PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS NINETEENTH COLLECTED …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/136138/1/Filosofiuri_Dziebani_2015_N19.pdf · uli metafizika, rogorc “pirveli filosofia”

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

filosofiuri Ziebani

{krebuli mecxramete }

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

{ NINETEENTH COLLECTED ARTICLES}

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2015

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ISSN 1512-2468

UDC (uak) 1 (479.22)

(061.2) f. 562

`filosofiuri Ziebani”-s morigi krebuli, romelsac mkiTxvels vTavazobT, ganagrZobs im tradiciebs, rac wina wlebSi damkvidrda; igi emsaxureba Tanamedrove qarTuli fi-losofiis progress, rac esoden esaWiroeba qarTul filoso-fiur azrovnebas axlandeli mZime politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli viTarebis periodSi redaqtori sergi avaliani

recenzentebi: tariel rexviaSvili

revaz balanCivaZe

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebi

saredaqcio kolegia: asaTiani guram bregaZe anzor burjaliani arsen goubari eS doliZe mamuka kalandia irakli {vice-prezidenti} kvaracxelia napo naWyebia guram fanjikiZe Teimuraz qecbaia kaxa {swavluli mdivani} xasaia zurab gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2015

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]

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redaqtoris winasityvaoba

`filosofiuri Ziebani”-s XIX krebuli, mis winamor-

bedTa msgavsad, miznad isaxavs rac SeiZleba meti wvlili Seitanos qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. samwuxarod, igi erTaderTi perioduli gamocemaa, sadac SeiZleba filosofiuri Sinaarsis mqone statiebis gamoqveyneba. didixania aRiarebulia misi damsaxureba axalgazrda Taobis samecniero kvalifikaciis amaRlebis saqmeSi.

dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs, rom Cvens gamocemaSi Teoriuli filosofiis problemebis Sesaxeb statiebi iSviaTad ibeWdeba. magram es “seni” mxolod Cveni gamocemis specifika rodia. Teoriuli filosofiis ukana planze dasma ucxoel avtorebTanac SeimCneva. samwuxarod, aristoteles “pirveli filosofia” CvenSi didi pativiT ar sargeblobs. amis axsna, albaT, misi sirTuliT SeiZleba. magram mecnieri is ki ar aris, vinc problemebis sirTules gaurbis, aramed swored is, vinc misken iltvis. Teoriul filosofias zogjer “metafizikas” uwodeben imis gamo, rom mas empiriuli Sinaarsi ara aqvs. metafizikis winaaR-mdeg brZolas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs; magram, rogorc frangma filosofosma Jilsonma moswrebulad Tqva: meta-fizikas xSirad asaflavebdnen, magram dro da dro isev cocxldeboda da TviTon asaflavebda mesaflaveebs. imedi unda viqonioT, rom “pirveli filosofia” momavalSi uTu-od moipovebs mis kuTvnil pirvel adgils.

darwmunebuli varT, rom “filosofiuri Ziebani”-s XIX krebuls keTilganwyobili mkiTxveli interesiT gaecnoba da saTanadod Seafasebs.

sergi avaliani,

6 dekemberi, 2014.

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nawili pirveli

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis cnobari

2015

FIRST PART

REFERENCE BOOK OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

2015

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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebi:

1. avaliani sergi 2. asaTiani guram 3. balanCivaZe revaz 4. bregaZe anzor 5. bregvaZe baCana 6. burjaliani arsen 7. gaxokiZe ramaz 8. goleTiani robert 9. gordeziani revaz 10. goubari eS 11. dvaliSvili emanuel 12. doliZe mamuka 13. imedaZe irakli 14. kalandia irakli 15. kvaracxelia napo 16. lomaSvili farnaoz 17. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz 18. naWyebia guram 19. rexviaSvili tariel 20. sarjvelaZe nodar 21. fanjikiZe Teimuraz 22. faCulia Teimuraz 23. qecbaia kaxa 24. CantlaZe raul 25. xasaia zurab

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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi

1. prezidenti — sergi avaliani 2. vice-prezidenti — irakli kalandia 3. akademikosi-mdivani — kaxa qecbaia 4. ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofilebis

akademikosi-mdivani — napo kvaracxelia 5 mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdiva-

ni — guram naWyebia 6. socialuri da politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebis aka-

demikosi-mdivani — guram asaTini 7. filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-

mdivani — anzor bregaZe 8. esTetikis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — mamuka do-

liZe 9. religiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis ganyofi-

lebis akademikosi-mdivani — Teimuraz fanjikiZe 10. ucxoeTisa da qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ganyofile-

bis akademikosi-mdivani — zurab xasaia

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nawili meore

filosofiuri Ziebani

SECOND PART

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

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ontologia

ONTOLOGY

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vaJa niblaZe

(Tbilisi)

vaJa niblaZe - saqarTvelos sapatriar-qosTan arsebuli ioane petriwis saxe-lobis filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis cen-tris mecnier-TanamSromeli. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis, qarTuli da ucxoeTis filosofiis istoriis da fi-losofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxeb-

ze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs araerTi samecniero statia aRniSnul dargebSi.

Salva nucubiZis aleTologiuri realizmi,

rogorc substanciuri (metafizikuri) arsis

dafuZnebis mcdeloba

adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv cnobierebas sxvag-

varad ar SeuZlia samyaros mTlianobis aRqma, Tu mas ar warmoidgens dalagebulad, mowesrigebulad, kosmosad (rogorc anaqsimeni uwodebda). raRac erT mTlianobad, romelsac qmnis, awesrigebs da marTavs raRac Zala, umaRlesi arseba (1). mis gamosaTqmelad araerTi termi-nia cnobili msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis istorii-dan: “arxe”, “arsi”, “uZravi mamoZravebeli”, “azrovnebis azrovneba (formis forma)”, “pirvel-erTi”, “ze-erTi”, “absoluturi suli” da sxva. filosofiaSi mis saerTo saxelad, yvelaze metad damkvidrda laTinuri termini “substancia”, romlis Sesatyvisic religiaSi RmerTis cnebaa.

zogadad msoflmxedvelobrivi cnobiereba da maT Soris filosofiuric, bolomde uars ver ambobs “sa-kuTriv metafizikuri” arsis daSvebaze, rogorc iseT transcendenturze, romelic, ubralod mxolod Cemi cnobierebis gareT myofi ki ar aris, aramed mTeli Tvalxiluli sinamdvilis miRma mdgomia, samyaros “Zi-

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ria”, misi “arsebaa” da rogorc wesi, uSualo dakvirveba-Si miuwvdomelia. es imitom, rom uSualo dakvirvebaSi mocemul movlnaTa samyaroSi ar moiZebneba iseTi rea-loba, romelic mTeli samyaros amxsnel da mamoZrave-bel principad gamodgebodes. amas imTaviTve mixvda ZvelberZnuli filosofiuri azrovneba da Tavisi ganvi-Tarebis maRal safexurze samyaros axsnis klasikuri me-tafizikuri saxe miiRo platonis “ideaTa Teoriis” da aristoteles “pirveli filosofiis” CamoyalibebiT.

marTalia sakuTriv filosofiuri azrovneba (ZvelberZnuli filosofia) daiwyo religiur-metafi-zikuri arsidan mecnierul-fizikur arsze “CamosvliT” da misi win wamoweviT, magram, bolos isev substanciuri arsis “gametafizikurebis” mcdelobiT damTavrda. fi-losofiuri (“ganwyobis”) cnobierebis warmoSobamde (ufro zustad, Camoyalibebamde), religiuri cnobiere-ba (gansxvavebiT miTologiuri cnobierebisagan) “meta-fizikosobda” am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT (metafizi-kuri, rogorc transcendenturi, “meta” rogorc “tran-si”, zegrZnobadi. ara marto empiriulis miRma myofi, aramed gonebaWvretiTi sferos miRma mdgomi). savsebiT SeiZleba daveTanxmoT sergei trubeckois azrs imis Se-saxeb, rom filosofiamdel metafizikas religia ewode-ba saxelad. “religia aris metafizika filosofiamde”, romlis safuZvelzec droTa ganmavlobaSi aRmocenda filosofiuri azrovneba, rogorc samyaros kvlav meta-fizikuri xedva, oRond “filosofiurad gaazrebuli me-tafizikuris” safuZvelze agebuli samyaros suraTis dafuZnebis, mcdelobis saxiT (2).

nebismieri msoflmxedvelobrivi cnobiereba, maT Soris filosofiuric, samyaros aRiqvams sxvadasxvag-var arsebulTa erTobliobad. yofierebis saxeebi, pir-vel rigSi arsebobis xarisxiT gansxvavdebian erTmane-Tisagan. aq dgeba swored arsebulis rogorc arsebulis, anu substanciis da yofierebis urTierTmimarTebis sa-

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kiTxi. erTi mxriv substanciis cneba warmoebuli kate-goriaa yofierebis cnebidan da am ukanasknelis meSveo-biT gaiazreba (3), rogorc yofierebis umaRlesi safexu-ris gamoxatuleba, yvelaze meti “xarisxiT” arsebuli, arsebobis umaRlesi xarisxis mqone yofiereba (4). aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs yofierebis gansakuTrebuli sferos daxasiaTebasTan substanciis kategoriis meSve-obiT. meore mxriv, SeiZleba Tavad yofierebis cneba gan-vixiloT substanciis (religiaSi RmerTis) umTavresi niSnis, misi yvelaze arsebiTi Tvisebis gadmocemis, ga-moxatvis saSualebad.

arsebobis umaRlesi xarisxis mqone yofiereba re-ligiaSi RmerTis saxeliT aris cnobili, xolo filoso-fiaSi substanciis saxeliT aRiniSneba. mTeli tradici-uli metafizika, rogorc “pirveli filosofia” (romel-zedac daSenebulia yvela sxva filosofiuri discipli-nebi), arsebobisa da arsebis kategoriebs utrialebs da cdilobs gonebis meSveobiT miswvdes da gaiazros samya-ros “Ziri”, rogorc arsebobis umaRlesi xarisxis mqone arseba, anu substancia, romlis arseba da arseboba em-Txveva erTmaneTs. magram, Ziebis am gzaze, haidegeris sa-marTliani SeniSvniT, mTeli metafizikuri azrovneba araswori mimarTulebiT wavida da erTsa da imave Sec-domas imeorebda. kerZod, sakiTxi exeboda da exeba arse-bobas rogorc aseTs, yofierebas rogorc aseTs, imas rac safuZveli da ganmsazRvrelia yovelive yofierisa da arsebulisa, sinamdvileSi ki “poulobdnen” erT-erT am ukanasknelTagans (yofierTagans, arsebulTagans) da ahyavdaT igi saerTod yofierebis, arsebobis rogorc aseTis, rangSi. amis erT-erT naTel magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT dekartis cnobili “Cogito”. ris cxadyofas cdilobs dekarti, azrovnebis Tu arsebobis?! aSkaraa, rom dekarts surs arsebobis, rgorc aseTis, faqtis cxadyofa da amis naTelsayofad iyenebs azrovnebis, ro-gorc erT-erTi arsebulis, arsebobis sicxades, azrov-

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nebis mocemulobis faqtis uaryofis SeuZleblobas. ise cxadia azrovnebisaTvis sakuTari Tavis, rogorc erT-erTi yofieris, arsebobis mocemulobis faqti, rom az-rovnebis mier sakuTar arsebobaSi eWvis Setanac ki, ro-gorc moCvenebisa, isev misive arsebobis faqtis cxadyo-fas warmoadgens.

azrovnebis, rgorc erT-erTi yofieris, arsebobis cxadad mocemuli faqtidan, dekarts surda da SesaZleb-ladac miaCnda mTeli filosofiuri sistemis ageba, anu arsebobis rogorc aseTis, yofierebis rogorc aseTis ueWveli migneba. sinamdvileSi ki, “Cogito” cxadyofaa ara arsebobisa, rogorc aseTisa, yofierebisa saerTod, ara-med konkretuli mozrovne subieqtisa, rogorc erT-erTi arsebulisa cxadad da naTlad mocemuli faqtis saxiT. masze daSenebuli filosofia ki, misi, rogorc erT-erTi yofieris, ayvanaa yofierebis rogorc aseTis rangSi.

Salva nucubiZe cdilobs dausxltes am tradiciul siZneles da Tavi daaRwios winamorbed metafizikosTa Secdomas imiT, rom erTi mxriv raime konkretuli arse-buli ar iqnes “gaparebuli” arsebobis, rogorc aseTis rangSi asayvanad, yofieri ar gamocxaddes yofierebad, rom konkretuli movlena ar iqces substanciad, pirvel-sawyisad yovelivesi, aramed mignebul iqnes raRac iseTi, rac ar aris ubralod arseboba, yofieri, raime arsebuli, aramed masze “metia”, arsebulze “aRmatebulia”. meore mxriv, ukve aqedan gamomdinare, is, rasac eZebda mTeli wi-nandeli e.w. “pirveli filosofia”, rogorc substancias (samyaros Ziri, arxe, pirvelsafuZveli da a.S.), Salva nu-cubiZis azriT, “ganTavisuflebul” unda iqnes arsebobi-sa da ar-arsebobis “ganzomilebidan.” sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT klasikuri metafizikuri azrovnebis, ze-moaRniSnul tradiciul Secdomas: arsebobisa da arsebu-lis, yofierisa da yofierebis gaigivebas.

“TavisTavad WeSmaritebas”, rogorc winarelogi-kurs, winaaRmdegobaze maRla mdgom sferos (“pirveli

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filosofiis” Seswavlis sagans), araviTari sxva arseboba ara aqvs garda arsebulSi “arsze metis” saxiT, anu arse-bulis amgvarad yofnis, rogorc misi garkveulobis sa-xiT arsebobisa. mas arc esaWiroeba raime sxva saxiT ar-seboba. ufro zustad, yovelivesadmi Tavisi safuZvlad yofnisaTvis, igi ar saWiroebs arsebobad, rogorc ase-Tad, “yofnas.” es ver dainaxa, nucubiZis azriT, mTelma tradiciulma metafizikam, rogorc “pirvelma filoso-fiam,” ris gamoc misTvis namdvili substanciuri sfero, sinamdvileSi miuwvdomeli darCa da zemoxsenebuli Sec-doma substanciis problemis gadawyvetaSi gardauvali iyo.

arseboba da ar-arseboba damaxasiaTebelia azrisa da arsis, cnobierebisa da yofierebis, materiisa da su-lis, realurisa da idealuris sferoTaTvis. arsebule-bi an ar-arsebulebi, eseni arian, xolo is rac maTi saer-To Ziria, “xidia” maT Soris, maTi gamaerTianebelia, ar-seboba-ararsebobis “gareT” dgas. aseTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod “TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis” sfero, romelic mJRavndeba konkretul arsebulTa “amgvarad yofnis”, anu maTi garkveulobis saxiT. amas uwodebs Salva nucu-biZe e.w. “arsebulze mets”. aq saWiroa cota ufro daw-vrilebiT SevCerdeT am cnebaze, radgan es aris erT-er-Ti yvelaze ufro sakvanZo cneba aleTologiur realiz-mSi.

“arsebulze meti” Salva nucubiZesTan, erTi mxriv, arsebulis amgvarad yofnas, mis garkveulobas niSnavs (5) da avtorTa umravlesobac: dimitri uznaZe, kote baqra-Ze, savle wereTeli, arCil begiaSvili da sxva, amasve am-tkicebs (6). magram, saqme imaSia, rom am avtorTa azriT, arsebulis amgvarad yofna, anu misi garkveuloba (Sosein) da arsebulze meti (Mehr-als-Sein), absoluturad erTi da igives sxvadasxva sityvieri formiT gamoTqmaa. maT So-ris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris.

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zogierTi avtori, mag., venori qvaCaxia Tvlis, rom S. nucubiZis aleTologiur realizmSi, arsebulze me-tis cneba sxva araferia, Tu ara Rirebulebis cneba. ar-sebulze meti imasve aRniSnavs, rasac Rirebulebas uwo-deben (7).

sxva avtorebi, mag., fido nadibaiZe, arsebulze me-tis cnebis ganmartebisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamia-nur cnobierebaze da Semecnebis unarze, rac adamianis, rogorc erT-erTi arsebulis, amgvarad yofnas, mis gar-kveulobas warmoadgens. “arsebobaze warmatebuli” upirvelesad am kuTxiT unda iqnes danaxuli (8).

Cven migvaCnia, rom “arsebulze meti”, erTi mxriv niSnavs arsebulis amgvarad yofnas, mis garkveulobas warmoadgens. magram, masze ar daiyvaneba da mTlianad mi-si igiveobrivi ar aris, rogorc es zemoxsenebul zogi-erT avtors miaCnia. es rom ase iyos, maSin arsebulis am-gvarad yofnis (Sosein), rogorc misi garkveulobis cne-bis garda, “arsebulze metis” (Mehr-als-Sein) cneba, aRar gaxdeboda aucilebeli aleTologiuri realizmisaT-vis, rogorc axleburi “pirveli filosofiisaTvis”.

arsebulze meti aris is Sualeduri, damakavSirebe-li rgoli, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs swored konkretul arsebulTa, yofierTa, rogorc amgvarad yofnaTa (realuri iqneba es Tu idealuri) da e.w. aleTo-logiur (“TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis”) sferoebs, anu ar-sebulis garkveulobas da WeSmaritebas TavisTavad (W.T.T.). tradiciuli, klasikuri ontologiis enaze Tu vityviT, substancias da modusebs. amdenad, arsebulze meti, rogorc aseTi, Salva nucubiZis aleTologiur re-alizmSi nawilobriv emTxveva erTsac da meoresac (sub-stanciasac da modusebsac), da amave dros gansxvavebu-lic aris maTgan, rogorc Sualeduri maT Soris.

substancia, aleTologiuri realizmis, rogorc “pirveli filosofiis” mixedviT, es aris WeSmariteba TavisTavad, is rac arsebobis gareSea (magram, ara ro-

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gorc ararsebuli, arara, aramed arsze da ararsze, yo-fierebasa da araraze, arsebobasa da ararsebobaze “maR-la” mdgomi, rogorc “winare logikuri”, romelic yo-velgvari winaaRmdegobis sferos gareSea). modusebi, es aris yovelive is, rac arseboba-ararsebobis sferos eq-vemdebareba; sulerTia, realurze iqneba saubari Tu idealurze.

arsebulze meti imis aRmniSvnelia, rom erTi mxriv, substancia da modusebi (anu WeSmariteba TavisTavad da arsebulTa usasrulo rigi) mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan, xolo meore mxriv, imis maCvenebelia, rom substancia da modusebi principulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.

arsebulze meti, erTi mxriv, gamoxatavs TavisTava-di WeSmaritebisa da arsebulis, rogorc aseTis kavSirs, rogorc swored arsebulis amgvarad yofnas, mis garkve-ulobas, romelic warmoadgens TavisTavadi WeSmarite-bis “gamomJRavnebas”, mis uSualo mocemulobas faqtis saxiT. meore mxriv, igi gamodis rogorc sakuTriv WeSma-riteba TavisTavad, romelic gansxvavebulia arsebuli-sagan, “metia” masze da metia swored, rogorc amgvarad yofnaze (Sosein), garkveulobaze da metia imiT, rom cal-ke, sakuTari arseboba-ararseboba ar “esaWiroeba”, mis gareSea, masze maRla dgas.

vinaidan amgvarad yofna, garkveuloba, arsebulis saxiT aris mocemuli, misi safuZveli masze “mets” unda warmoadgendes. arsebulia raimes amgvarad yofna, misi garkveuloba. arsebulis safuZveli, rogorc misgan gan-sxvavebuli da masze “meti”, S. nucubiZes esmis, rogorc arseboba-ararsebobaze “maRla”, mis gareSe dgoma.

