmh ryhph f ryhpen ~ km~eslam spfmnsuf* Pyfmnejasjh ~uncnkmnjasu sn cayhraŨufphuf ~ cnĘ~km~eslfc aejasfch+ hkf f ~ aejasfch km~eslfg ryhph f ra}fufpjadryhph* Lhla mn ua eaiya }hrh}fa Mfydnj Ghinychs+ km~eslh ryhph f skaiaen rasmn#e~m~ lha –Mhj~s eph kfoh–* Mneja ae jmfg mn alynj~ua rynch cayhk~+ h ey~da rynchryhp~* Lha cayhkjh jaych+ km~eslh ryhph ryfrhehm~ sphlac ifĄ~ s km~eslfc kflacf sphla km~esla ifĄn uynih sn mnejhla raŨufphuf* Jhźhkasu+ lha kndhkjh+ s~imnlufpjh+ryhph ryfrhehm~ shca dyhĘhjfch aeynĘnjfg jhofmh#eyźhph 'encalyhuslh ryhpjh

?5 Easu~rja jh guur=!!gy*tflfrnefh*ayd!tflf!M~sufofmh+ ryn~}nua 8?*29*9226*d*



52

jhofmh#eyźhph*‛ _uhkjh ynd~khofmh ra}fufpjad ryhph rynesuhpkmh layfdaphjmn pyf# mneajasjad sfsunch f uyhdhjmn }h unźfŨunc+ h spn ~ ofkm~ asuphynjmh f }hŨufun km~eslfgryhph f skaiaeh*

]hlkm~ăhl

̂ yhe~ sn jhsuamhka Ũua spnsuyhjfmn yhspfmnukfuf aekfln ryhpen f jmnj aejas sh ra}fufpjfc ryhpac* Ryf uacn mn ~upyĘnja eh ryhpeh ăfjf arĄn ey~Ũupnjf ̀ njacnj+ hjhmpfŨn ~ upaynpfjhch f aikfofch+ Ũua sk~źn rypnjsupnja ynd~kfshjm~ ey~Ũupnjad

źfpauh+ h ua }jhăf f rajhŨhjmh ramnefjhoh* ^ sl~rfjf uhlpfg `njacnjh aja Ũua mnjhmphźjfmn f}yhska mn ~ pfe~ ryhph+ h rayne jmndh f s jmfc ramhpkm~mn sn f aja Ũua snjh}fph aifăhm+ }hlajf+ lajpnjofmn fue* _phlh ae ufg aekflh fch spamn rasnijasuf lamnsn cnĘ~saija ear~jm~m~+ rynrkfĄ~+ h rajnlhe f rynaiyhźhphm~ mnejh ~ ey~d~*

Rhyhknkja sh ~srasuhpac eyźhpn f ryhph asuphyfphkh sn fenmh a ryhpef ăfmf mn shey# źhm apfsfa a arĄam ey~Ũupnjam spfmnsuf* _phlf npak~ofajf rnyfae yh}pamh ryhphsrnof`făhj mn ra rasnijac aejas~ ra}fufpjad ryhph f ryhpen+ ae sgphuhjmh ephjnapfsjh ramch ea ryhlufăjad spaĘnjmh jh mnehj* ^ shdknehphjm~ apadh aejash

rauynija mn hjhkf}fyhuf pyncnjsl~ f ryasuayj~ efcnj}fm~ ryhph f ryhpen+ hkf fsheyźfjsln f `~jlofajhkjn nkncnjun ryhph f ryhpen* Lya} gfsuayfmslf yh}pam ryhph

ra}fufpja ryhpa f ryhpeh sn lajsuhjuja ramhpkm~m~ ~ spfc nkncnjufch ryhph+ ăfcnsn ryhpjf raynehl ~pfmnl rapn}~mn sh asuphynjmnc ryhpen+ Ũua ~lh}~mn jh lacrh#ufifkjasu apfg ramcaph* Frhl+ ra}fufpja#ryhpja jaycfyhjmn ryhpen apfsja mn a

}hlajaehpjad fjunynsh+ lha f spfmnsuf f shpmnsuf }hlajaehpoh* ̂ apam ̀ h}f ryfryncn f

f}yhen ra}fufpjad ryhph ryhpeh cayh ifuf unźfŨjf askajho yhpjaunźn }hlajaehpjadf arŨuney~Ũupnjad fjunynsh* Hla mn unźfŨun yhpjaunźn arĄn ey~Ũupnjn spfmnsuf f

}hlajaehpjn spfmnsuf ryfikfźjh mnejam uhălf+ ajeh rasuamf ryne~skap eh sn ryhpehcaźn jaycfyhuf* In} ai}fyh lakflf mn aejas yhpjaunźn ryhpen f ryhph+ ~ ~suhp f

}hlajn ryhlufăja mn jncad~Ąn jaycfyhjmnc asheyźfuf hrsak~uj~ ryhpe~+ hkf mncad~Ąn rasuhpfuf uncnkmn ynkhufpjn ryhpen+ ryhpen lam~ }hlajaehpho ~ aeynĘnjacpyncnj~ uynih asheyźfuf ~ ra}fufpjac ryhp~* ̂ sphlac ryhpjac sfsunc~ cfjfc~#cf }h ryhpe~ f ryhpnejn aejasn ryarfshjf s~ arŨufc ryhpjfc ryhpfkac ~ lamf s~~dyhĘnjf uncnkmf ryhpen+ h spn ~ ofkm~ f}yhźhphjmh ryhpnejasuf ey~Ũupnjfg jhănkh*

Eh if sn ~ ra}fufpjac ryhp~ ryhpeh asuphyfkh+ rauynijh mn ryhpnejh ryfcmnjhjaycf rynch spfch+ Ũua jnlf ryhpjf unaynufăhyf rafsuapmnĄ~m~ sh ̀ ~jlofmac jhănkh mnejhlasuf ~ ryhp~* ̂ lakfla }hlajaehpho jnch spfmnsu a ryhpef f jn paef yhă~jh ajmam+ eapaef ~ rfuhjmn rypa spam~ cayhkj~ nd}fsunjofm~+ h lhsjfmn f spam~ arsuamjasu*Aes~supa ryhpen radae~mn yh}pam~ jndhufpjfg aejash ~ ey~Ũup~+ efsghycajfmf+ Ũuaspn }hmneja ~}yal~mn jn~yhpjaunźnjasuf ofmnkad sfsunch* _pn apa jhryfmne jhpnen#ja a ra}fufpjac ryhp~ f ryhpef jh#paef jh }hlkm~ăhl eh yhpjaunź~ apfg aejash

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9228+ suy* 896M* Ghinychs+ Ynchyls aj Kndfufchufaj ugya~dg G~chj Yfdgus+ Ohciyfedn+ Chss*Rynss+



58

uynih hjhkfufălf rya~ăhphuf lya} jmnjn asjapjn ryfjofrn f rasu~khun+ h ua s~ ryfmnspfg km~eslh ryhph f skaiaen+ fjunyns+ aejas ryfyaejad f ra}fufpjad ryhph+ pkheh#pfjh ryhph* Ryhpeh mn ~ ra}fufpjac ryhp~ ifkh f asuhkh mnehj fenhk ăfmnc mn

asuphynjm~ rauynija rasu~rja unźfuf+ }hmneja sh encalyhuf}hofmac ey~Ũuph* Ryhpjf raynehl mn adknehka ofpfkf}hofmslad easufdj~Ąh ey~Ũuph* jmndap~ ih}~ ăfjnaeynĘnjn g~chjfsufăln f nufăln pyfmnejasuf lamn eapaen ~ yn}ajhjofm~ ryhpja f

ryhpneja* Jh lyhm~ caźnca lajsuhuaphuf eh mn ryhpa efjhcfăjh ramhph lamh rnych#

jnjuja unźf yhpjaunźf ra}fufpjad ryhph f ryhpen+ h uh yhpjaunźh ~skapkmnjh mnspamfc unźfŨjfc askajonc+ sheyźhmnc ryhpen*

KFUNYHU^YH

8* H* Ynenkihog+ Tsunr ea ryhta}jhtsuth+ Uay~j 86779* Hehc _cfug+ Ugn ugnayv a` cayhk _njufcnjus+

Ryacnugn~s Iaals+ Jnt Vayl+ 9222 ?* Hyfsuaunk+ Jflachgaph nuflh+

_pn~ăfkfŨjh jhlkheh Kfiny+ ]hdyni+ 86795* Hyfsuaunk+ Rakfuflh+ IFD]+ 8675>* Iaźfehy ChylapfĄ+ _uphyhjmn ryhph+ Inadyhe+ 9222+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu Inadyhe0* ĒayĘa Enk Pnlfa+ Ryhpa+ ryhpeh f eyźhph+

Ryhpjf ̀ hl~kunu ̂ jfpny}funuh ~ Inadyhe~+ 86664* D* Yheiy~g+ @fka}a`fmh ryhph+ # Ryhpjf `hl~kunu+ Inadyhe 8667

7* Gacny+ Fkfmheh+ _vsRyfju+ 9222*6* M* Ghinychs+ Ynchyls aj Kndfufchufaj ugya~dg G~chj Yfdgus+

Ohciyfedn+ Chss* Rynss+ 922882* M* M* Y~sa+ Yhsryhph a raeyfmnuk~ f asjaphch jnmnejhlasuf

cnĘ~ km~efch+ ]hdyni+ ŢL+864788* Magj @fjjs+ Jhu~yhk Kht hje Jhu~yhk Yfdgus+ Awàye+ 8672*89* Magj _u~hyu Cfkk+ )A skaiaef)+ FR @fkfr PfŨjmfĄ+ Inadyhe+ 86778?* Lh~`chj+ H+ Ryhpa f yh}~cnphjmn ryhph+

D~unjinydaph dhkhlsfmh+ Inadyhe866785* L* Uacchsf+ Fjsufu~ufajns F~yns Rfjenjufh Efpfjh FFF

8>* K~lfĄ+ Y*+ LaŨ~ufĄ+ ^pae ~ ryhpa+99 f}ehjmn+ Inadyhe 922>80* Rkhuaj+ Eyźhph+ ljmfdh P+ IFD]+ Inadyhe+ 8640+84* Yaks Eźaj+ Unayfmh ryhpen+ _k~źinjf kfsu _YM ‟ OFE+

Inadyhe ‟ Raedayfoh866787* Y~eak` Mn`fjd+ ‚Ofkm ~ ryhp~‛+ Raedayfoh 8667+86* _* Ugach Hlpfjslf+ _~cch ugnakadfhn F+ FF 92* _jnźhjh _hpfĄ+ Asjapn ryhph+ Ryhpjf ̀ hl~kunu Ihjmh K~lh+922>98* _u~hyuh Ghcrsgfynh M~sufon fs Oaj`kfou + E~oltayu+ Kajeaj+ 8666*99* Thk}ny+ C+ _rgnyns a` M~sufon+ Ihsfo Iaals+ Jnt Vayl + 867?Fjunyjnu f}pay # guur=!!gy*tflfrnefh*ayd!tflf!M~sufofmh



59

ChŨh HkfmnpfĄ+ efrk*f~y*Ryhpjf ̀ hl~kunu ̂ jfpny}funuh ~ ]njfof

JHċNKA JN]HPF_JA_UF _Ê_UPH RYNCH YNKNPHJUJFCCNĒ^JHYAEJFC EAL^CNJUFCH-

_hźnuhl

_~eslh pkhsu+ lha efa uyf dkhpjn eyźhpjn pkhsuf+ cayh ifuf jn}hpfsjh* Jn}hpfsjh s~eslh pkhsu um* s~esupa raeyh}~cfmnph eh jh jmnj yhe jnchjflhlpfg ~umnohmh sh suyhjn+ h jhy~ăfua jn rakfufălfg ~umnohmh* _~eapf ~ spacyhe~ cayhm~ raŨuaphuf aeynĘnjh jhănkh+ Ũua earyfjasf asuphynjm~ pkhehpfjn ryhph* Mneja ae ufg jhănkh mn f asuphyfphjmn jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph* Asfcen`fjfshjmh shcad fjsufu~uh+ yhe ai~gphuh f raemnk~ jn}hpfsjasuf jh jnlakflapysuh= s~Ũufjslh+ kfăjh+ laknlufpjh f fjunyjh jn}hpfsjasu* Iyamjf s~ cnĘ~jh#yaejf eal~cnjuf lamf Ũufun ryhpa jh ryhpfăja s~Ęnjmn ae suyhjn jn}hpfsjad fjnryfsuyhsjad s~esuph+ Ũua shca ~lh}~mn jh }jhăhm apad fjsufu~uh* Hjhkf}acaeyneif ramnefjfg cnĘ~jhyaejfg eal~cnjhuh ~upyĘnja mn eh ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf s~esupa jfmn ~ raur~jasuf jn}hpfsja+ hkf mn jh eaiyac r~u~ eh ua

rasuhjn* Lkm~ăjn yfmnăf= Jn}hpfsja s~esupa+ pkhehpfjh ryhph+ cnĘ~jhyaejf

eal~cnjuf+ s~efmn+ s~esupa+ s~esupa ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf*

^PAE

_~esupa mn mnejh ae uyf dkhpjn eyźhpjn pkhsuf+ }hmneja sh }hlajaehpjac ff}pyŨjac pkhsuf* Apemn uynih jhdkhsfuf yh}kfl~ f}cnĘ~ ryhpas~Ęh f s~esuph* Chehs~ s~eapf dkhpjf efa ryhpas~ejad sfsunch+ asfc s~eaph aj ai~gphuh f u~źfkhŨupa+

hepalhu~y~+ jauhyn+ fjsufu~ofm~ aci~eschjh f mhpja ryhpaiyhjfkhŨupa+ eal s~esupaai~gphuh shca s~eapn f jmfgapn ̀ ~jlofmn* _~eslh emnkhujasu sn ihpf lhźjmhphjmncs~imnlhuh lamf s~ rapyfmnefkf ryhpjn jaycn f ymnŨhphjmnc yh}japysjfg ryhpjfgsrayaph lamf cad~ jhsuhuf f}cnĘ~ ryhpjfg s~imnlhuh* MaŨ mnehj phźhj }hehuhls~esuph aejasf sn jh }hŨufu~ km~eslfg ryhph f skaiaeh ae shcapakmn eyźhpjn pkhsuf*

Eh if s~esupa cadka pyŨfuf ~srmnŨja spn un `~jlofmn+ shpyncnjf ~suhpfryarfs~m~ jnlakfla jhănkh jmfgapad yheh f aydhjf}hofmn=

- Yhe ynonj}fyha= eao* ey* @nyfe AuhmhdfĄ




5?

# Jhănka }hlajfuasuf fkf }hgumnp eh s~eapf spam yhe f eajaŨnjmn ryns~eh}hsjfphm~ jh ~suhpjfc+ }hlajslfc f ey~dfc ryhpjfc jaychch<

# Jhănka jn}hpfsjasuf s~eaph }jhăf skaiae~ s~eh eh in} ~umnohmh f ryfufshlhf}pyŨjn fkf }hlajaehpjn pkhsuf+ lha f suyhjhlh ~ rasu~rl~+ eajnsn s~esl~aek~l~<

# Jhănka suhkjasuf s~esln `~jlofmn fkf jhănka jnralynujasuf s~efmh }jhăf eh mnejac f}hiyhjf s~efmh pyŨf u~ `~jlofm~ in} adyhjfănjmh chjehuh+ aejasjain} aihpn}n eh raekfmnźn rasu~rl~ rajapjad f}iayh<

# Jhănka s~efmslad fc~jfunuh shsuamf sn ~ uacn eh s~efmh jn caźn aedaphyhuf}h cfŨkmnjmn f}jnsnja ~ pyŨnjm~ spamn `~jlofmn ualac aepfmhjmh rasu~rlh ff}yfohjmh ryns~en<

# Jhănka fjlacrhufifkjasuf }jhăf eh s~efmh eal aihpkmh s~esl~ `~jlofm~ jncaźn aihpkmhuf fsuapyncnja ̀ ~jlofm~ ~ f}pyŨjam fkf }hlajaehpjam pkhsuf+ jfufcaźn aihpkmhuf ey~dn rya`nsfajhkjn e~źjasuf<

# Jhănka mhpjasuf s~Ęnjmh }jhăf eh s~Ęnjm~ asfc suyhjhlh cad~ ryfs~supaphuff ey~dh kfoh+ ~lkm~ă~m~Ąf f rynesuhpjfln cnefmh*

_ph jhpnenjh jhănkh srhehm~ ~ lhundayfm~ ~suhpjfg jhănkh f lya} jmfg sncaźn ~upyefuf lakfla ~ mnejam eyźhpf ~srmnŨja emnk~mn pkhehpfjh ryhph* Pkhehpfjhryhph mn uncnkm encalyhufmn+ hkf s~ dyhĘhjf }hŨufĄnjf ae eyźhpjn pkhsuf shca hla s~

jmfgaph ryhph ryarfshjh }hlajac* ]hlaj sn cayh aimhpfuf f ryfcmnjmfphuf mnejhla}h spn+ suadh sn f eyźhpjh pkhsu cayh ryfeyźhphuf }hlajh lamf s~ ~ slkhe~ sh

8~suhpac* ^ spfc shpyncnjfc eyźhphch ~suhpac s~ rynepfĘnjh jhănkh a yhe~ faydhjf}hofmf s~esuph lamh s~ ifujh }h kndhkja f kndfufcja ryapaĘnjmn s~esln pkhsuf*

Jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph raeyh}~cfmnph eh mn s~e ~ spac yhe~ pn}hj shca~suhpac f }hlajfch+ h eh mn jn}hpfshj ae spfg pysuh ryfufshlh+ jhy~ăfua rakfufălfg*Eh if s~esupa ifka jn}hpfsja+ rauynija mn eh s~efmn f jhăfj jmfgapad fcnjaphjmhi~e~ jn}hpfsjf* Jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph }jhăf f jn}hpfsjasu s~efmh lamh sn ain}imn#Ę~mn rasnijfc sfsuncac f}iayh f suhkjaŨĄ~ s~efmh* ̂ cmnsua jasfkhoh ey~dfg pkhsuf

'}hlajaehpjn f f}pyŨjn+ s~efmn if ~ slkhe~ sh jhănkac jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph9uynihka eh ifyhm~ jn}hpfsjf suy~ăjf s~efmslf lakndfm~cf*

8 ‛Pkhehpfjh ryhph jfmn shca àychkjh ryfcmnjh ryhpjfg fjsuy~cnjhuh+ jnda uhlaĘn pkhehpfjhryhpen f }hŨufuh spfg ăkhjaph ey~Ũuph ae rynumnyhjn caĄf ajfg lamf pkhehm~*– Ofu* CnĘ~jhyaejhlacfsfmh ryhpjflh+ Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!ttt*nuo#dyh}*hu!uvra?!`fknhecfj!~snyQ~rkahe!NUO#Gh~rusnfun!chj~hk!pnysfajnj!oyahufhj!rad24*re`+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof=98*28*9226*9 Ofu* CflnŨ+ Cfyaskhp= + Hukhjufl+ IhjmhK~lh+ 9229+ suy* 896+ 'ChylapfĄ+Yhula= ̂ suhpja ryhpa f rakfufăln fjsufu~ofmn*

Rakfufăla ryhpjn rynurasuhpln jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph



55

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ifikfaunlh ‚Rnuhy LaăfĄ‛+ Ihjmh K~lh+ 8667+ suy* 6>+60*5 Ryn~}nua= Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!hkhj~}nkho*`yac*gy!f}iayjf!yheapf!lapho*re`+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~rtni suyhjfof= 20*28*9226*< 'Eflh+ Cfghfka= Ryhpa jh jn}hpfsjad s~eoh+ ]iayjfl Ryhpjad`hl~kunuh ~ ]hdyni~+ ?6!>#0+8676*suy*7>4*

PfŨn a uacn= CflnŨ+ Cfyaskhp= Ryhpas~Ęn f pkhehpfjh ryhph+ Jhyaejh f ~jfpny}funuslh

Rasuamf efknch lacn eh sn rapmnyf f}iay s~efmh mny ~lakfla fg ifyhm~ fslkm~#ăfpa s~eslf aydhjf+ rasuamf arhsjasu eh sn s~eslh pkhsu }hupayf }h dyhĘhjn ~ ăfmnc iffjunyns~ uynihka eh yhef* ̂ lakfla s~efmn fcnj~mn rhykhcnju fkf Ũn` eyźhpn+ eakh}f ea~rkfuhjmh }hlajhehpjn f f}pyŨjn pkhsuf ~ s~esl~ pkhsu* ̂ uac sk~ăhm~ rasuamf arhs#jasu ae rakfufălad ~ufohmh mny rakfufăln rhyufmn s~ }hsu~rkmnjn ~ rhykhcnju~+ h rakf#ufălf fjunynsf jn scfm~ ~ufohuf jh f}iay s~efmh* Jhmiakmn ymnŨnjmn if ifka eh s~efmn ifyhrasnija s~esla pfmnĄn shsuhpkmnja ae pysjfg suy~ăjmhlh f} aikhsuf ryhpjn jh~ln+rynesuhpjflh Pygapjad s~eh f u~źfkhŨuph+ lha f ~dknejfg hepalhuh # lamn if ehphka

?spamn cfŨkmnjmn a f}iay~ s~ehoh*Gfsuayfmslf dknehja+ jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph lha jhănka sn raănkh asuphyfphuf ae

raănulh ryfcmnjn jhănkh raemnkn pkhsuf '86* suakmnĄn+ lheh sn s~eslh pkhsu aepamfkhae }hlajaehpjn f f}pyŨjn* Lhla sn yh}pfmhkh fenmh a raemnkf pkhsuf f aydhjf}hofmfs~esuph+ uhla sn f fjsufu~u jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph spn pfŨn yh}pfmha lhla jh jhofajhk#jac+ uhla f jh cnĘ~jhyaejac jfpa~* Ephensnua suakmnĄn mn aifkmnźnja iayiac }hkm~eslh ryhph rh mn f fjsufu~u jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph eaifa jh }jhăhm~* Eajnsnjf s~iyamjf cnĘ~jhyaejf eal~cnjuf f} un aikhsuf f spf s~ ~scmnynjf lh fsuac ‟ ryalkh#caphjm~ ryhpfăjad s~Ęnjmn ae suyhjn jn}hpfsjad f jnryfsuyhsjad s~esuph*

Pysun jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph

_~esupa cayh ifuf rakfufăla jn}hpfsja+ Ũua eapaef ea ryfjofrh aephmhjmhpkhsuf= }hlajaehpjh pkhsu if uynihkh ifuf aedapayjh }h eajaŨnjmn }hlajh+ f}pyŨjh }hsryapaĘnjmn }hlajh+ h s~eslh }h eajaŨnjmn }hlajslfg aek~lh* ^ uac scfsk~jn}hpfsjasu sn adkneh lhla ~ kfŨnjasuf s~esuph ifka lhlpfg ryfufshlh+ uhla f kfăjamjn}hpfsjasuf f shcasuhkjasuf shcfg s~ehoh* Rasuamf jnlakfla pysuh jn}hpfsjasufs~esuph lamn jhyhpja cayhm~ ifuf l~c~khufpja fsr~jmnjn eh if sn cadka dapayfuf a

5s~esup~ ~ caenyjac scfsk~ =_~Ũufjslh jn}hpfsjasu sn adkneh ~ uacn eh mn s~eho pn}hj shca }hlajfch f

spamac shpmnŨĄ~ ryf ymnŨhphjm~ lajlynujfg sk~ăhmnph* Aph pysuh jn}hpfsjasuf

uynihkh if earyfjfmnuf ~ radkne~ ifka lhlpfg ryfufshlh jh s~eon f jmfgap~ jn~uyhkjasu*Ua sn rasufźn jf}ac ryhpfkh lamh adyhjfăhphm~ rajhŨhjmn s~ehoh+ hkf f ey~dfg rynchjmfch* _~efmn if uynihkn emnkaphuf rynch ryfjofr~ jn~uyhkjasuf+ Ũua }jhăf eh jmfgapfrakfufălf suhpapf f fjunynsf jn if scmnkf acnuhuf jmfgapa rya`nsfajhkja emnkaphjmn*





50

4

'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof=97*28*9226*7 Oaccfuunn FFF+ Ugn Kht a` Khdas+ Fjunyjnu+ ttt*~r*ho*}h!ogy+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tnisuyhjfof= 97*28*9226*6 Fsua*82 FIH mn ~suhjapkmnjh 8654* daefjn+ al~rkmh ?2*222 hepalhuh f 86> ryhpjfg hsaofmhofmh fey~Ũuhph*

Ryn~}nua= Enokhyhufj a` Enkgf+ Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!nj*tflfrnefh*ayd!tflf!EnokhyhufajQa`QEnkgf+

• FIH 'Fjunyjhufajhk Ihy Hssaohufaj& Cfjfc~c suhjehyeh }h jn}hpfsjas~esupa+ Kfshiaj#Mny~shknc#Jm~ Enkgf 8679* daefjn<

• ^jfpny}hkjh enlkhyhofmh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+ Cajuynhk+ Lhjheh 867?*daefjn<

• Asjapjh jhănkh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph '^mnefjmnjn jhofmn&+ Cfkhja+Fuhkfmh867>* daefjn<

• Rynray~lh PfmnĄh Npyarn iy* Y '65& 89 Aeiayh cfjfsuhyh eyźhphchăkhjfohch a jn}hpfsjasuf+ n`flhsjasuf f ~ka}f s~effmh+ 8665* daefjh<

