Phonetic Soundsmm

8/12/2019 Phonetic Soundsmm

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Soundsystem


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Phonetics

The Study of the wayHumans make,

Transmit, andReceive Sounds


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Phonology -

the study of sound systems of languages

Phoneme

A phonological segment that can e

phonetically predicted y a rule !! inbit and !p! inpit.


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The "rgans of

Speech andArticulation


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#anguages are made up of

vowels and consonantssounds

$antonese consists of %& sounds '()

initials and *( finals+

nglish consists of sounds '.&vowels and . consonants+


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/owelsMost vowel sounds are modified by

the shape of the lips.

(rounded / spread / neutral)

Sounds are made by vibrating the

vocal cords (voicing).


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Vowels can besingle sounds monophthongs

or pure vowelsDouble sounds Diphthongs

!riple sounds !riphthongs


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!his is found in the

word tea.!he lipsare spreadand the

sound is long

Pure vowels usually come in pairs consisting

of long and short sounds

!his is found in the

word hip. !he lipsare slightly spread

and the sound isshort

:

!he tongue tip is raised slightly at the front towards the

alveolar. "n the longer sound the tongue is raised higher.


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The most common sound in nglish the Schwa

!his sound is made by rela#ing the mouth and

$eeping your lips in a neutralposition andma$ing a short sound. "t is found in words li$e

paper, over, about% and common in wea$ verbs

in spo$en &nglish.


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!his sound is the longform of the

schwa sound. "t is found in words li$e

thirteen and bird. !he mouth is rela#ed

and lips are neutral0


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!his is the short

sound up% cut '

butter

!his is the long

sound car, fast

' dar$

!he centre of the tongue is raised towards the soft

plate% the lips are neutral0

&

a:


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u:!he long sound

you, too ' blue

!he short sound

ood, would ' wool

!he lips are roundedand the centre and bac$ of the

tongue is raised towards the soft plate. or the longer

sound the tongue is raised higher and the lips are more

rounded0


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!he longsound door, four 'more

!he short sound hot% cloc$ and what.

Made with roundedlips and tongue

slightly raised at the bac$


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!wo of the vowels do not have long sounds

!his sound is made with the mouth spread wideopen. "t is found in cat% man% apple ' ran


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!he sound of *e+ is found in wet% left% when

' tell. ,i$e the sound for *a+ it is a short sound

that has no long version.

!he vowel sounds we have -ust reviewed

ma$e up the rest of the diphthongs etc. that

come ne#t.


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Diphthongs%

!riphthongs 'lides


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1iphthongsare combinations of two sounds

nglish has 2 diphthongs

Triphthongsare combinations of three

soundsnglish has (triphthong 'a diphthong 3 a

schwa sound+

4lidesare sounds made when the tongue

moves from one position to another.


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ere we have three sounds

!he sounds from 0) for 1) tour

2) go

1

2

3

!wo of these sounds are diphthongs% combinations

of vowels.


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!his diphthong is found in hay, date%

scrape ' vein.

Diphthongs are made by sliding the

tongue for one position to another this is

$now as a glide.


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ere two more pure vowels are combined

to ma$e a sound. !his sound is li$e saying

the letter *3+. "t begins with a er (schwa)and moves towards the *oo+ sound found in

good.


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4ords li$e cow, down, ground and townall

contain this sound.

(!he a:is also used to ma$e this diphthong)


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Diphthongs are combinations of pure vowels.

a56I7 *aI - tie% buy, height ' night

e 6 I 7 *eI - way, paid ' gate

o56 I 7 *oI boy, coin ' coye 6 7 e where, hair ' care

I 6 7 I here, hear ' beer

e e

ee

8eview all 9 sounds and try the e#ercises on the wor$sheets


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$onsonants

The Articulation of sound ased

on received pronunciation

'R0 P0+

'These sounds for reference only)


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(+ Plosives:losives are made by ma$ing acomplete closure between some

point and the vocal tract.

:ressure builds up behind the

closure which is released to

create sound.

!his group includes the sounds

of , p, k, d, t 'd0


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b &p

!hese two sounds are

plosives% they differ in

the way the voice isused during the sound.

(+ Pis aspirated '

voiceless air leaving the

mouth. "t is a gentlesound.

.+ 5 is a voiced sound and

the air is restricted

through the glottis

;oth sounds are $nown as

5ilaial Plosives

Closed

mouth


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!he sounds k ' g are

made by raisingthe tongue at the

bac$ of the mouth

to ma$e a

complete closure.

(+ k is a voiceless

sound

.+ g is a voiced sound

!hese are $nown as

/elar Plosives


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!he sounds of *t ' d+ are

made by raising the tongue to

touch the front of the alveolarridge -ust behind the teeth.