amdenad, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi “arsebulze meti” em-Txveva arsebulis garkveulobas, rogorc mis amgvarad yofnas, Sosein da Mehr-als-Sein erTsa da imaves warmoad-gens, razec zemoxsenebuli avtorebi amaxvileben yurad-Rebas, es mxolod erTi momentia substanciisa (W.T.T.) da

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modusebis (arsebulebis) mimarTebisa — igiveobis momen-ti: substanciis mocemuloba (uSualo faqtis saxiT) mo-dusebSi. am mimarTebis meore momentia gansxvaveba sub-stanciasa (W.T.T.) da modusebs (arsebulebs) Soris, rac warmoadgens sakuTriv “arsebulze mets” da emTxveva WeSmaritebas TavisTavad, rogorc substancias.

amrigad, “arsebulze metis” cnebaSi, “meti”, orgvar metobas gamoxatavs, orgvar metobazea laparaki. erTi mxriv, saubaria arsebulis arsebobaze “meti”-s Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs, rom arsebuli ara mxolod ubralod aris, aramed yoveli arsebuli aris swored is, rac aris da ar aris is, rac ar aris. yovelTvis warmoadgens raRac gar-kveulobas, aris amgvarad da ara sxvagvarad, “amgvarad” yofnaa (Sosein). am SemTxvevaSi “arsebulze metis” cneba aRniSnavs swored arsebulis garkveulobas, mis amgva-rad yofnas, da es aris TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis anu substanciis uSualo, faqtobrivi gamomJRavneba modu-sebSi, ama Tu im arsebulis garkveulobis saxiT.

meore mxriv, “arsebulze metis” cnebaSi, laparakia arsebulis Tavad am garkveulobaze “metis”, anu arsebu-lis amgvarad yofnaze “metis” Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs Ta-visTavad WeSmaritebas, rogorc substancias. magram, uk-ve ara rogorc arsebulis garkveulobas, arsebulis am-gvarad yofnas, aramed swored masze “mets” da es meti niSnavs imas, rom Tuki WeSmariteba TavisTavad, rogorc substancia, modusebSi Tavadac warmoadgns arsebuls (rogorc arsebulis garkveulobas, mis amgvarad yof-nas), “wminda” anu sakuTriv substanciuri saxiT (rogorc WeSmariteba TavisTavad), arsebobaze maRla mdgomia. ar saWiroebs arc arsebobas da arc ararsebobas.

rac Seexeba v. qvaCaxias mosazrebas “arsebulze me-tis”, rogorc Rirebulebis gagebis Sesaxeb, unda iTqvas, rom arsebulze metis cneba ar daiyvaneba Rirebulebis cnebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad Rirebuleba, rogorc empiriulad ararsebuli, magram mainc mniSvne-

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lobisa da Zalis mqone Cveni empiriuli gamocdilebi-saTvis, marjved jdeba “arsebulze metis” cnebaSi.

arsebulze metis cnebaSi, aleTologiuri realiz-mi gulisxmobs ara imas, rom arsebulze “metoba” ararse-bobaa, xolo ararsebobaze “metoba” — arseboba, aramed imas, rom arsebulze “metoba” arseboba-ararsebobaze, yofna-aryofnaze “maRla” dgomaa. maTgan “Tavisufle-baa”.

amdenad, arsebulze metis cnebaSi Rirebulebis cnebac rom vigulisxmoT, isini erTmaneTTan ar unda ga-vaigivoT da erTmaneTze ar unda daviyvanoT. vfiqrobT, rom swored am safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad SeniSnav-da Salva nucubiZe: “arsze metis momenti aleTologiur-dialeqtikuris saqmea. Rirebulebis filosofiis mier wamoyenebuli momenti, rac mniSvnelobis, Zalis mqonea ise, rom ar aris aucilebeli iyos, sul sxva ram aris” (9).

Cveni azriT, “asebulze meti” ar daiyvaneba arc cnobierebaze, adamianis, rogorc erT-erTi arsebulis amgvarad yofnaze, rogorc mis garkveulobaze, rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamiani Semmecnebelia, TviT-cnobierebis mqonea. es rom ase iyos, maSin yovelgvari gza moeWreboda aleTologiur realizms imis dasamtki-ceblad, rom adamians SeuZlia “specifikur-adamianu-ris” gadalaxva da substancialuri sferos wvdoma.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom Tavad S. nucubiZe “arsebulze metis” cnebaSi, Tavisi filosofiuri ganvi-Tarebis sxvadasxva etapebze, gansxvavebul niuansebs aq-cevda yuradRebas da am cnebis xan erT, xan meore mxares Tu aspeqts eweoda wina planze. xSirad, ar icavda termi-nologiur sizustes. magaliTad, “aleTologiis safuZ-vlebSi” (1922), sadac igi “arsebobaze warmatebulis” termins iyenebda, pirdapir aRniSnavs: “arsebobaze war-matebuli yovelTvis erTi da igive araa” (10). fido nadi-baiZe Salva nucubiZis am debulbas ase ganmartavs: “erT SemTxvevaSi igi (“arsebobaze warmatebuli” — v. n.) aRniS-

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navs sagnis garkveulobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi — warmosaxvis, anu Semecnebis unars” (11). es udavoa, magram Cven migvaCnia, rom amas unda daematos Semdegi: S. ncubi-Zis am debulebaSi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba da unda vigu-lisxmoT ara marto is, rom sxvadasxva “amgvarad yofne-bi”, garkveulobebi, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ara-med isic (meore mxriv), rom Tavad “arsebulze meti”, ro-gorc aseTi, da “amgvarad yofna”, rogorc arsebulis garkveuloba, yovelTvis ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs. Sosein da Mehr-als-Sein absolutur igiveobas ar warmoadgenen. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian kidec.

Semdgom aleTologiur SromaSi — “WeSmariteba da Semecnebis struqtura”, (aleTologiuri realizmis pirveli Sesavali. 1925) — S. nucubiZe erTi da imave mniS-vnelobiT iyenebs terminebs: “arsze meti” da “arsebulze meti”. arsis cnebas da arsebulis cnebas erTmaneTisagan ar ansxvavebs, maSin rodesac “filosofiasa da sibrZne-Si” (aleTologiis specialuri Sesavali. 1931) arsisa da arsebulis cnebebi ukve gansxvavebuli aqvs. am naSromSi laparakia ukve arsis, arsebulisa da arsebobis cnebaTa urTierT mimarTebaze, urTierT damokidebulebaze (12). garda amisa, am SromaSi S. nucubiZe “arsebulze mets” ganmartavs, rogorc “arsSi dgomas” (13). “xelovnebis Te-oriaSi” (monisturi esTetikis safuZvlebi. 1929), avtori laparakobs “arsebulze metis” realurobaze, rogorc arsebulis WeSmaritebaze (14). yovelive es, cxadia Zalze arTulebs “arsebulze metis” cnebis erTmniSvnelovan gagebas. imis gagebas, Tu rogor esmoda da yvelaze metad ras gulisxmobda masSi Tavad Salva nucubiZe. aleTo-logiuri realizmis, rogorc axali filosofiuri kon-cefciis, garkveuli azriT, daumTavrebeli sistema da Riad datovebuli araerTi kiTxva (rac avtorisgan da-moukidebelma mizezebma — “sabWoTa ideologiis moT-xovnebi” — ganapiroba), ar iZleva aleTologiuri rea-

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lizmis erTgvarovani interpretaciis da erTmniSvne-lovani Sefasebis saSualebas.

“arsebulze metis” cneba, Cveni azriT, S. nucubiZis mTeli aleTologiuri realizmis fokuss warmoadgens, romelSic Tavs iyris am moZRvrebis mTeli siaxlec da mTeli siZnelec. siaxles is warmoadgens, rom “specifi-kur- adamianuri” gadalaxul unda iqnes misive meSveo-biT da sakuTar sazRvrebSive, rac erTob Zneli da win-dawinve, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli Cans. mTavari siZnelec aleTologiaSi, swored am winaaRmdegobrivi moTxovnis ganxorcielebaa.

aris Tu ara sinamdvileSi SesaZlebeli logikuri sferos gadalaxva?! SeiZleba Tu ara adamianma (logiku-ri winaaRmdegobis gareSe) moiazros yofierebaze da araraze maRla mdgomi, arsebulze da ararsebulze maR-la mdgomi?! ra adgili ukavia adamians aleTologiuri realizmis mixedviT warmodgenil samyaroSi?! aseT da sxva msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saWiroa gag-rZeldes kvleva-Ziebani, romlebic naTels mohfenen aleTologiis, rogorc filosofiuri moZRvrebis, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi arsis mniSvnelobas adamianis-Tvis; imas, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos aleTologiuri realizmi axal metafizikad, dafuZnebulad, rogorc “pirveli filosofia”.

rac Seexeba zogadad, adamianuri cnobierebis mcdelobas — gadalaxos arseboba-ararsebobis sfero, “amaRldes” masze — Cveni gadasaxedidan, ganwiruli wa-mowyebaa. arsebobis, rogorc aseTis, farglebs “gareT” Cveni cnobiereba principulad ver gadis. ar-arsebuli (parmenides “ararsi”, neoplatonizmis “zearsi”, arsebo-ba-ararsebobis gareT mdgomi “logikuris” sfero las-kTan, haidegeris “arara”, nucubiZis “arsebulze meti”, anda egreT wodebuli “jerarsi”, rogorc garkveul Ri-rebulebaTa erToblioba da a.S.) Cvens warmodgenaSi ar-sebulis saxiT mainc, ukve iZens raRacdagvari arsebu-

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lis statuss, anu garkveuli saxiT arsebobas ukve gu-lisxmobs. arsebobisagan mTlianad “daclili”, Cveni cnobierebis velSi ver Semova, radganac cnobierebis velSi Semosvla ukve yofnaa, Tundac mxolod, rogorc Cemi cnobierebis mier warmodgenili, warmosaxuli, mo-azrebuli ama Tu im saxiT (materialuri, aramaterialu-ri, realuri, irealuri, fsiqikuri, logikuri, idealu-ri, zebunebrivi, transcendenturi, imanenturi, “jerar-suli” da ase Semdeg. rac gnebavT is daarqviT). amis da-dasturebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos huserlis “wminda me”, rogorc intencionaloba (mimarTuloba raimeze, saku-Tari Tavis CaTvliT), romelic huserlis gulmodgine mcdelobis miuxedavad — arsebobisagan “ganTavisufle-buli” saxiT yofiliyo “daWerili”, isev da isev, erT-erT arsebulad (marTalia specifikur, gansakuTrebul arsebulad) iqca, rogorc “wminda cnobierebis” mier sa-kuTari Tavis “wminda arsebobis” rangSi danaxva (rac de-kartis “Cogito”-s sazRvrebSi darCenas niSnavs). anu arse-bobis sakiTxis morigi gadawyveta gamovida.

Cven cnobierebas Tu raime aqvs Tandayolili, Sina-gani da umTavresi (aprioruli, rogorc kanti ityoda), es aris arsebobis “saTvaliT cqera”. yvelafris (maT So-ris skuTari Tavis) “danaxva” raRacdagvar arsebulad. arsebobis “saTvaliT yureba”, Cveni cnobierebisaTvis “Wvretis” uzogadesi aprioruli formaa. igulisxmeba rogorc grZnobadi Wvreta, aseve racionaluri da ira-cionaluri.

amdenad, nebismieri wamowyeba (maT Soris aleTo-logiuri realizmic), gadalaxul iqnas arseboba-arar-sebobis sfero, “amoxtes” Cveni cnobiereba specifikur-adamianuridan, “gavides” yofna-aryofnis velidan da isev adamianur cnobierebad darCes, marcxiT dasrulde-ba.

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VAZHA NIBLADZE

SHALVA NUTSUBIDZE’S ALETHOLOGICAL REALISM AS AN ATTEMPT TO FOUND A SUBSTANTIVE

(METAPHYSICAL) ESSENCE

ABSTRACT

Sh. Nutsubidze’s alethological realism was a first attempt to found and substantiate a new metaphysics as “a first philosophy.”

Similarly to the entire old metaphysics, Nutsubidze’s alethological realism, as “a first philosophy”, seeks to find the primary cause, fundamental principle, or substance of the world.

In Nutsubidze’s view, the entire history of former philosophy confirms that only something that lies beyond being-non-being, existence-non-existence can be the subject of the first philosophy, i.e. substance. “Prelogical” or “truth-in-itself” constitutes such substance.

However, the prelogical may be understood only through overcoming the “specifically human”. Herein arises the principal difficulty of alethological realism: inasmuch as the overcoming of the specifically human is effected by man himself and hence remains within his capacity, true overcoming of the specifically human is beyond his powers. Nevertheless, in Nutsubidze’s view, the overcoming of the specifically human is feasible — and is effected — by man through himself, without going beyond the limits of the specifically human.

“More than being” (Mehr-als Sein) — one of the main concepts of alethological realism, on the substantiation of which the future of alethology as a philosophical conception depends — serves the classification and justification of the above proposition.

In Nutsubidze’s view, “more than being” constitutes the mediating link that interconnects truth-in-itself as substance and concretely existing determinacies as modes. Hence, “more than being” defines the modes, on the one hand, and substance, on the other.

In Nutsubidze’s “alethology”, “more than being” implies a dual kind of “more”. On the one hand, “more than being” (Mehr-als Sein) signifies “more” with respect to simple, i.e. indeterminate existence,

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consisting in the determinateness (Sosein) of this or that concretely present being, i.e. mode.

In this case “more than being” and the determinateness of a concretely present being overlap as substance and mode, expressing a close relationship between them as an immediate manifestation of substance (“truth-in-itself”), its immediate givenness in modes as a fact of existence of this or that determinate concretely present being (mode).

On the other hand, “more than being” is the very “truth in itself”, i.e. substance proper, differing from the determinateness (Sosein) of this or that concretely present being (mode). Thus, “more than being” is superior to Sosein in that “truth-in-itself”, i.e. genuine substance — unlike modes — does not stand in need of its own existence-nonexistence. It simply “stands higher” any being or non-being, i.e. “is” outside of this opposition.

Here, “more than being” — as “substance” not only fails to overlap with but, on the contrary, differs from Sosein, i.e. mode, and is superior to it by being outside of being-nonbeing, existence-nonexistence; “more” here means this superiority, expressing not a coincidence but difference between Mehr-als Sein and Sosein as between substance and mode, i.e. “truth in itself” and the determinateness of this or that concretely present being.

Thus, in Nutsubidze’s view, the concept of “more than being” shows that man, as one of the existents, or mode, is capable of overcoming the specifically human, i.e. himself, and of comprehending the substantial sphere through himself, without crossing the bounds of the specifically human.

The fact that alethological realism as a philosophical conception was not completed by Nutsubidze, coupled with the inadequate study of its problems and achievements, and lack of a special study of the concept of “more than being” does not allow to give a definitive answer to the question of whether Nutsubidze actually succeeded in substantiating a new metaphysics as “the first philosophy” in the form of alethological realism.

As to a general human striving to overcome the sphere of “existence-nonexistence”, be “over» it, we think that it is a fruitless attempt. Our consciousness in principle cannot go “beyond” the limits of existence as such. Non-existent (Parmenides’ “non-essence”,

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“supreme essence” in Neo-Platonism, the sphere of logical that goes beyond existence-nonexistence in Laski’s theory, Nutsubidze’s “more than being” or the so-called “the ought” as a unity of certain values, etc.) as given in our imagination acquires the status of some kind of existence i.e. implies existence of some type. It is proved by Husserl’s “pure I” as an intentionality (directed to anything including its own self) which in spite of Husserl’s attempts to “grasp” it in a form “liberated” from existence still became one of the existents (though a specific existent) as seeing by ‘pure consciousness” its own self as a “pure existence” (it means that we remain within the limits of Descartes’ “Cogito”). Thus it turned out to be a one more decision of the problem of existence.

It there is anything inherent, inner and supreme (a priori as Kant would say) in our consciousness, it is “looking through the glasses” of existence, “seeing” everything including consciousness itself as existing in this or that mode. “Looking through the glasses” of existence is the most general a priori form of “contemplation” for our consciousness. We mean sensuous as well as rational and irrational contemplation.

Thus all attempts (and among them alethological realism) to overcome the sphere of existence-nonexistence, to “cross” the bounds of the specifically human by consciousness, to “leave” the field of being-nonbeing and still remain a human consciousness failed.

miTiTebuli literatura da SeniSvnebi:

(1) saerTod raimes axsnisa da SemecnebisaTvis (maT Soris samyaros, rogorc mTelis, axsnisa da SemecnebisaT-vis) idealuri mdgomareobaa, Tu SesaZlebelia mra-valgvarobis dayvana erTze, simravlis axsna erTidan (msoflmxedvelobrivi cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi e.w. “substanciidan”), romlis buneba ueWveladaa dadgeni-li. samyaros aseTi gagebisken iswrafvis filosofia, romelic, rogorc wesi, uSvebs samyaros TavisTavad erTianobas. zogierTi moazrovne, magaliTad kanti, SemecnebisaTvis miuRwevlad miiCnevda samyaros er-Tianobis gagebas magram, mainc aseTi daSvebidan amo-dioda (ix. TevzaZe guram, imanuel kanti, Tbilisi,

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1974, gv. 174). “saocaria magram, dRemde arsebulma msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis tradiciam, swored samyaros erTiani substanciuri bunebis dadgena miiC-nia am samyaros filosofiur gagebad. rogorc Cans, es adamianis metafizikuri azrovnebis is bunebrivi saz-Rvaria, romlis iqiT adamianis goneba ver wava yofie-rebis idumalebis moazrebaSi” (kvaracxelia napo, adamiani da msoflmxedveloba. soxumi — 2001, gv. 106);

(2) Трубецкой С. Н., Метафизика в древней Греций. Москва, 1890, стр. 48; amasTan, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom religia Ta-visi klasikuri saxiT, mudam metafizikuri bunebisaa. gvelaparakeba araamqveyniuris, “miRmuri” samyaros Se-saxeb. garda amisa, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom azrovne-bis filosofiuri tipi ar cvlis (ver anacvlebs da ver “anelebs”) samyaros da masSi adamianis arsebobis axsnis religiur da miTologiur moTxovnilebebs da amgvari interesebis dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, mkacri lo-gikuri dasabuTebis gareT eZebs (intuicia, gamocxade-ba, rwmenis unari). adamianur cnobierebas dRemde aqvs (da momavalSic eqneba) kiTxvebi, romlebzedac “sabo-loo” pasuxebis gacema drois yovel mocemul monak-veTze esaWiroeba, rasac religiuri (da aseve miTolo-giuri) azrovnebis wesis “moSveliebis” gareSe ver axer-xebs (cnobismoyvareobas bolomde ver ikmayofilebs);

(3) Брокгаузь Ф. А., Ефронь И. А., Энциклопедический словарь, С.-Петербург, 1901 г., Т. 62, стр., 877., Философская Хрестоматия, С.-Петербург, 1907 г., стр., 65;

(4) adamians odiTganve axasiaTebs dauokebeli miswrafe-ba arsebobisaken, yofnisaken. yofna dadebiT Rirebu-lebad iTvleba, aryofna uaryofiT gancdebs iwvevs masSi. amitomac substanciuri arsis Zieba filosofi-aSi, garkveuli azriT, samaradiso arsebobis garanti-ebis mopovebasac isaxavs miznad, iseve rogorc reli-giaSi RmerTisken savali gzis Zieba. Tumca aRsaniSna-via, rom filosfiur azrovnebaSi ararsis problema

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specialuri ganxilvis sagnad iqca, gansxvavebiT mi-Tologiuri da religiuri warmodgenebisagan araras Sesaxeb, sadac an saerTod ar dgas es sakiTxi, an daSve-bulia araradan samyaros Seqmna (kreacionizmi);

(5) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., II, Tb., 1979, gv. 98; (6) uznaZe dimitri, recenzia Salva nucubiZis Sromaze —

WeSmariteba da Semecnebis struqtura. pirveli Sesa-vali aleTologiur realizmSi — t. IX, Tb., 1986, gv. 363; baqraZe kote, aleTologiuri realizmi. rC. fi-los. Txz., t. III, Tb., 1985, gv. 460; misive, WeSmaritebis problema da Semecnebis struqtura. rC. filos. Txz., t. I, Tb., 1982, gv. 268; wereTeli savle, aleTologiuri reduqciis kritika. narkvevebi filosofiis istoria-Si, t. II, Tb., 1986, gv. 278; Бегиашвили Арчил, Основные принципы алетологического реализма Ш. Нуцубидзе, Ш. И. Нуцубидзе (к 90-летию со дня рождения), Тбилиси, 1980, стр. 19;

(7) Квачахия Венор, Некоторые аспекты значения деятеьлности Шалвы Нуцубидзе, Ш. И. Нуцубидзе (к 90-летию со дня рождения), Тбилиси, 1980, стр. 219-220, 223;

(8) nadibaiZe fido, aleTologiuri realizmis ZiriTadi principebi, Tb., 1981, gv. 80-81;

(9) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., II, Tb., 1979, gv. 98; (10) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., I, Tb., 1973, gv. 241; (11) nadibaiZe fido, aleTologiuri realizmis ZiriTadi

principebi, Tb., 1981, gv. 81; (12) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., II, Tb., 1979, gv. 316, 325; (13) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., II, Tb., 1979, gv. 345-346; (14) nucubiZe Salva, Sromebi, t., III, Tb., 1974, gv. 230.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiis da logikis ganyo-filebam

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gnoseologia

GNOSEOLOGY

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irakli gogiCaZe

(Tbilisi) irakli gogiCaZe — filosofiis magis-

tri; muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis sxva-dasxva dargSi; gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero statia filosofiis aqtualur problemebze; yovelwliurad monawileobs `filosofiuri Ziebani~-s gamocemebSi.

gaucxoebis fenomeni

"болезнь, в самом широком смысле слова — тела души и духа - это отчуждение." "Христос есть исцеляющая сила, преодолевающая отчуждение, ибо Сам Он не был отчужден."