• Npyarslh rapnkmh a suhu~u~ s~efmh+ 8667* daefjh*

Enlkhyhofmh f} Enkgfmh mn eajnsnjh rae alyfkmnc CnĘ~jhyaejad lajdynsh

ryhpjflh 82* mhj~hyh 86>6* daefjn ~ Jm~ Enkgfm~+ Fjefmh* Unch apad lajdynsh mnifkh ‚Pkhehpfjh ryhph ~ skaiaejac ey~Ũup~‛* Mnehj ae phźjfmfg efmnkaph apn En#lkhyhofmn mn jhdkhshl jh hrsak~ujam rauynif }h jn}hpfsjfc s~esupac lha ifujfcefmnkac asuphyfphjmh lajonruh pkhehpfjn ryhph* Jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph+ lhla suamf ~apam Enlkhyhofmf+ Ąn ifuf }hŨufĄnjh aeynĘnjfc cmnyhch+ ~lkm~ă~m~Ąf cnĘ~saij~ sh#

4yhejm~ jhmchjmn epfmn eyźhpjn pkhsuf ryfkflac fcnjaphjmh s~efmh* Jhehkmn+ ~aănja mn eh mn suhkjasu s~esuph ifuhj nkncnju }hŨufun pkhehpfjn ryhph*

Yn}ak~ofm~ f} Khdash 'Ugn kht a` Khdas& mn eajnŨnjh jh H`yfălam laj`nynj#ofmf a pkhehpfjf ryhph ~ mhj~hy~ 8608* daefjn ~ Khdas~+ Jfdnyfmh* Mnehj efa Yn}a#k~ofmn dapayf a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph* ̂ ey~Ũup~ ~ lamnc sn raŨu~m~ ryfjofrf pkheh#

7pfjn ryhph jnargaeja mn ain}ifmnefuf raur~j~ jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph* Ehkmn suamf ehs~ ryhpjfof e~źjf+ f rayne spamfg ~aifăhmnjfg e~źjasuf+ ryajhĄf jhăfj eh ain}ifmnen

6jhmpnĄf cad~Ąf sunrnj jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph ~ spamam }nckmf*82FIH mn 8672* daefjn ralynj~kh ryamnlhu a cfjfc~c~ suhjehyeh }h asuphyn#

jmn jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph* ^ apac ryamnlu~ ~ănsupaphkf s~ ryhpjfof f} ?2 }nchkmh*Jnlakfla yhejfg laj`nynjofmh mn ifka aeyźhja= ~ Kfshiaj~ 8678* daefjn+ ~ Mny~sh#knc~ 8679* daefjn f ~ Jm~ Enkgfm~ 8679* daefjn ~ lamfch s~ spamn ~ănŨĄn ~}nkf

iyamjf s~of+ hepalhuf f su~enjuf f} yh}kfăfufg }nchkmh* Jh laj`nynjofmf ~ Jm~ Enkgfm~cfjfc~c suhjehyeh }h jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph mn lajhăja ~spamnj*



54

Aph Yn}~k~ofmh sheyźf suhjehyen a aejas~ f}cnĘ~ s~efmh f f}pyŨjn pkhsuf+ s~#efmh f }hlajehpjn pkhsuf+ ~skapfch f ryfyaef fcnjaphjmh s~efmh+ cnefmfch f s~esup~+raskaphjm~+ }hŨufuf jnryfsuyhsjasuf f jn}hpfsjasuf f fjunyjam jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph*UhlaĘn mn ~aăkmfpa eh sn rynch apfc suhjehyefch jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph efmnkf jh=

88kfăj~+ s~Ũufjsl~+ laknlufpj~ f fjunyj~ jn}hpfsjasu*

^jfpny}hkjh enlkhyhofmh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph ryfgphĄnjh mn jh }hpyŨjamsmnejfof Rypn spmnusln laj`nynjofmn a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph ~ Cajuynhk~+ Lhjheh82* m~jh 867?* daefjn* Aph Enlkhyhofmh mn ra}jhuh f lha Cajuynhkslh enlkhyhofmh frynesuhpkmh jhmiakmf f jhmenuhkmjfmf eal~cnju f} apn aikhsuf* ċkhj 9* FF aemnkmlh apnEnlkhyhofmn raspnĄnj mn jn}hpfsjasuf s~ehoh ~ jhofajhkjfc ryhpjfc sfsuncfch+demn mn jhpnenja eh s~of lha ramnefjof uynihm~ ifuf skaiaejf* Jmfgaph mn e~źjasu eh

eajasn jnryfsuyhsjn aek~ln jh uncnkm~ pkhsufun aomnjn ăfjmnjfoh f pkhsufuad sgphĄh#jmh }hlajh+ in} adyhjfănjmh+ ~umnohmh+ raufohjmh+ ryfufshlh+ ryfmnujmf fkf cmnŨhjmh+

89ifka f}yhpjfg fkf jnf}yhpjfg+ s ifka lamn suyhjn fkf }iad ifka lamnd yh}kadh* ^ ăkhj~5* fsuad aemnkmlh jhdkhŨnja mn eh s~esupa uynih eh i~en jn}hpfsja ae f}pyŨjn f}hlajaehpjn pkhsuf*

Asjapjh jhănkh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph ~spamnjh s~ jh _necac lajdyns~^mnefjmnjfg jhofmh }h srynăhphjmn }kaăfjh f rasu~rhjmn rynch rynsu~rjfofch+aeyźhjad ~ Cfkhj~ 867>* daefjn* Uhla mn jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph }hmhcănjh ae eyźh#pn f }hŨufĄnjh ̂ suhpac f jhofajhkjfc }hlajfch* E~źjasu mn spfg ~suhjaph+ pkhef#

8?jfg f ey~dfg+ eh raŨu~m~ jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph*

_~esupa ymnŨhph f}jnsnjn sk~ăhmnpn jnryfsuyhsja+ jh asjap~ ăfjmnjfoh f ~slkhe~ sh }hlajac+ in} flhlpfg adyhjfănjmh+ jneasuamjfg ~ufohmh+ raesufohmh+ ryfuf#shlh+ ryfmnujmf fkf ~rkfuhjmh+ rasynejfg fkf jnrasynejfg+ ifka ae ladh f f} ifka lamfg

85yh}kadh*Jn}hpfsjasu f jnryfsuyhsjasu s~ pnach ~sla rapn}hjn f pnach ănsua s~ aph

eph asjapjh jhănkh }hmneja uynufyhjh* Jn}hpfsjasu rynesuhpkmh shcasuhkjasu lamh mnehuh s~efmf fkf s~e~ eh eajnsn aek~l~ ryfcmnjm~m~Ąf }hlaj jh ăfjmnjfon lajlynujad

sk~ăhmh* Jn}hpfsjasu jhkhźn eh s~esupa+ aejasja s~efmn jn scfm~ ifuf ~ raeynĘnjac

88

GYFCfjfc~c_uhjehyes*re`*+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof= 97*28*9226*89 FF aemnkmhl+ ăkhj 9*+ ^jfpny}hkjn enlkhyhofmn a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+ Ryhpjf onjuhy àjehaupaynja ey~Ũupa IfG+ _u~enjuslh Ũuhcrhyfmh ^jfpny}funuh ~ _hyhmnp~+ _hyhmnpa+ chyu!aź~mhl8660*8? Ryn~}nua= Asjapjh jhănkh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+ Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!ttt*huo*ayd*v~!ehuh!@fkn! Eal~cnjuf!5*.92s~esupa*re`+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof= 97*28*9226*85 Fsua*

Ryn~}nua= FIH Cfjfc~c suhjehyes a` m~efofhk fjenrnjenjon+ Fjunyjnu+ ttt*fihjnu*ayd!re`!





56

92

~suhpQ`nenyhofmnQiasjnQfQgnyondapfjn*re`+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof= ?2*28*9226*98 ċkhj >* aemnkmhl o* ^suhph @nenyhofmn IfG+ Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!ttt*hes*dap*ih!mhpjffsrfu!eao! ~suhpQ`nenyhofmnQiasjnQfQgnyondapfjn*re`+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof= ?2*28*9226*99 Ryn~}nua= Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!ttt*gmro*ih!fjuya!1ofe3?546+9+8+ 'raskmnejmf ryfsu~r tni suyhjfof=29*29*9226*

ċkhj 0* aemnkmhl o* ^suhph @nenyhofmn IfG+ Fjunyjnu+ guur=!!ttt*hes*dap*ih!mhpjffsrfu!eao!

Jn}hpfsjasu s~esuph ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf

_~eslf sfsunc Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn ~ ofmnkfjf mn ~uncnkmnj jh cnĘ~jhyae#jfc eal~cnjufch+ f ua lhla ~ radkne~ s~Ũufjsln+ uhla f ~ radkne~ kfăjn jn}hpfs#jasuf s~efmh* ̂ IfG s~ ryfgphĄnjh aeynĘnjh ymnŨnjmh f} cnĘ~jhyaejfg eal~cnjhuhlamh sn schuyhm~ jhmryflkhejfmfc*

^ ̂ suhp~ @nenyhofmn IfG suamf eh mn s~eslh pkhsu shcasuhkjh f jn}hpfsjh* Ua}jhăf eh s~eapf uynih eh s~en jh asjap~ ^suhph+ }hlajh f ey~dfg arŨufg hlhuh+aejasja eh fg raŨu~m~ f skfmnen pkhsufu~ shpmnsu+ h ~ spnc~ asuhkac eh s~ shcasuhkjf*

Jn}hpfsjasu s~efmn ufăn sn ~skaph jmndapad fcnjaphjmh+ suhkjasuf jmndapn`~jlofmn+ chunyfmhkjn ain}ifmnĘnjasuf+ s~efmslad fc~jfunuh+ yhsraynĘfphjmn s~efmhjh aeynĘnja cmnsua ~ s~e~ f ̀ f}făln sfd~yjasuf s~efmn* _ph aph rfuhjmh if uynihkh ifufrapmnynjh s~eslam pkhsuf eh a jmfch aek~ă~mn pnĄ racnj~ua jn}hpfsja suy~ăjas~esla ufmnka*

^ @nenyhofmf IfG s~efmn fcnj~mn Rynesmnejfl @nenyhofmn ~} shdkhsjasu Rau#92 rynesmnejflh f ~} raupye~ pnĄfjn enkndhuh ~ Eac~ jhyaeh* ^suhpac @nenyhofmn

mn ryarfshja f eh Rhykhcnju @nenyhofmn }hlajac ~upyĘ~mn rkhĄn f ey~dn ~skapnsk~źin }h s~efmn _~eaph @nenyhofmn*

Ţua sn ufăn ~skaph fcnjaphjmh s~efmh f s~efmslad fc~jfunuh+ ~ ^suhp~ @IfGsuamf skmnenĄn=

_~efmn s~eaph @neyhofmn ifu Ąn ~dknejf ryhpjfof jhmpfŨfg cayhkjfg asaifjh*_~efmn s~eaph @nenyhofmn jnĄn ifuf lyfpfăja dajmnjf jfuf aedapayjf ~ dyhĘhjslac

98 rasu~rl~ }h ifka lam~ yhejm~ ~ăfjmnj~ ~ pyŨnjm~ spamn ̀ ~jlofmn*

^srasuhpkmhjmnc Pfsalad s~eslad f u~źfkhălad pfmnĄh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn 9225* daefjn+ ~ pnkflam cmnyf sn raryhpfkh sfu~hofmh ~ radkne~ jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph*Cfsfmh apad PfmnĄh mn eh asfd~yh aă~phjmn jn}hpfsjad+ jnryfsuyhsjad f rya`nsfa#jhkjad ryhpas~Ęh ~ IfG+ ~ slkhe~ sh }hlajslfc chjehuac f eh asfd~yh eh s~efmni~e~ askaiaĘnjn f }hŨufĄnjn ae rakfufălad ~umnohmh jh jmfgap yhe* PfmnĄn fch Ũfyalnapkhsuf pn}hjn }h fcnjaphjmn s~ehoh+ s~eslf rasu~rhl f ey~dn jheknźjasuf ~ pn}f sh

99s~eslac ~ryhpac*





>8

Kfunyhu~yh

8* CflnŨ+ Cfyaskhp= Rakfufăla ryhpjn rynurasuhpln jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+Hukhjufl+ Ihjmh K~lh+ 9229<

9* CflnŨ+ Cfyaskhp= Ryhpas~Ęn f pkhehpfjh ryhph+Jhyaejh f ~jfpny}funuslh ifikfaunlh ‚Rnuhy LaăfĄ‛+ Ihjmh K~lh+ 8667<

?* C~yun}fĄ+ Hyinj= ‚Jn}hpfsjasu s~efmh ~ lajunlsu~ ynknphjujfg cnĘ~jhyaejfgeal~cnjhuh‛+Fjunyjnu+'guur=!!ttt*ryhpas~emn*ih!psup!`hons!eaosnypknu<msnssfajfe32h28286??2e09>0850`4>??>5o?ii8n7e0e598?94n54<

5* ^jfpny}hkjn enlkhyhofmn a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+Ryhpjf onjuhy ̀ ajeh aupaynja ey~Ũupa IfG+ _u~enjuslh Ũuhcrhyfmh ̂ jfpny}funuh ~

_hyhmnp~+ _hyhmnpa+ chyu!aź~mhl 8660<>* ^jfpny}hkjh enlkhyhofmh a km~eslfc ryhpfch f} 8657 daefjn<

0* Enokhyhufj a` Enkgf+ Fjunyjnu+ 'guur=!!nj*tflfrnefh*ayd!tflf!EnokhyhufajQa`QEnkgf<

4* Ugn Kht a` Khdas+ Fjunyjnu+ 'ttt*~r*ho*}h!ogy<

7* FIH Cfjfc~c suhjehyes a` m~efofhk fjenrnjenjon+ Fjunyjnu+'ttt*fihjnu*ayd!re`!GYFCfjfc~c_uhjehyes*re`<

6* Asjapjh jhănkh a jn}hpfsjasuf s~esuph+ Fjunyjnu+'guur=!!ttt*huo*ayd*v~!ehuh!@fkn!Eal~cnjuf!5*.92s~esupa*re`<

82* Npyarslh rapnkmh a suhu~u~ s~efmh+ Fjunyjnu+'guur=!!ttt*oan*fju!u!n!kndhkQh``hfys!kndhkQoa#arnyhufaj!kndhkQrya`nssfajhks! m~edns!fjsuy~cnjusQhjeQeao~cnjus!Oghyuny.92_nyifhj*re`<

88* ^suhp @nenyhofmn IfG+ Fjunyjnu+'guur=!!ttt*hes*dap*ih!mhpjffsrfu!eao!~suhpQ`nenyhofmnQiasjnQfQgnyondapfjn*re`<

89* CnĘ~jhyaejh lacfsfmh ryhpjflh+ Fjunyjnu+' guur=!!ttt*nuo#dyh}*hu!uvra?!`fknhecfj! ~snyQ~rkahe!NUO#Gh~rusnfun!chj~hk!pnysfajnj!oyahufhj!rad24*re`<

8?* guur=!!hkhj~}nkho*`yac*gy!f}iayjf!yheapf!lapho*re` 'Eflh+ Cfghfka= Ryhpa jhjn}hpfsjad s~eoh+ ]iayjfl Ryhpjad ̀ hl~kunuh ~ ]hdyni~+ ?6!>#0+8676*suy*7>4*





>?

8* ^pae

^ s~pyncnjac ey~Ũup~ rasuamn yh}kfăfuh suhmhkfŨuh a }jhăhm~ ynd~kfyhjmhramnefjfg raey~ămh źfpauh+ hkf mn jns~cjmfpa lhla mn aja lh}jnja#ryhpja+ lamnrynesuhpkmh efynluja ynrynsfpja emnkaphjmn ey~Ũuph rynch dyhĘhjfch+ mneja aejhmphźjfmfg f jhmasmnukmfpfmfg+ h }hlaj a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ sfciak yh}fjn }hŨufundyhĘhjslfg ryhph f skaiaeh sphlad ey~Ũuph* Fchm~Ąf jhpnenja ~ pfe~+ raur~ja mn

mhsja eh yhe jh suphyhjm~+ un f}cmnjhch f ear~jhch ]hlajh a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~@nenyhofmn IfG }hgufmnph uncnkmfua f a}ifkmja ryfl~rkmhjmn raehuhlh ae s~eaph+u~źfunkmsuhph+ rakfofmn f ey~dfg fjsufu~ofmh ăfmf mn yhe efynluja pn}hj }h ryfcmnj~ ra}f#ufpjfg ryaonsjfg jaycf+ lha f ~}fchjmn ~ ai}fy rynray~lh spfg ynknphjujfg cnĘ~jh#yaejfg fjsufu~ofmh f aydhjf}hofmh lamn sn ihpn apac chunyfmac*

Asfc uadh+ rauynija mn jhdkhsfuf eh mn }iad ~suhpjad ~ynĘnjmh Iasjn fGnyondapfjn+ h s ofkmnc suphyhjmh aly~źmh ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf ~ lamnc Ąn spf dyh#Ęhjf ifuf mnejhlf ryne }hlajac+ rauynija f}pyŨfuf ~slkhĘfphjmn apad }hlajh ~@nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn sh mnejhlfc }hlajac Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

Aphla lacrknlsjh }hehĄh f skaźnjasu ]hlajh a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ @nen#yhofmn IfG }hgufmnph enuhkmjn f ryacfŨkmnjn hjhkf}n f ryfmnekadn }h jmfgapa eajaŨn#jmn f cfmnjmhjmn* Ryf uacn sn jn scfmn lphkfunuh ufg hjhkf}h f ryfmnekadh eapnsuf ~rfuhjmn ~ź~yihjfc f fsgfuynjfc yheac mny if raskmnefon ra ryhph dyhĘhjh f jmfgap~ryhpj~ sfd~yjasu+ lha f n`flhsja aepfmhjmn lh}jnjad rasu~rlh+ ifkn a}ifkmjn*

9* Jhm}jhăhmjfmh ryhpjh ymnŨnjmh

Lakfla mn f}cmnjh f ear~jh ]hlajh a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ @nenyhofmn IfGlacrknlshj rasha spmneaăf f ăfjmnjfoh lhla ~spamnjn f}cmnjn f ear~jn sheyźn pfŨnae suaufj~ f ănuyensnu ăkhjhlh* Frhl+ jnlf ae jmfg rynesuhpkmhm~ unl ungjfălh raiakm#Ũhjmh+ eal ajf lamf s~ apemn jhpnenjf rynesuhpkmhm~ jhm}jhăhmjfmh ryhpjh ymnŨnjmhlamh sn ~paen ~ unlsu ]hlajh*

^ ăkhjl~ 98* ]hlajh+ ~ )Uncnkmjfc ramcapfch)+ ~lkm~ănjh mn en`fjfofmh)Lacrm~unyslf s~suhp) f )Lacrm~unyslf raehof) s~lkheja rauynihch ryhlsn f yh}#pamh s~pyncnjfg ungjakadfmh lamf eashehŨjmfc unlsuac }hlajh jfs~ ifkf en`fjfyhjf*

^ ăkhjl~ 9>* ]hlajh ryacfmnjmnjh mn jheknźjasu s~oh ramnefjoh }h lh}jnjhemnkh }h lamn mn }hryfmnănjh lh}jh }hupayh ea ensnu daefjh ~cmnsua eashehŨjmfg rnudaefjh*

^ ăkhjofch 52* f 55* ]hlajh aulkajmnjf s~ ~aănjf jneasuhof ~ spn}f ryhph jhuyhźnjmn f}~}nĄh+ un mhsjfmn ynd~kfyhj rasu~rhl f}~}nĄh u~źfunkmh f ey~dfg ~ănsjflh ~rasu~rl~*



>5

^ ăkhjl~ 5>* ]hlajh lajlynujfmn sn ~ynĘ~m~ ryhph u~źfunkmh ~ rasu~rl~+jhyaăfua ~ radkne~ ~upyĘfphjmh ăfjmnjfoh f ryfl~rkmhjmh ealh}h lamf sn aejasn jhfcapfjslaryhpjf }hgumnp aŨunĄnjad un ae~}fchjmn fcapfjsln layfsuf sunănjn lh}#jnjfc emnkac* Aph }hlajslh ymnŨnjmh ralh}~m~ suhp }hlajaehpoh ~ radkne~raiakmŨhjmh rakaźhmh aŨunĄnjad ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ f }hŨufun jmndapfg ryhph+ lhaf jhrayn ~ pn}f sh iayiac ryaufp skaźnjfg aikflh lh}jnjfg emnkh f h`fychofmac fenmneh jfula jn caźn }heyźhuf fcapfjsl~ layfsu sunănj~ lh}jnjfc emnkac*

^ ăkhjl~ >6* ]hlajh ikfźn sn aeynĘ~m~ ryhph as~cjmfănjad+ aejasja aru~#źnjad jh iyhjfunkmh ~ ryfupayslfc rynecnufch+ jhdkhŨhphm~Ąf eh as~cjmfănjf+ ae#jasja aru~źnjf cayh fchuf iyhjfunkmh ryfkflac f}mhŨjmnjmh a ryfmnekad~ }h aeynĘf#phjmn ryfupayh*

Rasuhpkmhjmn iyhjfunkmh }iad skhiad fcapfjslad suhjmh rynof}fyhja mn japfcsuhplac ~ ăkhjl~ 02* ]hlajh* Jh aphm jhăfj Ąn ifuf ~ raur~jasuf }heapakmnjf lyfun#yfmf ryhpfăjasuf lamf Ąn acad~Ąfuf asaihch skhiad fcapjad suhjmh eh i~e~ yhpja#ryhpjn suyhjln ~ rasu~rl~ un eh ~ uac rasu~rl~ fchm~ ryfcmnynj~ ryhpj~ racaĄlamf if fc acad~Ąfkh }hŨufu~ jmfgapfg ryhph ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~*

^ ăkhjl~ 0>* ]hlajh lha yhejmh ealh}fphjmh ehmn sn cad~Ąjasu rynuynshjmhlacrm~unyslfg s~suhph f ey~dfg lacrm~unyslfg f nknluyajslfg ~ynĘhmh lamf sk~źn }hragyhjmfphjmn raehuhlh lha f caifkjfg unknàjslfg ~ynĘhmh*

F}h ăkhjlh 70* ]hlajh eaehmn sn japf ăkhjhl 70h* rae jh}fpac )Jhyneiharnyhuny~ unknlac~jflhofmh) s~lkheja rauynihch ryhlsn f ~ynĘ~mn rasu~rhl f}eh#phjmh jhynein arnyhuny~ unknlac~jflhofmh* Apfc ăkhjlac sn ynd~kfyh jhyneih arn#yhuny~ unknlac~jflhofmh fkf ey~dam ryhpjam asaif lamh pyŨf ry~źhjmn unknlac~jflh#ofmslfg ~sk~dh eh easuhpf raehuln a layfŨunjm~ ufg ~sk~dh ae suyhjn asain }h lam~rasuamn asjapf s~cjmn eh mn raăfjfkh lh}jnja emnka hla if uhlpf raehof cadkf ifufealh} ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ fkf rask~źfuf ryfl~rkmhjm~ fjàychofmh lamn cad~ ifufae layfsuf ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~*

^ ăkhjl~ 8?2* ]hlajh rynof}fyhm~ sn eashehŨjmh ymnŨnjmh pn}hjh }h rasnijn

fsuyhźjn yhejmn un sn ehmn en`fjfofmh ryflyfpnjad fsuyhźfunkmh lha rasnija ai~ănjnapkhŨunjn sk~źinjn asain* Lha eaehuhl uacn+ ~ ăkhjl~ 8?8* ]hlajh sheh snrynof}fyh eh sn fsuyhźjn yhejmn cad~ aeynefuf }h lh}jnjh emnkh }h lamn sn caźnf}ynĄf lh}jh }hupayh ae uyf daefjn fkf unźh lh}jh*

^ ăkhjofch 852* ea 852d* ]hlajh enuhkmja sn en`fjfyhm~ cmnyn }hiyhjn frasu~rhl jmfgapad f}yfohjmh+ lhla if sn aphm pfe ynrynsfpjad emnkaphjmh rynchas~cjmfănjfc+ aejasja aru~źnjfc asaihch en`fjfyha jh mhshj f jnepascfsknjjhăfj* Jh aphm jhăfj sn uhlaĘny auphyh Ũfyh cad~Ąjasu }hcmnjn ryfupayh lha jhmunźncmnyn ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ jnlac ae rynepfĘnjfg cmnyh }hiyhjn f ufcn aryhp#



>>

ehja raufăn }hgumnp eh sn jh ae~}fchjmn skaiaen fen shca ajeh lhe sn jh ey~dfjhăfj jn caźn rasufĄf }hlajac ryarfshjh spygh apfg cmnyh*

ċkhjofch 850* f 8>9* ]hlajh ~ynĘ~m~ sn yh}ka}f }h aeynĘfphjmn ryfupayh fuyhmhjmn ryfupayh jhlaj f}yfohjmh rypasu~rhjmsln ryns~en* Yh}kad }h sracnj~unryacmnjn jhyaăfua sn pnź~ ~} uaăl~ e suhphl 8* ăkhjlh 850* f aeynĘfphjmn uadryfupayslad yh}kadh ~ slkhe~ sh cnĘ~jhyaejfc suhjehyefch a }hŨufuf ryhph jhasaij~ skaiae~ f sfd~yjasu*