0) *t+ is voiceless

1) *d+ is voiced


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1) ricativesricatives are made by moving two

vocal organs together to restrict therelease of sound.

!his group includes the sounds of f,

v, s, z,and both sh 'thsounds


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F & V

0) !he *f+ is voiceless first%phone ' flat

1) !he *v+ is voiced video% love ' have

!he top front teeth are placed on the top of the bottom

lip. !he sound is s>uee?ed through the small gaps

!hese sounds are $nown as

#aio-dental 6ricatives


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!he voiced sound%found in the% there '

feather

!he voiceless soundfound in thin$% thin

& thought

!he tongue touches the teeth% usually -ust behind the front

teeth. =bove is shown the way it can be practised byputting the tongue between the front teeth and touching

the inde# finger. !hese are $nown as a

1ental fricatives


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!he sound *sh+ is made by

raising the blade of the tongue

to ma$e light contact with thesoft palate. !he sound is

s>uee?ed through the gap

ma$ing a *sh+ sound.

!he voiceless sound can befound in she% wash, sure '

champagne

!he voiced sound is found in television ' revision

!hese sounds are $now as

Palato-alveolar 6ricatives


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zs

!he tip of the tongue is

moved towards the

edge of the soft plateand the alveolar ridge.

!he sound is made by

s>uee?ing the sound

through the gap.*s+ see% voice ' most

words that begin with *s+

*z+ zoo% has, freeze% cars and owns.!hese sounds are $nown as

Alveolar 6ricatives


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!his sound is

created by

raising the bac$

of the tongue tolightly touch the

soft plate% air

from the lungs is

pushed up pastthe glottis and

through the

small gap.

!he sound is found in hotel% his% behind ' hive

"t is $nown as a

4lottal 6ricative


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=ffricativesAffricatives are made y making a

complete closure at some point in the

mouth, similar to plosives0 However,

affricatives differ as the air is released

slower than a plosive0The sounds 7ch8 and its voiced version

make up this group0


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!hese sound are made by

combining the twosounds shown here.

!he plosive sound made by

the t/d is changed by the

fricative that follows therelease of pressure.

1) church, crunch ' lunch

2) Jeans% generator '

bridge

d

d

1)

2)

!hese sounds are $nown as

Palato-alveolar Affricatives


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!hese sounds are made

by bloc$ing off part of

the mouth by using the

tongue. !he air

moving through the

nasal passages

creates the sound.

1) no% been, nine '

know. "t is $nown as a

1)

2)

Alveolar 9asal

1) Song, &nglish ' than$. "t is $nown as a /elar 9asal

(!his sound is common in words that have *ng ' *n$+

spellings.)


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!he *m+ sound is made

by closing both lips and

allowing the sound to

travel through the nasal

passages

My/ dream/ smile/

remember

!his sound is $nown as a 5ilaial 9asal


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3ral @ontinuantsSome consonants are in some ways li$evowels as they are frictionless. (!he

previous group *


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!he sound *r+ is

made when the tip

of the tongue is

held close to the

alveolar ridge (but

not touching). !he

side of the tongue

should touch thelower bac$ teeth.

!he sound is usually >uite difficult for =sian students

and can be confused with *l+.

(red% describe% bread% free% drain% trouble)

!his is $nown as a

:ostalveolar =ppro#imant


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!he sound of *l+ is divided into two

distinct sounds% which occur

according to the following rules. "f the

sound occurs at the beginning or

middle of the word then *clear l+ is

made if the sound occurs at the end

of the word then the sound is a *dar$

l+.

@lear the tip touches the centre or

the alveolar ridge allowing the air to

escape around the sides

Dar$ the same as the clear *l+ but the

centre of the tongue is raised to the

soft plate.Anow as #aterals


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= *w+ sound is similar to the you sound but the lips are

rounded to give more tension. !he tongue too is similarly

positioned only it is raised slightly more.

(wedding% window% where% was% what% wear% rewind ' wish)

Anown as a #aio-velar semi-vowel


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!he sound is made by raising the centre of the tongue

towards the soft plate and lips are neutral

'yesterday% year% your% yeah% and to devoice a strong(fortis) consonant as in p(y)ure% a glide)

Anown as a Palatal semi-vowel


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References

$rystal, 1 '())*+The Cambridge Encyclopaedia ofThe English Language5 @ambridge% @ambridge

Bniversity :ress

$rystal, 1 '())%+A ictionary of Linguistics and

!honetics5 ,ondon% ;lac$well6romkin, /: Rodman, R '()%+An "ntroduction to

Language5 3rlando% arcourt ;race.

#ass, R '()2+!honology An "ntroduction to #asic

Concepts5 @ambridge% @ambridge Bniversity :ress.


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Thank you

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Phonetic Soundsmm