Пауль Тиллих. gaucxoebis fenomenisadmi interesi filosofiis

istoriaSi Tavs iCens klasikuri germanuli filosofiis daskvniT etapze, kerZod, hegelTan da foierbaxis gav-liT ukidures simwvaves aRwevs marqsTan.

Semdgomi aqtualizacia am Temisa ukve ukavSirdeba fsiqoanalizs (froidi), neomarqsizms (fromi) da, zoga-dad, eqsistencializms.

Cvens mier am fenomenis warmoCena moiTxovs winas-war klasificirebas. SeiZleba gamovyoT gaucxoebis Sem-degi formebi imis mixedviT, Tu ra aspeqtiT aSuqebda mas esa Tu is moazrovne da saxavda am aspeqts sakuTari Teoriis qvakuTxedad:

1) Teisturi (an Teologiuri) gaucxoeba; — (hegeli). 2) religiuri gaucxoeba; — (foierbaxi). 3) ekonomikuri gaucxoeba; — (marqsi). 4) fsiqiuri gaucxoeba; — (froidi). 5) metafizikuri gaucxoeba; — (eqsistencializmi).

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1. hegelTan xsenebul qvakuTxedad warmogvidgeba

„gonis Tavis sxvad gaxdomis“ fundamenturi debuleba da, amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT e.w. Teistur (an Teo-logiur) gaucxoebaze;

goni, anu absoluturi idea, hegelis mixedviT, ar iqneboda absoluturi, rom is yofiliyo mxolod ab-straqtuli. absoluturi ideis arsebiTi Strixi TviT-gacxadeba, TviTrealizaciaa. es ukanaskneli gulis-xmobs ideis „Tavis sxvad“ gaxdomas. es sityvaTSeTanxme-ba „Tavisi“ da „sxva“ Rrma Sinaarsis mqonea. hegelis ter-minebiT rom vTqvaT, „Tavis sxva“, anu drosa da sivrceSi gaSlili samyaro gulisxmobs 1) absoluturi arsis („Ta-visi“) — Tezisis da 2)araras („sxva“)— anti-Tezisis dia-leqtikur sinTezs, rac Cvenis azriT igivea, rac Sefar-debiTi arsi, anu raRac Sualeduri, arc absoluturad arsebuli da arc sruli arara.

SefardebiTi arsis umaRlesi safexuri adamianur arsebobaSi gamoixateba. adamianis fundamenturi niSani TviTcnobierebaa, risi meSveobiTac absoluturi idea sabolood imecnebs Tavis Tavs, rac gaucxoebis, sxvad-yofnis moxsnad unda gavigoT. gonis TviTSemecnebis umaRles dones, xelovnebisa da religiis gverdiT, hege-lis mixedviT, filosofia warmoadgens. am ukanasknelSi, mis istoriaSi permanentulad xdeba gonis Zireuli gan-sazRvrulobebis demonstrireba igive Tezisisa da anti-Tezisis sinTezis — `moxsna-Senaxvis~ — saxiT da umaR-les, Tvisobrivad dasrulebul sinTezs hegelis filo-sofiur sistemaSi aRwevs. aq moixsneba gonis gaucxoeba dasrulebuli TviTSemecnebiT.

Tu davakvirdebiT Teisturi gaucxoebis fenomens da gaviTvaliswinebT hegelis filosofiis saetapo mniS-vnelobis daskvna-debulebas, rom — absolutSi arsi da arseba erTmaneTs emTxveva (rogorc cnobilia, am debu-lebiT is gaunilos da kantis sawinaaRmdegod da anselm

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kenterberielis ideur xazs agrZelebs) — maSin Cvens wi-naSe Semdegi suraTi gadaiSleba: RvTaebrivi arsi Tavis-Tavad an imTaviTve araa absoluturi, rameTu mas amis-Tvis TviTSemecneba, anu sakuTari arsebis Semecneba ak-lia. sanam arsi da arseba erTia, anu masSi ar dadgenila gansxvaveba Tavissa da sxvas Soris, maSin RvTaebrivi ar-sis TviTSemecnebis arc logikuri aucilebloba arse-bobs da arc SesaZlebloba. amitom, arsma rom arseba Sei-mecnos es ukanaskneli unda iqces sxvad, rac gaucxoebas, rogorc ontiur aucileblobas logikur garduvalo-bad, Sesaqmis winapirobad saxavs. hegeliseuli xedvis Rrma Sinaarsi, rogorc Cans, gveubneba, rom Cven unda ga-varCioT sami cneba — arsi, arseba da arseboba; arseboba (rogorc SefardebiT arsTa samyarouli mdinareba) niS-navs, rom absolutis arseba iqmna viTarca arsi. amdenad, viRebT arsis or tips — zedrouls an RvTaebrivs (Ta-viss) da droSi gansazRvruls an wuTisoflurs (sxvas). am ukanasknelSi unda iqnes amokiTxul-Semecnebuli RvTaebrivi arsis mTeli Sina-arsi. amisTvis paul tili-xis samarTliani SeniSvniT, hegelTan mxolod erTi „al-ternativa“ arsebobs — individi (SefardebiTi arsi) unda amaRldes samyaroul procesTa mdinarebaze da miaRwios im filosofosis mdgomareobas, romelic srulad Caw-vda, srulad Seimecna yofierebis sazrisi. (p.tilixi. rCeuli: kulturis Teologia).

arsi Cven SeiZleba gavaigivoT (yovelgvari TviTne-bobis gareSe) mama RmerTTan, xolo arseba Ze RvTisasTan. Ze RvTisam unda gaiaros golgoTasken mimavali yofiere-bis gza da aRdgomiT, suliwmidis hipostaziT iseve daub-rundes mamaRmerTs. amgvarad, arsi miiRebs Tavis TavSi dasrulebulad Semecnebul arsebas. es Semecneba Tvisob-rivad dasrulebuli iqneba, anu adgili eqneba srulyo-fil arsebiT TviTwvdomas, ris gamoc forma da Sinaarsi, arsi da arseba erTmaneTs daemTxveva. swored es Seadgens hegelTan gaucxoebis moxsnis mTel dedaazrs.

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es suraTi naTlad gviCvenebs kidev erT moments — arsebis sxvad yofna, gankaceba RvTisa, igivea rac, arsi-sa da arsebis dapirispireba, romelic saboloo jamSi unda moixsnas, magram sanam moixsneba, manam arsi da arse-ba mTeli rigi urTierTsawinaaRmdego atributebiT xa-siaTdeba: arsi zedroulia, arseba droSi gansazRvruli, arsi abstraqtulia (Sinaarsobrivad), arseba — konkre-tuli da a.S. droSi Semosuli arseba arsebobas, konkre-tul Sinaarss, istorias iZens, romelic, gansxvavebiT arsisgan, dinamiuri da cvalebadia.

hegelTan SeiZleba visaubroT gaucxoebis kidev erT gamovlinebaze, romelic dakavSirebulia monisa da batonis dapirispirebis miseul monaxazTan. es ukanas-kneli erTgvari preludia gaxdeba marqsis Zalmomreo-bis TeoriisTvis, romelsac qvemoT SevexebiT.

am monaxaziT kargad Cans, erTis mxriv is, Tu rogor uyurebda hegeli adamianTa Soris arsebuli urTierTo-bebis realur motivs da, meores mxriv is, Tu raoden xSi-rad warimarTeba yoveldRiuri urTierTobani am mode-lis Tanaxmad; Tanamedrove etapze yvelaze ufro aqtua-lur — rasistuli Tu genderuli Tanasworobis dinami-kaSic Zneli ar aris swored am monaxazTan Sesabamisobis danaxva.

hegelis mixedviT, ori adamianis urTierTobis Zi-riTad motivs warmoadgens erTis mxridan meoris aRia-reba. es aRiareba ki, Tavis mxriv, aris ara ubralod ar-sebobis, anu ontiuri aRiareba, aramed upiratesi arse-bobis aRiareba. erTi miiswrafis meoris mxridan Tavisi upiratesobis aRiarebisaken. am moTxovnas Tundac is ga-marTleba aqvs, rom mxolod Cemi arsebobaa sakuTrivi da amdenad sxvisaze upiratesic.

roca amgvari aRiareba miiRweva, ZiriTadad Zal-momreobis gziT, erTi mxare (upiratesi) formirdeba rogorc batoni, romelic marTavs urTierTobas, xolo meore, rogorc mona, romelic imarTeba batonis mier.

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mona aris mona imdenad, ramdenadac aseTadaa aRiarebu-li rogorc batonis mier, ise sakuTari Tavis mierac, xo-lo batoni aris batoni imdenad, ramdenadac aseTadaa aRiarebuli rogorc monis mxridan, ise sakuTari Tavis mierac. faqtiurad es aris kidec istoriis da gaucxoe-bis dasawyisi.

istoriis formaciul msvlelobaSi adamiani ganic-dis cvlilebebs — iZens fiziologiur da goniT unarCve-vebs, zogadad rom vTqvaT, codnas. am codnis wyaroa misi damokidebuleba bunebasTan, romelic, ZiriTadad, Sro-miT aqtivobas gulisxmobs. hegeli sakamaTod ar miiCnevs TavisTavad sakamaTo faqts, rom radgan SromiT aqtivo-bas eweva mona, swored is xdeba istoriulad ufro mcod-ne da ganviTarebuli. am procesSi mona Seimecnebs Tavis Tavsac, riTic nelnela xsnis Tavis socialur gaucxoe-bas, maSin roca pasiuri batonis gaucxoeba ufro da uf-ro Rrmavdeba. amdenad, cvlileba da progresic monis xvedria. amis Sedegad mona midis sakuTari da sxvisi arse-bobis Tansworobis TviTSegnebamde. amis realur gamov-linebad hegels safrangeTis revolucia esaxeboda.

sxvaTa Soris, marqsTanac es TviTSegneba permanen-tulad demonstrirdeba Teoriulad xelovnebaSi, fi-losofiaSi, religiaSi da mxolod bolos, praqtikulad realizdeba revoluciuri ZalmomreobiT. saubedurod, araadekvaturad interpretirebuli marqsizmis safar-qveS momxdarma revoluciam gamarjvebul proletars miznad dausaxa ara Tanasworobis aRiareba, rac istori-is udidesi minaRwevari iyo, aramed is, riTic daiwyo is-toria — aRiareba sakuTari upiratesobisa.

2.

foierbaxTan hegelis sapirispiro tendencias vxe-davT, sadac fundamenturi debuleba gveubneba, rom „RmerTi, rogorc obieqturad arsebuli ki ar gaxda sxvad — bunebad, bio-organizmad, adamianad da a.S. — ara-

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med, adamianma Tavad Seqmna RmerTi Tavis warmosaxvaSi da moaxdina misi obieqtivacia“. gamomdinare aqedan SeiZ-leba visaubroT e.w. 2) „religiur gaucxoebaze“.

foierbaxis msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi azri ga-moixateba misi lozungad qceuli debulebiT Homo Homine Deus est (adamiani adamianisTvis RmerTia).

rogorc viciT, foierbaxi aRiarebda zogad adamia-nur arsebas, romelic Tavis Sinaarsad gulisxmobda yo-velgvari warmosaxvis da SemoqmedebiTi impulsebis, zne-obrivi moTxovnebis, emociebis, SemecnebiTi aqtebis da a.S. goniTi unarebis erTobliobas. erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani adgili am yvelaferSi ekuTvnoda religiur ltol-vas. es ukanaskneli sxva goniT unarebTan erTad Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebas hpovebda konkretuli adamia-nis an adamianTa jgufebis qmedebebSi Tu gadawyvetile-bebSi. sxvadasxva epoqaSi, mag., antikurSi da Sua saukune-ebSi, igive religiuri ltolva sxvadasxvagvarad konkre-tizirdeboda, Tumca foierbaxis mixedviT, es sxvadasxva-oba arsebiTad erTi, zogad adamianuri sawyisidan iRebda dasabams, anu maT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas erTi forma, ma-garam gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi hqonda. am religiuri ltolvis mimarTebis mTavari sagani, RvTaebrivi arsi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi ganicdida ganxvavebuli xarisxis transcendenciasa da obieqtivacias; antikurobaSi es iyo olimpos miuwvdomeli mTa, Sua saukuneebSi (sadac tran-scendenciis xarisxi kidev ufro maRali iyo), aseTad war-moidgineboda zedroul-vrciuli sasufeveli caTa.

adamiani gabruebuli iyo religiuri institucie-bis zemoqmedebiT da aviwydeboda, rom religiur aqtSi saqme hqonda ara raRac RvTaebriv arsTan, aramed, zogad adamianuri bunebis erTgvar gamovlinebasTan. amitom is, rasac adamiani epoqebis ganmavlobaSi aRmerTebda iyo ara RvTaebrivi, aramed, zogad adamianuri arseba. swo-red es zogad adamianuri arseba igulisxmeba adamianis RmerTad zemoTmoyvanil foierbaxiseul debulebaSi.

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3. fromiseulad interpretirebul marqsTan, sadac

mTavari yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikur faqtors, funda-menturi debuleba Semdegnairad JRers — „Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikuri urTierTobani qmnian istoriuli msvlelobis mTavar baziss. adamianTa SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis gamovlena, warmatebebi, keTildReoba, kul-turuli ganviTareba da a.S. zogs hgonia RvTaebrivi de-terminaciis nayofi, zogs anTroposis voluntaristu-li geniis Sedegi da sxva. sinamdvileSi ki yvelafer amis miRma ekonomikuri kanonzomierebani ifareba. es kanone-bi marTaven umTavres adamianur movlenas — Sromas. Sro-maSi gamovlindeba adamianis namdvili arseba, Sromis produqtebSi sagndeba (transcendirdeba) adamianis ima-nenturi namdviloba, Tumca, amavdroulad xdeba ise, rom Sromis produqti iZens obieqtur Zalmosilebas da upirispirdeba mis Semoqmeds, adamians anu sakuTar Tavs. am dapirispirebaSi adamiani veRar cnobs sakuTar Tavs, rameTu produqcia globalur ekonomikur konveerSi eS-veba da emorCileba ara adamianis nebas, aramed, ekonomi-kis kanonebs“. amdenad, aq SeiZleba vilaparakoT e.w. 3)„ekonomikur gaucxoebaze“;

ekonomikuri gaucxoeba metnaklebi xarisxiT Tan sdevda yvela manamdeli periodis formacias — monaT-mflobelurs, feodalurs Tu burJuaziuls — garda preistoriuli periodisa, magram mTeli arsebiT is kapi-talistur sazogadoebriv formaciaSi gamovlinda. mxo-lod pirvelyofili adamianebi iyvnen Tavisufali gauc-xoebis am formisgan. isini ar awarmoebdnen araviTar produqcias sabazro-savaWro urTierTobebisTvis — ina-direbdnen da agrovebdnen imdens, ramdenic saWiro iyo maTi gamokvebisTvis. am procesSi avlendnen isini Tavis unarebs, vaJkacobas, sisxartes da gonierebas. yvelaze mTavari aq isaa, rom maTi nadiroba da Semgrovebloba jer kidev ar atarebda gare-ZaldatanebiT xasiaTs, anu

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maTi Sroma ar iyo iZulebiTi. piriqiT, marqsisa da fro-mis mixedviT, es iyo, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, „saxaliso Sroma“, Sroma pozitiuri gagebiT, rameTu adamianis ar-sebiTi unarebis gamovlenis asparezs warmoadgenda.

is momenti, roca Sroma iZens ZaldatanebiT xasi-aTs, SeiZleba SevadaroT adamisa da evas samoTxidan ga-moZevebas, romelTaTvisac Sroma ukve RmerTis wyevlaa — maT unda Svan Svilebi didi tkiviliT da moipovon sar-Co pirze modenili ofliT. aqedan iwyeba kacobriobis namdvili istoria.