^ ăkhjl~ 8>?* ]hlajh ~ynĘ~mn sn ae~}fchjmn skaiaen un }h lh}jnjh emnkhunyayf}ch rynepfĘh ryhpa apkhŨunjfg sk~źinjfg asaih eh asai~ lamam mn ae~}nuhskaiaeh cayhm~ sryapnsuf u~źfunkm~ jhmlhsjfmn ~ yal~ ae 49 shuh* UhlaĘny+ apac ae#yneiac ymnŨhphm~ sn ryaonsjn raskmnefon jnryfgphĄhjmh ryfmnekadh u~źfunkmh a

aeynĘfphjm~ ryfupayh*ċkhjhl 8>7* ]hlajh eajasf aeynĘnjn ryacmnjn ~ rakaźhm~ ryfupaynjflh f

japh ymnŨnjmh a rapmnykmfpam rynrfslf ryfupaynjflh*

^ ăkhjl~ 9?6* ]hlajh cfmnjmhm~ sn aeynein a ai~suhpkmhjm~ fsuyhdn+ jh jhăfjeh sn ~paef ai~suhph fsuyhdn f f} yh}kadh jnrasuamhjmh ~pmnuh }h lh}jnj~ aedapay#jasu un mhsjfmn rasuhpkmhm~ aipn}n u~źfunkmh ~ aejas~ jh aŨunĄnjad*

^ ăkhjl~ 95?* ]hlajh cfmnjmhm~ sn aeynein a aek~ăfphjm~ a aru~źjfof frynepfĘhm~ iyamjf layhof ~ apac phźjac sndcnju~ suhefmh aru~źfphjmh+ ryhunĄf

uhla }hgumnpn ryhlsn*^ ăkhjl~ 955* ]hlajh cfmnjmhm~ sn aeynein a f}mhpf a lyfpjmf* Aphm fjsufu~u sn

pnĄ ~eachĄfa ~ jhŨam s~eslam ryhlsf+ demn mn f eha yn}~kuhun lamf s~ sn aănlfphkfrasufĄf jmndapfc ~paĘnjmnc+ h asaifua ~ efmnk~ rasu~rlh lamf sn ufăn asfd~yhjmhryhph jh aiyhj~*

^ ăkhjofch 95>* f 950* ]hlajh cfmnjmhm~ sn aeynein a yh}chuyhjm~ f}mhpn aryf}jhjm~ lyfpjmn f ryndaphyhjm~ a lyfpjmf* Un ryacmnjn yn}~kuhu s~ pfŨndaefŨjmnryfcmnjn apad fjsufu~uh ~ jhŨam ryhlsf+ lha f ~aănjfg ryaiknch+ jhyaăfua ajfg lamfsn aejasn jh f}yfohjmn lh}jnjaryhpjn shjlofmn f rakaźhm aŨunĄnjad ~ lh}jnjfcrynecnufch ~ lamfch mn eaŨka ea ryfgphĄhjmh srayh}~ch a lyfpjmf f lh}jnjaryhp#jam shjlofmf*

^ ăkhjl~ 957* ]hlajh sn jh raur~ja japf jhăfj ~ynĘ~m~ rfuhjmh rapn}hjh shyh}ka}fch }h rynugaejf ryfdapay f aek~ăfphjmn a uac ryfdapay~* ]hgphkm~m~Ąf ufcryacmnjhch+ aeynein a ryfdapay~ s~+ rynch }hrhźhjmfch f} ryhlsn+ eaifkn ey~lăf#

m~ ra}fofm~ ~ ryaonsjac s~suhp~*

Japfc ăkhjlac 957h* ]hlajh ~paef sn japfjh ~ lh}jnjac rasu~rl~)Ryneyhsryhpjh yhsryhph) jh lamam s~e f suyhjln yh}chuyhm~ rfuhjmh ae ~umnohmh }h



>0

dkhpj~ yhsryhp~+ h ryfmn aeyźhphjmh dkhpjn yhsryhpn* ‚Ryneyhsryhpjh yhsryhph‛ mn~pnenjh ~ lh}jnjf rasu~rhl lha yn}~kuhu yh}pamh s~esln ryhlsn f rauynin jmnjad~jhrymnĘnjmh*

^ ăkhjl~ 900* ]hlajh ~ ofmnkasuf sn cfmnjmhm~ aeynein a jhsuhpl~ aedaĘnjndkhpjn yhsryhpn+ lhla if sn jh iakmf jhăfj en`fjfyha aphm fjsufu~u f Ũua ~srmnŨjfmnaulkajfkn skhin suyhjn e~dauyhmjasuf lh}jnjfg rasu~rhlh*

^ ăkhjl~ 945* ]hlajh ~paef sn cad~Ąjasu shsk~Ũhjmh aru~źnjad lha spmn#ealh* Jhfcn+ s~eho+ aejasja rynesmnejfl pfmnĄh Ąn ra~ăfuf aru~źnjad eh caźn ehuffslh} ~ ual~ ealh}jad rasu~rlh ~ spamsup~ spmnealh f hla aek~ăf ehuf uhlhp fslh}+eh Ąn ifuf raepydj~u f}yhpjac f ~jhlysjac fsrfufphjm~ ~ scfsk~ ăkhjlh 944* apad}hlajh+ aejasja aracnj~u f ~ra}aynj ~ scfsk~ ăkhjlh 822* apad }hlajh*

^ ăkhjl~ 97?* ]hlajh raaŨuynja mn lhźjmhphjmn }h aeifmhjmn spmneaănjmh*Japfc ăkhjlac ?52h* ]hlajh ~paef sn )Jnryhpa rajhpkmhjmn lh}jnjad ra#

su~rlh)* Aphm fjsufu~u sn rajapja ~paef ~ lh}jnjf rasu~rhl ~ @nenyhofmf IfGjhlaj Ũua mn s~eslh ryhlsh ralh}hkh eh mn jmndapa ~lfehjmn ifka jnaryhpehja*

^ ăkhjofch ?0?*#?7>* ]hlajh cfmnjmh sn efa }hlajh lamf sn aejasf jh chka#kmnujfln* Rauynija mn jhdkhsfuf lhla apn aeynein jfs~ enuhkmja cfmnjmhjn i~e~Ąf snfjunj}fpja yhef jh }hlajslac ryfmnekad~ a chkakmnujfc raăfjfunkmfch lh}jnjfgemnkh lamf fch }h ofkm jh spnai~gphuhj jhăfj yfmnŨfuf rfuhjmn chkakmnujfg raăfjfunkmh

lh}jnjfg emnkh f ~ raur~jasuf fg f}epamfuf f} lh}jnjad rasu~rlh ~ }hsnihj rasu~rhl*^ ăkhjofch 526* f 582* ]hlajh cfmnjmh sn efa }hlajh lamf sn aejasf jh jn~#

iyamfpn raăfjfunkmn lh}jnjfg emnkh lhla if sn aulkajfkn chjmlhpasuf ~aănjn ~ryhlsf*

?* ]hlkm~ăjh yh}chuyhjmh

_hsuhpkmnjh ae fsuhlj~ufg suy~ăjmhlh ~ @nenyhofmf IfG jh rakm~ lh}jnja#rya#onsjad ryhph+ yhejh sl~rfjh ea jhpnenjfg ymnŨnjmh jfmn eaŨkh mnejadkhsja* Ryf#

kflac yh}chuyhjmh ramnefjhăjfg ymnŨnjmh mhpfkn s~ sn yh}kfăfun epamin* Jhm}jh#ăhmjfmh ae jmfg sn adknehkh ~ aek~of mn kf }jhăhmjfmn fchuf }hlaj ghycajf}fyhj sh]hlajac a lh}jnjac rasu~rl~ Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f jh uhm jhăfj asfd~yhuf enf~yn mnejhlasu dyhĘhjh ryne }hlajfchh ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf fkf jh~Ũuyi uadh~jfmnuf f}cmnjn ~ }hlaj lamn s~ caźeh f n`flhsjfmn+ hkf eapaen ea yh}kfăfuasuf ~rasu~rhjm~ ~ apfsjasuf ae s~eh ryne lamfc sn paef rasu~rhl+ f uhla ea en `houa jnmnejhlasuf dyhĘhjh ~ lh}jnjfc rasu~rofch* Mnejh ae ufg epamif sn aejasfkhrasnifon jh ~paĘnjmn fjsufu~uh ]hgumnph }h }hŨufu~ }hlajfuasuf jh lamam s~ asaifuafjsfsufyhkf u~źfunkmf ~ @nenyhofmf IfG* ^ryhpa u~ fslh}hkh sn sph lacrknlsjasu





>7

eao*ey* @~he R~yfŨnpfĄ+Ryhpjf ̀ hl~kunu ~ Uyhpjfl~

RA_U^RHL A_UPHYFPHJMH RYHPHIAYHċLN RAR^KHOFMN ^ IA_JF F GNYONDAPFJF-

_aofmhkja ryhpa maŨ ~pfmnl jfmn ea lyhmh ~srasuhpkmnja sh jh~ăjaunayfmslad fjh~ăjajhsuhpjad hsrnluh lha }hsnijh efsofrkfjh ~ sfsunc~ f ryadyhc~ pfsaladaiyh}aphjmh+ jf jh ryhpjfc ̀ hl~kunufch jf jh ey~dfc pfsalaŨlakslfc ~suhjapfch~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf* Rasuamn yh}kfăfuh suhjapfŨuh f unjenjofmn+ hkf sn ~ Iasjf f Gny#ondapfjf sphlaejnpja rapnĄhphm~ saofmhkjn rauynin+ lha s~Ũufjh saofmhkjfg ryhphrh f saofmhkjfg yh}pamjfg ryhph+ lamh sn ~ pnĄnc efmnk~ aeynĘ~m~ f ~skapkmhphm~ lharauynih racaĄf ey~Ũuph 'eyźhpn ramnefjo~ fkf dy~rf< ~ pn}f sh jmndapfc suphyjfc fjnargaejfc rauynihch* _aofmhkjn rauynin rasuamn lha rauynih }h ry~źhjmnc ~sk~#dh f racaĄf ae suyhjn ey~Ũuph aejasja eyźhpn+ ea sumnohjmh ~skaph f cad~Ąjasuf ehramnefjho shc }heapakmf spamn rauynin*

_aofmhkja yh}pamja ryhpa+ lha aimnlufpja f aeynĘnja+ aimnlufpf}hofm~ spamfgjaycf asuphy~mn=

# lha arĄ~ }h spn dyhĘhjn+ in} ai}fyh jh jmfgaph ryfyaejh spamsuph 'eai+ rak+

}eyhpsupnja f rsfga`f}făla suhjmn f# lha rasnij~ }h ramnefjon saofmhkjn dy~rn+ cnĘ~ lam~ srheh f iayhălh

rar~khofmh*

_aofmhkjh yh}pamjh ryhph+ lha synesuph }h }heapakmhphjmn saofmhkjfg rauynih+jn asuphy~m~ sn shca ~ aikfl~ japăhjad ehphjmh fkf suy~ăjfg ~sk~dh+ pnĄ f lya}sfsunc aiyh}aphjmh+ }eyhpsupnjn }hŨufun+ }hraŨkmhphjmh f sk*

Lha arĄn ryhpa dyhĘhjh+ saofmhkja yh}pamja ryhpa caźn rasuamhuf jn shcalha efa sfsunch saofmhkjad ryhph jnda f lha fjundyhkjf f fjundyhufpjf efa omnkal~r#

jad ryhpjad sfsunch lamn rayne ryhpjad aimnefjm~mn rakfufălf f nlajacslf sfsunc}hŨufun* Aph ryhph sn }hsjfphm~ jh cnĘ~saijam ̀ ~jlofajhkjam sryn}f ~ aulyfphjm~ f~slkhĘfphjm~ fjunynsh ramnefjoh+ dy~rn f ey~Ũuph ~ omnkfjf+ Ũua rynesuhpkmh ~srasuhp#kmhjmn aejash f}cnĘ~ ăapmnlh f ey~Ũuph+ mny ‛aydhjf}hofmh jfmn ofkm+ pnĄ fjsuy~cnjueh sn asuphyf jnlf ofkm* Rynch uacn+ km~ef sn aydhjf}fyhm~ s ai}fyac jh ofkmnpn lamnuynih eh asuphyn*– Yh}pamjh saofmhkjh ryhph ăapmnlh ra spac }jhăhm~ mns~ asjapjhryhph ăapmnlh f lha uhlph fchm~ f cayhm~ fchuf uynuchj ae rasnijad ey~Ũunjad

-Yhe ynonj}fyha= rya`*ey* _hjmfj AchjapfĄ



>6

fjunynsh* ]iad uadh if ajh uynihkh ifuf rynecnu lajufj~fyhjad hjdhźaphjmh eyźhpn fjmnjfg aydhjh ~ryhpn* ^ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf+ lha maŨ ~pfmnl ryhpja jn~ynĘnjam}nckmf+ lamh uynih f cayh eh suyncf lh ey~Ũupfch sh encalyhuslfc aek~ăfphjmnc+arĄh saofmhkjh sfd~yjasu+ rh ufcn f sfd~yjasu iayhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh+uynih eh i~en ~upyĘnjh mnefjsunjfc }hlajslfc ryhpfch ~ slkhe~ sh ~jfpny}hkjfccnĘ~jhyaejfc ryhpfch+ ~phźhphm~Ąf spn srnof`făjn ~skapn f alakjasuf ryfs~ujn ~eyźhpf lha omnkfjf* Ehlkn+ jnargaeja mn paefuf yhă~jh a chunyfmhkjfc cad~Ąjasuf#ch+ hkf f a sfsunc~ ey~Ũupnjfg pyfmnejasuf+ rasynesupac lamfg sn ~upyĘ~m~ saofmhkjfryfayfunuf f ufcn suhpkmhm~ ~ rapakmjfmf rakaźhm aeynĘnjn saofmhkjn dy~rhofmn* Apemnsn rasuhpkmh rfuhjmn n`flhsjasuf ryfcmnjn rasnijad saofmhkja}hŨufujad ryhph lamfcsn ain}imnĘ~mn rasnijh }hŨufuh aeynĘnjfg lhundayfmh f saofmhkjfg dy~rh suhjapjfŨ#uph+ cnĘ~ lamfch if cayhkf fchuf ryfayfunu iayof f ăkhjapf jmfgapfg rayaefoh* Lhehs~ ~ rfuhjm~ saofmhkjh ryhph f} aikhsuf iayhăla#fjphkfesln }hŨufun+ ajeh sn ajh ca#yhm~ raschuyhuf f sgphĄhuf lha ryhph ~ Ũfync scfsk~+ Ũua rynesuhpkmh sl~r spfg jaycflamn ~ yh}jfc aikhsufch ey~Ũupnjad źfpauh< lha Ũua s~ saofmhkjh rakfuflh+ saofmhkjh}hŨufuh+ nlajacfmh+ }hraŨkmhphjmn+ yhejf aejas+ yhsraemnkh eaifuf+ rakfuflh źfpaujadsuhjehyeh+ suhcinjh rakfuflh+ ryaspmnuh+ aiyh}aphjmn+ }eyhpsupa f ey~da< sheyźncmnyn saofmhkjn rakfufln f saofmhkjn }hŨufun* ^ shpyncnjam unayfmf saofmhkjad ryhphryfcmnjm~mn sn Ũnsu lyfunyfmh }h aeynĘfphjmn ramch saofmhkjad ryhph+ h ua s~=

8* saofmhkjn dy~rn+

9* ofkm }hŨufun saofmhkja skhifg+?* jndhufpjf lyfunyfmf+

5* jheknźjasu saofmhkjad s~esuph+>* asuphyfphjmn skaiaen f mnejhlasuf ~ nlajacslam aikhsuf f0* saofmhkjaryhpjf aejasf*

Rakh}nĄf ae jhpnenjfg lyfunyfmh }h aeynĘfphjmn ramch saofmhkjad ryhph+ ~jh~ăfc ly~dapfch sn fsufăn enpnu asjapjfg lhyhlunyfsuflh saofmhkjad ryhph=

8* ‛h`fycfŨn ăapmnlap~ kfăjasu***– f ‛dhyhju~mn jmndap~ nlajacsl~+ saof#

mhkj~ f ifakaŨl~ sfd~yjasu f ynryae~lofm~–+ *** ‚fch e~iala g~chj~ `~jlofm~+ mnyŨufuf ăapmnlh ae jnfchŨufjn f ey~dfg jnradaejasuf ~ źfpau~–<

9* ‛*** fch }h ofkm eh ain}ifmnef źfpauj~ nd}fsunjofm~ ăapmnlh *** um* eh c~ ra#cadjn eh rynph}fĘn fkf ~ikhźf suhjmn saofmhkjn rauynin *** ~skmne *** saofmhkjad sk~#ăhmh–<

?* ‛saofmhkjaryhpjf aejas jhsuhmn fslkm~ăfpa jh fjfofmhufp~ ăapmnlh lha ufu~#khyh saofmhkjad ryhph*** lheh sn sunlj~ ~skapf *** 'suhjmn saofmhkjn rauynin f ryhpjfaejas–<







09

caźn shăfjfuf jhkh} f cfŨkmnjmn kmnlhysln lacfsfmn+ jheknźjh arĄfjslh sk~źih+rynch cmnsu~ rynifphkfŨuh raejasfaoh }hgumnph+ ymnŨhph ~ rypac sunrnj~* _hca~lakfla mn raejasfkho }hgumnph jn}heapakmhj rypasunrnjfc ymnŨnjmnc+ caźn

~kaźfuf źhki~ ~ yal~ ae 8> ehjh ae ehjh ryfmnch ymnŨnjmh+ h sph asuhkh ymnŨnjmhrypasunrnjfg jheknźjfg aydhjh+ }hsjaphjh jh jhkh}fch f cfŨkmnjmfch jhpnenjfgkmnlhyslfg lacfsfmh+ s~ lajhăjh f f}pyŨjh+ h ua }jhăf+ ̀ aychkjaryhpja+ radaejh }h}ka~rauyni~* Ra źhkif f}mhpkmnjam jh rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn+ ymnŨhph @nenyhkjacfjfsuhysupa* Hla mn ryaufp rypasunrnjad ymnŨnjmh f}mhpkmnjh źhkih a ynpf}fmf f źhkih+ymnŨhph sn fsufc ymnŨnjmnc+ s ufc eh źhkih aekhźn f}pyŨnjmn ymnŨnjmh* Aphlpaf}mhpkmfphjmn źhkin a ynpf}fmf mn jnra}jhua ~ryhpjaryhpjam ryhlsf ifka ladnpyarslad ryhpjad sfsunch* F} jhpnenjad mhsja mn eh ynpf}fm~ pyŨf ey~dasunrnjfaydhj un hla sn apa fch ~ pfe~+ ajeh sn eakh}f ea ey~dfg ryhpjfg jnkadfăjasuf lamn

sn cad~ shźnuf ~ skmnenĄh rfuhjmh= Lacn sn ajeh f}mhpkm~mn źhkih a ynpf}fmf f lhla mnajh cad~Ąh+ s ai}fyac eh if sn źhkiac a ynpf}fmf ~pnka uyasunrnja ~ryhpja ymnŨh#phjmn un jmfcn ral~Ũhka ~slyhufuf ryhpa jh ~ryhpjf sray1 Lhla sn źhkiac a ynpf}fmfcaźn raifmhuf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn lhe mn ey~dasunrnjf aydhj eajfa spamn ey~da#sunrnja ynpf}faja ymnŨnjmn1 Aphlpa }hlajsla ymnŨnjmn+ lamfc ~cmnsua eh sn paef~ryhpjf sray }hlajaehpho mn+ jh shca jmnc~ ra}jhu jhăfj+ ~ aphm ~ryhpjf rasu~#rhl jh aphm jhăfj ~pna uyasunrnja ~ryhpja ymnŨhphjmn lamn jn ra}jhmn jfuf mnehjryhpjf svsunc un apfc en ̀ houa fslkm~ăfa cad~Ąjasu paĘnjmh ~ryhpjad srayh mny mnun fjdnynjofmn jn}hlajfua ryfslyifa aydhj~ eyźhpjn ~ryhpn* ]h yh}kfl~ ae ynpf}fmn+

lha rasnijad ryhpjad kfmnlh+ jh lamf fch ryhpa shca aydhj eyźhpjn ~ryhpn f lamfra}jhmn shca ]hlaj a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh+ źhkih lhayneapjf ryhpjf kfmnl mn ryarfshjh f ]hlajac a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~+ hkf f ]hlajacf} aikhsuf iayhăla#fjphkfesln }hŨufun+ lha knw srnofhkfs+ s ufc eh spn Ũua jfmn rya#rfshja ufc ]hlajac+ ryfcmnjm~mn sn ]hlaj a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~* Ryaufp ymnŨnjmheajnsnjad ra źhkif+ caźn sn ralynj~uf ~ryhpjf sray* CnĘ~ufc+ ryaufp ymnŨnjmheajnsnjad ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn lamfc mn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn rajfŨunja fkf ~lfj~ua fpyhĄnja jh rajapjf rasu~rhl kadfăja+ jn caźn sn paefuf ~ryhpjf sray+ in} ai}fyhjh ua eh kf mn jh rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn f}mhpkmnjh źhkih* Hkf hla sn ryaufp aphlpfgynpf}fajfg ymnŨnjmh jn caźn paefuf ~ryhpjf sray+ Ũua mn ryhpja ~uncnkmnja+ ajeh snjhcnĄn rfuhjmn= Eh kf sn caźn paefuf ~ryhpjf sray ryaufp ymnŨnjmh eajfmnuad ~rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn hla mn jmfcn f}cfmnjmnja rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn1 Aphlp~ ryhpj~sfu~hofm~ }hlajaehpho jfmn ~arĄn rynepfefa jfuf mn apa ynd~kfyhja }hlajslfc rya#rfsac+ hkf mn+ }h yh}kfl~ ae apn sfu~hofmn+ }h lam~ sn caźn sh sfd~yjaŨĄ~ upyefuf ehrynesuhpkmh ryhpjf jajsnjs+ f}yfăfua f uhlshufpja ryarfsha lheh sn ryaufp ymnŨnjmheajfmnuad ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn jn caźn paefuf ~ryhpjf sray* Ryhpjh kadflh+ ~phźh#phm~Ąf ăfjmnjfo~ eh }hlajaehpho jfmn rynepfefa+ hkf jf }hiyhjfa paĘnjmn rasu~rlh ~jhpnenjac sk~ăhm~+ jnepaminja ~lh}~mn eh sn ~ryhpjf sray caźn paefuf ryaufpskmnenĄfg ymnŨnjmh=



0?

h ryaufp ymnŨnjmh eajnsnjfg ra źhkif f

i ryaufp ymnŨnjmh eajnsnjfg ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn hla s~ jmfch f}cfmnjmnjh

rypasunrnjh ymnŨnjmh*Ua }jhăf eh if sn ryaufp ymnŨnjmh eajnsnjad ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn cadha ra#

lynj~uf ~ryhpjf sray hla mn ufc ymnŨnjmnc ey~dasunrnjf aydhj f}cfmnjfa rypasun#rnja ymnŨnjmn f shc yfmnŨfa ~ryhpj~ suphy* Fsuac kadflac eakh}f sn ea }hlkm~ălh ehif sn ~ryhpjf sray cadha paefuf f ryaufp ymnŨnjmh ey~dasunrnjad aydhjh lheh aj ~pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn rajfŨuf fkf ~lfjn f shc yfmnŨf suphy* Jheknźjfaydhj if cadha ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn rajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn f+ raryhpfk~+ shc yfmnŨfuf suphy ~ layfsu fkf jh Ũunu~ suyhjln hla ~upyef eh s~ ~ rypasun#rnjac rasu~rl~ jnraur~ja f radynŨja ~upyĘnjn ăfjmnjfon+ fkf eh sn ~ rasu~rl~ jfmn

paefka yhă~jh a ryhpfkfch rasu~rlh lamh if ifkh ae ~ufohmh jh ymnŨnjmn suphyf+ fkf~upyef eh s~ radynŨja aofmnjmnjf ealh}f+ fkf eh mn f} ~upyĘnjfg ăfjmnjfoh f}pnenjradynŨhj }hlkm~ăhl ~ radkne~ ăfjmnjfăjad suhjmh fkf eh mn radynŨja ryfcfmnjmnjryarfs jh asjap~ ladh mn yfmnŨnjh suphy* ^ spfc jhpnenjfc sk~ăhmnpfch jheknźjfaydhj caźn ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn eh rajfŨuf fkf ~lfjn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn ~ layfsu fkfjh Ũunu~ suyhjln+ s ufc eh Ąn ryf uacn+ ra ryhpfk~+ shc yfmnŨfuf suphy+ Ũua mn ~ slkhe~ shjhănkac n`flhsjasuf f} ]hlajh a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~* CnĘ~ufc+ hla mn j~źja ehrasu~rhl ~raur~jf rypasunrnjf aydhj+ rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn Ąn sn ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmnrajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf f rynecnu pyhufuf rypasunrnjac aydhj~ jh rajapjf rasu~rhl faek~l~* Fhla apa rfuhjmn ~ ]hlaj~ a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefohjfmn ~arĄn yfmnŨnja+ frhl sn apemn jhcnĄn rauynih }h aedapayac ~ lamfc ifsk~ăhmnpfch rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn ifka rajfŨunja fkf ~lfj~ua* Ryf apacn+ uynih fchuf~ pfe~ ryhpjn raskmnefon rajfŨuhphjmh f ~lfehjmh ymnŨnjmh ~upyĘnjn ]hlajac a~ryhpjac rasu~rl~*

