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PRAKTIKUM IZINSTRUMENTALNIH METODA
ANALIZE
Prirodno-
Sarajevo, 2016.
Naslov: PRAKTIKUM IZ INSTRUMENTALNIH METODAANALIZE
Autori:
Prirodno-
Recenzenti:
Naslovna strana:
Prirodno-
Farmaceutski fakultet, Univerziteta u Sarajevu
Dobra knjiga
300 primjeraka
IV
PREDGOVOR
ini, geologiji, nauci o
Praktikum iz Instrumentalnih metoda analize namijenjen je studentima Prirodno-
studentima prirodno-
Autori su nastojali da kroz odabrana poglavlja instrumentalnih metoda analize studente
tehnika i metoda koje su danas dostupne je pokriven ovim praktikumom, stoga nam je bio cilj
etoda analize. Praktikum je napisan tako da budekompletan, samostalni pregled laboratorijskog rada studenta. Obim gradiva i njegova podjela
Autori
1
UVOD.............................................................................................................................. 5
.............................................................. 6
1 Polarografija.............................................................................................................. 61.1 Polutalasni potencijal................................................................................................. 91.2 Oscilacijske struje....................................................................................................... 91.3 Polarografski maksimumi i talasi kisika.................................................................. 10
......................................... 11iz rastvora za
polarografiranje......................................................................................... 111.5 Polarografski spektar, polarogram smjese reaktanata........................................... 12
Polarografski spektar smjese katjona Cu, Cd, Ni i Zn............................. 131.6 Kvantitativna analiza................................................................................................. 131.6.1 Metoda kalibracione krive......................................................................................... 141.6.2 Metoda standardnog dodatka..................................................................................... 15
kobalt................................................................... 161.6.3 Metoda unutarnjeg (internog) standarda................................................................... 18
2 Voltametrija............................................................................................................... 20
2.1 Voltametrija sa pravougaonim talasima.................................................................. 202.2 Normalna pulsna polarografija................................................................................. 202.3 Diferencijalna pulsna polarografija.......................................................................... 22
polarografijom........................................................................................... 222.4 Stripping analiza......................................................................................................... 242.4.1 Anodna stripping voltametrija................................................................................... 242.4.2 Potenciometrijska stripping analiza.......................................................................... 26
potenciometrijske stripping analize.......................................................... 262.4.3 Katodna stripping voltametrija.................................................................................. 292.5 Amperometrijske titracije......................................................................................... 30
standardnim rastvorom kalijeva dihromata ........................................... 31
3 Potenciometrija......................................................................................................... 33...................................... 36
3.1.1 36
2
.......................................................................................... 373.1.2
standarda (jedan standard)........................................................................................ 383.1.3
- kalibraciona kriva)........................................................ 39-- jona u zubnoj pasti jon-selektivnom elektrodom........... 40
-selektivnom elektrodom CuS/AgS... 413.1.4
standardnog dodatka (dodavanje jednog standarda)................................................. 43
standard 433.1.6 Potenciometrijske titracije......................................................................................... 44
K2Cr2O7 uz inertnu indikatorskuelektrodu.................................................................................................... 46
EDTA uz inertnu indikatorskuelektrodu.................................................................................................... 47
.................................. 48
nevodenoj sredini....................................................................................... 51
4 Elektrogravimetrija................................................................................................ 534.1 .................................................................................................... 54
bakra iz sulfatno-kiselih rastvora (elektrogravimetrija uzkontrolu napona elektrolize)..................................................................... 54
napona elektrolize).................................................................................... 56
5 Kulometrija................................................................................................................ 585.1 Zakonitosti kulometrijske analize............................................................................. 58
elija za kulometrijska odre ivanja........................................................................ 59kiseline elektrogenerisanim hidroksilnim
jonima........................................................................................................62
................................... 63...................... 64
6 Konduktometrija...................................................................................................... 666.1 Mjerenje otpora.......................................................................................................... 67
.......................................................................................................... 676.3 Direktna mjerenja...................................................................................................... 686.4 Konduktometrijska titracija..................................................................................... 69
Konduktometrijska titracija hloridne kiseline sa natrij hidroksidom...... 69...... 70
3
konduktometrijskom titracijom sa natrij hidroksidom............................. 72
II SPEKTROMETRIJSKE METODE ANALIZE......................................... 74
7 Spektrometrija- ........................................................................................ 747.1 Kvantitativna analiza ............................................ 757.1.1 Transmitansa i apsorbansa......................................................................................... 75
.............................................................. 76elemenata........................................................... 77
8 Molekulska apsorpciona UV-Vis spektrometrija......................................... 81................................................................. 82
....................................................................... 85lavog (BTP),
logaritamska metoda ................................................................................ 873+ u otpadnoj vodi.............................................. 90
amonijaka sa Nessler-ovim reagensom (bez destilacije)..... 91-
................. 93- ........... 94
-Co(II) u smjesi........................................................................................... 96
9 Molekulska emisiona spektrometrija............................................................... 999.1 Molekulska emisiona fluorescencija i fosforescencija............................................ 99
konzumiranja tonika................................................................................. 101................................. 103
Uticaj pH vrijednosti i prisustva bromid jona na intezitet fluorescencijefluoresceina............................................................................................... 104
10 Atomska apsorpciona spektrometrija (AAS).............................................. 10510.1 Plamena atomska apsorpciona spektrometrija (FAAS)....................................... 105
ka u boksitu gdje se nalaze kaomikroelementi.......................................................................................... 107
-metoda dodatka jednogstandarda................................................................................................. 108
-standarda................................................................................................. 110
........................................ 11110.2 Elektrotermalna (grafitna) atomska apsorpciona spektrometrija (ETAAS)..... 112
................................ 113
4
..................................... 11510.3. AAS-Hidridna tehnika (AAS-HG) i AAS- tehnika hladnih para (AAS-CV)..... 116
vodama metodom AAS - hidridna tehnika............................................. 117- tehnika
hladnih para............................................................................................ 119
11 Atomska emisiona spektrometrija (AES)..................................................... 12111.1 Plamena atomska emisiona spektrometrija (FAES)............................................. 121
....... 12211.2
indukovano kuplovana plazma............................................................................. 12311.2.1 Indukovano kuplovana plazma-atomska emisiona spektrometrija (ICP-AES)....... 124
-OESmetodom.................................................................................................. 126
11.2.2 Indukovano kuplovana plazma-masena spektrometrija (ICP-MS)......................... 128ICP-MS metodom.................................... 129
12 X-Ray spektrometrija.......................................................................................... 13112.1 X-ray fluorescentna spektrometrija (XRF)............................................................ 131
nedestruktivne XRF metode.................................................................... 132
13 Turbidimetrija i nefelometrija.......................................................................... 135...................................................... 135
Literatura.......................................................................................................................... 137