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis "daxvewa" emTxveva pe-riods, roca funqcionireben didi qarxnebi da fabrike-bi, roca calkeuli pirebis xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari fuladi kapitali, roca yoveldRiur xasiaTs iZens daqi-ravebuli Sroma da warmoiSoba e.w. muSaTa klasi, anu proletariati. proletari es igivea rac samoTxidan ga-Zevebuli adami, romelmac ukiduresad daZabuli samu-Sao dRiT unda moipovos puri Tavis arsobisa. es daZabu-loba Tan sdevs mTel mis cxovrebas, ris gamoc mas aRar rCeba dro da Zala sakuTriv adamianuri unarebis gamov-linebisTvis. aq saxeze gvaqvs Sroma negatiuri gagebiT, rameTu is aRar asrulebs Tavis bunebriv funqcias — ga-moavlinos Sromis procesSi da nayofSi adamianis nam-dvili arseba. namdvili arseba adamianisa Semoqmedebi-TobaSi mdgomareobs, SemoqmedebiToba ki adekvaturia mxolod Tavisufali aqtivobis pirobebSi. mxolod Tavi-suflad moqmed individs SeuZlia dainaxos, Seimecnos Tavis aqtivobaSi da mis produqtSi sakuTari Tavi, Tavi-si namdvili saxe. rogorc fromi aRniSnavs, marqsisTvis Sroma (pozitiuri gagebiT) erTgvari gnoseologiuri da anTropologiuri kategoriacaa.

kapitalizmi ki Tavisi ekonomikuri kanonzomiere-bebiT amkvidrebs iseT cxovrebis wess, romelic warmo-adgens pirdapir gzis moWras Tavisufali SromiTi aqti-vobisTvis. iZulebiT SromaSi ki gamovlenas iwyebs ada-

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mianis aranamdvili buneba; aq adamianis arsebad gvevli-neba mxolod f u l i da araferi sxva. Tu Tqven gaqvT bevri fuli, Tqveni „namdviloba“ gamovlindeba ara ise-Ti saxiT rogorc aris, aramed — rogorc gsurT. Tqven SeiZleba iyoT bunebiT boroti da amoraluri, magram garkveuli saqvelmoqmedo aqciebisa da piar-teqnolo-giebis wyalobiT xalxis TvalSi keTili da zneobrivi adamianis imiji daimkvidroT — is, rac ar SegiZliaT Tqven, ambobda marqsi, SeuZlia Tqvens fuls. cxadia, sxva gadmosaxedidan, magram gaucxoeba aq udaod saxe-zea.

sxvagvaria viTareba proletariatis SemTxvevaSi: muSas ar gaaCnia didi fuli, ufro metic, mas ar gaaCnia Tavisufleba ekonomikuri gagebiT da, maSasadame, arc SemoqmedebiTi arseba. igi araTu ver yidulobs sasur-vel produqcias (maT Soris imijs), aramed, Tavadaa er-Tgvari produqcia, romelic CaSvebulia ekonomikur-sa-bazro konveirSi da warmoadgens yidva-gayidvis sagans. ramdenadac marqsisTvis Sroma anTropologiuri katae-goriacaa, amdenad, adamianis arseba SromaSi unda gamov-lindes, magram kapitalistur garemoSi, sadac Sroma ne-gatiur datvirTvas atarebs, adamianis arsebad gvevli-neba ara Sroma, rogorc Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aq-tivoba, aramed Sromis Rirebuleba, anu f u l i — prole-tars aqvs arsebad is, rac Rirs misi daqiravebuli Sro-mis fasi. marqsisTvis es aris ekonomikuri gaucxoebis yvelaze mZime da raodenobrivad gavrcelebuli forma; amitom iyo, rom gaucxoebis moxsnasa da socializmis da-sawyiss igi proletariatis kapitalisturi marwuxebis-gan gaTavisuflebaSi xedavda.

marqsis mimdevrad TavgasaRebulma bolSevikebma gaTavisuflebis gasaRebi revoluciaSi ki dainaxes, mag-ram marqsis Teoriis araadekvaturi, arakompetenturi wvdomis gamo isini araswori gziT wavidnen da, rogorc fromi aRniSnavs, arsebiTad veraferi Secvales; Tu ma-

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namde proletari individualur-konkretuli kapita-listis zewolas ganicdida, aq (sabWoeTSi) igi zogadma, kapitalist-saxelmwifom Secvala, romelmac eqsprop-riacia-koleqtivizaciis saxeliT mTeli piradi qoneba Caigdo xelSi.

4. froidTan saqme exeeba ra fsiqikis qvecnobier sfe-

ros, romelis Sinaarsebic ganapirobeben adamianTa qce-vis motivebs, SeiZleba visaubroT e.w. „fsiqiur gaucxo-ebaze“; adamianis aqtivobis ganmsazRvrels froidi qvecnobierSi xedavs, romelic Tavad konkretuli adami-anisTvis, mag., fsiqoanalitikosis pacientisTvis er-Tgvari Sinagani ucxoeTia. es ukanaskneli misTvis, mar-Talia, ganmsazRvrelia, magaram Tavad man mis Sesaxeb araferi uwyis. pacients Tavisi faruli saxe fsiqoana-litikosma unda daanaxos specialuri meTodologiis gamoyenebiT.

froidis mier danaxuli fsiqiuri meqanizmebis Se-saxeb Cven visaubreT erT-erT winamorbed statiaSi („pi-rovneba da adamianis yofierebis mTlianoba“), amitom aq SevexebiT mxolod imas, raSic Cans gaucxoebis fenomenis fsiqikuri forma.

fsiqika ori ZiriTadi Srisgan — cnobieri da arac-nobieri — Sedgeba. amdenad, fsiqikis muSaoba imTaviTve aracalmxrivia. mas axasiaTebs ltolva rogorc gacno-bierebisken, ise — piriqiT. transcendenturi Tu imanen-turi Sinaarsebi (mag., sagan-movlenebi Tu emociebi) fsi-qikis mier gadaxarisxdeba, raTa zogierT maTganze mox-des cnobieri reagireba, anu yvela maTganis gacnobiere-bisTvis fsiqikas ar Seswevs Zalebi. gaucnobierebeli Si-naarsebi, miuxedavad maTi gaucnobiereblobisa, ar ikar-geba da qreba. es ukanasknelni, rogorc TavisTavad das-rulebuli fenomenebi, aracnobieris xiznebi xdebian, anu fsiqika TiTqos cdilobs maT daviwyebas. isini SeiZ-leba sakmaod didi xnis manZilze dumdnen, magram saTa-

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nado garemo-pirobebSi SeiZleba moxdes maTi uecari SeRviZeba, ris Semdegac adamianis qmediTobis realuri motivirebis ganmsazRvrelni xdebian. sakuTari qmedebe-bis am motivebs adamiani, rogorc wesi, ver acnobierebs -- mas hgonia an eCveneba, rom moqmedebs sruliad damou-kideblad, konkretuli survilebidan da miznebidan ga-momdinare, magram rogorc froidi miiCnevs, es Zalze iS-viaT SemTxvevaSi Tua ase. Cveulebriv, es konkretuli survilebi da miznebi warmoadgenen qvecnobieri Sinaar-sebis sublimirebul motivebs, anu es survilebi da miz-nebi sinamdvileSi niRbebia realizeba mowyurebuli, mi-viwyebuli aracnobieri Sinaarsebisa. Tu es ukanasknelni xangrZlivi mcdelobebis miuxedavad mainc ver realiz-debian da Tavis cxovelmyofelobasac ar kargaven, maSin isini iqcevian e.w. „akviatebebad“ da SesaZloa umZimesi fsiqikuri aSlilobebisa da daavadebebis wyarod iqcnen. am situaciidan pacientis xsna, froidisa da misi mimdev-rebis Tanaxmad, mxolod fsiqoanalitikoss SeuZlia fsiqoTerapiul-praqtikuli meTodologiiT, rac, arse-biTad, imaSi gamoixateba, rom pacientma gaacnobieros Tavisi akviatebuli qmedebebis realuri motivebi da Se-sabamisi Sinaarsebi.

rogorc vxedavT, gaucxoebis fenomeni aq mTeli Ta-visi garandiozulobiT warmogvidgeba.

5.

rac Seexeba eqsistencializms, mag., haidegerise-uls, aq SeiZleba vilaparakoT e.w. 5) „metafizikur gauc-xoebaze“. am filosofosis Sexedulebebze Cven sakmaod farTod visaubreT erT-erT winamorbed statiaSi — „adamiani masa da Man“-i. aq mokled SevexebiT mxolod ga-ucxoebis fenomens, romelic ara mxolod haidegeris, aramed, eqsistencializmis zogadi monaxazidan Cans.

m. haidegeris filosofiuri wiaRsvlebis mTavari amosavali debuleba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: adamianuri

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yofiereba, romelSic da mxolod romelSic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes e.w. Dasain-i, iseTia, rom mas temporalur ganzomilebaSi moxvedrisas ukve xvdeba, Tavisi Zalis-xmevisgan damoukideblad Seqmnili „arsebuli rogorc arsebuli“.

am ukanasknel debulebas, romelic aristoteles ekuTvnis da romelic man ontologiis gansazRvrebad ga-moiyena, eqsistencializmSi TiTqos umniSvnelo perefra-zirebiT eZleva Semdegi formulireba — „arsebuli ro-gorc areseboba (eqsistenci)“; aq ontologia anTropo-logiur-kulturologiuli mimarTulebiT midis. adamia-ni ar imyofeba uSualod bunebriv garemoSi. misi arseboba gaSualebulia adamianuri samyaroTi — kulturiT. am ukansknelis mier morgebuli „saTvaliT“ uyurebs adamia-ni yvelafers mis irgvliv. amdenad, arsebuli adamianis beWediTaa datvifruli da warmogvidgeba arsebulad, rogorc konkretulad dabadebuli adamianisTvis win-mxvedri. es winmxvedri aris is, rasac Cven dabadebis dRi-dan vexebiT da romelsac Semdgom miviCnevT arsebobis erTaderT formad. am erTaderTze Cven dagvyavs yofie-reba rogorc aseTi. am reduqcias haidegeri miiCnevs me-tafizikur Secdomad, romelsac „ontiur“ garduvalo-bad saxavs. sanam Dasain-i yofierebis „ontologiur“ xed-vamde ar amaRledeba, amgvari aRqma gadaulaxavia. am gada-laxvis rezultati Segvagnebinebs, rom yofiereba ar amo-iwureba arsebuliT. yofiereba aris is, rac arsebuls ar-sebulad xdis, anu yofnis sazriss aZlevs. magram, gamo-dis ise, rom Cven irgvliv arsebulis (socialur-politi-kuri institutebi, qalaqebi da soflebi, wesebi da adaTe-bi da a.S.) legitimaciis pirvelwyaro xdeba anonimi. Cven albaT 90% SemTxvevaSi ver aRmovaCenT am pirvelwyaros, rameTu bevri maTgani saTaves iRebs pre-dokumentaluri da pre-istoriuli periodidan.

ubedureba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven (mkvidrni wuTisoflisanni), am da mxolod am winmxvedr,

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mzamzareul arsebuls miviCnevT arsebobis erTaderT potenciad, romelic realurad ukve ganxorcielebu-lia. Cven isRa dagvrCenia, rom mas kargad avuRoT alRo da mTeli TavdaviwyebiT gadaveSvaT mis oromtrialSi, „ise, rogorc yvela“.

raSi Cans aq gaucxoebis fenomeni? pirveli, rac aq TvalSisacemia isaa, rom mTeli Ta-

obebi modian da midian ise, rom arsebiTad imeoreben erT da imave cxovrebas. marTalia, icvleba am cxovrebis epoqaluri formebi, magram es ZiriTadad exeba mis ga-regnul gamovlinebas. erT-erTi arsebiTi Strixi am gan-meorebadobisa aris, mag., gamravleba, anu STamomavlo-bis datoveba.

gamravleba, rogorc biologiuri fenomeni SeiZle-ba sulac ar iyos mavanisTvis didi problematurobis ma-tarebeli, magram filosofiur-anTropologiuri Tval-sazrisiT igi marTlac umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs aR-Zravs. adamiani, Tu is cxovrebaSi erTxelac gava moma-bezreblad erTferovani yoveldRiurobis tyveobidan, aucileblad dasvams sakiTxs cxovrebis sazrisis Taoba-ze, anu imaze, Tu riT SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes misi konkretuli arseboba. iyo istoriuli epoqebi, romle-bic sxvadasxvanairad pasuxobdnen am kiTxvas; mag., sar-trisa da kamius epoqam kategoriulad negatiuri pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas — cxovrebas obieqturad sazrisi ar ga-aCnia, sxva saqmea subieqturi sazrisi, romelsac Tavisi subieqturobis gamo simyare aklia da nebismier „saz-RvriT situaciaSi“ SeiZleba nacartutad iqces.

sazrisis es krizisuli suraTi ganapirobebs imas, rom mamisTvisac da SvilisTvisac iseve bundovania, Tu ra amarTlebs arsebobas, rogorc maTi papisTvis da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, gamravleba mainc jiutad grZeldeba da sul ufro da ufro cxovelur xasiaTs iZens. aki gani-xilavs kidec dRevandeli bunebismetyveleba adamians rogorc cxovels?! dasavluri bohemuri cxovrebac di-

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di reveransiT ukravs Tavs adamianis cxovelad ganxil-vas.

am ukanaskneli momentis totaluri masStaburobis miuxedavad, arsebobs iSviaTi gamonaklisebic — igive ka-miu, sartri, van gogi da a.S. — visac afiqrebs ara mxo-lod sakuTriv konkretuli arsebobis, aramed zogadad yofierebis sazrisi. miuxedavd Cveni SeniSvnisa, rom Ta-namedrove epoqam negatiurad upasuxa sazrisis obieq-turobis sakiTxs, es didi moazrovneebi da xelovanebi imiT arian RirsSesaniSnavni, rom fiqrobdnen im proble-mebze, romlebic cxovelisTvis ubralod ar arasebobs. amis nayofia maTi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba: "Экзистенциализм — выражение мужества встретить бессмысленность лицом к лицу как ответ на вопрос о смысле." Пауль Тиллих. Избранное: "Теология културы".

erTi sityviT, Tu adamians ar ganubWia sakuTari ar-sebobis sazrisi, maSasadame, mas ar gaaCnia fundamenti, romelzec misi konkretuli cxovrebis saxli unda aSen-des. Tu ar aris fundamenti, arc saxli arsebobs, magram „adamiani“ mainc cxovrobs, cxovrobs sxvis, mavanis aSe-nebul saxlSi, „ise, rogorc yvela“ da es saxli Tavisi hgonia. ase gvesaxeba Cven gaucxoebis arsi am konteqstSi.

haidegeri am situaciidan gamosavals imaSi xedavs, rom adamiani, upirveles yovlisa unda gamovides yovel-dRiur-Man-uri yofierebis am saxlidan, amisTvis mas ga-nuzomel samsaxurs gauwevs, mag., sasowarkveTa, rome-lic daabCens nihilizmis ufskruliviT xaxas mis winaSe, da igi yovelgvari garantiis gareSe unda gadaeSvas yo-fierebis am metafizikur ufskrulSi. samwuxarod, am-gvari nabijis gadadgmas erTeulebi Tu axerxeben ime-diT, rom iqneb arsebobs da eziaron sxva, namdvil yofie-rebas, rac WeSmaritad adamianuri qmedebacaa da gauc-xoebis gadalaxvis gasaRebic.

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* * * calke gamokvlevis Rirsia gaucxoebis is forma,

romelsac me vuwodebdi “virtualur gaucxoebas“ da romelic Tanamedrove cifruli teqnologiebis epoqam warmoSva.

aseve aRsaniSnavia amJamad yvelaze ufro globalu-ri mniSvnelobis gaucxoebis forma — e.w. „ekologiuri gaucxoeba“, roca kacobriobas teqnologiuri winsvla bumerangiviT ubrundeba eko-katastrofis saxiT da ro-melic dRes yvelasTvis naTelia; am sakiTxs TiTqmis yve-la sabunebismetyvelo disciplinis warmomadgeneli exeba, gansxvavebiT gaucxoebis im formebisgan, romle-bic zemoT ganvixileT. ekologiur problemebze bevri Tqmula da dawerila, maT Soris qarTul filosofiaSic (magaliTad zurab kakabaZis statiac kmara), ris gamoc aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb da gadaval pirdapir gaucxo-ebis fenomenis im formaze, romelic Cven winamorbed statiebSi Camoyalibebuli anTropologiuri suraTidan warmogvidgeba. gaucxoebis am formas Cven vuodebT „personalur, gnebavT, pirovnul gaucxoebas“.

personalur gaucxoebaSi, winaswari gansazRvre-biT, igulisxmeba, rom yovel konkretul anTroposSi mimdinare siRrmiseuli Tu zedapiruli procesebi mim-dinareobs pirovnuli nebis cnobieri kontrolis arar-sebobis pirobebSi.

* * * cxadia, rom zemoT ganxilul gaucxoebis formaTa

konteqstebs axasiaTebT garkveuli tipis xarvezebi, rac filosofiaSi bunebrivia, mTavaria, rom Cven davinaxoT filosofiur moZRvrebaTa momxibvlelobac da susti mxareebic.

hegeliseul konteqstTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani da, hegelis sistemisTvis fundamenturi sakiTxi, exeba Semdegs: vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas am sxvad gaxdomaze, gaucxoebaze — arsi Tu arseba?

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xom cxadia, rom gadawyvetilebis miReba dakavSire-bulia nebis fenomenTan? nebis fenomeni ki, rogorc sxva goniTi fenomenebi, arsebiTi, imanenturi mocemulobe-bia. Tu is (neba da sxva goniTi fenomenebi), rac arsebas qmnis, iSleba arsebobaSi, anu xdeba arsisTvis garegani da ucxo, Tavadaa gadawyvetilebis momRebi instancia, maSin arsi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSia. xolo Tu arsi iRebs gadawyvetilebas, maSin mas ukve gaaCnia garkveuli codna, kerZod, TviT-Tavis-Tavze codna imisa, rom mas gaaCnia nebis Tavisufleba, mizanmimarTuloba, Zalmosi-leba da a.S., ris gamoc sxvad gaxdomis (romlis mizanic TviTSemecnebaa), saWiroeba ase Tu ise ixsneba; yovel SemTxvevaSi es moxsna exeba sul mcire filosofiur-mecnieruli Semecnebis ganzomilebas, rameTu nebis Ta-visufleba, mizanmimarTuloba da sxva msgavsi fenomene-bis konceptualuri Semecneba swored aq xorcieldeba. arada, hegelisTvis swored amgvari Semecneba warmoad-gens umTavress.

marTalia, hegelis filosofia cdilobs sistemuri pasuxebis gacemas kiTxvaTa uzarmazar rigze, iqneba es istoriis, samarTlis, xelovnebis, eTikis, logikis da a.S. sakiTxebi, magram sakiTxi, romelic zemoT davsviT da romelic Cven hegelis filosofiisTvis fundamentu-rad, amosavlad migvaCnia mis filosofiaSi pasuxgauce-melad warmogvidgeba.

ise, kacma rom Tqvas, es nakli albaT yvela didi fi-losofosis naazrevs axasiaTebs; mag., sartrTan, romlis naazrevis fundamentsac Seadgens pasuxismgeblobis cneba, pasuxgaucemelia kiTxva — vis an ris winaSea kon-kretuli adamiani pasuxismgebeli. pasuxisgeba, Tavisi radikaluri, sazRvriTi mniSvnelobiT unda iyos abso-luturi arsis mimarT pasuxisgeba, rasac sartri ar aRi-arebs kategoriulad. rac Seexeba iuridiuli xasiaTis pasuxisgebas da rac fardobiTi xasiaTis movlenaa (SeiZ-leba erTi xelisuflebis mier miRebuli kanonebiT

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Tqveni qmedebisTvis pasuxisgebaSi migcen, magram sxva mTavrobis iuridiuli dadgenilebebiT Tqveni qmedeba gamarTldes da pasuxisgeba mogixsnan...), amas sartri fi-losofiuri ganxilvis sagnad ar xdis. is, ZiriTadad, sa-ubrobs adamianis eqsistencialur pasuxismgeblobaze — adamiani pasuxismgebelia imaze, Tu rad aqcevs is Tavis cxovrebas TviTon. magram, am ukanasknelis gageba Tavad sartris naazrevis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. marTlac, Tu adamianis arseba, araTu winaswar dadgenil-gansaz-Rvruli ar aris, aramed, rogorc aseTi saerTod ar ar-sebobs, maSin adamians, romelmac ganvlo cxovreba da ama Tu im iersaxiT Camoyalibda, ar gaaCnia Sesadarebeli xa-ti, romelTan SedarebiTac man unda gadawyvitos Tavad pasuxi agos Tu ara, anu rac, Cvenis azriT, mxolod imas niSnavs, unda inanos adamianma Tu ara Tavis ganvlil cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT. saboloo jamSi, sartriseu-li monaxaziT ar arsebobs kriteriumi da garantia imisa, Tu visi xvedri iqneba sinanuli ganvlil cxovrebaze.

aseve gaurkvevelia Semdegi: cxadia, rom pasuxis-mgeblobis cneba moiTxovs korelats, kerZod, mizRve-vis, gnebavT, sasjelis cnebas. vin dagvsjis an rogor dagvsjis Tu arc absoluturi arsi da arc zogad adami-anuri arseba ar arsebobs?

faqtiurad igive SeiZleba iTqvas haidegeriseuli WeSmaritad adamianuri e.i. ara-Man-uri yofierebis Se-saxebac, rasTan mimarTebaSic ganisazRvreba haidegeris mTeli filosofiuri azrTa msvleloba. is xom Tavadve aRiarebs Tavis „metafizikis SesavalSi“, rom filoso-fosisTvis, romelic SeZlebs yoveldRiuri yofis gada-laxvas da gadaeSveba eqsistencialur ufskrulSi, ar arsebobs garantia imis, rom is odesme daeSveba myar fskerze, anu calsaxad daadgens, Tu rogori yofila mi-si WeSmaritad adamianuri yofierebis, bunebis saxe. yve-laze Zireuli pasuxi haidegerTan imaSi mdgomareobs, albaT, rom WeSmaritad adamianuri qmedebaTagani Tavad

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am ufskrulSi riskiani gadaSvebis, yoveldRiur-Man-uri yofierebidan amoxtomis gadawyvetilebis pirovnu-li miRebaa.