^ ofkm~ ryhpfkjad ymnŨhphjmh suphyf ey~dasunrnjf aydhj caźn rapaeac źhkinf}cfmnjfuf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn ~ layfsu źhkfunkmh f cfca }hgumnph rasuhpkmnjad ~źhkif+ h ~ alpfy~ }hgumnph rasuhpkmnjad ~ rypasunrnjac rasu~rl~ hla sn ufcn jnpyfmnĘh ryhpa ey~dad kfoh* ^phźhphm~Ąf ladnjujn jaycn ]hlajh a ~ryhpjacrasu~rl~+ h lhla ]hlajac a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh jfmn

~upyĘnja ~ lamfc sk~ăhmnpfch Ąn sn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn rajfŨufuf+ h ~ lamfc~lfj~uf+ suphy mn aomnjn aydhjh lamf pyŨf ynpf}fm~ eh kf Ąn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmnrajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf* Lhe ey~dasunrnjf aydhj ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn rajfŨuf fkf ~lfjnrypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn+ hkf jn yfmnŨf shc sk~ăhm+ pnĄ rynecnu pyhuf jh rajapjfrasu~rhl f aek~l~ rypasunrnjac aydhj~+ uhm aydhj sryapaef rasu~rhl ~ slkhe~ shryfcmneihch ehufc ~ ymnŨnjm~ ey~dasunrnjad aydhjh f eajasf japa ymnŨnjmn*

9

9

f ear~jhch ]hlajh a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~ ')_k~źinjn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG)+ iy* 57!66&*]hlaj a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~ ')_k~źinjn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG)+ iy* 9!67 f ]hlaj a f}cmnjhch



05

Ehlkn+ rypasunrnjf aydhj if uyniha+ ~lakfla c~ sn ymnŨnjmn ~ rasu~rl~ynpf}fmn rajfŨuf fkf ~lfjn f pyhuf jh rajapjf rasu~rhl+ aihpn}ja eajfmnuf japa ymn#Ũnjmn* Japa if ymnŨnjmn uynihka eh raekfmnźn ynpf}fmf ~ lamam sn fsrfu~mn shca eh kf mn ~slkhe~ sh yh}ka}fch }iad lamfg mn yhjfmn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn rajfŨunja fkf ~lfj~ua*Adyhjfănjmn ey~dasunrnjad aydhjh+ ~ radkne~ aifch fsrfufphjmh rypasunrnjadymnŨnjmh ryf rajapjam ynpf}fmf+ jn }jhăf eh japa rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn sheyźf shcaajn nkncnjun lamf s~ ifkf yh}kad }h rajfŨuhphjmn fkf ~lfehjmn yhjfmnd rypasunrnjadymnŨnjmh* RaŨua mn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn rajfŨunja fkf ~lfj~ua+ aja ryhpja jn rasuamf*_uadh+ japa rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn cayh eh fch aikfl f spn shsuhpjn efmnkapn lamf s~rynepfĘnjf ]hlajac a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~* Ey~dasunrnjf aydhj lamf pyŨf ynpf}fm~e~źhj mn eh ~ uac rasu~rl~ ryfihpf cfŨkmnjmn kmnlhysln lacfsfmn ae uyf ăkhjh+ f}ăkhjh 54* suhp ?* ]hlajh a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh* F} apn

àyc~khofmn cadka if sn }hlkm~ăfuf eh ey~dasunrnjf aydhj aihpn}ja ryfihpkmhcfŨkmnjmn kmnlhysln lacfsfmn lheh pyŨf ynpf}fm~ rypasunrnjad ymnŨnjmh* ]h ynpf}fm~lamam raekfmnź~ f ymnŨnjmh lamfc sn ~upyĘ~mn fjphkfejfjh jfmn rauynija suy~ăjacnefofjsla }jhjmn+ asfc lhe mn jnsrasaijasu }h ryfpynĘfphjmn ~skap sufohjmhrayaefăjn fjphkfejfjn* _uadh+ ~lakfla }h eajaŨnjmn ymnŨnjmh ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn jfmnrauynija ~upyĘfphjmn ăfjmnjfoh lamn uyhźn suy~ăja cnefofjsla }jhjmn+ jnĄn sn ~pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn uyhźfuf cfŨkmnjmn kmnlhysln lacfsfmn* ^ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn+ ey~da#sunrnjh kmnlhyslh lacfsfmh ehmn jhkh} f cfŨkmnjmn ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn+ ra f}pyŨnjacryndkne~ pamjad fjphkfeh+ ~ skmnenĄfc sk~ăhmnpfch=

h lhe mn ~ rfuhjm~ ~upyĘfphjmn pamjad fjphkfefunuh ra asjap~ iaknsuf }heaifmnjnrae alakjasufch ~upyĘnjfc ]hlajac f

i lhe mn ~ rfuhjm~ ~upyĘfphjmn sunrnjh aŨunĄnjmh aydhjf}ch jh asjap~ ladh snsufăn ryhpa jh eaehuhl }h jmnd~ f racaĄ ae suyhjn ey~dad kfoh*

Ua jn }jhăf eh kmnlhyslh lacfsfmh ~ ey~dfc sk~ăhmnpfch jn ehmn cfŨkmnjmn jhasjap~ ryndkneh+ pnĄ ~ apfc sk~ăhmnpfch ehmn aihpn}jf ryndkne* ^ asuhkfc sk~#ăhmnpfch ryfcmnjm~m~ sn aeynein Ryhpfkjflh a yhe~ kmnlhyslfg lacfsfmh ~ rasu~rl~}h asuphyfphjmn ryhph ra ]hlaj~ a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh*Aeyneihch apad Ryhpfkjflh rynepfĘnja mn eh kmnlhyslh lacfsfmh ~ ey~dasunrnjacrasu~rl~ ehmn jhkh} f cfŨkmnjmn+ ra ryhpfk~+ jh asjap~ jnrasynejad ryndkneh kfoh fjh asjap~ cnefofjsln f ey~dn eal~cnjuhofmn ryfihpkmnjn ~ rypasunrnjac rasu~r#l~* Uh lacfsfmh caźn jhkh} f cfŨkmnjmn ehuf f in} jnrasynejad ryndkneh kfoh hlajhĘn eh uhlhp ryndkne jfmn rauynihj* Rynch uacn+ lheh kmnlhyslh lacfsfmh ehmncfŨkmnjmn ~ rasu~rl~ ynpf}fmn+ rayne sk~ăhmnph ~ lamfch mn rynepfĘnja aihpn}jaehphjmn jhkh}h f cfŨkmnjmh ra f}pyŨnjac ryndkne~+ ryndkne Ąn sn f}pyŨfuf f ~ ey~dfcsk~ăhmnpfch+ asfc ~lakfla jhĘn eh uhlhp ryndkne jfmn rauynihj+ lheh caźn ehuf jh#kh} f cfŨkmnjmn f in} jnrasynejad ryndkneh* Lhla ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn



0>

rasu~rhl aomnjn f f}ehphjmn jhkh}h f cfŨkmnjmh ae suyhjn kmnlhyslfg lacfsfmh shehf}ehmn Fjsufu~u }h cnefofjslh f ey~dh pmnŨuhănjmh+ h ~phźhphm~Ąf ăfjmnjfo~ eh s~efslynofajh ryhph lacfsfmh pnkflh un eh f}h jmfgapfg jhkh}h suamf laknlufpjf aydhj+cfŨkmnjmh shc eh mn jnargaeja eh @nenyhkja cfjfsuhysupa }h rfuhjmh iayhoh ffjphkfeh aeiyhcinja#askaiaefkhălad yhuh!@nenyhkja cfjfsuhysupa }h rfuhjmh iyh#jfunkmh f fjphkfeh eacapfjslad yhuh gfuja fcnj~mn rasnij~ kmnlhysl~ lacfsfm~ lamhif pyŨfkh jhe}ay jhe yheac lacfsfmh Fjsufu~uh+ h ra rauynif f shch pyŨfkh cnefofjslhpmnŨuhănjmh+ h spn ~ ofkm~ srynăhphjmh npnju~hkjfg jnryhpfkjasuf f ~mnejhăhphjmhlyfunyfmh yheh lacfsfmh+ sgaeja ăkhj~ 54* suhp 5* ]hlajh a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f ăkh#japh jmfgapfg rayaefoh ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

Lhla mn rfuhjmn ynpf}fmn ryarfshja jh jneapakmja ~ynĘnj f jneapakmja rynof#}hj jhăfj+ frhl sn+ ra cac cfŨkmnjm~+ jh asjap~ ajadh Ũua mn ryarfshja a ynpf}fmf+caźn }hlkm~ăfuf eh sn f ryaufp jnlfg ynpf}fajfg ymnŨnjmh caźn paefuf ~ryhpjf sray*Jhfcn+ }hlajaehpho mn aeynefa eh ynpf}fm~ rypasunrnjfg ymnŨnjmh pyŨf lhjuajhkjfaydhj ~ryhpn jheknźhj }h iayhăla#fjphkfesl~ }hŨufu~ ~ yal~ ae uyf cmnsnoh ae ehjhryfmnch rynecnuh* ̂ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn lhjuajhkjf aydhj ~ryhpn caźn ehuf shdkhsjasujh rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn+ caźn dh f}cfmnjfuf+ rajfŨufuf+ ~lfj~uf f shc ey~dhăfmnyfmnŨfuf ~ryhpj~ suphy fkf rynecnu pyhufuf rypasunrnjac aydhj~ jh rajapjf rasu~#rhl+ s ufc eh ynpf}fmh aekhźn f}pyŨnjmn ymnŨnjmh*

]hlajaehpho mn frhl rynepfefa cad~Ąjasu f}cmnjn rypasunrnjad ymnŨnjmh ~pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn rh+ fhla ~ apac sk~ăhm~ jfmn f}yfăfua ryarfsha cad~Ąjasu paĘnjmh~ryhpjad srayh+ jhcnĄn sn jns~cjmfp f kadfăhj }hlkm~ăhl eh mn ~ryhpjf sray frhlcad~Ąn paefuf* ̂ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn sn caźn f}cfmnjfuf+ rajfŨ#ufuf fkf ~lfj~uf+ lhla jh Ũunu~ suyhjln+ uhla f ~ layfsu suyhjln* Rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn sncaźn f}cfmnjfuf+ rajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf ~ layfsu suyhjln shca hla sn ufcn jn pyfmnĘhryhpa ey~dad kfoh* Jheknźjf aydhj if uyniha ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn ehuf shdkhsjasu jhrypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn hla aofmnjf eh mn aja }hlajfua+ eh mn eajnsnja in} rapynenryhpfkh rasu~rlh+ eh mn jh raur~ja f ryhpfkja ~upyĘnja ăfjmnjfăja suhjmn ryhpfkjaryfcmnjmnj chunyfmhkjf ryarfs* _hdkhsjasu Ąn jh rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn jheknźjfaydhj ehuf f ~ sk~ăhm~ lheh s~ rapyfmnĘnjh ryhpfkh rasu~rlh+ hkf s~ rapynen uhlpn eh

s~ in} ~ufohmh jh ymnŨnjmn sk~ăhmh* Rakh}nĄf ae uadh ~ lamfc sk~ăhmnpfch sn caźn ~pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn rajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn+ caźn sn schuyhuf ehjheknźjf aydhj caźn ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn eh f}cmnjf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn shca ~ajfc sk~ăhmnpfch ~ lamfch ey~dasunrnjf aydhj caźn rapaeac źhkin eh f}cmnjfrypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn* F}cmnjh rypasunrnjad ymnŨnjmh rapaeac źhkin jn if eaŨkh ~ai}fy ~ sk~ăhmnpfch lheh sn ymnŨnjmnc ~upyĘ~mn aihpn}h }h suyhjl~+ aejasja jhŨunu~ źhkfunkmh+ asfc f} yh}kadh rynepfĘnjfg ăkhjac 902*+ 90?* f 905* ]hlajh a~ryhpjac rasu~rl~ mny sn jmfcn jn ~upyĘ~m~ aihpn}n suyhjhlh+ pnĄ jmfgaph ryhph*Ey~dasunrnjf aydhj caźn rapaeac źhkin f}cfmnjfuf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn jh Ũunu~



00

źhkfunkmh f} jhpnenjfg yh}kadh f aeifuf dh sh }hgumnpac lamf c~ mn ifa rypasunrnjfcymnŨnjmnc ~phźnj hla mn rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn lamfc mn źhkfao~ ryf}jhua jnla ryhparadynŨja un if sn cadka rajfŨufuf fkf ~lfj~uf ra ryhp~ jhe}ayh+ ~lfj~uf yhef }hŨufun

mhpjad fjunynsh fkf hla sheyźf jnryhpfkjasuf lamn dh ăfjn jfŨuhpjfc* Fsuf aydhj ifcadha ~ pyŨnjm~ ynpf}fmn eh f}cfmnjf rypasunrnja ymnŨnjmn f shc yfmnŨf sk~ăhm f lheynpf}fm~ pyŨf raŨua źhkih jfmn f}mhpkmnjh* Hla ryaufp ymnŨnjmh rypasunrnjad aydhjhjn i~en f}mhpkmnjh źhkih+ h ynpf}fmh jn i~en f}pyŨnjh ~ yal~ ae uyf cmnsnoh ae ehjhlheh mn lhjuajhkjf aydhj ryfcfa rynecnu+ schuyh sn eh mn ynpf}fmh f}pyŨnjh f eh mnehuh shdkhsjasu jh ymnŨnjmn* Rynch uacn+ caźn sn ynĄf eh ynpf}fmh rynesuhpkmh ra#snijf ryhpjf kfmnl+ Ũua ăfjf }jhăhmja aesu~rhjmn ~ aejas~ jh sfsunc ryhpjfg kfmnlaphrynepfĘnjfg ]hlajac a ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~* Apa }hmneja sh jneapakmja f jnryn#of}ja aeynĘnjfc f en`fjfyhjfc rasu~rlac ynpf}fmn ehmn eaehuj~ ryhpj~ jnsfd~y#

jasu ~ }hlajslf sfsunc }hŨufun ryhph iayhăln rar~khofmn* Rasu~rhl lamf mn alajăhjymnŨnjmnc ryaufp lamnd jnch yneapjad ryhpjad kfmnlh ~ ~ryhpjac rasu~rl~ caźnsn aijapfuf 'phjynejf ryhpjf kfmnl ~ skmnenĄfc sk~ăhmnpfch=

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i aijaph rypasunrnjad rasu~rlh alajăhjad ymnŨnjmnc jh lamn mn źhkih ifkhfslkm~ănjh f

o aijaph rypasunrnjad rasu~rlh alajăhjad ymnŨnjmnc ryaufp lamnd jfmn

layfŨunjh źhkih lha yneapjf ryhpjf kfmnl*Aphlph }hlajslh ymnŨnjmh+ f rayne uadh Ũua fg ]hlaj a ryhpfch iyhjfkhoh f

ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh jn ra}jhmn+ jn fslkm~ă~m~ ryfcmnj~ f ey~dfg phjynejfgryhpjfg kfmnlaph+ lha Ũua s~=

h cfmnjmhjmn f rajfŨuhphjmn ymnŨnjmh ~ pn}f sh ~ryhpjfc srayac<

i }hgumnp }h }hŨufu~ }hlajfuasuf<o rajfŨuhphjmn f ~lfehjmn ymnŨnjmh ra ryhp~ jhe}ayh<

e ~lfehjmn f cfmnjmhjmn ryhpacaĄjad ymnŨnjmh ~} ryfsuhjhl

fkf jh }hgumnp suyhjln<n phjyneja ~lfehjmn ymnŨnjmh f` adkhŨhphjmn ymnŨnjmh jfŨuhpjfc*

Eh if jnla ryhpa iayhoh f ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh ifka npnju~hkja ryne#cnu yneapjfg fkf phjynejfg ryhpjfg kfmnlaph+ aja cayh ifuf rynugaeja lajsufu~fyh#ja* Jheknźjh sk~źih iayhăla#fjphkfesln }hŨufun ralynĄn rasu~rhl }h asuhphyfphjmnryhph ra sk~źinjam e~źjasuf fkf rapaeac }hgumnph suyhjln* Lajsufu~fyhjmn ryhphiayhoh fkf ăkhjaph jmfgapfg rayaefoh }hgufmnph rynugaeja ~upyĘfphjmn alakjasufrae lamfch mn eaŨka ea yhjmhphjmh+ rapymnĘfphjmh fkf a}kmnĘfphjmh ~ scfsk~ aeyn#







06

Masfr EakfĄ+ efrk*f~y*Hkch CaĄfĄ#C~mhlfĄ+ efrk*f~y*

RYFKA]F ]H F]^ċHPHJMN JHEKNųJA_UF F RA_U^RLHRYNE CNĒ^JHYAEJFC _ÊAC RYHPEN-

F* ^paejf efa

Jnsuhjlac Kfdn jhyaeh rasuhpfka sn rfuhjmn ehkmjmn s~eifjn _uhkjad s~ehcnĘ~jhyaejn ryhpen lamf mn rynunăh shehŨjmnd CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen* Rasua#

mhkf s~ ryfmneka}f eh _uhkjf s~e arsuhjn f eh jmndapn apkhsuf i~e~ ryaŨfynjn+ hkf mn uhfenmh ifkh jhr~Ũunjh* Jh raskmnejmam smnejfof _l~rŨufjn Kfdn jhyaeh+ 87* 5* 865>*daefjn+ eajfmnuh mn yn}ak~ofmh lamac mn ~lfj~u _uhkjf s~e cnĘ~jhyaejn ryhpen+ lharyhpjh raskmnefoh jnsuhjlh Kfdn jhyaeh* _~of s~ rynehkf spamn asuhpln f jmfgaphs~efmslh hlufpjasu+ lha ăkhjaph _~eh+ rynsuhkh mn lyhmnc sfmnăjmh 8650* daefjn*

Ryfryncjh lacfsfmh rypad }hsmnehjmh ̂ mnefjmnjfg jhyaeh pnĄ mn ryfrynchkhf}iay ăkhjaph CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen* Raănulac pnkmhăn 8650+ Dnjnyhkjhsl~rŨufjh f}hiyhkh mn 8> ăkhjaph japad _~eh* Rypa }hsmnehjmn _~eh aeyźhja mn ?* 5*8650* daefjn* Japaàycfyhjf _~e }heyźha mn smnefŨun rynugaejad s~eh ~ Ghhd~*]hjfckmfpasu apad sk~ăhmh mnsu ua Ũua CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen rynesuhpkmh s~lon#sayh _uhkjad s~eh cnĘ~jhyaejn ryhpen+ jn shca ra jhăfj~ jhsuhjlh f ih}fyhjm~_uhu~uh f Ryhpfkh rasu~rlh jh _uhu~u~ f Ryhpfkfch rasu~rlh _uhkjad s~eh pnĄ f }iaduadh Ũua sn CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen rynch m~yfsry~enjofmf _uhkjad s~eh aejasf lharynch pkhsufuam* UhlaĘny+ f}mhpn lamfch sn ryfgphĄh jheknźjasu _uhkjad s~eh+ hlamn jfs~ rynsuhkn phźfuf }iad pyncnjslad adyhjfănjmh+ aipn}~m~ eyźhpn ehphaonf}mhph ~ radkne~ jheknźjasuf CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen 'ăkhjhl ?0*+ suhphl >*_uhu~uh* Eal mn _uhkjf s~e cnĘ~jhyaejn ryhpen ifa jn}hpfshj ae Kfdn jhyaeh+CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen rynesuhpkmh mnehj ae dkhpjfg aydhjh ̂ mnefjmnjfg jhyaeh'ăkhjhl 69* Rapnkmn ̂ J#h*

FF* CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen# asjapjn lhyhlunyfsufln+ aydhjf}hofmh+ f}iay s~ehoh

Rapnkmh ^J#h mn }h CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen }jhăhmjh jh jnlakfla jhăfjh=jh asjap~ Rapnkmn _~e mn asjaphj f ~suhjapkmnj lha mnehj ae jmnjfg dkhpjfgaydhjh* _uhu~u _~eh schuyh sn efmnkac Rapnkmn* ċkhjof 69#60 Rapnkmn ynd~kfyhm~

- Yhe ynonj}fyha= rya`*ey* ]fmhe GhsfĄ



42

rfuhjmh s~eslad ymnŨhphjmh srayaph jh cnĘ~jhyaejac rkhj~+ lha f suhu~s CnĘ~jh#yaejad s~eh ryhpen* Jh aphm jhăfj mn s~eifjh CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen pn}hjhjh cjada jhăfjh sh s~eifjac ̂ J#h*

CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen mn aupaynj }h spn eyźhpn* _pn ăkhjfon ̂ mnefjmnjfgjhyaeh s~ in} yh}kfln+ frsa `houa+ ăkhjfon _uhu~uh CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen*Eyźhph lamh jfmn ăkhjfoh ̂ J#h uhlaĘny caźn rasuhuf ăkhjfoac _uhu~uh rae ~pmnufchlamn Ąn ~ sphlac lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ ~upyefuf Dnjnyhkjh sl~rŨufjh ra rynray~ofPfmnĄh sfd~yjasuf 'ăkhjhl 6?* Rapnkmn ^J#h 'sk~ăhm Ţpfohysln* UhlaĘny+ _~e mnaupaynj f }h eyźhpn lamn jfs~ ăkhjfon jf _uhu~uh jf Rapnkmn+ rae ~pmnufch lamnrynepfĘh Yn}ak~ofmh PfmnĄh sfd~yjasuf 6!8650+ lamh apam lhundayfmf eyźhph acad~#Ą~mn eh _~e~ raejns~ enlkhyhofm~ '}h lajlynuhj sray fkf }h i~e~Ąn srayapn lamac

ryfgphĄhm~ jheknźjasu _~eh f aipn}~m~Ąf lhyhluny jmndapn aek~ln hjhkadja ăkhjl~65* Rapnkmn* Apn enlkhyhofmn enrajfyhka mn jnlakfla eyźhph ~ ryaŨkasuf= Hkihjfmh+Fuhkfmh+ Lhciaeźh+ Onmkaj+ _hpn}jh Ynr~ikflh Jmnchălh+ @fjslh+ Fuhkfmh+ Mhrhj+Khas f Pfmnujhc*

@hl~kuhufpjh jheknźjasu s~eh mn sufr~kfyhjh ~ ăkhjl~ ??* Rapnkmn+ h ryaf}kh}ff} ăkhjlh 6>* Rapnkmn ̂ J#h lamf rynepfĘh eh ăkhjfon ̂ J#h ymnŨhphjmn spamfg sraya#ph cad~ rapmnyfuf s~eapfch r~unc srayh}~ch lamf s~ pnĄ jh sjh}f fkf lamf cad~ifuf }hlkm~ănjf ~ i~e~Ąjasuf* ċkhjhl 65* ~suhjapkmhph eh s~ aek~ln _~eh aipn}~m~#Ąn }h suyhjn ~ sray~ 'ăkhjhl >6* _uhu~uh ~upyĘ~mn fsu~ aipn}~+ rynof}fyhm~Ąf eh sn ajh

aejasf shca jh suyhjn ~ sray~ f }h lajlynuhj sk~ăhm* ̂ sk~ăhm~ jnf}pyŨnjmh aek~ln+PfmnĄn sfd~yjasuf caźn jh }hgumnp mnejn ae suyhjh aek~ăfuf a cmnyhch lamn uynihm~ifuf rae~}nun*

CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen mn dkhpja s~einja ufmnka aydhj ^J#h+ shsuhpkmnjaae jn}hpfsjfg s~ehoh f}hiyhjfg in} ai}fyh jh jmfgapa eyźhpkmhjsupa+ ~} adyhjfăn#jmn eh sn ~ shsuhp~ _~eh caźn jhkh}fuf shca ra mnehj eyźhpkmhjfj mnejn eyźhpn*_~of cayhm~ ifuf ~dknejn kfăjasuf ~ spamfc }nckmhch f cayhm~ fsr~jmhphuf ~pmnun }hf}iay ~ jhmpfŨh s~ehălh }phjmh ~ spamfc }nckmhch fkf ifuf ryf}jhuf suy~ăjmhof f}aikhsuf cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph* Ualac aihpkmhjmh s~ehăln ̀ ~jlofmn s~of sn jn cad~

ihpfuf rakfufălfc f hecfjfsuyhufpjfc raskapfch+ ~lkm~ă~m~Ąf }hsu~rhjmn fkf ehphjmnryhpjfg shpmnuh suyhjhch ~ sray~*

F}iay s~ehoh mn enuhkmja ynd~kfyhj _uhu~uac* _hsuhpkmh sn kfsuh lhjefehuh lamnrynekhź~ pkhen eyźhph ăkhjfoh ^J#h jh asjap~ jhofajhkjfg dy~rh ryf _uhkjachyifuyhźjac s~e~ ~ Ghhd~* ^ sk~ăhm~ eh eyźhph jnch rynesuhpjflh ryf _uhkjachyifuyhźjac s~e~+ lhjefehun fcnj~m~ jmfgapn pkhen* A lhjefehufch sn dkhshjn}hpfsja f fsuapyncnja ~ Dnjnyhkjam sl~rŨufjf f PfmnĄ~ sfd~yjasuf+ h rauynijh mnhrsak~ujh pnĄfjh dkhsaph ~ aih ufmnkh eh if ifkf f}hiyhjf* Uac ryfkflac sn ~ PfmnĄ~sfd~yjasuf uyhźf pnĄfjh ae ashc dkhsaph f jn caźn sn ~rauyfmnifuf ryhpa pnuh* Eyźhpn