* * *

froidizms, romelsac adamianis yvela aqtivoba mo-tivaciurad seqsualur ltolvebamde dahyavs, anu masSi ZiriTadad cxovels xedavs, miaCnia, rom fsiqo-nervozu-li aSlilobebisgan xsna pacientisTvis unda movides ga-redan, fsiqoanalitikosisgan. am ukanasknelma, da mxo-lod man, SeiZleba daanaxos pacients, mag., bavSvobaSi gancdili seqsualuri xasiaTis motivebi, romlebic dga-nan misi akviatebuli ideebis Tu qmedebebis ukan. rawams fsiqoanalitikosi gamoaaSkaravebs am yvelafers da ga-acnobierebinebs pacients, specialuri fsiqo-Terapiu-li procedurebiT, pacientic gamojansaRdeba.

cxadia, aq ise martivad araa saqme rogorc Cven mov-xazeT, magram rac gvindoda gveTqva, imisTvis es gamar-tivebuli monaxazi sruliad sakmarisia: am Teoriis mxardamWerni ver xedaven pacientSi pirovnebas, rome-lic Tavad gadawyvetda sakuTar problemebs. Cven ara-erTxel gvixsenebia buda, rogorc anTroposis pirovne-bad realizebis etaloni. xom sasacilod ar ikmarebda imis warmodgena, rom mas im damTrgunveli movlenebis — sibere, avadmyofoba da sikvdili — xilviT gamowveuli Sinagani mRelvarebis dasaZlevad fsiqoanalitikosis-Tvis miemarTa? rogorc batoni napo kvaracxelia gvas-wavlis, buda iyo yvela drois udidesi fsiqologi, man xangrZlivi askeziT, Tavad umkurnala sakuTar Tavs, gaxda ra gasxivosnebuli. gasxivosneba Cven gvesmis ro-gorc srulyofil pirovnebad realizacia, rodesac ne-bis cnobieri karnaxiT imarTeba imanenturi Sinaarsebis (iqneba es wmindad empiriuli, racionaluri Tu fiqrSi transformirebuli Sinaarsebi), yovelgvari lavireba.

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rodesac budam ixila beberi, avadmyofi Tu sikvdi-lis klanWebSi mborgavi adamianebis avbedoba da Rrmad damTrgunveli STabeWdilebis qveS moeqca, moxda ise, rom nanaxTan dakavSirebulma empiriulad aRqmulma da Taviseburad racionalizaciaqmnilma Sinaarsebma mis fiqriT ganzomilebaSi sruliad TviTneburad daiwyo transformireba-lavireba. cxadSi Tu sizmarSi es Sina-arsobrivi fragmentebi iseT amazrzen suraTebad erTi-andebodnen, rom princi sidharta ukidures sasowarkve-Tamde mivida. misTvis yvelaferma — fufunebam, gvariS-vilobam, ufliswulobam da a.S. — dakarga azri da mniS-vneloba. is gaiqca sasaxlidan, xangrZlivi meditaciiT gadaeSva zemoxsenebul nihilizmis pirdafCenil uf-skrulSi da, sabolood, miaRwia ara ubralod TviTgan-kurnebas, aramed, eziara sxvagvari, WeSmariti yofiere-bis SesaZleblobas — nirvanas. am yofierebas naziarevi anTroposis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Strixi imaSi mdgoma-reobs, rom igi Tavisi nebiT wyvets ara ubralod imanen-turi Sinaarsebis lavirebis sakiTxs, aramed, Tavad yof-na-aryofnis, sikvdil-sicocxlis problemasac, gadis ra sansarasa da nirvanas Soris arsebul zRurbls nebis cnobieri karnaxiT.

* * *

statiebSi: „imanentizaciis gza da filosofiuri anTropologia“, „pirovneba da adamianis yofierebis mTlianoba“, „absoluturi Tavisufleba da Teo-anTro-posi“ da a.S. Cven anTroposi warmovadgineT mocemulo-bad, romelic idealur variantSi potenciurad mimar-Tulia pirov-nebad dadginebisken, anu man realizacia unda hyos Tavisi pirovnuloba. es ukanaskneli aris an-Troposis umaRlesi safexurobrivi forma da mas win us-wrebs anTroposis gamovlenis iseTi safexurebi, rogo-ricaa cxoveli, adamiani, individi.

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Tavis mxriv, adamianSi moqmedebs sami Zireuli ima-nenturi struqtura: empiriuli subieqt-obieqti, raci-onaluri subieqt-obieqti da mofiqrali me.

mofiqrali me, adamianis safexurze, CvenTvis war-moadgens, erTis mxriv, empiriuli da racionaluri wya-roebidan miRebuli Sinaarsobrivi fragmentebiT gam-didrebul imanentur ganzomilebas (gamdidrebuls, ra-meTu mas Sevsebis sxva wyaroc gaaCnia, mag. warmosaxva, fantazia, muza da STagoneba; es ukanasknelni Tavis saT-qmels yvelaze xmamaRla amboben individis safexurze amaRlebuli anTroposis SemTxvevaSi, romelic, ZiriTa-dad, gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiTad aqtiur anTropotips) da, meores mxriv, TviTtranscendirebis SesaZleblobis mqone transcendentalurs.

Tumca, isic aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom pirovnebis sa-fexuramde arc transcendireba da arc miRebuli Sina-arsobrivi fragmentebis lavireba (cxadSi Tu sizmarSi, romlebic fiqris medlis or mxares warmoadgens), ar xdeba nebis cnobieri da sruli kontroliT. aq nebis fe-nomeni, rogorc avRniSnavdiT, moqmedebs aracnobierad. cxoveliT, adamianiT da individiT amowuruli anTro-posisTvis damaxasiaTebelia nebis aracnobieri, ukon-trolo funqcionireba. es imas niSnavs, rom anTroposi am doneze warmoadgens sakuTari nebis xelSi Cavardnil saTamaSos (amaSi mdgomareobs personaluri gaucxoebis umniSvnelovanesi Sinaarsi). roca es TamaSi aRwevs ukon-trolobis kritikul zRvars, saxeze gveZleva fsiqo-nevrozuli aSlilobebis sxvadasva formebi, romelTa SemTxvevaSic gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans is, rom pacien-ti sakuTar nebas aRiqvams ucxo Zalad, amas pirovnebis gaorebasac uwodeben xolme, Tumca, es sityvaTSeTanxme-ba SecdomaSi Semyvania. aq gvaqvs ara ori pirovneba (es warmoudgenlad didi fufuneba iqneboda), aramed, ar-cerTi; pirovnebad realizacia rom ver SeZlo pacien-tma, imitomac mivida am mdgomareobamde.

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ratom gvinda, rom winamdebare statiaSi gaucxoe-bis CamoTvlili formebis fonze warmovaCinoT gaucxo-ebis kidev erTi, Cveneuli forma — personaluri gauc-xoeba?

ara imitom, rom xsenebuli formebisTvis damaxasia-Tebelia konteqstualuri xarvezebi, (Tumca uamisobac ar iqneba), arc imitom, rom Cven am formebis kritikul qarcecxlSi gatarebiT qva-qvaze ar davtoveT. amis mize-zi mxolod isaa, rom migvaCnia — gaucxoebis CamoTvlili formebi ar iarsebebda, rom ar arsebobdes personaluri gaucxoeba: froidizmi pacientSi ver xedavs pirovnebas, marqsizmSi pirovneba gadafarulia fuliTa da kapita-liT, is waSlilia, foierbaxTan adamians ise aqvs dabne-lebuli mzera eklesiis avtoritetiT, rom zogad adami-anur arsebas da, amdenad Tavis arsebas da e.i. pirovneba-sac ver xedavs, is sxva ram — RmerTi hgonia da a.S.

dRes termin `pirovnebas~ yovel fexis nabijze gai-gonebT, Tumca darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirov-neba, rogorc is gvesmis Cven, sanTliTaa saZebari. perso-naluri gaucxoeba, anu pirovnebaTa arsebobis krizisi, romelic saerTod globaluri xasiaTis movlenaa, aris Taurfenomeni, romelic gaucxoebis yvela sxva kerZo formis emanacias axdens.

yelafer amaSi rom gaverkveT, gavixsenoT, pirovne-bis Cveneuli gansazRvreba — pirovneba aris cnobieri nebelobiTi instancia da anTroposis centri, romlis Segnebul aqtivobasac emorCileba, an SeiZleba daemor-Cilos anTroposis yvela plasti, maTSi moTxovnilebe-bis aRZvra da Tavisufali nebelobiTi dasturi maT dak-mayofileba-ardakmayofilebaze.

aseTi centris arqona iwvevs empiriuli, raciona-luri, religiuri da sxva miswrafebebis umarTav aqtivo-bas, rac Sedegad gvaZlevs marqsiseul ekonomikur gauc-xoebas (romelic empiriuli komformizmisgan, gaumaZ-Rrobisgan iRebs dasabams da romlis simboloc aris fu-

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li), foierbaxiseul religiur gaucxoebas (romelic ra-cionaluri siClungisgan da sizarmacisgan iRebs dasa-bams) da a.S.

arsebobs anTroposis oTxi potenciuri modusi: 1) cxoveli, 2) adamiani, 3) individuali, 4) pirovneba da sami imanenturi plasti: 1) empiriuli subieqt-obieqti, 2) ra-cionaluri subieqt-obieqti da 3) mofiqrali me. yvela es plasti gansxvavebuli intensivobiT ukavSirdeba oTx potenciur moduss, razec winamorbed ststiaSi sakmari-sad visaubreT da aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.

mTavari aq isaa, rom pirovneba aris anTroposis yve-laze maRali da Znelad, iSviaTad ganxorcielebadi po-tencia. am potenciis realizeba warmoadgens anTropo-sis yofierebis sazriss, anu anTroposis arsebobis ga-marTleba, Cvenis azriT, mis pirovnebad realizebaSi mdgomareobs. mxolod pirovneba (rac Zalze iSviaTi Sem-Txvevaa; kacobriobis sruli umravlesoba ZiriTadad cxovelur modusze wyvets Tavis anTropul ganviTare-bas, mciredni aRweven adamianis, anu racionaluri subi-eqt-obieqtis modussac da kidev ufro mciredni indivi-dualisas, anu Semoqmedisas) aris TviTRirebuli sazri-sis matarebeli instancia, anu Signidan TviTgansaz-Rvruli yofiereba.

cxoveluri modusisTvis ZiriTad da wamyvan plasts warmoadgens empiriuli subieqt-obieqti (rom-lis ZiriTadi funqciaa TviTSenarCuneba da gamravleba; am amocanis gadawyvetis maorientirebeli cxovelis do-neze ZiriTadad SiSveli empiriuli monacemebia, xolo idealur variantSi e.w. "saRi azri"), adamianuri modusi inarCunebs am ukanasknels, oRond dominanti plasti uk-ve xdeba racionaluri subieqt-obieqti (romelic, idea-lur variantSi, empiriul monacemebs aqcevs racionalu-rad modelirebul eqsperimentul sivrceSi da logiku-ri sistemurobiT imecnebs maT), individualSi narCunde-ba empiriuli da racionaluri subieqt-obieqti, magram

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maTi meoxebiT miRebuli Sinaarsebi, sazrisobrivi gan-sazRvrulobebi Tu funqcionaluri datvirTva aRar warmoadgens "damoukidebel mudmivas", aramed, konkre-tuli individualis fiqriT dinebaSi (an cnobierebis na-kadSi) gardatydeba erTxelad-ganumeoreblad formi-rebuli fragmentebis saxiT, romelTac Semdgom indivi-duali SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis procesSi sistemurad Seasxams xorcs qandakebaSi, ferweraSi, kinoxelovnebaSi da a.S. sadac idealur variantSi iqmneba Sedevri. imas, rac am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba, saTanadod Seesabameba Tanamedrove iaponeli mwerlis, xaruki murakamis Semde-gi sityvebi: "Я незаметно впитываю всебе все, что в состоянии впитать, а потом, стараясь изменить до неузнаваемости, вважу это в сюжет повести или романа. (Х Мураками, "Что я говорю когда говорю о беге").

samive am anTropuli donisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom nebelobiTi aqtivobis Tavisufleba Zalze Sez-Rudulia: cxovelis nebaze araa damokidebuli mag., is, Tu ra feris iqneba misi empiriul-vizualuri monaceme-bi, adamianis nebaze araa damokidebuli mag., is, rom or wertils Soris umoklesi manZili, aris swori xazi. indi-vidualis SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis xarisxi TiTqos uf-ro maRali Cans, magram darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom empiriul-racionaluri monacemebis individualu-ri gardatexa mis fiqriT dinebaSi misi nebelobiTi Care-vaze naklebadaa damokidebuli; rogorc siTxe TavisTa-vad iRebs im WurWlis formas, romelSic Caasxamen, ise individualis gamorCeul imanentur formazea (gnebavT Tandayolil talantze) damokidebuli is, Tu ra ier-sa-xes miiRebs empiriul-racionaluri monacemebi mis ya-libSi.

mxolod pirovnebaSi xdeba yovelgvari aqtivoba — empiriuli, racionaluri Tu fiqriTi — Sinaganad Tavi-sufali, cnobieri, Segnebuli nebelobiTi impulsiT TviTgansazRvruli. pirovneba, romelic yvela SesaZlo

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anTropul moduss da imanentur plasts moicavs (da am-denad, Tavisi totalobiT yovel maTganze maRla dgas), Tavis nebelobiT Zalisxmevaze damokidebuls xdis maT-gan miRebul yovel monacems, metic am monacemTa miReba--armiRebac ki SeuZlebeli xdeba pirovnebis nebelobiTi dasturis gareSe.

gamomdinare aqedan, cxadia, rom Tu saxeze gvaqvs pirovneba, maSin masTan mimarTebaSi azrs moklebulia saubari fsiqologiur, ekonomikur, metafizikur da a.S. gaucxoebaze.

samarTliani iqneba kiTxva mxolod Teistur gauc-xoebasTan mimarTebaSi; aq TiTqos marTlac gansakuTre-bul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme da rogorc Cans gaucxoe-bis am formas damoukidebeli Rirebuleba gaaCnia pirov-nebasTan mimarTebis gareSec.

Cven am sakiTxze vimsjeleT winamorbed statiaSi (ix. àbsoluturi Tavisufleba da Teo-anTroposi"), da mivediT daskvnamde, rom mxolod anTroposis fargleb-Si es da masTan kavSirSi myofi uamravi sakiTxi marTlac gadauwyvetelia. am sakiTxTaTvis naTelis mofena SesaZ-lebelia mxolod iseT yofierebiT instanciasTan mimar-TebaSi, romelsac Cven iq vuwodeT Teo-anTroposi. SeniSvna 1) citatebi moyvanilia TXT da HTML formatis eleqtronuli wignebis internet versiebidan, ris gamoc gverdebis miTiTeba SeuZlebelia.

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IRAKLI GOGICHADZE PHENOMENON OF ALIENTION

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of estrangement was introduced to the sphere

of interest of philosophy by Hegel. Since then, this issue was discussed by various philosophers, such as: Feuerbach, Marx, Fromm etc. From this philosophical-historical background we have distinguished the following forms of estrangement: 1) theistic estrangement (Hegel); 2) religious estrangement (Feuerbach); 3) economic estrangement (Marx, Fromm); 4) psychic estrangement (Freud); 5) metaphysical estrangement (Heidegger). After reviewing these issues we have tried to reveal their weak sides and pointed out that these forms of estrangement (except for theistic estrangement) are deprived of any independent value. They are only surface evidences of personal estrangement represented by us and personal estrangement is the condition of their existence. warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis gan-yofilebam.

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badri forCxiZe

(quTaisi) badri forCxiZe — filosofiis doqtori, a. wereTlis sax. universitetis filosofi-isa da fsiqologiis departamentis asoci-rebuli profesori; avtori mravali naSro-misa filosofiis aqtualur problemebze, maT Soris wignebisa: `pirovnebaTa amocno-

bis istoriul-filosofiuri horoskopi~ (quTaisi, 2007); `sa-marTlis filosofiis aqtualuri problemebi~ (o. mindaZis TanaavtorobiT, quTaisi 2009).

sicruis sibrZnis pozitiuri da

negatiuri dialeqtika

sicruis fenomenis sistemuri analizi, an misi cal-

ke aRebuli problemis saxiT dasma, imdenad iSviaTia gax-lavT, rom CvenTvis xelmisawvdom enciklopediur leq-sikonebsa, Tu filosofiis istoriul narkvevebSi praq-tikulad ar gvxvdeba, Tumca amis miuxedavad, garkveuli gamonaklisi mainc gvaqvs, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT udidesi qarTveli filosofosis, Salva nucubiZis erT-erT mniSvnelovan samecniero gamokvlevas, sadac war-modgenil iqna Cveni fasdaudebeli, sityvakazmuli mwer-lobis didostatis, sulxan-saba orbelianis metad ori-ginaluri filosofiuri koncefciis monaxazi, igav-arakTa krebulze — „sibrZne-sicruisa“ — dayrdnobiT. Tavis droze, aRniSnuli problemis dasmas mivuZRveniT ori publikacia: „sicruis fenomeni socialuri cnobie-rebis teqnikuri gaucxoebis procesSi“ da „sibrZne-sic-ruisas“filosofiuri sazrisis sakiTxisaTvis“. saer-Tod, sicruis cneba, sxvadasxva periodis avtoritetul filosofosebSi, asocirdeboda eTikuri Sinaarsis de-bulebebTan, xolo danarCenad, misi principuli gamij-vna logikuri mcdarobisa da Secdomisagan ar dafiqsi-

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rebula.zemoT Tqmuli mainc ar gvaZlevs sofistebze gverdis avlis uflebas, vinaidan isini pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc yuradReba miaqcies adamianuri nebisyofis faq-tors, rasac Semecnebis mTeli miznswrafva, TviT gnose-ologiuri WeSmaritebis CaTvliT, dauqvemdebares. maT SemoiRes dialeqtika, rogorc davis, kamaTis xelovneba, sadac mTavari yuradReba eqceoda ara azris WeSmarite-bas da Sinaarss, aramed formas, rogorc azris gadace-mis xerxs. sofistebis mizani iyo iseTi xerxebis SemuSa-veba, romelTa gamoyenebiT, yovel pirovnebas unda Ses-Zleboda im azris dasabuTeba, romelic misTvis sasar-geblo iyo. mTavari iyo xalxze gavlenis moxdena da ara obieqturi WeSmariteba. swored amis gamo sofistika ara marto filosofiis istoriaSi, aramed kulturis sxva sistemebSic damkvidrda rogorc kamaTis, mowinaaRmde-gis SecdomaSi Seyvanisa da motyuebis rafinirebuli teqnologia. romlis nimuSsac yvelaze kargad ganasaxie-rebs e. w. aporiebi, anu paradoqsebi. sofisturi apore-tikis fonze niSandoblivia megarelTa skolis Tvalsa-Cino warmomadgenlis, evbuli demiletelis „crus“anti-nomia, es aporia metad saintereso Temas Seadgenda anti-kur mwerlobaSi; mis Sesaxeb Teofrastes sami wigni dau-weria, xriziposs aTi, xolo erT-erTi filosofosi ki-dec gagiJebula am problemasTan WidilSi (m. gogiberiZe 1972; 130). ai, sicruis erT-erTi tipiuri nimuSi am sit-yvis pirdapiri gagebiT — Tuki aseTi saxis problemasac SeeZlo vinmes, miTumetes filosofosis gagiJeba, maSin manamde, aseTi emociebis patroni, rogor gadaurCeboda bevrad ufro mZafri da saWirboroto cxovrebiseuli problemebis grovas? am antinomiis analogiiT Tavisuf-lad SegviZlia, dilemuri kvanZis moculoba gavzardoT da gavavrceloT mTeli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis masStabebze, miT ufro imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom teqni-kuri gaucxoebis procesSi, paradoqsul azrebsa da mdgomareobebs sul ufro meti datvirTva ekisreba.

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ukeTesi TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, gavixsenoT dioge-ne laerciusis gadmocemis mixedviT, aRniSnuli logiku-ri paradoqsi: „kreteli ambobs — yvela kreteli cru-

obs“ (История философии1940; 144), rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu cruobs, maSin marTals ambobs, xolo Tu marTals am-bobs, maSin cruobs. adamianTa, da maT Soris filoso-fosTa didi nawili, msgavsi tipis paradoqsebs sityvebis oinbazur Jongliorobad aRiqvamen, ise rom seriozu-lad maTi gaazrebis survilsac ar gamoxataven. iqneb am-gvarma zerele midgomamac ganapiroba, droTa ganmavlo-baSi, sofizmebis salanZRavi mniSvnelobiT damkvidreba sajaro polemikebsa Tu gacxarebul diskusiebSi. samar-Tlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom sofistebis arajan-saRi Sefasebis sakiTxSi lomis wili miuZRviT sokrates, platonsa da aristoteles, riTac TavianTi zogadsaka-cobrio Rvawlis miuxedavad, cotaTi mainc avnes filo-sofiuri azris ganviTarebas. Tavisi uvargisi nayofi aman im mxriv gamoiRo, rom gviani antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis Seferxebaze, ase-ve Teoriuli cnobierebis dekadansis gaxangrZlivebaze, erTgvari wamaxalisebeli zegavlena moaxdina. sofiste-bis saxelebi, samwuxarod, dRemde asocirdeba crupen-telobasTan, angarebasTan da sxvadasxvagvar uzneobas-Tan. sinamdvileSi, sofistebi antikuri samyaros erTer-Ti pionerebi iyvnen, vinc uSiSrad da gabedulad Tvali gauswores sicrues, riTac bevrad ufro marTalni aR-moCndnen maTTan SedarebiT, vinc ybadaRebuli, usagno WeSmaritebis deklarirebiTa da siqvele-saTnoebis qed-maRlurad myvirala propagandiT, mTel sazogadoebas abriyvebdnen da TvalSi nacars ayridnen. sofistebma isic Zalian kargad uwyodnen, Tu raoden didi safiqra-lis gaCena SeeZlo sicrues, bevrad metad, vidre vinmes es sityvebis TamaSisa da garTobis miRma naklebad war-moudgenia, rom sicruis paradoqsebi realuri movlene-bis, cocxali adamianuri urTierTobebis Sinagan kanon-

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zomierebaTa amsaxveli siZneleebi, gadaulaxavi winaaR-mdegobebia, rom maTgan warmoqmnili dilemebis gacnobi-ereba da gamoaSkaraveba aucilebelia Tavisufali az-rovnebis xalxSi gavrcelebisa da uwyveti ganviTarebis-Tvis. sxvaTa Soris, sokrate, romelic sofistebis augad mosaxseneblad da sazogadoebriv Cirqsacxebad Zal-Ro-nes ar iSurebda, SesaSuri warmatebiT iyenebda dialo-gis, igive kamaTis dialeqtikis, sofisturi teqnologii-sa da sabrZolo arsenalis SesaZleblobebs isev maT sa-winaaRmdegod, amitomac, rogorc miiCnevs mose gogibe-riZe, filosofiis istoriis mkvlevarTa umetesobam mas memarjvene frTis sofistis kvalifikacia mianiWes. TviTSemecnebis orakuluri sibrZnis mimdevar sokrates giganturi nebisyofis simtkice da daudgromeli mizan-swrafva sakuTar mowinaaRmdegeebTan ukompromiso brZolaSi, sabolood dasrulda imiT, rom arcodnis gacnobierebis molipuli safexuridan nabiji win ver wadga da pozitiur codnamde mainc ver amaRlda. forma-luri logikis Tanaxmad ganmartebuli WeSmariteba da mcdaroba iolad SeiZleba gadavakeToT simarTlisa da sicruis ganmartebebad, Tu am ganmartebebs davurTavT Segnebuli ganzraxviT motivirebul rogorc WeSmarite-bas, aseve mcdarobas. es ganxorcieldeba aseTnairad: „TxrobiTi winadadebiT gamoxatuli msjeloba WeSmari-tia, maSin rodesac imgvarad adasturebs, anu ar yofs raime sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas, an ganu-xorcieleblobas, rom igi marTlac sinamdvileSi Seesa-bameba arsebul sagnobriv viTarebas. winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi msjeloba mcdaria” (l. mWedliSvili. n. ivaniZe 1997; 4). TxrobiTi winadadebiT gamoxatuli msjeloba simarTlea, maSin rodesac imgvarad adasturebs, anu ar yofs raime sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas, an ga-nuxorcieleblobas, rogorc sakuTari warmodgenis sa-fuZvelze miiCnevs, an raSic Sinaganad darwmunebulia msjelobis subieqti — mTqmeli, imisgan damoukideblad,

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Tu ramdenad Seesabameba misi naTqvami sinamdvileSi ar-sebul sagnobriv viTarebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi — Tu msjeloba Segnebulad, ganzrax ar gamomdinareobs mTqmelis warmodgenis safuZvelze Seqmnili Sinagani rwmunebulebidan, damoukideblad imisa, Seesabameba Tu ara naTqvami sinamdvileSi arsebul sagnobriv viTarebas — sicruea.

aqedan Tavisuflad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sav-sebiT dasaSvebia, vinmem iseTnairad icruos, rom amiT Tqvas WeSmariteba, xolo marTlis naTqvami mcdari aR-moCndes. magaliTad, xSirad xdeba, rodesac mavani uars eubneba mezobels, amxanags, an naTesavs, gahyves sakuTa-ri avtomobiliT Soreul manZilze, imitom, rom ubra-lod ezareba Tavis Sewuxeba, an zedmetad ufrTxildeba Tavis manqanas, magram mizezad asaxelebs ama Tu im dasa-xelebis meqanizmis mwyobridan gamoyvanas; am dros pat-ronisTvis sruliad moulodnelad, SeiZleba aRniSnuli nawili realurad aRmoCndes dazianebuli. aseT SemTxve-vaSi, e.w. sicruis WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, ecodineba mxo-lod mas, an iSviaT SemTxvevaSi imasac, Tu vinmes gaumxi-la amis Sesaxeb. saerTod, marTlis mTqmeli bevrad uf-ro xSirad cdeba, vidre tyuilis mTqmeli Tavisda une-burad ambobs WeSmaritebas, rac imdenad naTeli da ueW-velia, rom TviT qarTul bibliad wodebuli vefxistya-osnis avtormac ki, marTlis Tqmis msurvelebs Rrma fi-losofiuri aforizmiT mouwoda gansakuTrebuli sif-rTxilisaken: „zogjer Tqma sjobs araTqmasa, zogjer TqmiTac daSavdebis. “sicruis logikur-gnoseologiu-ri ganmarteba uSualod erwymis moralur Sefasebas, radganac aq imTaviTve adgils iWers subieqtis nebaze damyarebuli Segnebuli da mizandasaxuli ganzraxva sxvaTa motyuebis Sesaxeb, rac eTikuri normebis dar-Rvevad aRiqmeba da eqvemdebareba gasakicx qcevaTa kate-gorias. moyvanili aforizmidan isic Cans, rom zogjer simarTlis arTqmis, damalvis, dumilis gziT SesaZlebe-

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lia sxvadasxvagvari sasargeblo saqmeebis mogvareba, romelic uzneobad ar CaiTvleba, magram es damokidebu-lia situaciebze. moralis poziciebidan dRemde mimdi-nareobs dava — simarTlis arTqmisa da sicruis urTier-Tgaigivebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, kanti Tvlida: „adamia-nebi erTmaneTs gaeqceodnen, TiToeulis guli da sulis Tqma rom dafaruli ar iyos;“ franklinisTvis saidum-los Senaxva imdenad amaRlebuli, aramiwieri nebisyofis unaris gamovlinebaa, rom misi Senaxva mokvdavTagan verc ki warmoedgina: „sams SeuZlia saidumlos Senaxva, Tu 2 maTgani mkvdaria. ”sicruis intensivoba da masSta-bebi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba fundamenturi sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebisa da socialuri interesebis kritiku-li saWiroebis procesSi, rac kargad Cans otofonbis markis sityvebSi: „adamianebi imdens arasdros ar cruo-ben, rogorc nadirobis Semdeg, omis dros, an arCevnebis win“. Teodor dostoevski, usafuZvlod rodi amtkiceb-da sicruis meTodologiuri funqciis aucileblobas simarTlis mimarT: „iciT ki, rom simarTle mudam dauje-rebelia? simarTle rom dasajerebeli gaxdes, uTuod tyuili undaSeurio“ (57). Cveni pozicia, simarTlis ar-Tqmisa da sicruis gaigivebis sakiTxSi, emyareba logiku-ri Tavsebadobis formalur princips, romlis Tanaxmad, dumilTan SedarebiT, simarTlis damalvis, arTqmis efeqturi xerxi gaxlavT tyuilis Tqma. Tumca dumilic, rodesac Segnebulad ar ambob imas, rac ici da rac, Cade-nili danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSavis wisqvilze as-xams wyals, iseTive uzneoba da danaSaulia, rogorc ne-bismieri mZime saxis borotmoqmedeba, xolo is, vinc dums, damnaSavis mier Cadenili borotmoqmedebis Tana-monawilea. TviT aRsarebis saidumloebis Sesaxeb gaore-bul midgomas, rasac araCveulebrivad STambeWdavi sib-rZniT aZlierebs netari avgustine, pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs sicruis dialeqtikasTan: „magram aRsarebac rom ar meTqva SenTvis, ufalo, gana raime daemaleboda Sens

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Tvals, romlisTvisac „ara aris ra dafaruli, aramed yovelive gaSiSvlebulia da gamoaSkaravebuli, TviT uf-skrulic ki adamianis sinidisisa? Sen SeiZleba dafaru-li iyo CemTvis, me ki versad dagemalebi...Sen akurTxeb marTals, ufalo,“ magram manamde „Senve uCveneb simar-Tlis gzas imas, vinc adre codvili iyo. Cemi aRsareba Sens winaSe mdumarecaa da daudumebelic. dums ena, mag-ram RaRadebs guli. ar arsebobs iseTi wrfeli sityva, xalxs rom vuTxra da umal Sen ar ismino, da arc ra gsme-nia Cemgan iseTi, umal Sen rom ar geTqvas CemTvis“ (80. www.orthodoxy.ge).

aRsarebis saidumloebasTan dakavSirebiT, sagange-bod SerCeuli analitikuri kiTxvarebis meSveobiT gave-saubreT araerT sasuliero pirs; kiTxvaris arsi Camoya-libda Semdegnairad — rogor unda moiqces moZRvari im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aRmsarebeli piri mis winaSe aRia-rebs iseTi umZimesi danaSaulis Cadenis faqts, raSic mis magier braldeba daakisres sruliad udanaSaulo pirov-nebas, visac sasamarTlom gamoutana sasjelis umaRlesi zomis ganaCeni, romelic uaxloes xanebSi unda iqnes moy-vanili sisruleSi? — calsaxad erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi sasuliero pirebma aRniSnul kiTxvas ver gasces. samar-Tlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnasac, rom maT Soris yve-la zeganswavlulma, filosofiurad moazrovne nawilma gulaxdilad aRiara gadaulaxavi rTuli destruqciuli dilemis viTareba, romlis gadawyvetac mTlianad moZ-Rvris Tavisufal sindisze iqneboda damyarebuli. erT-erTma maTganma aseTi ramec Tqva: „marTalia, sjulis ka-noniT sastikad gvekrZaleba wminda saidumloebis gace-ma, magram udanaSaulo adamianis dasaxsnelad, mzada var davarRvio aRTqma, amis mere aviyaro sasuliero piris yvelanairi regalia, wodeba, ufleba da rogorc erT-erTma rigiTma codvilma, mkacrad vago pasuxi umaRlesi samsjavros winaSe. “aragulwrfeli pasuxebidan ZiriTa-dad Warbobda msgavsi dilemebisgan sagangebod damuSa-

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vebuli Tavis daRwevis xerxi, romlis dedaarsic da pa-Tosic daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: „aRsarebis saidumloeba wminda, Seuvali sjulis kanonia, risi darRvevac suliw-midis gmobis tolfasia, amitomac Tu romelime mamao ga-fiqrebiTac ki dauSvebs amas, is gankveTil unda iqnes wminda sinodis mier. aseT dros, yvela sasuliero piri valdebulia aRmsarebels STaagonos Cadenili danaSau-lis aRiareba da daarwmunosis, rom uflis winaSe am aRi-arebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba. amis mere man un-da gaaZlieros locva, raTa RmerTma goneba gaunaTos damnaSaves da SeaZlebinos simarTlis Tqma. moZRvari, romelic umtkicesi da ueWveli rwmeniT ar gamoirCeva, warmoadgens, arazeciuri mwyemsis kuTvnil faraSi erT-erT ubralo, uwyinar kravs, aramed cxvris tyavSi gaxve-ul mgels; WeSmariti rwmenis mqone moZRvars ki yovel-Tvis unda swamdes uflis keTilmowyalebis, romelic gulmxurvale locva-vedrebis mimarT arasodes ar rCe-ba gulgrili; Tu mainc ver gaWra misma cdam, mondomebam da damnaSaveSi ar aRiZra simarTlis gamxelis wyurvili, maSin gamodis, rom mniSvnelovani raRac mainc daaklo, rakiRa ver SeZlo aRmsareblis sikeTis gzaze dayeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, moZRvarma sxvisi da sakuTari ubedure-bis mizezi isev Tavisave rwmenis sisusteSi unda ipovos, raTa gamudmebiT iRvawos SeWirvebulTa, umweoTa sanu-geSod da gasamxneveblad. “arsebuli dilemis gadawyve-tis sxvadasxva receptis gadamowmeba-gansja umjobesia mkiTxvels mivandoT, Tumca erTi mainc unda vTqvaT ueW-veli rwmenis simtkiceSi Tavdajerebuli samRvdeloebis mimarT — nuTu romelime maTgans marTla hgonia, rom Tundac iotisoden, mdogvis marcvlistolfard rwmenas flobs, riTac uzarmazari mTebis daZvraa SesaZlebeli? — ukeTu es kargad uwyian, maSin nuRaravis daumalaven: locva, mowyvetili saqmis keTebisgan, ukeTurobis mo-maswavebelia.

saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

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epizodi gaxlavT beri Tevdores gmiroba, romelic ga-nuyofel kavSirSia sicruis pozitiuri daniSnulebis movlenasTan. gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, sicruis mo-raluri akrZalvis imperatiul moTxovnas ratomRac aTi mcnebis saerTo suliskveTebis konteqstSi warmoa-Cenen. kerZod, sakiTxi exeba mecxre mcnebas — „ara cili

swamo moyuassa Sensa wamebiTa cruჲTa.“ marTalia, ci-liswameba sicruis uaryofiT nairsaxeobas ganekuTvne-ba, Tumca sicruis zogad cnebasTan misi gaigiveba swori mainc araa, vinaidan ciliswamebis garda, arsebobs sxva specifikis negatiuri da pozitiuri formac, romelic Tavisi warmomavlobiT sicruis gamoxatulebaa. beri Tevdores gmiroba emyareba sicruis pozitiuri gagebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebis safuZvels, rasac Tavdacvi-Ti daniSnuleba gaaCnia. am gziT mowameobrivad aRsru-lebulma berma ara marto gadaarCina qarTlis mefis lu-arsabis xelSeuxebloba, aramed ixsna qveyana mtris mo-rigi maoxari laSqrobisagan. madlierma erma mas damsa-xurebulad mianiWa gmiris wodeba, xolo qarTulma sam-Rvdeloebam aseve samarTlianad wmindanad Seracxa. gza-abneuli osmalo dampyroblebis TvalSi ki beri Tevdore iyo matyuara, romelmac icrua rogorc mtris, ise qris-tianuli sjulis kanonis winaSe, radganac maTi cnobiT, qristianuli moZRvrebisTvis sicrue yvela SemTxvevaSi miutevebel codvad unda CaTvliliyo. swored am azrma ubiZga maT megzurobis arCevani berisTvis daekisrebi-naT, rakiRa mas RvTis mimarT saero pirTagan gansxvave-buli pasuxismgebloba unda gamoeCina da tyuilis Tqma ver unda gaebeda. sinamdvileSi beri Tevdore camde mar-Tali iyo imaSi, rom man mtris winaSe icrua; ase Tu ar mo-iqceoda, maSin is mtyuani iqneboda RvTis, eris, berisa da sakuTari sindisis winaSe. moyvanili magaliTi cxadyofs kretelis „crus“ paradoqsis cocxali SinaarsiT gamya-rebas; rac formulirdeba Semdegnairad: vinc mters mo-atyuebs, is moyvasisTvis marTali da pirnaTeli iqneba.