48

lamn s~ ăkhjfon _uhu~uh+ h jfs~ ăkhjfon Rapnkmn+ cad~ s~emnkaphuf ~ yhe~ Dnjnyhkjnsl~rŨufjn ryfkflac dkhshjmh* ċnsua mn rauynija rajapfuf dkhshjmn mny sn eadhĘh ehjneapakmhj iyam lhjefehuh eaifmn hrsak~uj~ pnĄfj~* Eh if sn ~ uhlpfc sk~ăhmnpfchrar~jfkh cmnsuh+ ~suhjapkmnjh mn ryaone~yh lajofkfmhofmn* ̂ sk~ăhm~ eh jn ~srfmn jflajofkfmhofmh+ raskmnejmn ymnŨnjmn mn f}iay rynasuhkfg s~ehoh ae suyhjn _~eh* Ea eh#jhs sn aph raskmnejmh eph jhăfjh jfs~ layfsufkh mny sn jfmn mhpfkh rauynih }h ufc* _~esn shsuamf ae 8> s~ehoh s chjehuac ae enpnu daefjh 'rasuamf ryhpa ynf}iayh+ h ehif sn asfd~yha lajufj~funu ~ yhe~ _~eh+ ifyh sn rnu s~ehoh sphln uynĄn daefjn* Fhlajn rasuamf ryhpfka ~ radkne~ eyźhpkmhjsuph+ ~ sphlac shsuhp~ _~eh sn jhkh}n s~oflamf s~ eyźhpkmhjf suhkjfg ăkhjfoh PfmnĄh sfd~yjasuf* _~of su~rhm~ jh e~źjasu 0*pnkmhăn ~ daefjf lamh skfmnef daefjf jmfgapad f}iayh 'ifyhm~ sn jh rypac }hsfmnehjm~Dnjnyhkjn sl~rŨufjn ~ y~mj~ ‟ uynĄf ănupyuhl ~ y~mj~+ lheh sn ryfsu~rh uhmjacf}iay~ rynesmnejflh f raurynesmnejflh _~eh jh yh}eaikmn ae uyf daefjn* ̂ lakfla mnsuyhjh ~ sray~ eyźhph lamh jnch s~oh spad eyźhpkmhjfjh+ eyźhph ~ sray~ fch ryhpafcnjaphufhe gao s~oh* Lpay~c }h yhe _~eh mnsun enpnu s~ehoh*

_uhu~s s~ehoh ‟ s~of s~ jn}hpfsjf ~ spac yhe~ f jn cad~ ifuf yh}yfmnŨnjf shspamn ̀ ~jlofmn 'asfc ~ f}~}nujfc alakjasufch rasuamhjmh s~cjmn eh s~eho jn fsr~#jmhph spamn aipn}n f uheh a uacn aek~ă~mn _~e ~ r~jac shsuhp~+ lha f ~ sk~ăhm~aulh}h* ̂ źfphm~ efrkachusln fc~jfunun lha Ũnàpf efrkachuslfg cfsfmh 'jh jmfg snryfcmnjm~mn Lajpnjofmh a ryfpfkndfmhch f fc~jfunufch ̂ J#h f} 8650* daefjn* _~offchm~ ryhpa jh jhljhe~ }h spam yhe+ lha f jh ralyfphjmn uyaŨlaph ~ pn}f s yheac jh_~e~* Fhla sn fjsfsufyh jh aimnlufpjasuf s~ehoh+ ryhlsh mn ralh}hkh eh s~ s~of frhlryfsuyhjf f eh ra ryhpfk~ f}jasn hyd~cnjun ~ layfsu spamfg eyźhph+ lheh sn ajn jhkh}n~ sray~*

FFF* Jheknźjasu CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen

FFF* 8* Jheknźjasu CnĘ~jhyaejad s~eh ryhpen

Rae fjsufu~uac jheknźjasuf raeyh}~cfmnph sn apkhŨĄnjmn f e~źjasu eh snrasu~rh ~ aeynĘnjam ryhpjam suphyf ăfcn sn ~srasuhpkmh pn}h f}cnĘ~ s~eh 'fkf jnladey~dad aydhjh f lajlynujn ryhpjn suphyf* Rae jheknźjaŨĄ~ CnĘ~jhyaejad s~ehryhpen sn raeyh}~cfmnph apkhŨunjmn s~eh eh )asuphyf ryhpe~) 'ea m~sufon f}cnĘ~rhyjfăjfg suyhjh+ eh yfmnŨf sk~ăhm lamf mn ryne jmfc r~unc aihpn}~m~Ąn ryns~en*]jhăhm jheknźjasuf mn ~ lhla ~ jmndapam pn}f sh rynecnuac srayh f suyhjhch ~jmnc~+ uhla f }iad srnof`făjasuf apad fjsufu~uh ~ rasu~rl~ ryne CnĘ~jhyaejfcs~eac+ s ai}fyac eh mn ~skapkmnj shdkhsjaŨĄ~ suyhjh f ynkhufpf}fyhj cad~Ąfcadyhjfănjmfch*

ċkhjhl 46* suhphl '0 Ryhpfkh ~upyĘ~mn aipn}~ _~eh eh ~suhjapf spam~ jhe#knźjasu ryfmn ~r~Ũuhjmh ~ cnyfu~c* ̂ upyĘfphjmn jheknźjasuf mn ae pfuhkjad }jhănjmh











40

)Lheh sn a rfuhjmfch lamh s~ raejnsnjh _~e~ yhsryhpkmhka ~ cnyfu~c~+ fjflhlhp ryfdapay jfmn ~ăfjmnj ~ radkne~ ear~Ũunjasuf cnyfuayjn aek~ln+aphlpa rajhŨhjmn mn eapakmja eh asfd~yh jheknźjasu _~e~* '*** _uyhjn s~ sn

5'*** s~dkhsfkn s jheknźjaŨĄ~ _~eh*)

)Jhănka ày~c ryayadhu~c uynih ifuf }hsjaphja jh jnlac rajhŨhjm~ fkf>f}mhpf lamh ~lkm~ă~mn nkncnju s~dkhsjasuf ~ radkne~ jheknźjasuf _~eh*)

Hla eyźhph asrayhph jnlh cnyfuayjh rfuhjmh ryfmn jnda Ũua mn rfuhjmn jhe#knźjasuf yfmnŨnja+ schuyhu Ąn sn eh ajh jnch ryfcmneif ~ radkne~ jheknźjasuf un ehjh jm~ f ryfsuhmn* ̂ Oay`~ Oghjjnk Ohsn+ demn mn ryfcfmnjmnjh ealuyfjh rynŨ~uja }h#sjaphjn jheknźjasuf+ Hkihjfmh mn ~ rfsc~ ~r~Ąnjac _~e~ f}yh}fkh sryncjasu eh sn~ sray~ ramhpf un mn _~e aphlpa rasu~rhjmn lphkf`fofyha lha lajlk~enjuj~ yhejm~

lamac sn f}yhźhph ryfsuhjhl jh jheknźjasu* Mnehj ae ~}yalh jnramhpkmfphjmh eyźhphryne _~eac mn ~ryhpa suyhg ae ryfcmnjn ealuyfjn ryayadfyhjn jheknźjasuf* Apfc sncnghjf}cac caźn lajphkfefyhuf fkf ryaŨfyfuf jheknźjasu lamh mn jh raănul~ ra#su~rlh jnphźjh fkf ~źn aeynĘnjh* CnĘ~ufc+ f}cmnjhch Ryhpfkh _~eh f} 8649*+ hasaifua ajfc f} 8647*+ schjmnjh mn+ hla jn f aulkajmnjh+ cad~Ąjasu hlufpfyhjmh ryf#cmnjn apn ealuyfjn* Ryhlsh _~eh raskfmn 8649* daefjn ~ pnkflam cmnyf ua raupyĘ~mn*

Jheknźjasu _~eh+ fhla rynesuhpkmh jnemnkmfp~ lhundayfm~+ caźn sn ryachuyhufsuy~lu~yhkja* Jh uhm jhăfj yh}kfl~mnca rnysajhkj~+ suphyj~ f pyncnjsl~ jheknźjasu

_~eh*8& Yhufajn rnysajhn ‟ _hca sn eyźhpn cad~ mhpfuf lha suyhjln ~ rhyjfăjac

rasu~rl~ ryne _~eac+ f ua jn spn* ArĄh rnysajhkjh m~yfseflofmh _~eh ~pmnuaphjh mnăkhjsupac ~ Rapnkmf ^J#h+ _uhu~u~ _~eh fkf raejaŨnjmnc enlkhyhofmn ~ slkhe~ sh~skapfch rasuhpkmnjfc ~ Yn}ak~ofmf PfmnĄh sfd~yjasuf 6!8650* ArĄh rnysajhkjhjheknźjasu aeynĘ~mn rhyjfăj~ srasaijasu* Rasnijh rnysajhkjh jheknźjasu }h laj#lynuhj sk~ăhm sn aeynĘ~mn raŨua sn fsrfuh asjap jheknźjasuf f aeynef jheknźjasu _~#eh }h lajlynuhj sk~ăhm* Rasnijh rnysajhkjh jheknźjasu aeynĘ~mn suyhjhăl~kndfufchofm~*

9& Yhufajn chunyfhn ‟ _~e ymnŨhph shca cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpjn srayapnryfcmnjm~m~Ąf cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpjn jaycn* ċkhjlac ?0* suhphl '9 _uhu~uh aeyn#Ę~mn sn ramhc ryhpjad srayh* Ryne _~eac sn ryhpjf sray mhpkmh lha hjufraerakfufălac sray~ f rapkhănjmn yh}kfln f}cnĘ~ apn epfmn pysun srayaph mn ifkarynecnu yhsryhph ~ jnlakfla sk~ăhmnph* _~e ryfcmnjm~mn arĄh ryhpjh ryhpfkh jh

5

> Hjdka#Fyhjfhj Afk Oacrhjv Ohsn '^jfune Lfjdeac p* Fyhj+ Rynkfcfjhyv Aimnoufajs+ FOMYnrayus 86>9+ suy* 885*

Ghvh en kh Uayyn Ohsn 'Oak~cifh p* Rny~+ Cnyfus+ FOM Ynrayus 86>8+ suy* 47*





47

raeyh}~cfmnphm~= }hgumnp }h ryfpyncnjfc cmnyhch+ rynugaejf ryfdapayf+ }hgumnp}h cfmnŨhjmn ~ rasu~rhl 'fjunypnjofmh+ srnofmhkja aiyhĄhjmn _~e~+ ryau~}hgumnp+srhmhjmn rasu~rlh+ rynlfe rasu~rlh+ }hgumnp }h u~chănjmnc ryns~en f }hgumnp }hrajhpkmhjmnc rasu~rlh* _~e uhlaĘny yhsrakhźn fjgnynjujac jheknźjaŨĄ~ }hyhsryhp~ a pkhsufuam jheknźjasuf 'oacræunjon en kh oacræunjon+ lha f apkhsufch eheajasf Ryhpfkh rasu~rlh ryne _~eac*

FFF* 9* Pysun srayaph lamf sn mhpkmhm~ ryne _~eac

]hgphkm~m~Ąf arĄam suphyjam jheknźjasuf lamac yhsrakhźn _~e+ sph sn rfuhjmhcnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph cad~ jhĄf lha rynecnu srayh ryne _~eac* Eyźhpn adyhjf#ăhphm~ suphyj~ jheknźjasu f f}payn lamn _~e caźn ryfcfmnjfuf r~unc yn}nypf* Frhl+

f} eashehŨjmn ryhlsn _~eh caźn sn pfemnuf lamn pysun srayaph jhmănŨĄn eakh}n ryne_~e*

8* Unyfuayfmhkjf srayapf<

9* Efrkachuslh }hŨufuh<

?* Jnea}pakmnjh ~rauynih sfkn<

5* Yhe cnĘ~jhyaejfg aydhjf}hofmh f s~eaph<

>* Efrkachusla#laj}~khyjf srayapf*

8* Unyfuayfmhkjf srayapf ‟ apa s~ sphlhla jhmiyamjfmf srayapf lamf sn mhpkmhm~ryne _~eac* Rae jmfch sn raeyh}~cfmnphm~ jn shca unyfuayfmhkjf srayapf ~ ~źncscfsk~ 'rynunj}fmh jh mnehj efa unyfuayfmh pnĄ f dyhjfăjf srayapf '~upyĘfphjmn uaăjndyhjfon f ryaikncf pn}hjf }h dyhjfăjn fjofenjun 'rapynen eyźhpjn dyhjfon*

9* Efrkachuslh }hŨufuh # rynesuhpkmh fjsufu~u cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph r~unclamnd sn acad~Ąhph }hŨufuh ryhpjfg f `f}fălfg asaih ~ cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpjacraynul~* RaŨua lkhsfăja cnĘ~jhyaeja ryhpa jn ryf}jhmn apfc kfofch cnĘ~jhyae#jaryhpjf s~imnlufpfunu+ jmfch mn ~slyhĄnjh f ryaonsjh srasaijasu ryne CnĘ~jh#

yaejfc s~eac ryhpen* Eh if sn jmfgaph ryhph frhl cadkh }hŨufuf+ ~suhjapkmnj mn faphm fjsufu~u lamf acad~Ąhph eyźhpf eh sn+ rae aeynĘnjfc ~pmnufch+ s~rsufu~fyh jhcmnsua ryhpjfg f `f}fălfg asaih ăfmh ryhph s~ rapyfmnĘnjh rynch jaychch cnĘ~#jhyaejad ryhph* ^ sk~ăhm~ rapynen ryhph `f}făln fkf ryhpjn asain+ aejas lamf snsuphyh jh cnĘ~jhyaejac rkhj~ mn ~pfmnl aejas eyźhpn rynch eyźhpf+ Ũua }jhăf eh

mn mhpjaryhpjn ryfyaen* J~źja mn jhracnj~uf eh pyŨnjmn efrkachusln }hŨufun apfsfa efslynofajam aomnjf eyźhpn lamh sn s~rsufu~fyh jh cmnsua ryhpjn fkf ̀ f}făln asain*Ajh raur~ja skaiaeja aek~ă~mn gaĄn kf rae~}nuf uhlp~ }hŨufu~ f ralynj~uf rasu~rhlryne _~eac* _ ey~dn suyhjn+ ramnefjho sn jn caźn ~jhryfmne aeynĄf efrkachusln



46

}hŨufun* ̂ pmnuf rae lamfch sn efrkachuslh }hŨufuh caźn pyŨfuf s~ skmnenĄf= rasuamhjmnpn}n eyźhpkmhjsuph f}cnĘ~ aŨunĄnjn asain f eyźhpn lamh dh ~}fch ~ }hŨufu~<fslayfŨunjasu kalhkjfg ryhpjfg kfmnlaph eyźhpn lamh mn aŨunufkh ryhpj~ fkf `f}făl~asai~< f+ eh mn u~źnjh eyźhph spamfc rasu~rhjmnc rynch ufc asaihch rynlyŨfkhaeynĘnj~ cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpj~ aipn}~* Ryaiknc lamf apemn rasuamf mnsu yh}eph#

mhjmn lyŨnjmh cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpjn aihpn}n rynch ramnefjo~ f eyźhpf+ s ai}fyac ehsphlf r~u lheh eaĘn ea lyŨnjmh+ aŨunĄnjac sn schuyh eyźhph 'yfmnă mn+ jh ryfcmny+ a~dapay~+ hkf jnrasyneja aŨunĄnj mnsun ramnefjho ‟ yh}kflaphjmn f}yhpjn f jnf}#yhpjn Ũunun* Hla mn eyźhph uhlaĘny jnrasyneja ~dyaźnjh+ ajeh jnch cmnsuh ef#rkachuslam }hŨufuf 'jry* eyźhph mn efajfăhy ~ lacrhjfmf jhe lamac mn f}pyŨnjhnlsryaryfmhofmh un jn rasuamf jf ~pmnu fslayfŨunjasuf kalhkjfg ryhpjfg kfmnlaph*

Ryfcmnyf sk~ăhmnph efrkachusln }hŨufun= Hcihufnkas+ Hjdka#Fyhjfhj Afk Oa*+Jauuniagc+ Fjunyghjenk+ Ihyonkajh Uyhoufaj+ Kfdgu hje Ratny Oacrhjv+ Kfcfune+Nknuuyajfoh _fo~kh _*r*H* 'NK_F+ f ey*

?* Jnea}pakmnjh ~rauynih sfkn ‟ sphlhla rynesuhpkmhm~ )rakfufălf) jhmunźnsk~ăhmnpn mny mn rakfufălf fjunyns eyźhph lae aphlpfg srayaph jhmf}yhźnjfmf* Apa mnrfuhjmn rasnija asmnukmfpa mny mn yfmnă a ladnjujfc jaychch cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph*Ra}jhuf sk~ăhmnpf= Jflhyhdph p* ^*_*+ Ay~źhjn hlufpjasuf jh unyfuayfm~ Lajdh'Oajda p* ̂ dhjeh+ M~daskhpfmh p* JHUA+ Dnjaofen Ohsns 'lacnjuhy+ Ohsn Oaj#onyjfjd Iayeny hje Uyhjsiayeny Hycne Houfajs 'Jfohyhd~h p* Gaje~yhs+ f ey*

5* Yhe cnĘ~jhyaejfg aydhjf}hofmh f s~eaph ‟ u~ rasuamn epfmn pysun sk~ăhmn#ph* Ryph mn lheh _~e eajasf shpmnuaehpja cfŨkmnjmn lha hrnkhofajf s~e ~ radkne~yheh Hecfjfsuyhufpjad s~eh ̂ J#h fkf ryns~e~ lheh c~ mn ey~dasu~rhjmslh jheknź#jasu rasnija rapmnynjh lha ~ sk~ăhm~ FOHA 'CnĘ~jhyaejh aydhjf}hofmh }h ofpfkja}yhlarkapsupa* Ey~df sk~ăhm mn lheh mn aek~lh cnĘ~jhyaejn aydhjf}hofmn rynecnusrayh f}cnĘ~ suyhjh lheh sn asrayhph apkhŨunjmn mnejn eyźhpn jh asjap~ aek~lncnĘ~jhyaejn aydhjf}hofmn sh aiyh}kaźnjmnc eh mn uhlph aek~lh jnkndhkjh'Kaolnyifn*

>* Efrkachusla#laj}~khyjf srayapf ‟ rapaeac lyŨnjmh ryhpfkh a efrkachu#slfc f laj}~khyjfc ryfpfkndfmhch f fc~jfunufch* ̂ _* p* Fyhj+ Rhyhd~hv p* ̂ *_*+ KhDyhje Ohsn 'Dnychjv p* ̂ *_**

FP* Rasu~rhl ryne CnĘ~jhyaejfc s~eac ryhpen

Rasuamn epfmn asjapjn pysun rasu~rlh ryne _~eac= rhyjfăjf f shpmnuaehpjf*Rasu~rhl ehphjmh shpmnuaehpjfg cfŨkmnjmh mnsu srnof`făhj+ s ai}fyac eh sn aejasf



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jh yh}mhŨjmnjmn jnlad ryhpjad rfuhjmh ae }jhănjmh }h raejasfunkmh }hgumnph falajăhph sn jnaipn}~m~Ąac aek~lac* Ryhpa jh raejaŨnjmn }hgumnph }hf}ehphjmnc shpmnuaehpjfg cfŨkmnjmh fchm~ PfmnĄn sfd~yjasuf f Dnjnyhkjh sl~rŨufjhjh asjap~ Rapnkmn ^J#h* Dnjnyhkjh sl~rŨufjh caźn f}ehuf apkhsuf f ey~dfcaydhjfch eh raejns~ }hgumnp 'NOA_AO+ @HA+ TGA f ey** Rasu~rhl f}ehphjmhshpmnuaehpjfg cfŨkmnjmh f jn rynesuhpkmh ryhpf rasu~rhl }h ymnŨhphjmn srayaph+ sai}fyac eh jnch nkncnjun rhyjfăjad rasu~rlh* Cf Ąnca pfŨn pyncnjh raspnufufrhyjfăjac rasu~rl~*

Rhyjfăjf mn rasu~rhl easuh skaźnj f phźhj* Rasuamn asjapjh jhănkh lamh phźn}h ap~ pysu~ rasu~rlh*

Jhănkh rasu~rlh ryne _~eac s~ skmnenĄh=8* Mnejhlasu suyhjhlh<9* _uyhjhălh efsra}fofmh<?* Lajuyhefluayjasu<5* Kndhkjasu f hyifuyhyjasu<>* Yhsryhpja f fsuyhźja jhănka0* ^scnjasu f rfscnjasu<4* Jnrasynejasu f lakndfmhkjasu<7* Mhpjasu<

6* _kaiaejh s~eslh aomnjh<82* Jhănka chunyfmhkjn fsufjn*

Lhyhlunyfsufln rasu~rlh # Jhăfj ralynuhjmh rasu~rlh ryne _~eac ~ slkhe~ mn s ryhpjac ryfyaeac rhyjfon ~ ~j~uyhŨjmnc raynul~ f s~suhpac ̀ hl~kuhufpjn jhe#knźjasuf _~eh* Rasu~rhl sn ralynĄn lacryacfsac fkf u~źiac+ ehlkn fslkm~ăfpa jhasjap~ pakmn suyhjhlh* ̂ aih mn sk~ăhmh yfmnă a sharĄnjm~ a ralynuhjm~ rasu~rlh+ sufc eh dh ~ rypac raejasn suyhjn srayh }hmneja+ eal sn ~ ey~dac rasu~rhlralynĄn mnejasuyhja*

^ sk~ăhm~ lacryacfsh u~źnjf f u~źfunkm jn rasuamn lha lhundayfmn+ pnĄ snaeynĘ~m~ lha )suyhjn ~ sray~) lamn ~skmne jnskhdhjmh ryfsuhm~ eh sn lajlynuja ryhp#ja f ăfjmnjfăja rfuhjmn yfmnŨf aipn}~m~Ąac ryns~eac*

U~źiac sn ralynĄn rasu~rhl ~ lacn f suphyja f ryhpja rasuamn epfmn s~ryau#suhpkmnjn suyhjn* Rasu~rhl sn ralynĄn jh aphm jhăfj lheh rasuamf f}pmnsjasu ~ ra#dkne~ jheknźjasuf _~eh+ ifka }hua Ũua rasuamf r~japhźhj asjap+ ifka }hua Ũua rasuamfcad~Ąjasu eh u~źnjf ryfsuhjn jh jheknźjasu _~eh ea lyhmh rfscnjn ̀ h}n rasu~rlh*U~źih rynesuhpkmh rfscnjf raejnshl lamf cayh }heapakmfuf aeynĘnjn àychkjn~pmnun* Ajh cayh sheyźhphuf a}jhănjmn suyhjhlh+ rynecnu srayh+ asjap jheknźjasuf





79

Rayne yneapfun rhyjfăjn ryaone~yn rasuamf f slyhĄnjf rasu~rhl ryne pfmnĄf#ch* Hla suyhjn }hgufmnphm~ slyhĄnjf rasu~rhl+ aj Ąn ifuf aihpkmnj ryne PfmnĄnc ~shsuhp~ ae rnuayfon s~ehoh f shsuamf sn shca ae rfscnjad rasu~rlh s adyhjfănjfciyamnc raejnshlh 'ăkhjofch 96* _uhu~uh f 44* Ryhpfkh _~eh* Asfc apn pysun PfmnĄh+rasuamn f srnofmhkf}fyhjh PfmnĄh }h aeynĘnjn pysun srayaph lamh Ąn yfmnŨfuf sk~ăhmhla sn suyhjln f}yfăfua f}mhsjn* Uhlph pfmnĄh s~ shsuhpkmnjh ae jhmchjmn uyamfons~ehoh*

EajaŨnjmn ryns~en rynesuhpkmh yneapfua alajăhjmn s jf}ac ryhpjfg raskmn#efoh* Asfc apad jhăfjh+ rasu~rhl sn caźn alajăhuf f rapkhănjmnc u~źin+ lha f ra#yhpjhjmnc* Ryns~eh rynesuhpkmh ramnefjhăjf ryhpjf hlu lamf aipn}~mn suyhjn ~sray~ ~ radkne~ lajlynujad rynecnuh* 'ăkhjhl >6* _uhu~uh _~eh* Ajh sn eajasfraskfmn pfmnĄhjmh f dkhshjmh lamn sn aeyźhph ra }huphyhjm~ ~scnjn yhsryhpn* Asfcf}yhen lajhăjad jhoyuh ryns~en+ a uhlpac jhoyu~ sn dkhsh* _phlf s~eho fch mnehjdkhs+ h ~ sk~ăhm~ raefmnkmnjfg dkhsaph aek~ă~mn dkhs rynesmnejflh _~eh* Yn}~kuhufdkhshjmh s~ mhpjf f jhpaen sn ~ ryns~ef* Asfc efsra}fufph f aiyh}kaźnjmh+ ra ryhpfk~sn ~} ryns~e~ mhpkmhm~ f}epamnjh f aepamnjh cfŨkmnjmh+ lha f enlkhyhofmn* _hc~ryns~e~ raurfs~mn rynesmnejfl f uhmjfl _~eh* Ryns~eh ~ cnyfu~c~ fch emnkaphjmnyns m~efohuh f jmnjh aipn}jasu mn ynd~kfyhjh ăkhjlac >6* _uhu~uh*