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aRwerili nimuSebi iZlevian sicruis sibrZnis po-zitiuri da negatiuri dialeqtikis problemuri ganxil-vis xelsayrel saSualebas. rogorc cnobilia, filoso-fiis istoriaSi aRiarebulia dialeqtikis ori saxeoba: pozitiuri da negatiuri dialeqtika. mkvlevarTa ume-tesoba maT urTierTgamomricxav mniSvnelobebs aniWebs, radganac pozitiuri dialeqtikis koncefcias isini aRiqvamen winaaRmdegobebisa da dapirispirebebisadmi dadebiT damokidebulebad, xolo negatiuri dialeqtika esmiT piriqiT. pozitiuri dialeqtikis gamokveTil war-momadgenlebad antikuri periodidan Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT miCneuli arian heraklite da hegeli, xolo ne-gatiurisa — Zenoni da kanti (s. avaliani., k. qecbaia 2009; 70-71). is faqti, rom orive mxare cnobs realuri cvale-badoba-moZraobis, ganviTarebis, winaaRmdegoba-dapi-rispirebis arsebobas, cxadad Tu moCvenebiTad, savse-biT sakmarisia maTi mWidro urTierTkavSirisa da urTi-erTganmsazRvreli ganpirobebulobisaTvis, Tumca es ar gvaZlevs, maT kanononier kompetenciebs Soris, yo-velgvari sademarkacio xazis moxsnis uflebas. sicruis paradoqsebTan mimarTebaSi pozitiurad CaiTvleba ise-Ti saxis tyuili, romelic ganisazRvreba zneobrivi Ri-rebulebis SesanarCuneblad warmarTuli da sazogado keTildReobis dasacavad gamarTlebuli eqsistencia-luri SiSiT. es ukanaskneli, cxoveluri, biologiuri SiSis gangansxvavebiT, amaRlebulia viwro egoistur miswrafebebsa da interesebze, rac naTeli, WeSmariti idealebisTvis gaRebuli msxverplis safasuriT iwone-ba. rac Seexeba biologiuri SiSisgan gamowveul, piradi usafrTxoebis dasacavad gamoTqmul tyuils, mxolod im pirobiT miviCnevT negatiurad, Tu aRniSnuli usaf-rTxoebis garantiebs Seewireba udanaSaulo adamianTa usafrTxoebis interesebi. aRwerili magaliTebidan sa-xeze gvaqvs erTic da meorec.

aRsarebis saidumloebis Senaxva, damnaSavisTvis

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realuri xelSewyobisa da udanaSaulo piris dasjis ga-momwvevi dumilis mizeziT, Seiracxeba negatiur, danaSa-ulebriv sicrued. dumilisa da gaCumebis gziT damalu-li, moparuli simarTle, romelic udanaSaulo msxver-plis ubedurebis fasad jdeba, yvelaze sazizRar vera-gobas udris, amitomac igi sicruis yvelaze uaresi kate-goriaa. aseTi sicrue autaneli da Seuwynarebelia imis gamoc, rom igi iniRbeba cru pasuxismgeblobisa da RvTismosaobis niRbiT. swored aseTi tipis moZRvarni gvevlinebian cxvris tyavSi gaxveul mglebad, romelTa faruli zraxva da saqmianoba warmoadgens araRvTisadmi uangaro, keTilsindisier morCilebasa da Rvawlmosile-bas, aramed mamonas kultisadmi msaxurebas. sapirispiro arCevanis gamkeTebeli xalasi gulis RvTismsaxurebi, romelTac mxurvale fici aqvT dadebuli aRsarebis sai-dumloebis Senaxvis ucilobel valdebulebaze, TviTo-nac saRad aTviTcnobiereben momakvdinebeli codvisa da winaswargauTvaliswinebeli sicruis autanel saSinele-bas, magram mainc hyofniT sakmarisi vaJkacoba imisTvis, rom Tavdajerebuli rwmenis yovlisSemZleobis fari-sevlur niRabs ar amoefaron da zeciuri samsjavros wi-naSe piruTvneli pasuxi agon; manamde, maT aranaklebi gansacdelis gadatana mouwevs amqveyniur jojoxeTSic — oficialuri eklesiuri sazogadoeba da masTan asoci-rebuli mrevli sastikad dagmobs aseT saqciels, TviT sakuTari ojaxis wevrebic Segnebulad ar Seecdebian faqtis Zireul axsnasa da gagebas, gamarTlebaze xom sa-erTod zedmetia saubari. isini Znelad ipovian Tanag-rZnobas da madlierebis natamals TviT im udanaSaulo gansasjelis uaxloes megobrebsa da axlo naTesavebSic, vinc samarTlianobis zeims unda dResaswaulobdes da borotebis klanWebidan TavdaRweul samsxverplo zva-raks sixaruliT aZgerebul gulSi ikravdes. advili da-saSvebia isic, rom SerCeviTi samarTlis principiT mo-marTulma sasamarTlom arafrad Caagdos RvTismsaxu-

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ris mier micemuli Cveneba da winaswargamiznuli ganaCe-ni ZalaSi datovos. nacvlad madlierebisa da saqebari epiTetebisa, Seusmeneli oponentebi, udanaSaulod braldebuli gulSematkivrebis CaTvliT, maqsimalurad ecdebian TavianTi eWvebis gasamyareblad, keTilis myo-fel subieqts saqveynod cili daswamon aTasgvar angare-basa da qvegamxedvarobaSi. sabolood, udanaSaulo msxverplis gadasarCenad darRveuli uzenaesi aRTqma da fici mTavrdeba mxsnelis jojoxeTuri, daumsaxure-beli dasjis tragikuli finaliT. erTi udanaSaulo msxverplis gadarCenis uangaro ltolva da Zalisxmeva, orives Tu ara, meores mainc Seiwiravs, Tanac ise, rom Tuki pirvelis udanaSaulobaSi darwmunebulia mteric da moyvarec, samagierod, meore rCeba yovelgvari Tanag-rZnobisa da gulSematkivrobis gareSe, umaduri xalxis amara, romelTagan nawili eZebs aTasnairi kudis gamob-mis sababsa da safuZvels, xolo nawili uazrobasa da si-suleles uwodebs, viRacis gulisTvis, utkivari Tavis atkivebasa da gansacdelSi nebayoflobiT Cavardnas.

am savalalo perspeqtivis winaswar ganWvreta iqneb raimes Secvlida im moZRvarTa cnobierebaSi, visac SeuZ-lia, udanaSaulo adamianis gadasarCenad, sakuTari anga-riSvaldebulebis, Rirsebisa da wodebrivi Tavmoyvare-obis momakvdinebeli safrTxis pirispir dayeneba? — ne-bismieri maTgani, vinc CvenisTana meTodologiuri skep-tikosebisagan imsaxurebs ndobasa da pativiscemas, mud-mivad amis mzadyofnaSi arian, isini arasodes ar Rebu-loben brma, naCqarev gadawyvetilebas, isini maSinac Wvreten didi cdomilebis gardauvalobas, rodesac fics deben sjulis kanonis aRsrulebaze. raki Wvreten da ficis gatexvis albaTobas mainc uSveben, maSasadame Segnebulad cruoben RvTisa da mrevlis winaSe. amis me-re ra gamarTleba unda hqondes aRTqmis darRvevas? — udanaSaulo adamianis dasaxsnelad gaRebuli msxverpli aucilebeli araa yovelTvis umankoebisa da sentimenta-

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lizmis saburveliT Seimosos. Turme martopolitikaar-yofilaerTaderTisarbieli, sadac zneobriv qcevas ia-vardebiT mofenili Saragza ar elodeba, naTeli miznis-Tvis momarTuli uRirsi saSualeba, rasac SeuZlia ori ubedurebidan nakleb uaresze arCevanis gakeTeba, niSan-doblivia am cxovrebis yvela ubnisTvis da kuTxe-kunWu-lisTvis. rasac makiaveli ambobda saxelmwifos meTaur-ze, rom is Tavisi saqveyno valdebulebiT, ver uerTgu-lebs imas, ris gamoc adamians kai kacad Tvliano, vrcel-deba yvela sferos muSakze, visac raime misia davalde-buleba akisria sazogadoebis winaSe; amitomacaa adamia-ni, politikuri, anu sazogadoebasTan tyuilebis meSve-obiT adaptirebuli cxoveli.

aseTi xisti da Seuvali gansjis kriteriumebiT, Tu Tanmimdevrulobas gamoviCendiT, Tvals davxuWavdiT mefeze, xalxze, samSoblos siyvarulsa da gmirobis im vrcel masStabebze, sadac pirovnuli naklovanebis yo-velgvari dasturi fermkrTaldeba da qarwyldeba, sa-dac ukve zneobrivi dualizmis, anu ormagi Rirebulebis standartebs noyieri niadagi xvdebaT, TviT beri Tevdo-res Tavdadebasac gaumarTleblad CavTvlidiT da sic-ruis gamo brals davdebdiT. is, rom man mteri moatyua, am logikiT, arsebiTad araferi icvleba, radganac nebis mier matyuaras SeuZlia, sxvadasxva mizeziT, mtrad Se-racxos yvela, vis winaSec raRacis gamo, iZulebulia ic-ruos. didaqtikur-moralisturi doqtrinebis obivate-luri apologiis Tanaxmad ki, sicruis yovelgvari gamo-xatuleba miuRebeli da dauSvebelia. am principis mim-devrTa Soris, iseTi sakmaod avtoritetuli da gavle-niani moazrovnenic arian, rogorica aplatoni, rusTa-veli da kanti. isini araCveulebrivad acnobiereben rea-luri sicruis sayovelTao xasiaTs, magram Teoriulad mainc uSveben iseTnair, kristalurad umwikvlo, alal-marTali xalxis arsebobas, visac, mTeli cxovrebis man-Zilze, erTxelac ar uTqvams tyuili. maTTvis sicruis

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sibrZneze damyarebuli WeSmariteba sofistikis macdu-ri fandia, romelic dids da pataras Tavgzas aubnevs da ubedurebas SeamTxvevs. maSasadame, maTi SefasebiT: sic-ruis sibrZne aris meTodologiurad SemuSavebul saSua-lebaTa azrobrivi teqnologia, romelic emsaxureba kerZo-pirovnul, ankoleqtiur-jgufur, pragmatuli-sargeblobis interesebs, rac winaaRmdegobaSi modis mo-ralur-zneobriv RirebulebebTan da kategoriulad ga-moricxavs am gziT simarTlis dacvis SesaZleblobas. mocemul pozicias SegviZlia vuwodoT sicruis sib-rZnis negatiuri dialeqtika, Tumca ufro swori iqneba, dazustebis mizniT, „negatiuri dialeqtikis“ nacvlad, vixmaroT „dialeqtikis negatiuri interpretacia.“ rac unda uaryofiTi yofiliyo xsenebuli kategoriis moaz-rovneTa Sexeduleba sicruis sibrZnis dialeqtikis mi-marT, misi efeqturi gaTviTcnobierebisa da gamoyenebis gareSe, filosofiuri azrovnebis mwvervalebis dalaS-qvras veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver moaxerxebdnen.

sicruis sibrZnis pozitiuri dialeqtikis mimde-varni, Cveni CaTvliT, sicrues ar ukargaven zneobriv RirebulebebTan mWidro kavSirisa da simarTlis dacvis funqcias. Cveni gamokvlevis konkretuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT: istoriul droSi, socialur-anTro-pologiuri cnobierebis teqnikuri gaucxoebis proces-Si, meTodologiuri sicruis azrobrivi teqnologiis mier gamomuSavebuli xerxebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli codnis dauflebis gareSe, saerTod warmoudgenelia si-marTlis damajereblobisa da samarTlianobis maRal-zneobrivi idealebis ganxorcielebisTvis warmatebuli brZolis strategiisa da taqtikis efeqturi gamoyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasikuri germanuli filosofi-is mier damkvidrebul termin „gaucxoebasTan“ Sesabami-sobaSi moyvanili sicruis metafizikuri sazrisi aso-cirdeba gayalbebuli istoriuli drois e. w. meoTxe gan-zomilebasTan, anu igive amqveyniur, jojoxeTur Wir-va-

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ramTan, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba namdvili warsulis daviwyeba da bunebrivi yofierebis arsis ignorireba, igi gaxlavT kanonzomieri, aucilebeli da gadamwyveti sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis moqmedi faqtori, socialuri cnobierebis mimdinare transformaciis SigniT. amis ga-mo, metafizikuri sicrue warmogvidgenia, rogorc subi-eqtis cnobierebis totaluri gaucxoebis forma, rome-lic efuZneba bunebrivi yofierebis mizanswraful Sec-vlas moCvenebiT STabeWdilebaTa kompleqsiT. iq, sadac cnobierebas ara aqvs araviTari sxva gamosavali, garda imisa, rom TavisTavad arsebuli Secvalos moCvenebiT, sicrue rCeba Semecnebisa da saerTod, WeSmarit sib-rZnesTan ziarebis erTaderT gzad, riTac cnobiereba amarTlebs sakuTar daniSnulebas. amitomac ar arsebobs sxva simarTle, Tu ara sicruis aRiareba, sxvagvarad az-rovneba ubralod warmoudgenelicaa. aqedan gamomdina-reobs erTi SexedviT ucnauri, Tumca logikurad mar-Tebuli daskvna: imdeni moCvenebiTobaa sinamdvileSi, ramdeni namdvilobacaa moCvenebiTSi. Sesabamisad WeSma-ritia azri, romelic sinamdvileSi ar ganxorcielebu-la. swored amaSi mdgomareobs wminda azrisa da arsis igiveobis arsi, rac logikurad kidev erTxel adastu-rebs RmerTis arsebobas, imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZle-belia rwmenis gamoxatva wminda azris racionalur for-maSi. magaliTad, neoplatonizmSi, plotinTan, Semecne-bis pirveli safexuri xorcieldeba msoflio sulSi, romelic moicavs samyaros mTel mravalferovan erTia-nobas; RmerTebi ki sxva araferni arian, Tu ara misi mra-valferovani gamovlinebebi. Semdgomi safexuria adamia-

nis, - rogorc samyaros centris goneba (νoυσ). “nus"-is-done igivea, rac yofierebis done, e.i.“nus"-i da "yofie-reba", azri da misi obieqti igiveobrivni arian: obieqti imitom arsebobs, rom igi moiazreba (gaazrebadia), xolo azri arsebobs imisaTvis, rom obieqti sabolood inte-leqtualur arsze daiyvaneba. magram es igiveobrivoba

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araa absoluturi, rameTu igi gamoisaxeba, rogorc er-Tgvari ormxrivoba, romelSic arsebobas agrZelebs ra-Rac “sxva" sferoc. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, raTa mTeli-sisruliT SevicnoT "erTi,"unda avmaRldeT nusis done-ze zemoT. (66. //library.church.ge/).

ra amoZravebs cxovrebas, ra aris istoriuli cva-lebadobis umTavresi mizezi? hegeli amtkicebs, rom ar-sebobs RvTaebrivi suli, „msoflio istoriuli suli“, romelic mudam moZraobaSia. „buneba mxolod sarkea am sulis, am absoluturi codnisa, imgvari sarkea, romel-Siac gamoisaxeba (gamoiWvriteba) sulis, ideis Tviseba mxolod, rogorc vTqviT, es absoliuturi suli mudam moZraobaSia. am „sulis“, ideis ganviTareba imgvaria, rom igi erTsa da imave dros „hosac“ amtkicebs da „arasac“. rodesac igi hos amtkicebs, es „Tezisis“ dayenebas moas-wavebs, rodesac „aras“-„antiTezisis“. mxolod „Tezisi“ da „antiTezisi“ (ho da ara) xelmeored „hoSi“-„sinTezSi“ erTdeba. amgvari azris, ideis ganviTarebas hegeli „dia-leqtikur“ ganviTarebas uwodebs. da es „dialeqtikuri“ ganviTareba aris mxolod cnebisTviT-ganviTareba“ (a.jorjaZe 1901; 1).

teqnikuri gaucxoebis istoriuli drois fazebSi gamokveTilia yalbi nugeSiscemis niSnebi, romlebic sik-vdilis SiSze socialuri, RvTaebrivi statusiT aRWur-vaven da praqtikuli socialuri gagebiT, RmerTs gan-sazRvraven, rogorc SiSis, apokalifsis, risxvisa da si-sastikis koncentracias, saidanac momdinareobs buneb-riv moTxovnilebaTa ukiduresi CaxSobisaken mimarTuli akrZalvebis sistema. cnobierebis teqnikuri gaucxoeba socialur urTierTobaSi vlindeba da yalibdeba sasi-cocxlo instinqtebis SezRudvis Segnebuli gadawyveti-lebis safuZvelze, rasac garegani iZulebidan gamomdi-nare, arCeuli kompromisis faqti ganasaxierebs. es aris tanjuli adamianis SiSi mosalodneli xelaxali tanjvis winaSe, rac totaluri agresiis viTarebaSi, erTaderTi

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da aucilebeli atributia pirovnul-individualuri keTildReobisaTvis. vinaidan yovelgvari realuri si-namdvile logikuri dapirispirebis kulminaciur kvan-ZTa erTobliobaa, iq igiveobriv saganTa Tanaarseboba saerTod gamoricxulia. amitomac, cvalebad da warma-val bunebaSi, ar arsebobs araviTari simarTle sicruis gareSe da piriqiT. sulxan-saba orbelianmac am motiviT daakavSira da gaaigiva sibrZne sicruesTan. qarTuli fi-losofiis ubadlo mkvlevari, Salva nucubiZe, sxvaTa gangansxvavebiT, erTaderTi iyo, vinc mkacri cenzurisa da daxavsebuli koniuqturis gaTvaliswinebasTan er-Tad, mainc axerxebda sulxan-sabaorbelianis wignis da-saTaurebis metnaklebad zedapiruli interpretaciis Sefarul kritikas, rasac gvTavazobdnen rogorc cal-keuli qarTveli, aseve ucxoeli kulturaTmcodneobis specialisti. magaliTad, erTerTi aseTi ingliseli profesoris, d.m. langis mimarT werda: „sulxan-saba or-beliani gacilebiT ufro Rrma da mravalmxrivi mwigno-bar-moazrovnea, vidre amis gamovlena moxerxda dRemde da mis saqmeSi mravalmxriv gadaxlarTulia erTi meore-Si iseTi elementebi, romelTa dRis sinaTleze gamotana faqiz analizs moiTxovs. d. langi marTali iyo maSin, rodesac, man sulxan-saba orbelianis wignis saTaurs „saidumloebiT moculi“ uwoda. aq saidumloeba mar-Tlac aris, magram misi amocnoba marto literaturul-filologiuri kvleviT ar miigneba“ (S. nucubiZe 1958;250). Cveni mxridan ki davumatebT, rom negatiurTan erTad, „sibrZne sicruisa“, „sicruis sibrZnis“ inter-pretaciis viTarebaSi, pozitiuri dialeqtikis ukvdavi nimuSic gaxlavT. gasagebi mizezebis gamo, akademikosma S. nucubiZem Tavi Seikava pozitiuri dialeqtikis meTo-dologiuri analizisagan, Tumca darwmunebiT SegviZ-lia vTqvaT, rom igi ara marto ar gamoricxavda amgvari ganxilvis SesaZleblobas, aramed uciloblad gulis-xmobda kidec. Cveni mizanic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom da-

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vubrundeT am yvelasgan miviwyebul, mravlismetyvel Temas da sistemuri dalagebis kuTxiT, bolomde miviyva-noT is.