Rhyjfăjf rasu~rhl ryne _~eac fch aeynĘnjn ̀ h}n lamn s~ àycfyhjn ~ slkh#e~ s yh}pamnc rasu~rlh* Caźnca yh}kflaphuf epfmn pysun ̀ h}h= rfscnj~ f ~scnj~+ frynugaej~ f cnyfuayj~* Rypn sn aejasn jh ̀ ayc~ ~ lamam sn rasu~rhl aepfmh f ajn jn

lafjofefyhm~ s ey~dac lhundayfmac efain rasu~rlh* Jhfcn+ rfscnjh `h}h mn ~aejas~ jh ~scnj~ cjada }jhăhmjfmh+ caźeh f }iad ăfjmnjfon eh s~ ryhpjh rfuhjmhănŨĄn srayjh cnĘ~ suyhjlhch jnda ăfjmnjfăjh* Efaih rasu~rlh jh rynugaejf fcnyfuayjf mn aeynĘnjh shspfc ey~dac kadflac f hjhkadfmh s ~j~uhyjmnryhpjfc ra#su~rlac jfmn ae pnĄnd }jhănjmh* Apac efaiac asfd~yhph sn kndhkjasu yheh _~ehufmnlac ofmnkad rasu~rlh+ s ai}fyac eh mn rynugaejf ~scmnynj jh fsrfufphjmn rasua#

mhjmh j~źjfg ~pmnuh }h yhsryhpkmhjmn a chunyfmhkjaryhpjfc aejasfch fkf+ ey~dfcyfmnăfch+ a cnĘ~jhyaejaryhpjam aedapayjasuf eyźhpn* Aph efaih rasu~rlh ryne#suhpkmh maŨ mnehj ae hsrnlhuh ryaonsjfg ryhpfkh ryne _~eac+ rh f cnĘ~jhyaejn

ryaone~yn ~arĄn+ lamh dapayf a srnof`făjam ryhpjam ryfyaef cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph flajsns~hkjasuf lamh ăfjf jmndap~ asjap~*

Hla sn ryhpfkh ryaone~yn _~eh suhpn ~ aejas sh ~j~uhyjmnryhpjfc s~suhpf#ch+ cayh sn ~aăfuf chjmn }jhănjmn àychkjfg nkncnjhuh ~ rasu~rl~ ryne CnĘ~#jhyaejfc s~eac* Ryhpfkh ryaone~yn sn rajnlhe pfŨn u~chăn `~jlofajhkja ~ ae#jas~ jh alakjasuf lajlynujad sk~ăhmh un sn caźn ynĄf eh shch ryaone~yh jnchuakflf ~umnohm jh sheyźfj~ cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph lakfla jmndaph sheyźfjh rajnlhe}hsmnjm~mn ryhpfkh rasu~rlh* Aphlph ryhlsh _~eh mn f ifkh rynecnu lyfuflh+ sai}fyac eh sn ryhpfkfch ryaone~yn caźeh cayh ehuf pnĄn }jhănjmn+ in} ai}fyh Ũua



7?

mn yfmnă a cnĘ~jhyaejac s~e~* RaynenĄf dh ehkmn sh ~j~uhyjmfc+ rasu~rhl ryne_~eac cjada e~źn uyhmn f fch cjada pnĄn rakfufăla }jhănjmn fhla cjadh lkm~ă#jh ryhpjh rfuhjmh jflheh f jn i~e~ raejnsnjh _~e~+ Ũua apfsf ae ryaomnjf ofkmh lamfsn caźn rasufĄf aphlpac rhyjfoac*

Asfc pnĄ jhpnenjfg+ rasuamn f maŨ jnln lhyhlunyfsufln rasu~rlh ryne _~eac*Rypa+ rasu~rhl mn mhphj ~} f}~}nuhl pfmnĄhjmh _~eh ra }hpyŨnul~ ~scnjad rasu~r#lh< ~scnjf rasu~rhl mnsu cmnsua demn sn aulyfphm~ dkhpjn uaăln srayh ~ rfuhjm~< fual rasu~rlh mn ryhlufăja jh efsra}fofmf suyhjh ~ sray~ s ufc eh _~e+ ~ radkne~ laj#uyakn rasu~rlh+ yhsrakhźn pnkflfc apkhsufch*

P* _raynejf f cnyfuayjf rasu~rhl+ aek~ln

Rasuamn epfmn asjapjn pysun aek~lh lamn eajasf CnĘ~jhyaejf s~e ryhpen=ryns~en f jhynein* Pysuh aek~ln ~skapkmnjh mn ryfmn spndh pysuac rasu~rlh+ ryfănc~ sn cfskf jh efai~ rasu~rlh jh asjapjf 'cnyfuayjf f sraynejn 'fjofenjujfrasu~rof* _raynejf rasu~rof ~lkm~ă~m~ rasu~rln ~ pn}f ryfpyncnjfg cmnyh }hŨufun+rynugaejfg ryfdapayh+ ryau~}hgumnph+ cfmnŨhjmh ~ rasu~rhl+ srnofmhkjad aiyhĄhjmh_~e~ f rynlfeh rasu~rlh* _raynejfc s~ rasu~rofch skfăjf f rasu~rhl ra }hgumnp~ }hu~chănjmn ryns~en f rasu~rhl ra }hgumnp~ }h ynpf}fm~ ryns~en* Ynd~khufph _~eh jnraspnĄ~mn r~ja rhźjmn sraynejfc rasu~rofch un s~ sn aph ryhpfkh yh}pfkh pfŨns~eslac ryhlsac*

Asjapjf fkf cnyfuayjf rasu~rhl+ lhla c~ shca fcn dapayf+ ymnŨhph asjapjarfuhjmn srayh ‟ rynecnu u~źinjad }hgumnph fkf lacryacfsh* Ualac jmndh sn aek~#ă~mn a jhpaejac lyŨnjm~ cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph f a aedapayjasuf eyźhph suyhjh ~sray~* Cnyfuayjf rasu~rhl sn ~pfmnl alajăhph ryns~eac* Ja+ yfmnulf s~ sk~ăhmnpf ~lamfch rasuamf shca cnyfuayjf rasu~rhl* Ra ryhpfk~ sn ~} cnyfuayjf+ fkf ryfmn jmndh+aepfmhm~ sraynejf rasu~rof* I~e~Ąf eh sn sraynejfc rasu~rofch ymnŨhphm~ jnlhrfuhjmh ~ pn}f sh cnyfu~cac+ ae lamfg ănsua apfsf ymnŨhphjmn cnyfu~ch+ ryaonsjhkadflh rasu~rjad yh}pamh rasu~rlh ~r~Ą~mn ănsua f jh j~źjasu rasuamhjmh srayne#jfg rasu~rhlh ryfmn ~khslh ~ cnyfu~c*

Ryfpyncnjn cmnyn }hŨufun ‟ _~e~ mn asuhpkmnjh cad~Ąjasu eh+ jh uyhźnjmnifka lamn suyhjln ~ sray~+ ufmnlac rasu~rlh+ ryfmn jnda Ũua aek~ăf a raejnsnjfc}hgumnpfch ~ radkne~ cnyfu~ch+ h jhlaj Ũua ryfch `hofn ~upyef spam~ jheknźjasu+jhkaźf rae~}fchjmn rauynijfg cmnyh ~ ofkm~ }hŨufun ryhph suyhjhlh* Yfmnă mn+ jhyhp#ja+ a ryhpfch lamh s~ rynecnu srayh f lamh s~ ai~gphĄnjh rynurasuhpkmnjac jhe#knźjaŨĄ~ _~eh* Kndfufchj ofkm }hgumnph }h ryfpyncnjfc cmnyhch mn eh sn sryfmnănuhlpn Ũunujn raskmnefon lamn sn jn if cadkn aulkajfuf ryns~eac* Ryfpyncnjn cmnyn}hŨufun s~ ~scmnynjn lh i~e~Ąjasuf+ lh i~e~Ąfc hlufch fkf ryar~sufch suyhjh+ h jnrynch ajacn Ũua sn pnĄ eadaefka* Fsuapyncnja+ aphlpfc sn cmnyhch jn scfm~







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su~rhl yn}nypfyhj }h sk~ăhm jnskhdhjmh f s~cjmn ~ radkne~ rasuamhjmh ~pmnuh }h rae#jaŨnjmn ryau~}hgumnph* Rauynija mn eh sn rynecnu ryau~}hgumnph jhkh}f ~ eapakmjaăpysuam pn}f s rynecnuac u~źinjad }hgumnph eh if sn a jmnc~ ymnŨhphka ~ fsuacsray~* _~e a ear~Ũunjasuf ryau~}hgumnph eajasf aek~l~ ~ ̀ aycf jhynein*

_rhmhjmn rasu~rlh ‟ Epfmn fkf pfŨn eyźhph cad~ sphlh rasnijfc }hgumnpacralynj~uf rasu~rln ryaufp fsun u~źnjn eyźhpn }iad fsun srayjn suphyf uhla eh ~rayn#ea unăn pfŨn rhyhknkjfg rasu~rhlh ~ pn}f s fsufc rynecnuac f s fenjufăjfc }hgumn#pfch+ hkf f}cnĘ~ yh}kfăfufg eyźhph* _~e caźn aek~ăfuf a srhmhjm~ rasu~rhlh+ h caźnsramfuf shca jnln `h}n rhyhknkjfg rasu~rhlh f a apac rfuhjm~ ~pfmnl aek~ă~mn ~àycf jhynein* _~e mn sramfa rasu~rln ~ sk~ăhmnpfch _a~ug Tnsu H`yfoh 'Nugfarfhp* _a~ug H`yfoh< Kfinyfh p* _a~ug H`yofh f Jayug _nh Oajufjnjuhk _gnk` '@Y

Dnychjv p* Enjchyl+ @Y Dnychjv p* Jnugnykhjes CfmnŨhjmn 'fjunypnjofmh& ‟ Hla uynĄh eyźhph schuyh eh fch fjunyns ryhpjn

ryfyaen lamf caźn ifuf radaĘnj aek~lac _~eh+ ajh caźn }hgufmnphuf ae _~eh eh mami~en ear~Ũunja s~emnkaphuf ~ rasu~rl~* ̂ uhlpac sk~ăhm~+ eyźhph raejasf }hgumnpeh mam sn aeaiyf s~emnkaphjmn ~ rasu~rl~* ^ }hgumnp~ sn ~lh}~mn jh ryhpjf fjunynslamf caźn eh ifuf radaĘnj aek~lac _~eh ~ uac sk~ăhm~+ rynof}hj rynecnu fjunypnj#ofmn+ lha f asjaph jheknźjasuf _~eh }h aejas f}cnĘ~ eyźhpn lamh uyhźf fjunypnjofm~ feyźhph ~ sray~* Rasuamn eph asjaph }h cfmnŨhjmn ~ rasu~rhl= u~chănjmn pfŨnsuyh#jad cnĘ~jhyaejad ~dapayh ‟ ryhpa fch uynĄh suyhjh ~dapayjfoh f rapyneh ryhp#

jad fjunynsh+ demn jh fjunyjpnjfmnju~ knźf unynu ealh}fphjmh ~dyaźnjasuf fjunynsh*Hla _~e ea}pakf ~lkm~ăfphjmn uynĄn eyźhpn ~ rasu~rhl+ ryns~eh lamac sn alajăhphsray aipn}~mn fjunypnjfmnjuh* Aek~l~ a fjunypnjofmf _~e eajasf ~ ̀ aycf jhynein*

_rnofmhkja aiyhĄhjmn _~e~ # Apa ~ ifuf rynesuhpkmh `~jlofm~ _~eh lhaey~dasu~rhjmslad aydhjh ~ radkne~ aek~ln jnln cnĘ~jhyaejn aydhjf}hofmn+ hla

mn ajh f}yfăfua _~e~ rapmnyfkh uhlp~ jheknźjasu f hla rapaeac uhlpn aek~ln eaĘnea srayh f}cnĘ~ epfmn eyźhpn 'jn caźn sn u~źfuf cnĘ~jhyaejh aydhjf}hofmh*

Hcnyfălf yhujf iyae mn ?* syrjmh 8677* daefjn aiayfa fyhjslf hfyi~s jh kfjfmfUngnyhj#Ihjehy hihs ‟ E~ihf* Radfj~ka mn 962 kfoh* Jh }hgumnp Fyhjh aeyźhja mn

f}phjyneja }hsmnehjmn _hpmnuh Aydhjf}hofmn cnĘ~jhyaejad ofpfkjad }yhlarkap#suph jh lamnc mn jhkaźnja ~upyĘfphjmn ăfjmnjfoh* Jh skmnenĄam smnejfof+ ra }hpyŨnu#l~ fsuyhźfphjmh ăfjmnjfoh+ _hpmnu mn f}yh}fa źhkmnjmn+ hkf jfmn lajsuhufyha aedapayjasu_HE }iad y~Ũnjmh }yhlarkaph* Jn}heapakmhj aek~lac Fyhj mn raejfa źhki~ _~e~+aejasja ralynj~a rasu~rhl srnofmhkjad aiyhĄhjmh _~e~+ jh asjap~ ăkhjlh 75*ċflhŨln lajpnjofmn a cnĘ~jhyaejac ofpfkjac }yhlarkapsup~*

Rynlfehjmn rasu~rlh ‟ Rasu~rhl mn ~ pnkflam cmnyf jh efsra}fofmf suyhjh ~sray~* Rynch uacn+ suyhjn sn cad~ srayh}~cmnuf eh źnkn ai~suhpfuf rasu~rhl f auacn aihpmnŨuhphm~ _~e lamf jhyneiac slfeh sray s kfsun sk~ăhmnph* Fsua phźf f }h







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KFUNYHU^YH

8* Fhj Iyatjkfn= )Ryfjofrkns a` R~ikfo Fjunyjhufajhk Kht)+ >ug nefufaj+ Awàye9229*

9* Chkoakc _ght= )Fjunyjhufajhk Kht)+ >ug nefufaj+ Ohciyfedn ^jfpnysfuvRynss+ 922?*

?* Pkhefcfy Ē~ya Endhj= )CnĘ~jhyaeja ryhpa)+ _pn~ăfkfŨun ~ Yfmnof 9222* f9220*

5* Pamfj EfcfuyfmnpfĄ f ey*+ )Asjapf cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph)+ Inadyheslf onjuhy}h km~eslh ryhph Inadyhe 922>*

>* Hjuajfa Lhsn}n+ )CnĘ~jhyaeja lyfpfăja ryhpa)+ Inadyheslf onjuhy }hkm~eslh ryhph+ Inadyhe 922>*

0* ]hyfmn _nf}apfĄ )CnĘ~jhyaeja mhpja ryhpa ‟ }ifylh nsnmh)+ Ryhpjf `hl~kunu^jfpny}funuh ~ ]njfof+ ]njfoh+ 9227*



62

_Ê_LH RYHL_H ^_UHPJAD _ÊH IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN

Ryfryncfa= rya`* ey* Cfaeyhd J* _fcapfĄ+raurynesmnejfl ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn fyneapjf rya`nsay Ryhpjad `hl~kunuh ~ Ihjmh K~of

RYHPA JH RYHPFċJA _^ĒNJmN

^suhpjf s~e mn ~ alpfy~ jheknźjasuf f} ăkhjh PF!?i& ^suhph Iasjn fGnyondapfjn jheknźhj eh yh}chuyh aek~ln Pfsalad s~eslad f u~źfkhălad shp#

mnuh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn eajnsnjn ~ efsofrkfjslac rasu~rl~+ lha ufmnkh lamncaźn eh sn schuyh $$jn}hpfsjfc f jnryfsuyhsjfc uyfi~jhkac+ aiyh}aphjfc jhasjap~ }hlajh$$ ~ scfsk~ }hgumnph f} ăkhjh 0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn+ mny snuhlpn aek~ln apad ufmnkh cayhm~ schuyhuf $$ryns~ehch+ aejasja aek~lhch$$ ~scfsk~ ăkhjh PF!?i& ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

F } a i y h } k a ź n j m h=

^suhpjf s~e ~ spamam ryfmhŨjmam ryhlsf pnĄ mn }hlkm~ăfa eh mn efsofrkfjslf

rasu~rhl lamf sn paef ryne P_U_IfG f ăfmf mn yn}~kuhu shjlofmh scmnjmfphjmn sh`~jlofmn s~efmn rynch spamam s~Ũufjf f}mnejhănj sh rasu~rlac ~ lac sn $$~upyĘ~mnlyfpfăjh aru~źih$$ 'pfef Aek~l~ ^suhpjad s~eh iyam HR 0??!25 ae 94* chmh 922>*daefjn* _gaeja uacn+ f ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ ăkhj 0 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn mnryfcmnjkmfp*

Hrnkhjulfjmh upyef eh mam ualac efsofrkfjslad rasu~rlh jfmn ifka acad~Ąnjaeh sn shsk~Ũhm~ eph spmnealh aeiyhjn lamf if earyfjfmnkf yhspmnukmhphjm~ alakjasuf ~pn}f sh eaifmhjmnc suhjh* ̂ suhpjf s~e raesmnĄh eh arŨuf lajonru mnejhlasuf suyhjh ~rasu~rl~+ sheyźhj ~ ăkhj~ 0 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn+ lamf ăfjf shsuhpjf efa ăkhjh

FF!?n ^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ ~lkm~ă~mn ryhpa sphln suyhjn ~ rasu~rl~ jhyh}~cj~ cad~Ąjasu eh f}jnsn spam rynecnu ryne s~eac rae ~skapfch lamf dh jnĄnsuhpfuf ~ jnrapakmjfmf rakaźhm ~ aejas~ jh s~ryauj~ suyhj~*

^suhpjf s~e ~lh}~mn eh s~eapf jfs~ aihpn}jf eh ra}ap~ spn spmnealn ~lakf#la sn jn schuyh eh s~ ifujf }h lajlynuhj rynecnu 'pfef+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslhryhph+ Hjlnk ryaufp Ţphmohysln+ ryns~eh ae 9?* aluaiyh 8660* daefjn+ F}pmnŨuhmf8660#P+ suhp ?7* Eh if sn ~suhjapfkh rapyneh hrnkhjuapad ryhph jh ra}fphjmnspmnealh+ hrnkhju cayh eh ealhźn eh mn ra}fphjmn spmnealh ifka jnargaeja }h~upyĘfphjmn fsufjn f eh mn jnra}fphjmn spmnealh rynm~efofyhka hrnkhjuap rynecnu



68

'pfef+ Npyarslh lacfsfmh }h km~eslh ryhph+ W ryaufp Ţphmohysln+ 97+ Aek~ln f f}pmn#Ũuhmf+ suhp 8?0*

^ lajlynujac rynecnu~ ~pfeac ~ aek~l~ Ey~dasunrnjn efsofrkfjsln lacf#sfmn+ rae uhălac ensnu+ jhpnenja mn eh s~ spn alakjasuf ~ pn}f sh lamfc mn rynekaźn#ja shsk~Ũhjmn spmnealh ~upyĘnjn ~ rypasunrnjac rasu~rl~+ h jfs~ jf ynknphjujn ~aejas~ jh ~ăfjmnjf rynlyŨhm*

^suhpjf s~e schuyh eh ăkhj 0 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn jn ehmn suyhjof jnadyh#jfănja ryhpa eh shsk~Ũhph spmnealn ryne s~eac* ̂ suphyf+ s~e uynih eh aofmnjf eh kfs~ f}mhpn rynekaźnjfg spmnealh ynknphjujn }h rynecnu f eh kf ajn cad~ eh raj~enlayfsjn fjàychofmn jnargaejn }h aomnj~ rynecnuh* _~e lamf paef rasu~rhl cayheh fch aeynĘnj~ efslynofm~ a apfc rfuhjmfch* Asfc uadh+ rypasunrnjf f ey~dasunrn#jf s~eapf s~ e~źjf eh aofmnjn lphkfunu ea}pakmnjfg ealh}h+ h jn ̂ suhpjf s~e* Hrn#khjulfjmh mn fchkh cad~Ąjasu eh f}mhpf źhki~ ryaufp aek~ln Rypasunrnjn efsofrkfj#sln lacfsfmn f a jmnjam źhkif mn aek~ăfphkh Ey~dasunrnjh efsofrkfjslh lacfsfmh ~ey~dhăfmnc shsuhp~+ h ~ lajhăjfof P_U_IfG+ lha laknlufpja ufmnka+ raupyefa mneajnsnj~ aek~l~*

^ rasu~rl~ s~ ryfcfmnjmnjn aeynĘnjn }hlajsln aeynein lamn+ f}cnĘ~ asuh#kad+ ryarfs~m~ eh mn s~efmh e~źhj eh rasu~rh ~ slkhe~ sh }hgumnpfch f suhjehyefch ~radkne~ ehphjmh fjàychofmh+ eal~cnjhuh f ey~dfg chunyfmhkh ~ pn}f sh aeynĘnjfcryapmnyhphjmnc* Ryarfshjf lyfunyfm~cf sn mnejhla ryfcmnjm~m~ f jh f}hiyhjn ja#sfaon s~eslfg `~jlofmh lae lamfg sn raeyh}~cfmnph lajufj~fyhjh ryapmnyh yheh+

fjàychofmh f raehuhlh ~ pn}f sh jasfaofch s~eslfg ̀ ~jlofmh* ̂ uac scfsk~ ̂ suhpjfs~e schuyh eh jnch nkncnjhuh }h ynuyahlufpj~ ryfcmnj~ }hlajh lheh aeyh}f aeyn#Ęnjad rajhŨhjmh Ũunun ~dkne~ s~efmsln `~jlofmn f eapaen ~ rfuhjmn rapmnynjmn

mhpjasuf ~ jnryfsuyhsjasu f lynefifkfunu ryhpas~Ęh*_gaeja ăk* 85 f 55 suhp 4 ]hlajh a P_U_IfG+ pnĄfjh ăkhjaph P_U_IfG ăfjf

lpay~c* P_U_IfG eajasf aek~ln pnĄfjac dkhsaph spfg ăkhjaph lamf s~ ryfs~ujf flamf dkhshm~+ jn ~iyhmhm~Ąf ăkhjapn lamf sn f}~}fchm~ ae dkhshjmh+ ~lakfla jfmn ey~#dhăfmn ryarfshja }hlajac* ̂ sk~ăhmnpfch lheh Ey~dasunrnjh efsofrkfjslh lacf#sfmh rynekaźf efsofrkfjsl~ shjlofm~ scmnjmfphjmh+ uhlhp ryfmnekad cayh eh sn ~r~uf

P_U_IfG lha omnkfjf+ lamf cayh eh raupyef aek~l~ pnĄfjac dkhsaph ~ slkhe~ sryfcmnjmfpfc aeyneihch a lpay~c~* Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ eh mn lpay~c ifa mnehjhnsuăkhjaph+ eh mn dkhshka rnujhnsu ăkhjaph f eh mn aek~lh eajnsnjh mnejadkhsja+ ̂ suhp#jf s~e lajsuhu~mn eh jfs~ rapyfmnĘnjn aeynein a lpay~c~*

Jh asjap~ jhpnenjad ̂ suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ jn#ch lyŨnjmh hrnkhjulfjmfjad ryhph f} ăkhjh FF!?n ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f ăkh#jh 0 su* 8 f ? uhă* i f e Npyarsln lajpnjofmn*

'Aek~lh ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+iyam HR 009!25 ae 95* japnciyh 9224* daefjn&



69

RYHPA JH RYHPFċJA _^ĒNJmN

Jnch rapynen ryhph jh ryhpfăja s~Ęnjmn f} ăkhjh FF!?n& ̂ suhph Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f ăkhjh 0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn mny mn shch hrnkhjulfjmh+ ~rynunźjac efmnk~+ earyfjfmnkh aekhdhjm~ ~ rasu~rhjm~ ra jmnjam u~źif rhfhla mn npfenjujh f jnhź~yjasu ArŨufjslad s~eh+ aekhdhjmn jfmn ifka uhlpnryfyaen eh if rynesuhpkmhka lyŨnjmn $$yh}~cjad yalh$$ f} jhpnenjfg ăkhjaph*


^suhpjf s~e raesmnĄh eh sn+ ~ slkhe~ sh ryhlsac Npyarslad s~eh+ yh}~c#

jasu uyhmhjmh rasu~rlh aomnjm~mn ~ alpfy~ spfg alakjasuf rynecnuh+ ~}fchm~Ąf ~ai}fy rasnija skaźnjasu rynecnuh+ rajhŨhjmn suyhjh ~ rasu~rl~+ s mnejn suyhjn+ fs~eh f mhpjfg pkhsuf+ s ey~dn suyhjn+ lha f phźjasu ajadh Ũua sn }h raejasfaoh hrkflh#ofmn eapaef ~ rfuhjmn ~ sray~ 'pfef+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslh ryhph+ Pnyjfkka ryaufp@yhjo~sln+ ryns~eh ae 92* ̀ niy~hyh 8678* daefjn+ snyfmh H+ iyam 867+ suhp ?2< ]fc#cnychjj f _unfjny ryaufp Ţphmohysln+ryns~eh ae 8?* m~kh 867?* daefjn+ suhp 95*

^suhpjf s~e raesmnĄh jh ryhls~ aydhjh Npyarsln lajpnjofmn ~ pn}f she~źfjac uyhmhjmh rasu~rlh lamf s~ ralynj~uf ryfmn jnda Ũua s~ aydhjf Npyarslnlajpnjofmn ~suhjapfkf spam~ pyncnjsl~ jheknźjasu* Aydhjf Npyarsln lajpnjofmn

schuyhm~ eh rnyfae lamf sn ~}fch ~ ai}fy ~ radkne~ e~źfjn uyhmhjmh rasu~rlhraăfjmn ehjac }hsjfphjmh jmfgapn pyncnjsln jheknźjasuf ‟ ~ aomnjmfphjm~ yh}~c#jasuf pyncnjh lamn mn rynlayhăfka uhm ehu~c cayh eh sn ~}cn ~ ai}fy suhefm~crasu~rlh easufdj~u uad ehu~ch 'pfef+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslh ryhph+ @auf f ey~df

ryaufp Fuhkfmn+ ryns~eh ae 82* enonciyh 8679* daefjn+ snyfmh H+ iyam >0+ suhp >?<_uvyhjatslf ryaufp Rakmsln+ iyam 97080!6>+ NOGY 8667#PFFF*

^suhpjf s~e }hrhźh eh mn rasu~rhl raăna 94* snrunciyh 922>* daefjn+ lheh mn hrnkhjulfjmh raejfmnkh u~źi~ ArŨufjslac s~e~ yhef yhslfeh f rajfŨunjmh ~dapayh

un rynehmn suhjh ~ rasmne* Rnyfae ~ lac mn ralynj~u jhpnenjf rasu~rhl sn ~iyhmh ~jheknźjasu ^suhpjad s~eh+ s ai}fyac jh ua eh mn aj }hraăna jhlaj 85* enonciyh866>* daefjn+ um* jhlaj Ũua mn ̂ suhp Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn su~rfa jh ryhpj~ sjhd~*

_kaźnjasu rasu~rlh cayh eh sn yh}chuyh ~ alpfy~ ăfjmnjfăjad f ryhpjadhsrnluh rhyjfălad rasu~rlh+ um* ealh}h lamn s~e uynih eh f}pnen f ryaofmnjf ~ alpfy~ryhpjn ryfyaen srayh* Raejnsnjfc u~źinjfc }hgumnpac hrnkhjulfjmh mn }huyhźfkh ehArŨufjslf s~e eajnsn aek~l~ lac Ąn ~upyefuf eh s~ hrsak~uja jfŨuhpf ~dapay a la#yfŨunjm~ rynecnujad suhjh f ~dapay a l~raryaehmf rynecnujad suhjh un rynekaźfkhs~e~ eh f}eh ryfpyncnj~ cmny~ ain}imnĘnjmh lamfc sn rypau~źnjfc }hiyhjm~mn



6?

au~Ęnjmn+ arunynĄnjmn fkf yhsrakhdhjmn rynecnujfc suhjac* ̂ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~sray sn aejasf jh ~upyĘfphjmn hrsak~ujn jfŨuhpasuf ~dapayh a l~raryaehmf suhjh f~dapayh a layfŨunjm~ suhjh* Uhlhp sray+ sgaeja cfŨkmnjm~ ^suhpjad s~eh+ s ai}f#yac jh ealh}n lamn mn rauynija f}pnsuf f ăfjmnjfon lamn mn rauynija ~upyefuf+ jn ifuynihka eh i~en jhyaăfua skaźnj*

^suhpjf s~e fsufăn eh eajaŨnjmn aek~ln ~ yh}~cjac yal~ ~ dyhĘhjslfcrynecnufch }hpfsf ae rajhŨhjmh suyhjn lamh ~ănsup~mn ~ rasu~rl~ 'pfef aek~l~ifpŨn Npyarsln lacfsfmn }h km~eslh ryhph iyam 88>58!7> ae 89* hryfkh 8676*daefjn+ A*F* 42* ̂ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ ̂ suhpjf s~e Ąn fsrfuhuf eh kf mn hrnkhjulfjmhspamfc rajhŨhjmnc earyfjfmnkh eh sn rynecnu jn }hpyŨf ~ yh}~cjac yal~* ̂ suhpjfs~e fsufăn eh uyf raejnslh lamfc mn hrnkhjulfjmh ~ydfyhkh jhsuhphl rasu~rlh+ lha f

jmnja aiyhĄhjmn aci~eschj~+ jfs~ cadkf eh ryaf}pne~ aănlfphjf ~ăfjhl+ lheh mnshch hrnkhjulfjmh ryar~sufkh eh raejnsn ~ynej~ u~źi~+ aejasja eh mn in} aekhdh#jmh ~ ofmnkasuf ~ynef* ̂ suhpjf s~e+ jh asjap~ f}kaźnjad+ }hlkm~ă~mn eh mn hrnkhjulf#jmfja rajhŨhjmn }jhăhmja earyfjfmnka ae~dapkhănjm~ rynecnujad rasu~rlh*

ċkhj 0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn dhyhju~mn sphlacn ryhpa jh lajhăj~aek~l~ ~ yh}~cjac yal~ ~ rasu~rl~ ~upyĘfphjmh jmndapfg dyhĘhjslfg ryhph faihpn}h* Jh eyźhphch ~dapayjfohch mn eh spam ryhpjf sfsunc aydhjf}~m~ uhla ehjmfgapf s~eapf cad~ eh fsr~jn aphm }hgumnp 'pfef+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslh ryhph+

Y~dkfnsn 'FF& ryaufp Fuhkfmn+ ryns~eh ae 95* chmh 8668* daefjn+ H#920#H+ suy* 82* f

88+ suhp 86* Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ ăfjmnjfo~ eh mn ArŨufjslf s~e ~ rnyfae~ ae pfŨn ae epfmndaefjn ae raejaŨnjmh u~źin shca easuhpfa u~źi~ jh aedapay f aek~ăfa a ryfmnekad~}h aeynĘfphjmn ryfpyncnjn cmnyn ain}imnĘnjmh un ăfjmnjfo~ eh mn+ in} ai}fyh jhryaunl pyncnjh+ hrnkhjulfjmfj rynecnu maŨ ~pfmnl ~ `h}f }hlh}fphjmh ryfryncjadyaăfŨuh f eh mn jnf}pmnsja lheh Ąn ArŨufjslf s~e eajfmnuf aek~l~ a hrnkhjulfjmfjamu~źif+ ̂ suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh sn jhpnenjf rnyfae jn caźn schuyhuf yh}~cjfcyalac lamf mn s~e~ ifa j~źja rauynihj eh eajnsn aek~l~ ~ apac sk~ăhm~* ̂ suhpjfs~e }hrhźh eh s~ fjunyphkf f}cnĘ~ ramnefjfg ryaonsjfg yhejmf ifkf jnryfcmnynja

e~df f ra}fph sn+ c~uhufs c~uhjefs+ jh spamn suhjapfŨun f}jnsnja ~ Aek~of ^ 9?!22ae 9* ̀ niy~hyh 9228* daefjn '¬_k~źinjf dkhsjfl Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn¼ iyam 82!28lamn ~ ynknphjujac efmnk~ dkhsf= ¬\***S^lakfla s~e jn eajnsn aek~l~ ~ cnyfu~c~ ~yal~ ae rnu daefjh+ h eh jn f}jnsn ifka lhlpa aryhpehjmn+ eakh}f ea lyŨnjmhhrnkhjuapad ryhph jh ~upyĘfphjmn jmndapfg!jmnjfg ryhph r~unc s~eh ~ yh}~cjacyal~\***S*¼

^suhpjf s~e slynĄn rhźjm~ f jh ynknphjujn aeynein ]hlajh a rhyjfălacrasu~rl~ lamn ryarfs~m~ eh rasu~rhl uynih sryapnsuf in} ae~dapkhănjmh*^ laj#lynujac sk~ăhm~ ArŨufjslf s~e mn f}jfa aimnlufpjn yh}kadn lamf s~+ f rayne npfenjujn



65

jnhź~yjasuf uad s~eh+ earyfjfmnkf ae~dapkhănjm~ rasu~rlh f lamf ~ eapakmjam cmnyfaryhpehphm~ e~źfj~ uyhmhjmh rynecnujad rasu~rlh* Ua mn+ ryfmn spndh+ hrnkhjulf#jmfj ryar~su eh raejnsn ~ynej~ u~źi~+ aejasja eh ra ymnŨnjm~ s~eh raur~ja ~ynefu~źi~* _uadh+ ^suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh sn hrnkhjulfjmfj ryar~su eh spam~ u~źi~~ynef ~ slkhe~ sh ]hlajac a rhyjfălac rasu~rl~+ lamf mn earyfjfa ae~dapkhănjm~rasu~rl~+ jn caźn eh suhpf jh unynu ArŨufjslac s~e~*

Asfc jhpnenjad yh}kadh+ ̂ suhpjf s~e }hrhźh eh pnkflf iyam rynecnuh lamfc mn }he~źnj rasu~rhm~Ąf s~efmh+ fhla jn askaihĘh s~e aihpn}n eh rasu~rh ~ yh}~c#jac yal~+ aimnlufpja ~ufăn jh hź~yjasu rasu~rhjmh* ̂ ryfjofr~+ uhlhp jhpae jn ifuynihka eh i~en f}dapay ~ sfu~hofmhch lheh mn ~ rhyjfălac rasu~rl~ ae raejaŨnjmhu~źin ea easuhpkmhjmh u~źin yhef aedapayh ryaŨka pfŨn ae epfmn daefjn f eh mn

rynecnu maŨ ~pfmnl ~ ̀ h}f }hlh}fphjmh ryfryncjad yaăfŨuh* CnĘ~ufc+ sgaeja ryhlsfNpyarslad s~eh }h km~eslh ryhph+ eyźhpn ~dapayjfon jfs~ aedapayjn }h sk~ăhmryfpyncnjad }hasuhulh spamfg s~eaph rae ~skapac eh ryne~}c~ aedaphyhm~Ąncmnyn eh sn uhlph phjynejh sfu~hofmh raryhpf 'pfef+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslh ryhph+

]fccnychjj f _unfjny ryaufp Ţphmohysln+ ryns~eh ae 8?* m~kh 867?* daefjn+ snyfmhH+ iyam 00+ su* 9>#?9* ^ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~+ jhlaj Ũua mn hrnkhjulfjmh ~ ofmnkasufrasu~rfkh ~ slkhe~ sh ymnŨnjmfch ArŨufjslad s~eh+ lajhăja ~ynefkh u~źi~+ aejasjaăfc s~ sn sunlkf àychkja#ryhpjf ~skapf }h ua+ rasu~rhm~Ąf s~efmh mn aechg ~}narynecnu ~ yhe+ easuhpfa u~źi~ u~źnjfc jh aedapay f aek~ăfa a rynekaźnjam cmnyf

ain}imnĘnjmh* ArŨufjslf s~e mn+ ehlkn+ ryne~}na aedaphyhm~Ąn yhejmn eh hrnkhjulf#jmh jn uyrf }iad }hsuamh ~ yhe~ uad s~eh lamf mn rya~}yalaphj rynarunynĄnjaŨĄ~yn`nyhuh rasu~rhm~Ąnd s~efmn fhla mn ralh}ha aeynĘnj~ jnhź~yjasu ~ spac enmsupa#phjm~+ lhla mn ua pnĄ aiyh}kaźnja* ^ uhlpam sfu~hofmf+ ~} rynugaej~ lajsuhuhofm~ ahrnkhjulfjmfjam aedapayjasuf }h ae~dapkhănjmn rasu~rlh }iad ryar~suh ehraejnsn ~ynej~ u~źi~+ un eh mn raur~ja ear~jf f ~ynef ~ slkhe~ sh jhkadac s~eh fra}fufpjfc }hlajslfc aeyneihch+ ̂ suhpjf s~e schuyh eh jh hrnkhjulfjmfj~ suyhj~rynunźn efa aedapayjasuf Ũua ea sheh jfmn eajnsnjh cnyfuayjh aek~lh*

Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ jhpnenja+ ̂ suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh jfmn rapyfmnĘnja ryhpajh ryhpfăja s~Ęnjmn ~ radkne~ eajaŨnjmh aek~ln ~ yh}~cjac yal~ f} ăkhjh FF!?n^suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f ăkhjh 0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn*

'Aek~lh ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+iyam HR 8476!20 ae 7* japnciyh 9224* daefjn&





60

emnkh }ka~rauynin rakaźhmh f apkhŨunjmh f ryfăfjmnjn Ũunun lam~ s~ hrnkhjuf rauyhźf#phkf rh skfmnef eh mn jnasjaphj }hgumnp hrnkhjhuh a aihpn}jasuf ryfcmnjn ăkhjh ?44]hlajh a aikfdhofajfc aejasfch lamfc mn rynepfĘnjh cad~Ąjasu eh sn rauyhź~mn

jhealjheh Ũunun }iad jhpaeja ~ăfjmnjad lyfpfăjad emnkh* Jhfcn+ ryaufp aedapay#jad kfoh mn paĘnj lyfpfăjf rasu~rhl }iad }ka~rauynin sk~źinjad rakaźhmh f apkhŨ#unjmh* CnĘ~ufc+ YmnŨnjmnc Asjapjad s~eh ae 7* `niy~hyh 9228* daefjn ai~suhp#kmnj mn lyfpfăjf rasu~rhl ryaufp aru~źnjad }iad }hsuhyn paĘnjmh lyfpfăjad rasu~r#lh* ]h cad~Ąjasu ryfcmnjn apad fjsufu~uh jnargaeja mn eh s~ fsr~jmnjh l~c~#khufpja eph ~skaph= eh Ũunuh rasuamf f eh mn rya~}yalaphjh lyfpfăjfc emnkac* _ai}fyac jh aek~l~ a }hsuhymnkasuf paĘnjmh lyfpfăjad rasu~rlh+ jn caźn sn lajsuf#u~fshuf npnju~hkjh aedapayjasu aedapayjad kfoh }h ~ăfjmnja lyfpfăja emnka+ lha as#japh }h jhealjhe~ Ũunun hrnkhjufch rh mn ~upyĘfphjmn npnju~hkjn dyhĘhjslaryhpjn

aedapayjasuf jh asjap~ lyfpfăjad emnkh ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ insrynecnuja* UaŨua mn paĘnj lyfpfăjf rasu~rhl jn ain}imnĘ~mn asjap~ }h ~upyĘfphjmn dyhĘhjsla#ryhpjn aedapayjasuf+ radauapa mny mn ai~suhpkmnj lyfpfăjf rasu~rhl ryaufp aeda#payjad kfoh+ ~ lac sk~ăhm~ jfmn ifka asjaph eh sn hrnkhjuf ~r~un jh dyhĘhjsl~rhyjfo~ eh if asuphyfkf fcapfjsla#ryhpjf }hgumnp*

Jh lyhm~+ ~upyĘfphjmn jneasuhulh rhsfpjn kndfufchofmn aejasja }hsuhymnkasufrauyhźfphjmh ~ sk~ăhm~ rypau~źnjad yn}~kuhu mn ryfcmnjn aedaphyhm~Ąfg chunyf#

mhkja#ryhpjfg ryarfsh ']hlaj a rhyjfăjac rasu~rl~ f ]hlaj a aikfdhofajfcaejasfch+ ăfmac ryfcmnjac jfs~ rapyfmnĘnjh ~suhpjh ryhph hrnkhjhuh+ jh lamh snajf ra}fphm~ ~ hrnkhofmf s ai}fyac jh ua eh mn yfmnă a }hlajfch lamf s~ mhsjf faimhpkmnjf uhla eh s~ jh aedaphyhm~Ąf jhăfj easu~rjf mhpjasuf*

^suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh mn ~ rasu~rl~ ryne yneapjfc s~eapfch ehuhyh}~cjh cad~Ąjasu suyhjlhch ~ rasu~rl~ eh f}jns~ jhpaen+ ăfjmnjfon f ealh}j~dyhĘ~* _pf ryaonsjf }hgumnpf ăkhjh 0 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn s~ ~ ofmnkasuf ynsrnluaph#jf* _uyhjln s~ fchkn $$ryfsu~r s~e~$$ lha s~Ũufjslf nkncnjhu }hgumnph jhănkh ryh#pfăjasuf lamf dhyhju~mn $$jn}hpfshj f jnryfsuyhshj s~e$$* Rasu~rof ryne s~eapfch jfs~uyhmhkf e~da eh if cadka eh sn }hlkm~ăf eh mn rapyfmnĘnj ryfjofr $$yh}~cjasuf yalh$$*_~eapf s~ ryfcfmnjfkf aeynĘnjn }hlajsln aeynein ~ rynecnu~+ h s~esln aek~lnjhpaen spn rauynijn yh}kadn jh lamfch s~ }hsjaphjn f eapakmja s~ aiyh}kaźnjn*

^suhpjf s~e schuyh eh s~eapf jfs~ ryaf}pakmjfc u~chănjmnc }ka~rauyfmnifkf ra}f#ufpja#ryhpjn aeynein jh lamfch sn }hsjfphm~ aek~ln+ un eh ̂ suhpjf s~e jfmn jhekn#źhj eh uhm hsrnlhu rynfsrfu~mn spn eal ryfcmnjh ynknphjujfg }hlajslfg aeyneif jnlyŨf+ ̂ suhpac Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ dhyhjuaphjh km~eslh ryhph*

Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ jhpnenja+ ^suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh jfmn eaŨka ea rapynenryhph jh ryhpfăhj rasu~rhl f} ăkhjh 0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn*

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674!25+ HR 677!25+ HR 667!25 f HR 666!25 ae 8?* snrunciyh 922>* daefjn&



64

RYHPA JH RYHPFċJA _^ĒNJmN F RYHPA JH FCAPFJ^

F}~}nuja+ ^suhpjf s~e Ąn sn ~r~sufuf ~ fsrfufphjmn jhăfjh jh lamf s~jheknźjf s~eapf ~upyĘfphkf ăfjmnjfon f jh uhla ~upyĘnjn ăfjmnjfon ryfcfmnjfkfra}fufpja#ryhpjn ryarfsn lheh aofmnjf eh mn aăfdkneja eh mn ~ aeynĘnjacrasu~rl~ eaŨka ea ryaf}pakmjad rasu~rhjmh yneapjad s~eh lhla ~ rasu~rl~~upyĘfphjmh ăfjmnjfoh+ uhla f ryfcmnjf ynknphjujfg ra}fufpja#ryhpjfg ryarfsh*


Pfef+ ^suhpjf s~e+ Aek~lh iyam HR ?88!25 ae 99* hryfkh 922>* daefjn+ suhp90*

^suhpjf s~e }hrhźh eh mn Pygapjf s~e spam~ ryns~e~ }hsjapha jh aeyne#ihch ăkhjh 899 uheh phźnĄnd ]A_#h ')_k~źinjf kfsu _@YM) iyam 88!00+ rakh}nĄf aeuadh eh+ fhla rynejfl ey~dau~źnjn jfmn }hlkm~ăfa rfscnjf ~dapay a layfŨunjm~ suhjhsh Ryne~}nĄnc }h dh}eaphjmn suhcinjfc }dyhehch ~ ey~Ũupnjam spamfjf+ lhla mnua ifka rynepfĘnja ~ uhălf 9 YmnŨnjmh Lachjen Dhyjf}ajh a eaemnkf suhjh iyam 029ae 9* snrunciyh 8604* daefjn+ f eh uhlhp ~dapay jfmn jflhe }hlkm~ănj jf sh ryfphu#jfc sarsupnjfofch suhjh+ jn }jhăf eh ey~dau~źnjh lha iyhăjh s~ry~dh ralamjadN*U* jnch suhjhysla ryhpa jh srayjac suhj~* Pygapjf s~e sn ryf uacn ra}pha jhs~esl~ ryhls~ 'Ifkunj Pygapjad s~eh @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn iyam 8!2>#

86 sgaeja lamam sn f ~scnjf ~dapay a layfŨunjm~ suhjh }hlkm~ănj jh asjap~phkmhjad }hlajslad hluh 'ymnŨnjmh a eaemnkf suhjh jh layfŨunjmn lamf mn ~ ofmnkasuff}pyŨhphj 'suhj rynehu jh layfŨunjmn+ h jasfkho suhjhyslad ryhph rkhĄha suhjhyfj~+fhla jfmn }hlkm~ănj ~ rfshjac aikfl~+ schuyh r~japhźjfc* Pygapjf s~e mn aofmnjfalha ynknphjuj~ ăfjmnjfo~ eh mn rkhĄhjmnc suhjhyfjn ~dapay a layfŨunjm~ suhjh ~ ofmn#kasuf f}pyŨhphj jf} daefjh+ spn ae 8604* daefjn rh ea 8660* daefjn+ lheh mn hrnkhjul~rfa l~Ą~ ~ lamam sn jhkh}f f srayjf suhj un eh hrnkhju jnch ryhpjad asjaph ehuyhźf fsnkmnjmn ey~dau~źnjn f} srayjad suhjh shca }hua Ũua mn aj jmndap sarsupnjfl*

]h yh}kfl~ ae Pygapjad s~eh+ jfźnsunrnjf s~eapf 'Ryns~eh ArŨufjslad s~ehae 80* hpd~suh 9225* daefjn lamh mn raupyĘnjh Ryns~eac Lhjuajhkjad s~eh ae 96*chyuh 922>* daefjn+ ~sphmhm~Ąf hrnkhjuap u~źinjf }hgumnp+ aomnj~ a }hlajfuasuf~snkmnjmh rynejflh ey~dau~źnjn ~ srayjf suhj }hsjaphkf s~ jh ynknphjujfc aeyne#ihch ăkhjh 85 ]A_#h ')_k~źinjf kfsu _@YM) iyam 88!00 sgaeja lamfch sn suhjhy#sla ryhpa sufăn ehjac }hlajfuad ~snkmnjmh ~ suhj h jh asjap~ ~dapayh a layfŨunjm~suhjh+ lamf sn+ ~ scfsk~ ăkhjh >2 ]A_#h+ }hlkm~ă~mn ~ rfshjac aikfl~ f lamf+ ~lakflajfmn }hlkm~ănj ~ rfshjac aikfl~+ jnch ryhpja enmsupa un jh aeyneihch ăkhjh 59suhp 9 ]A_#h sgaeja lamfch ryhpa jh layfŨunjmn suhjh lha rasnijad efmnkh }dyhenfch sarsupnjfl uad suhjh* ̂ suhpjf s~e lajsuhu~mn eh mn ArŨufjslf s~e+ jhlaj Ũua mnryfihpfa f aofmnjfa pnkflf iyam ealh}h+ eajfa aek~l~ lac mn ryadkhsfa jfŨuhpfc



67

YmnŨnjmn Lachjen Dhyjf}ajh _hyhmnpa ae 9* snrunciyh 8604* daefjn+ un jhkaźfaey~dau~źnjam eh sn fsnkf f} suhjh lamf mn hrnkhjuaph spamfjh+ h lam~ mn+ lha ryhpfkj~jh }hlaj~ }hsjaphj~+ raupyefa f Lhjuajhkjf s~e* Ehkmn+ Lhjuajhkjf f ArŨufjslf

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^suhpjf s~e }hrhźh eh mn ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ ~ rasu~rl~ ryne jfźnsunrn#jfc s~eapfch ~upyĘnja eh sn srayjf suhj jhkh}f ~ ryf}nckm~ l~Ąn ~ _hyhmnp~ lamh

mn spn pyfmncn ifkh ryfphujh spamfjh+ lhla ua ryaf}fkh}f f} fsuayfmhuh }l* f}paeh+ un ehrynecnujf suhj jfmn ifa spamfjh Pamjasuhcinjad àjeh+ jnda ryfphujh spamfjh jhlamam rypau~źnjh jfmn fchkh }hlajsla ryhpa yhsrakhdhjmh jh rynecnujac suhj~+ un

eh rynejfl ey~dau~źnjn+ sgaeja ăkhj~ 85 ]A_#h+ jfmn }hlkm~ăfa rfscnjf ~dapay alayfŨunjm~ suhjh sh Ryne~}nĄnc }h dh}eaphjmn suhcinjfc }dyhehch ~ ey~Ũupnjamspamfjf+ lhla mn ua f ifka rynepfĘnja uhălac 9 YmnŨnjmh Lachjen Dhyjf}ajh _hyh#

mnpa ae 9* snrunciyh 8604* daefjn+ lamf if rynesuhpkmha phkmhj ryhpjf asjap }h }h#lajfua ~snkmnjmn ~ suhj* ]hua mn+ sgaeja aomnjf jfźnsunrnjfg s~eaph+ ~snkmnjmn ~ suhjey~dau~źnjn f jmnjad ralamjad s~ry~dh+ lac mn eaefmnkmnj srayjf suhj jh layfŨ#unjmn+ ifka jn}hlajfua jh asjap~ jfŨuhpad ymnŨnjmh s ai}fyac jh ua eh jfmn rasuamhaphkmhj ryhpjf asjap eh pamslh eaefmnkf ryfphujn suhjapn dyhĘhjslfc kfofch jhsk~źif ~ M~daskapnjslam jhyaejam hycfmf ~ uac rnyfae~* F} ~upyĘnjmh jfźnsunrnjfg

s~eaph+ uhlaĘn+ ryaf}fkh}f eh rypau~źnjh ~ ual~ ealh}jad rasu~rlh jfmn ealh}hkhjh asjap~ lamn phkmhjn eal~cnjuhofmn mn ifpŨh MJH+ ăfmf mn suhcinjf àjejhskfmnefkh rypau~źnjh+ eajfmnkh ymnŨnjmn f rynejfl~ ey~dau~źnjn eaefmnkfkh srayjfsuhj ~ ryfphujam spamfjf+ aejasja jh asjap~ ăndh mn rynejfl rypau~źnjn yhsrakhdharynecnujfc suhjac lamf mn ryfphujh spamfjh*

_gaeja ăkhj~ 85 ]A_#h ')_k~źinjf kfsu _@YM) iyam 88!00+ suhjhysla ryhpasn sufăn ehjac }hlajfuad ~snkmnjmh ~ suhj+ h jh asjap~ ~dapayh a layfŨunjm~ suhjhlamf sn+ rynch ăkhj~ >2 ofufyhjad ]A_#h+ }hlkm~ă~mn ~ rfshjac aikfl~ f lamf+ ~la#kfla jfmn }hlkm~ănj ~ rfshjac aikfl~+ jnch ryhpja enmsupa* _gaeja ăkhj~ 59 suhp 9ofufyhjad }hlajh+ ryhpa jh ehphjmn jh layfŨunjmn suhjh lha rasnijad efmnkh }dyhenfch shca sarsupnjfl uad suhjh* _gaeja ăkhj~ 899 ofufyhjad }hlajh+ jheknźjhpamjh lachjeh fch+ ea lyhmh 8642* daefjn+ fslkm~ăfpa ryhpa eh ehmn jh layfŨunjmnajn suhjapn ~ lamfch 87* chyuh 860>* daefjn lha ehjh su~rhjmh jh sjhd~ ]hlajh af}cmnjhch f ear~jhch ]A_#h ')_k~źinjf kfsu _@YM) iyam 82!0> suhj~m~ lhajasfaof suhjhyslad ryhph pamjh kfoh fkf dyhĘhjslh kfoh jh sk~źif ~ MJH*

^suhpjf s~e schuyh eh mn Pygapjf s~e aofmnjfa eh mn YmnŨnjmn LachjenDhyjf}ajh _hyhmnpa ae 9* snrunciyh 8604* daefjn }hsjaphja jh }hlaj~+ um*eajnsnja ~ ofmnkasuf ~ slkhe~ sh aeyneihch ăkhjh 899 uheh phźnĄnd ]A_#h+ h eh s~Lhjuajhkjf f ArŨufjslf s~e radynŨja ryfcfmnjfkf chunyfmhkja ryhpa lheh s~ }hlkm~#







828

suhjh+ jfŨuhpa }iad uadh Ũua jfmn rasuamha phkmhj ryhpjf asjap eh pamslh eaefmnkfryfphujn suhjapn dyhĘhjslfc kfofch jh sk~źif ~ MJH ~ uac rnyfae~ Ũua+ sgaejacfŨkmnjm~ ^suhpjad s~eh+ ~lh}~mn jh ryaf}pakmj~ ryfcmnj~ chunyfmhkjad ryhph*

Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ jhpnenja+ ^suhpjf s~e schuyh eh cfmnŨhjmn ~ hrnkhjuap~ fcapfj~jfmn ifka ~ slkhe~ sh }hlajac*

Asfc uadh+ jnsrayja mn eh jn rasuamf mhpjf fjunyns jh asjap~ lad if Pygapjfs~e hrnkhju~ ajncad~Ąfa jnacnuhja ~źfphjmn jmndapn fcapfjn s ai}fyac jhăfjmnjfo~ eh mn aj sarsupnjfl l~Ąn ~ lamam sn jhkh}f srayjf suhj lamf mn arunynĄnjsuhjhyslfc ryhpac lamn jfmn sunănja jh }hlajfu jhăfj* ]hua asrayhphjmn f ajnca#d~Ąhphjmn hrnkhju~ eh ~źfph ~ spamam fcapfjf cayhkf if ifuf }hsjaphjf jh ynknphj#ujfc aeyneihch ăkhjh 899 ]A_#h lamn s~ ryfcfmnjmnjn ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~+ hsgaeja lamfch sn Ũufun shca dyhĘhjf lamf s~ $$sunlkf suhjhysla ryhpa$$ jh suhj ~

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jf s~e jfmn paefa eapakmja yhă~jh jfuf a yh}~cjac aejas~ ryarayofajhkjasuf f}#cnĘ~ synesuhph lamh sn layfsun+ s mnejn suyhjn+ jfuf ofkmh lamf źnkf eh sn asuphyf+ sey~dn suyhjn* Cayh eh rasuamf ‛ryhpfăhj aejas– f}cnĘ~ }hgumnph fjunynsh lamf źnkfeh sn rasufdjn f }hŨufun asjapjfg ryhph ramnefjhoh+ h ua jnĄn ifuf sk~ăhm hla hrnkhjucayh eh jasf ‛kfăjf f jn~cmnynj unynu– 'pfef+ jh ryfcmny+ Npyarslf s~e }h km~eslhryhph+ Mhcns f ey~df ryaufp ̂ mnefjmnjad Lyhkmnpsuph+ryns~eh ae 98* ̀ niy~hyh 8670+s~r* ofu* rhyhdyh` 50#>2* ^suhpjf s~e suadh cayh eh lajsuhu~mn eh mn ~ apam sf#

u~hofmf+ s ai}fyac jh ua eh jn rasuamf mhpjf fjunyns+ jh hrnkhjuh rynjnsnj jnryf#cmnynja aifchj unynu ~ aejas~ jh ey~dau~źnjn* ^mneja+ shspfc jnasjaphja mnaănlfphuf eh hrnkhju jasf aphm unynu ~ sfu~hofmf lheh Pygapjf s~e }h spam~ ryhpj~aomnj~ jfmn eha mhsjn f rynof}jn yh}kadn }h ra}fphjmn jh aeynein ăkhjh 899 ]A_#hf} lamfg oyrf ryhpa jh lac }hsjfph }hŨufu~ layfsjflh suhjh lad schuyh jasfaoncsuhjhyslad ryhph jh suhj~ Ũua sn jhkh}f ~ l~Ąf lamh mn hrnkhjuaph spamfjh*

_ ai}fyac jh jhpnenja+ ̂ suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh mn asraynjac ryns~eacPygapjad s~eh rapyfmnĘnja hrnkhjuapa ryhpa jh fcapfj~ f} ăkhjh FF!?l ^suhphIasjn f Gnyondapfjn f ăkhjh 8 Ryaualakh iyam 8 ~} Npyarsl~ lajpnjofm~*

^suhpjf s~e }hlkm~ă~mn eh mn asraynjac ryns~eac Pygapjad s~eh rapyfmn#Ęnja ryhpa jh ryhpfăja s~Ęnjmn f} ăkhjh FF!?n ̂ suhph Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn f ăkhjh0 suhp 8 Npyarsln lajpnjofmn f ryhpa jh fcapfj~ f} ăkhjh FF!?l ^suhph Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f ăkhjh 8 Ryaualakh iyam 8 ~} Npyarsl~ lajpnjofm~ mny Pygapjf s~e ~ryns~ef eajnsnjam rapaeac ynpf}fmn jfmn eha mhsjn f rynof}jn yh}kadn lamf s~ dharynefmnkfkf eh ~ lajlynujac sk~ăhm~ }h ryfcfmnjf~ aeynein ăkhjh 899 ]A_#h*

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82?

}hgumnph raesmnĄh eh mn Rhykhcnju @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn eajfa ]hlaj aear~jhch ]hlajh a lajonsfmhch '‚_k~źinjn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam= 08!20lamf mn+ s~lheja ăkhjl~ 8* f 9*+ arĄfjhch eha aedaphyhm~Ą~ ~kad~ ~ ryaons~aek~ăfphjmh a eaemnkf lajonsfmh ~ e~g~ N~yarsln rapnkmn a kalhkjam shca~ryhpf*_chuyh eh mn skfăjh ymnŨnjmh uynihka ~dyhefuf f ~ lhjuajhkjf }hlaj a lajonsfmhch*

Raejasfunkm }hgumnph rynekhźn eh ^suhpjf s~e @nenyhofmn eajnsn ryns~e~lamac Ąn ~upyefuf eh mn asraynjfc }hlajfch rapyfmnĘnja ryhpa arĄfjn jh kalhkj~shca~ryhp~*

_~lkheja ăkhjl~ 80* ]hlajh a rasu~rl~ ryne ^suhpjfc s~eac @nenyhofmnIasjn f Gnyondapfjn '‚_k~źinjn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam= 0!6> f ?4!2?+

_ynejmaiashjslf lhjuaj ! Lhjuaj _ynefŨjmh Iasjh+ ~ aedapay~ jh }hgumnp fsuhlj~a mn eh mn _l~rŨufjh lhjuajh fchkh ~suhpjf asjap }h eajaŨnjmn asraynjad }hlajh feh apfc }hlajac jfmn rapyfmnĘnja ryhpa arĄfjn jh kalhkj~ shca~ryhp~* Fsuhlj~ua

mn eh mn+ ~ eashehŨjmam ryhlsf+ ~ spfc rasu~rofch eaemnkn lajonsfmh+ fhla ua}hlajac jfmn ryarfshja+ uyhźnjh s~dkhsjasu arĄfjh jh ăfmnc sn raey~ăm~ jhkh}feaiya lamn mn rynecnu lajonsfmn*

Lhe s~ ~ rfuhjm~ jhljhen ae lajonsfmh+ jhpnenja mn eh mn Aek~lac a yhsra#emnkf synesuhph asuphynjfg jh asjap~ lajonsfmh '‚_k~źinjn japfjn _ynejmaiashj#slad lhjuajh!Lhjuajh _ynefŨjmh Iasjh‛+ iyam= 84!2? ryarfshja mn eh 02. syne#

suhph ryfrheh arĄfjf+ h 52. Lhjuaj~+ lheh s~ ~ rfuhjm~ lajonsfmn }h layfŨunjmnpaeaualh f ey~dfg paeh+ paenjfg sjhdh }h ryaf}paejm~ nknluyfăjn njnydfmn+ f}dyhe#jm~ f layfŨunjmn gfeyahl~c~khofmn+ layfŨunjmn kmnlapfufg f unychkjfg paeh* Fsufă~ ehs~ f jhoyuf f ryfmneka}f asraynjfg }hlajh easuhpkmhjf spfc arĄfjhch yhef ehphjmhryfcmneif+ ryfmnekadh f s~dnsufmh+ hkf eh fg jfs~ eaifkf jfuf ae mnejn arĄfjn* Jhdkh#Ũhphm~ eh mn Pkheh Lhjuajh ~ rasu~rl~ eaemnkn lajonsfmh ryfcmnjmfphkh aeynein]hlajh a jhănkfch kalhkjn shca~ryhpn ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn '‚_k~ź#injn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam= 0!6> f 56!20* Rynekaźfkf s~ eh ^suhpjf s~e~

@nenyhofmn }hgumnp }h }hŨufu~ ryhph jh kalhkj~ shca~ryhp~ aeifmn lha jn~uncnkmnj*

Jhlaj ryapnenjfg ryaonsjfg yhejmf f aeyźhjn mhpjn yhsryhpn+ ^suhpjf s~e@nenyhofmn+ lynĄ~Ąf sn ~ alpfy~ rasuhpkmnjad }hgumnph+ aek~ăfa mn lha ~ f}ynof ryn#s~en+ f} skmnenĄfg yh}kadh=

^suhpac @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn aeynĘnja mn eh cnĘ~jhyaejf~dapayf f ey~df srayh}~cf lamf s~ jh sjh}f ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf f @nenyhofmf Iasjnf Gnyondapfjn un arĄh ryhpfkh cnĘ~jhyaejad ryhph ăfjn efa }hlajaehpsuph @nen#



825

yhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn 'ăkhjhl PFF* ?* ̂ suhph @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapf#jn* _ ai}fyac eh mn N~yarslh rapnkmh a kalhkjam shca~ryhpf lha hlu cnĘ~jh#yaejad ryhph yhuf`fofyhjв 8665* daefjn lheh mn f su~rfkh jh sjhd~+ ua s~ jmnjn aeyne#in shsuhpjf efa }hlajaehpsuph @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn* ̂ ăkhjl~ 5* uaălh0* apn rapnkmn f}yfăfua mn ryarfshja ‚eh Ąn kalhkjn pkhsuf ifuf laj}~kufyhjn ~ jhmpnĄamcad~Ąam cmnyf+ ryhpapyncnja f jh aedaphyhm~Ąf jhăfj+ ~ ryaons~ rkhjfyhjmh feajaŨnjmh aek~lh a spfc suphyfch lamn fg sn efynluja ufă~‛*

Rakh}nĄf ae jhpnenjn aeynein N~yarsln rapnkmn a kalhkjam shca~ryhpf+^suhpjf s~e @nenyhofmn mn+ jh uncnkm~ ryapnenjad rasu~rlh+ ~upyefa eh mn_ynejmaiashjslf lhjuaj ! Lhjuaj _ynefŨjmh Iasjh eajaŨnjmnc asraynjfg }hlajh+

rapyfmnefa ryhpa arĄfjn jh kalhkj~ shca~ryhp~* Jhfcn+ ̂ suhpjf s~e @nenyhofmn mnraŨha ae uadh eh sn lajonsfmn cad~ aejasfuf f jh raey~ămn КrĄfjn Japf Uyhpjfl+Ũua }jhăf eh sn }hlajsla ynd~kfyhjmn un chunyfmn caźn efynluja ufohuf un arĄfjn*Fchm~Ąf ~ pfe~ jhpnenja+ ^suhpjf s~e @nenyhofmn mn ~upyefa eh ~ lajlynujacsk~ăhm~+ ryfkflac eajaŨnjmh asraynjad }hlajh+ lhjuajhkjn pkhsuf jfs~ryhpapyncnja f jh aedaphyhm~Ąf jhăfj laj}~kufyhkn mnefjfon kalhkjn shca~ryhpnjh spac raey~ăm~ fhla s~ rynch aeyneihch N~yarsln rapnkmn a kalhkjamshca~ryhpf ifkn e~źjn uhla rasu~rfuf+ s ai}fyac eh sn asraynjfc }hlajfch~ynĘ~m~ ajh rfuhjmh f ajf aejasf }h ăfmn ynd~kfyhjmn arĄfjn lha mnefjfon kalhkjn

shca~ryhpn fchm~ }jhăhmhj fjunyns*

'Ryns~eh ^suhpjad s~eh @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+iyam= ^#5!27 ae 80*6*9227 daefjn aimhpkmnjh mn ~ ‚_k~źinjfc japfjhch @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam= 06!27&*



82>

_Ê_LH RYHL_H ̂ _UHPJAD _ÊH@NENYHOFMN IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN

Ryfryncfa= _nhe IhgufmhynpfĄ+_~eho ̂ suhpjad s~eh @nenyhofmn Iasjn F Gnyondapfjn

']hgumnp }h ~upyĘfphjmn ~suhpjasuf ]hlajh a ryfrhejasuf mhpjfg ryfgaeh ~@nenyhofmf Iasjn F Gnyondapfjn

8* ûpyĘ~mn sn eh aeyneih ăkhjlh 8* suhphl 8* uaălh h& ]hlajh a f}cmn#jhch f ear~jhch ]hlajh a ryfrhejasuf mhpjfg ryfgaeh ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn fGnyondapfjn '‚_k~źinjn japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam 5?!27& jfmn s~lkhejh^suhp~ @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn mny sn ̀ nenyhkjh pkhsu f lhjuajf+ ăfmh mnapa uhlaĘny jheknźjasu+ jfs~ eadaphyhkf s~lkheja ăkhjl~ FFF*9* f FFF*?* ̂ suhph@nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn*

9* Aeiho~mn sn }hgumnp }h aomnj~ ~suhpjasuf asuhkfg aeynehih ]hlajh aryfrhejasuf mhpjfg ryfgaeh ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn '‚_k~źinjn

japfjn @nenyhofmn IfG‛+ iyam= 99!20 f 5?!27&*

?* F}~}nuja+ aeyneih f} uaăln 8* f}ynln ryns~en+ caźn sn ryfcmnjmfphufjh ryfpyncnjam asjapf ea 82*89*9227* daefjn*

5* Ryns~e~ aimhpfuf ~ ‚_k~źinjfc japfjhch @nenyhofmn IfG‛*

F} a i y h } k a ź n j m h=

Mnejh uynĄfjh f}hskhjflh ~ Eac~ jhyaeh Rhykhcnjuh @nenyhofmn Iasjn fGnyondapfjn raejfmnkh mn ̂ suhpjac s~e~ @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn }hgumnp}h ~upyĘnjmn ~suhpjasuf ]hlajh a ryfrhejasuf mhpjfg ryfgaeh ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn fGnyondapfjn+ sh f}cmnjhch f ear~jhch+ h rasnifon ăkhjlh 92*

Raejasfunkmf }hgumnph s~ fsuhlkf eh sn asraynjfc ]hlajac+ f}cnĘ~ asuhkad+asfd~yhphm~ synesuph }h fsrkhu~ jhljheh jn~rasknjfc+ yh}pamhănjfc iyhjfunkmfchŨua+ rynch ^suhp~ @nenyhofmn Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn+ rynesuhpkmh eacnj saofmhkjnrakfufln+ ăfmn mn ymnŨhphjmn ~ }hmnejfălam jheknźjasuf ̀ nenyhkjn f lhjuajhkjfg pkhsuf*







RYNDKNE _HEYųHMH ċH_ARF_H)RYHPJH CF_HA) ^ 9227* DAEFJF

IYAM 8#9!27

ċKHJOF

ey* ]hyfmn _nf}apfĄ f F}yheh ryarfsh ‟ }jhănjmn+ sheyźhm+cy* _kaiaehj YhlaănpfĄ ryaone~yn+ ryaomnjn ~umnohmh+ jacaungjflh

Ma}a ċf}cfĄ f _~}hjh Cfkmla A ryns~ef }iad ryar~Ũuhjmh+ s rasnijfcaspyuac jh ryhpjh synesuph ryaufp un ryns~en

Chyfj ]heyfĄ F}iay lh}jnjn shjlofmn f aecmnyhphjmn lh}jn

Eźnjnuh AcnyefĄ Lajsaofmhofmsla ey~Ũupa f eyźhph ‟ lyfufălayh}chuyhjmn mnejad caenkh

rya`* ey* ]njhfe Ēnkca Asuphynjmn ryhph jh shcaaeynĘnjmn jhyaehr~unc yn`nynje~ch f jmndap ~umnohm jhunyfuayfmhkjf fjundyfunu Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn

A_PYUF F RYFLH]F

Kmfkmhjh ĀnghmfĄ Aspyuf jh jnlh ymnŨnjmh ~ pn}f sh }hlajac afjsrnlofmhch ~ @nenyhofmf Iasjn f Gnyondapfjn

_Ê_LH RYHL_H

^_UHPJAD _ÊH IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN'Ryfryncfa rya`* ey Cfaeyhd J* _fcapfĄ+ raurynesmnejfl ^suhpjad s~eh Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f yneapjf rya`nsay Ryhpjad `hl~kunuh ~ Ihjmh K~of

RYNDKNE _HEYųHMH ċH_ARF_H RYHPJH CF_HA ^ 9224*DAEFJF

YNDF_UHY HÛAYH#_HYHEJFLH ċH_ARF_H RYHPJH CF_HA ^9224*DAEFJF

IYAM ?#5!27

ċKHJOF

eao* ey* _njhe C~khiefĄ Asjapf }hsjfphjmh ryhph suphyjn sk~źjasuf

Jnefc GadfĄ M~yfseflofmh ~ cnĘ~jhyaejac ryhp~

rya`* ey* J~yla RaiyfĄ Yh}pam f suy~lu~yh iyfuhjslad rhykhcnjuhyf}ch

827





Cfkfoh Iajhy Eao* ey* Hsfc C~mlfĄ= Cf+ dyhĘhjf Nujarakfsh

ey* _khĘhj Hmph} Rya`* ey* ]pajfcfy UacfĄ= Lyfpfăja ryhpa F

'lyfpfăja emnka_Ê_LH RYHL_H


^_UHPJAD _ÊH @NENYHOFMN IA_JN F GNYONDAPFJN'Ryfryncfa _nhe IhgufmhynpfĄ+ s~eho ^suhpjad s~eh @nenyhofmn Iasjn fGnyondapfjn

IYAM 4#7!27

ċKHJOF

cy* so* _hjmfj IhjeapfĄ Cnefmhofmh ~ Iasjf f Gnyondapfjf

ey* so* Rnuhy _fcajnuuf Ryflh} ~suhjapn dyhĘnjmh rynch jhoyu~ }hlajha suphyjfc ryhpfch @nenyhofmn Iasjn fGnyondapfjn f Ynr~ikfln _yrsln

rya`* ey* ]njhfe Ēnkca Hjufofrfyhjf ~ryhpjf hlu


ey* so* ]hyfmn _nf}apfĄ Ramhc hdynsfmn ~ cnĘ~jhyaejac ryhp~

A_PYUF F RYFLH]F

ey* so* Ghmyfmh _fmnyăfĄ ‟ ċakfĄ F}pmnŨuhm sh PFF* shpmnuaphjmh f} aikhsuflyfpfăjad ryhph IfG rae jh}fpac $$Npyarslalyfpfăja ryhpa f IfG ~ alpfy~ npyarslfg

fjundyhofmh$$ 'Jn~c+ >* ‟ 7* m~jf 9227*_Ê_LH RYHL_H



882



888

IYAM 6#82!27

ċKHJOF

Ţnmkh GhyhăfĄ ^rauynih źfpad Ũufuh ~ cnĘ~jhyaejac f each#Ąnc lyfpfăjac ryhp~ f s~eslam ryhlsf ~ IfG

rya`* ey* Eyhdhj MaphŨnpfĄ A racfkaphjm~ ~arŨun+ s rasnijfc aspyuac jheao* ey* Km~ifjla CfuyapfĄ racfkaphjmn ~ lyfpfăjac ryhp~ Iasjn f

Gnyondapfjn


cy* so* Eyhdhj YhenjlapfĄ Ufrapf dyhĘnpfjslfg ~dapayh rynch lyfunyfm~

ofmnjn

A_PYUF F RYFLH]F

Ghmy~efj C~khkfĄ Raănof hepalhu~yn ~ IfG

_Ê_LH RYHL_H



IYAM 88#89!27

ċKHJOFrya`* ey* J~yla RaiyfĄ Rakfufăla rynesuhpkmhjmn f f}iayf

ey* _khĘhj Hmph} Ryhpja#rakfufăln unayfmn a s~pnynjfunu~ ~shpyncnjac eai~


efrk* f~y* Ncfjh G~snfjsrhgfĄ Ryhpjf }jhăhm `yhjo~sln Enlkhyhofmn a ryhpfchăapmnlh f dyhĘhjfjh f} 8476* daefjn



A_PYUF F RYFLH]F

cy* so* Mhscfj G~sfĄ N~yarslf s~e ryhpen

Cfkfoh Iajhy Ryflh} ljmfdn $$Cfy f lh}jh$$ @kaynjon Ghyuchjj

cy* so* Enjfs ]hfcapfĄ Yndfajhkjh suy~lu~yh Lyhkmnpfjn Ţrhjfmn

_Ê_LH RYHL_H



889



C~mhlfĄ+ C~ghcne ?‟5eao* ey* C~khiefĄ+ _njhe ?‟5

C~khkfĄ+ Ghmy~efj 6‟82

J

cy*so* Japa+ Hejhj ?‟5

A

AcnyefĄ+ Eźnjnuh 8‟9

R

rya`* ey* RaiyfĄ+ J~yla ?‟5>‟088‟89

Y

cy*so* Eyhdhj+ YhenjlapfĄ 6‟82

cy* YhlaănpfĄ+ _kaiaehj 8‟9

_

_hgheźfĄ+ Chmh >‟0

cy* _nefĄ+ Nkpnefj >‟0

ey* _nf}apfĄ+ ]hyfmn 8‟94‟7

ey* so* _fmnyăfĄ#ċakfĄ+ Ghmyfmh ?‟54‟7

ey*so* _fcajnuuf+ Rnuhy 4‟7rya`*ey* _fcapfĄ+ Cfaeyhd 8‟9

?‟5+>‟04‟7+6‟82

88‟89

Ţ

ŢhŨlfĄ+ @hufch ?‟5cy* so* ŢfcfĄ+ Dayhj

ŢfyfĄ+ Chyfa >‟0

]

]heyfĄ+ Chyfj 8‟9

cy* so* ]hfcapfĄ+ Enjfs 88#89

Hey* Hmph}+ _khĘhj ?‟5

>‟088‟89

I

IhgufmhynpfĄ+ _nhe >‟04‟7

6‟8288‟89

cy* so* IhjeapfĄ+ _hjmfj 4‟7

Iajhy+ Cfkfoh >‟088‟89

Ā

ĀnghmfĄ+ Kmfkmhjh 8‟9

ċ

rya`* ey* so* ċf}cfĄ+ Ma}a 8‟9

Ē

ey* sof* Ēnkca+ ]njhfe 8‟9

4‟7G

GhyhăfĄ+ Ţnmkh 6‟82

GadfĄ+ Jnefc ?‟5

G~snfjsrhgfĄ+ Ncfjh 88‟89

Cy*so*G~sfĄ+ Mhscfj 88‟89

M

rya`*ey* MaphŨnpfĄ+ Eyhdhj 6‟82

LLhknciny+ E~Ũhj ?‟5

K

cy* Knslapho+ _hŨh ?‟5

C

rya`* CfkfeyhdapfĄ+ E~Ũla ?‟5

Cfkmla+ _~}hjh 8‟9

eao*ey* CfuyapfĄ+ Km~ifjla 6‟82

Y N D F _ U H YHÛAYH # _^YHEJFLH ċH_ARF_H )RYHPJH CF_HA) ^ 9227* DAEFJF

88?



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Pravna misao [godina 40, broj 1-2; januar-februar 2009.]