„sibrZne-sicruis“ wignSi igav-arakebi warmodgeni-lia fabuluri moTxrobis fonze. sulxan-saba orbelia-ni Tavis „sibrZne sicruisaSi“ Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebul simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis erT-erT formas — igavuri alegorizmis xerxs iyenebs. wignSi moTavsebulia 300-zemeti igavi. arsebobda mosazreba, rom sulxan-sabaze gavlena moaxdina frangma meigavem — Jan de la fontenma. mosazreba mcdaria, radgan sulxan-sabam evropaSi 1713-1716 wlebSi imogzaura, xolo la fonteni 1694 wels gardaicvala. sulxan-sabamfranguli ena „sibrZne sicruisas“ daweris Semdeg (1686 ww.) Seiswav-la, amitom lafontenTan literaturuli nacnobobac gamoricxulia. samagierod, sulxan-sabaze gavlena iqo-nia xalxurma zepirsityvierebam. mis wignSi mravlad gvxvdeba qarTuli xalxuri igavebic (saubrebi qarTul literaturaze 1992; 264). ilia WavWavaZem, Tavis publi-cistur werilSi „Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue“, ga-moTqva mosazreba sulxan-sabas „sibrZne-sicruis“ Sesa-xeb da isaubra zogadad igav-arakebze. werilis dasawyis-Si avtori ambobs, rom xSirad ufiqria, Tu ratom daar-qva sulxan-saba orbelianma Tavisi igavebis wigns „sib-rZne-sicruisa“. werilis avtori ambobs, rom sibrZnesa da sicrues araviTari kavSiri ar unda hqondes, ekiTxeba TavisTavs, Tu ratom unda ekadra saba orbelians, dar-baisel kacs, sibrZneSi sicruis gareva, Semdeg ki ilia TviTon scems pasuxs dasmul kiTxvebs. misi azriT, saba orbelians undoda eTqva, rom simarTles zRapriT am-bobs, zRapari ki „mogonili ambavia, araa marTali, maSa-sadame, sicruea“. es ar aris is tyuili, „romelic swam-lavs da hSxamavs adamians“. saba orbelianis sicrue zRa-paria, igav-arakia, amisTana tyuiliki, werilis avtoris TqmiT, gamarTlebulia. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom am

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nawarmoebis saxelwodeba mofiqrebulia „varlaamisa da iosafis“ wignis saTauris mixedviT, romelsac qarTu-lad „sibrZne balavarisa“ hqvia (iqve — 322). aRniSnuli pozicia, Cveni SefasebiT, erTob zerele da mcdaria. amis dasadastureblad nucubiZis is morigi Sexedule-bac sakmarisia, sadac xazgasmulia, saTaurSi nagulis-xmevi rogorc „sibrZne-sicrue,“ise „sicruis sibrZne, “da aramc da aramc „sicrues“ da „sibrZnes,“an Tundac wigns „sibrZnisas da sicruisas. “sibrZnis sicruesTan SeerTeba da gaigiveba niSnavda winaaRmdegobaTa im er-Tianobas, rac jer kidev cnobili iyo qarTuli azrovne-bisTvis, petre iberidan dawyebuli, ioane petriwis CaT-vliT. ra Tqma unda, es sabasTvisac cnobili unda yofi-liyo. amas garda, sibrZne im azriTac SegviZlia gavaigi-voT sicruesTan, rom orive raRac dafaruls gulis-xmobs. es idumali, rTulad saWvreti WeSmaritebaa, ris sawvdomadac araa sakmarisi mxolod gulwrfelobidan gamomavali simarTle, romelic pirdapiri gziT cdi-lobs mivides WeSmaritebasTan. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, simarTlesa da WeSmaritebas Soris uzarmazari sxvaobaa. Tu simarTlis Tqma Tavidan bolomde damokidebulia TviT mTqmelis survilze, romelic cdilobs gamoTqvas, rasac fiqrobs, Tanac ise, rogorcaa raime sinamdvileSi, anu WeSmariteba. samagierod, mTqmelis survili, codna, maxvil goniereba da gamocdileba amisTvis xSirad sakma-risi araa. amitomac bevrjer amboben simarTles, magram mcdar daskvnebs akeTeben. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-sac adamianebi erTmaneTs raRacas pirdebian, warmodge-nac ara aqvT imaze, Tu ra dabrkolebebi gadaeRobeba maT pirobebs. gamodis, rom isini endobian ara TviT dapire-bebs, rogorc xmamaRla amtkiceben amas, aramed dampi-reblebs — pirovnebebs, romlebic met-naklebad amas im-saxureben, rasac gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi aRniSnaven, roca vinmes mimarT gamorCeul pativiscemas grZnoben.

kidev erTxel dabejiTebiT unda vTqvaT, rom si-

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marTle sicruis gareSe ar gamoiTqmeba, xolo roca vin-mes sjera, rom simarTles ambobs da masTan erTad WeSma-ritebasac gulisxmobs, mwared cdeba da sul tyuilad imizezebs gamoucdelobas, ucodinrobas an ugunuro-bas, xolo roca winaswar xvdebian mosalodneli marcxis Sesaxeb, isini am dros moxerxebulad cruoben, anu si-marTles amboben da ar gulisxmoben WeSmaritebas. ami-tomac savsebiT gamarTlebulia erTgvari „sicruis dek-laracia“, wminda metafizikuri gagebiT: „Tuki sikvdi-lamde erTxelac ar geyo gambedaoba, raTa saqveynod ge-Riarebina, rom mTeli cxovreba sicrueSi gagitarebia, simarTlis Tqmis ukanaskneli SesaZleblobac dagikar-gavs!“ „sibrZne“ — „sicrue,“ gulisxmobs mavanisa da mava-nis moxerxebul Tavis daZvrenas sazogadoebrivi azris marwuxebidan. mtknari, gulubryvilo sicrue amisTvis sakmarisi araa, xolo is sicrue, romelic sibrZniT gamo-isaxeba da formulirdeba, TavisTavSi WeSmaritebasac gulisxmobs, oRond arapirdapiri, aramed iribi, negati-uri formiT, rac aris sofistikuri negatiuri dialeq-tikis naTeli nimuSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari momen-tebiT gaJRenTilia xsenebuli krebulis igav-arakTa umetesi nawili.

rac Seexeba pozitiuri dialeqtikis rangSi ayvanil „sicruis sibrZnes,“ amis gaSifvraze garkveuli azriT, Tavs ikavebs Cveni sasiqadulo filosofosi. misi arsi ki mdgomareobs sicruis ideis aucileblobis, kanonzomie-rebisa da sargeblianobis dasabuTebaSi. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad, sicrue ar SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc SemTxveviTi, zedmeti da arasasurveli cdomi-leba. marTalia, moraluri da religiuri paTosiT yo-velTvis STaagonebdnen — ar ecruaT, Tumca amiT qvec-nobierad piriqiT stimuls aZlevdnen da xalisianad ubiZgebdnen sicruisaken, romelic gaxlavT yovelgvari diplomatiisa da politikis socialur interesTa Tana-fardobis myari safuZveli. sicruea yvelaferi, rasac

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adamiani TavisTavisTvis ar ambobs da ar akeTebs, vinai-dan nebismieri sxva, Tundac axlobeli, megobari, moyva-re da rac mTavaria, RmerTi, misTvis warmoadgens ara umaRles mizans, aramed saSualebas, sakuTari Tavis rea-lizaciis miznis ganxorcielebaSi, maSinac, roca Tavgan-wirvis fasad icavs maT sasicocxlo interesebs. daax-loebiT ase fiqrobda laroS fukoc: „adamianebi didxans ver morigdebodnen, erTmaneTs rom ar atyuebdnen“ (38. http:// www.scribd.Com/doc/88593510/segonebani). sebastian kas-tilios azriT, „ adamianebi imdenad arian darwmunebul-ni TavianTi azris samarTlianobaSi, xSirad tyuilad da-jerebulni, miiCneven ra, mas erTaderT WeSmaritebad, rom sxvis mosazrebas ampartavnulad arad agdeben; es qedmaRloba pirvelmizezia mxecobisa da devnisa, aravis surs iTmendes misgan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone adamians, Tumca azrebi qveynad imdenia, ramdenic adami-ani, magram ar arsebobs arcerTi seqta, romelic ar gan-sjides yvela danarCen seqtas da ar isurvos erTpirov-nuli batonoba“ (iqve). yalbi moralisa da cru religiu-ri rwmenis mebairaxtreni arasgziT ar daeTanxmebian msgavs Sexedulebebs. amitomac advili warmosadgenia, ra dReSic aRmoCndeboda akademikosi Salva nucubiZe im-droindeli ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi, Tu gabedav-da da amas garkveviT, cxadad ityoda. cxadia, rom nebis-mieri adamiani Tavs wiravs ara sxvis moyvass, ara sxvis RmerTs, aramed mxolod Tavisas, da Tu moxda ise, rom man sakuTars sxvisi amjobina, maSin moRalated Seracxa-ven da momavali Taobebi wyelva-krulvas ar moakleben. yvela adamiani iRwvis, emsaxureba, uyvars, wuxs, coc-xlobs da kvdeba TavisTvis. yovelive danarCeni ki sic-rue, diplomatia, kompromisi da interesTa Tanafardo-baa, riTac suldgmulobs, cxovrobs mTeli sazogadoe-ba, erTiani Tanaarseboba-Tanacxovrebis wesiT. ase eTvi-sebian, eguebian da erwymian adamianebi erTurTs sazoga-doebaSi — qmnian ojaxebs, samezobloebs, soflebs, qala-

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qebsa da saxelmwifoebs; rasac isini aRweven sicruis brZnuli, daxvewili oinbazobis, fandebisa da manevrebis gziT. „sicruis sibrZne“ aris kultura, Semoqmedeba, gansja, azrovneba, rogorc diskursiuli, ise intuitiu-ri, rac mTavaria, es aris gemovneba, rwmena, romelic, rogorc tertuliane ambobda, absurdia, Tumca mis Sesa-xeb isic unda iTqvas, rom es gamoyenebul iqna codnisa da rwmenis dapirispirebis mizniT. saintereso kidev isi-caa, rom gamoTqma „mwams, radgan absurdia“, romelic tradiciulad tertulianes miewereba, mis SromebSi ar gvxvdeba (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1985 weli; 699).

saiTac ar unda mimovixedoT, yvelgan TvalSi gve-cema sicruis kanonzomieri da aucilebeli mtkicebule-ba. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, adamiani arasodes Seimose-boda da siSiSvles ar daifaravda, arafris Sercxveboda, arafers damalavda, iaraRebsac ver Seqmnida, silamazisa da mSvenierebis aRqmis unars moklebuli iqneboda, ver Seiyvarebda, verc Tavs gawiravda da erTi sityviT, vera-fers iseTs ver moimoqmedebda, ris gamoc adamiani ada-mianad gaCnda da ara qva-RorRad, rasac arc nebisyofa aqvs, arc TviTSegneba da arc raime niSanwyali sicoc-xlisa. „sicruis sibrZne“ warmoadgens adamianuri cnobi-erebis unaris maqsimaluri zRurblis miRwevas, mis da-usrulebel mizanswrafvas WeSmaritebisaken, romelic Tavisi substanciuri gansazRvrulobiT dasabams iRebs ze droul, metafizikur ganzomilebaSi. istoriamdel da istoriis momdevno yofierebaSi absoluturad mox-snilia misi negatiuri amoraluri funqcia da daniSnu-leba, es moxdeba ganuxorcieleblis ganxorcielebis, arcodnis ganswavlulobis, dausruleblis dasrulebis, borotebis gakeTilSobilebis, sibnelis ganaTebisa da sxva saxis kontrastuli mimarTebebis SeTanxmeba-harmo-nizaciis gziT; es is mimarTulebaa saiTkenac gzas gvik-valavs „sicruis sibrZnis“ pozitiuri dialeqtika, rome-

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lic idumalmetyveli gagebis hermenevtikuli xerxia da gamoiyeneboda antikuri periodis ramdenime misteriul taZarsa da ritorikul skolebSi, maT Soris fazisis kolxur idumalmetyvelebis ritorikul skolaSic. sic-ruis meTodologiuri instrumenti emsaxureba simar-Tlis sazrisisa da funqciis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebis misias. sulxan-saba orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisas“ sa-xiT xelT gvaqvs dialeqtikis pozitiuri da negatiuri formis meTodologiuri principebis gamoyenebis nimu-Sebi, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs qarTuli filosofiis fasdaudebeli tradiciebis memkvidreobas, romelic naTlad warmoaCina meoce saukunis enciklopediurma moazrovnem, qarTvel hegelad wodebulma Salva nucubi-Zem: „saba burusSi amosuli mzea, romlis sxivebis Zala ar Cans, magram imdeni maincaa, rom kacma istoriuli sib-nelidan gaTeneba mainc SeamCnios“ (S. nucubiZe 1958; 258). rakiRa, formaluri logikis mixedviT, igiveoba da gan-sxvaveba erTmaneTs gamoricxavs, bevrs amis gamo hgonia, rom alternatiuli, dialeqtikuri azrovneba didi Sec-domaa, an piriqiT, magram es ase araa, vinaidan formalu-ri logika sxva araferia, Tu ara urTierTSeTanxmebuli, saorientaciod dadgenili TamaSis wesebis valdebuleba da moTxovna, romlis minimaluri Sesrulebis gareSec SeuZlebelia normaluri azrovneba.

dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriuli drois meoTxe ganzomilebis Tvalsamzeridan sicrued gvesaxe-ba is, rac formaluri logikis TamaSis wesebis sapiris-pirod, asabuTebs ueWvel WeSmaritebas, xolo istoriam-deli da istoriis Semdgomi droebis samganzomilebiani gonWvretelobisTvis suyvelaferi simarTlea, rameTu istoriis miRma, istoriisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTod Se-uZlebelia ar arsebulis gamoTqma.

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BADRI PORCHKHIDZE

THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DIALECTICS OF WISDOM LIES

ABSTRACT

Negative and positive Dialectics is famously difficult to read,

much less comprehend or understand. Large stretches of the book are page after page of impenetrable prose with little narrative flow, guaranteeing reader frustration.Philosophy, which once seemed obsolete, lives on because the moment to realize it was missed. The summary judgment that it had merely interpreted the world, that resignation in the face of reality had crippled it in itself, becomes a defeatism of reason after the attempt to change the world miscarried…philosophy is obliged ruthlessly to criticize itself…The introverted thought architect dwells behind the moon that is taken over by extroverted technicians.In relation to this claim that the figure is a negation, and not really anythingpositive, it is evident that pure matter, considered in an indefinite manner, cannothave a figure, and that the figure only exists in finite and determinate bodies. Forhe who claims to have perceived a figure, indicates nothing other than the factthat he conceives a determinate thing, and the manner in which it is determinate.

literatura:

1. avaliani s., qecbaia k., filosofia yvelasaTvis, Tb., 2009;

2. gogiberiZem., rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t.III. Tbilisi, 1972;

3. mWedliSvili l., ivaniZe n., logika., Tbilisi, 1997; 4. nucubiZe S., qarTuli filosofiis istoria, t.II, 1958. 5 .saubrebi qarTul literaturaze (g. murRulia, g.

alibegaSvili, v. maRlaferiZe) gamomcemloba „ganaT-leba“, Tbilisi, 1992;

6. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 9, Tb., 1985 weli;

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7. Semdgeneli k. kinwuraSvili, Segonebani, Tb., 2009; 8. jorjaZe, arCil: „istoriuli materializmis gamo“,

cnobis furceli, 1901; 9. История философии, М., 1940; 10. http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1160/113812/; 11. http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tserilebi/avgustine/agsarebani10.htm; 12. http://library.church.ge/index.php?option=com–content&view=

article&id=300%3. warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis eTikis ganyofilebam

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mecnierebis filosofia

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

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imedaZe irakli

(Tbilisi) imedaZe irakli — fsiqologiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akade-miis wevr-korespondenti, saqarTve-los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-miis akademikosi; cnobili fsiqologi, avtori mravali naSromisa qarTulsa

da ucxour enebze. gamoqveunebuli aqvs wignebi, maT Soris sqeltaniani fundamenturi monografia: `fsiqologiis isto-ria~ (Tb., 2008).

ganwyobis Teoria da uznaZis filosofiuri

Sexedulebebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom dimitri uznaZe damsaxurebu-

lad aris miCneuli qarTuli filosifiuri skolis erT-erT fuZemdeblad, misi filosofiuri Semoqmedeba da filosofiuri pozicia jer kidev ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili da Sefasebuli. amas sistematuri da CaRrma-vebuli kvleva esaWiroeba. aq mxolod ramdenime hipoTe-turi mosazrebis formulirebiT SemovifarglebiT.

uznaZis mecnieruli da, metadre, filosofiur-msoflmxedvelbrivi poziciis zusti daxasiaTeba-kvali-fikacia mniSvnelovnad garTulebulia imis gamo, rom igi or istoriul epoqaSi cxovrobda da muSaobda. sab-WoTa wyobilebis damyarebamde igi azrovnebda Tavisuf-lad da werda ise, rogorc fiqrobda. mebrZoli mar-qsizm-leninizmis pirobebSi es ase ver iqneboda. ociani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac epoqa icvleboda da uznaZe axali fsiqologiuri moZRvrebis Seqmnas iwyebda, igi uk-ve cnobili mecnieri iyo, saxelmoxveWili Tavis Srome-biT filologiaSi, istoriaSi, pedagogikaSi da, rac mTa-

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varia, filosofiaSi. aseTi masStabis moazrovnes ar Se-iZleba ar hqonoda garkveuli pozicia Zireul filoso-fiur-msoflmxedvelobriv da epistemologiur sakiT-xebTan dakavSirebiT. filosofiis istoriis TvalsaCino specialisti da mkvlevari filosofosi sxvanairad war-moudgenelicaa. Tavis Sexedulebebamde am sferoSi uz-naZe mivida Tavisufali Semoqmedebis pirobebSi, raime zewolis gareSe, msoflio filosofiuri azrovnebis sa-ukeTeso nimuSebis Rrma codnis safuZvelze.

uznaZes aqvs soliduri Sromebi filosofiis isto-riaSi (soloviovi, laibnici, bergsoni); amuSavebda ker-Zo filosofiur problematikasac, romlis Tematikam (adamiani, misi daniSnuleba, cxovrebis raoba da sazrisi, sikvdili, omi, individualoba, aRzrda, Semoqmedeba da sxv.). safuZveli misca erT-erT mkvlevars aseTi Sefase-bisTvis: àrsebiTad is sicocxlis filosofiis tradi-ciebis gagrZelebaa da eqzistencialuri cnobierebis pirveli warmomadgeneli qarTul azrovnebaSi~ [2; 35]. es Sefaseba, albaT, marTebulia wina saukunis aTian wlebSi Sesrulebuli misi filosofiuri werilebis Sinaarsis mimarT, magram, rogorc mkvlevari, uznaZe arasdros id-ga fenomenologiur-egzistencialuri mimarTulebis meTodologiur poziciebze, rac huserlis Sexedulebe-bis miseulia analizidanac Cans [5].

uznaZes sakmaod mkacri pozicia ekava filosofiis or ZiriTad sferoSi — ontologiasa da gnoseologiaSi. am ukanasknelSi igi kantis mimdevaria, romelic àraso-des ar mokvdeba~ [8; 224]. amaSi dasarwmuneblad misi ram-denime gamonaTqvamic kmara, romelic Semecnebis SesaZ-leblobebsa da Taviseburebebs exeba: `rodesac saqme fi-zikur sinmadviles exeba. aq, ra Tqma unda, cxadia, rom Cveni sinamdvilis namdvilTan ki ara, swored gonebis ka-tegoriebis mier Secvlil saxesTan gvaqvs saqme~ ...èmpi-riuli sinamdvile ukve TavisTavad unda CaiTvalos `xe-lovnurad~ gadamuSavebul sinamdviled, ramdenadac igi

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Cveni Wvretisa da azrovnebis kategoriul formebSia gardatexili~ [5; 55].

sulisa da bunebis mecnierebaTa gamijvnis episte-mologiur sakiTxSi uznaZe vundtis ùSaulo gamocdi-lebis Teoriis~ Tvalsazriss iziarebs. fsiqologiis kvlevis sferoa `gamocdileba, rogorc gancda, rogorc sulieri movlena da ara misi obieqturi Sinaarsi~. `fi-zikac igive gamocdilebas ikvlevs, magram ise TiTqos igi aravisgan ar iyos gancdili, TiTqos savsebiT obieq-turi iyos: misTvis gamocdileba raodenobis Tvalsaz-risiT ixileba, xolo romeloba da misi axsna fsiqolo-giisTvis aqvT daTmobili~ [10; 253-524].

rac Seexeba ontologiis sferos, aq uznaZis inte-resi fokusirebulia materialurisa (fiziologiuris) da sulieris (fsiqikuris) urTierTmimarTebis, anu fsi-qofizikur (fsiqofiziologiur) problemaze. es prob-lema sakvanZoa, ramdenadac fsiqologiuri movlenebis axsnis amocanis gadawyveta mis aseT Tu iseT gadaWras moiTxovs. fsiqofizikuri problemis gadaWris tradi-ciuli variantebi (urTierTzemoqmedebis da parale-lizmis Teoriebi) mizans ver aRweven. amitom, principu-lad axal gzas unda davadgeT. es gza iseTi realobis postulirebaSi mdgomareobs, romelic gaaSualebs da daakavSirebs fizikursa da fsiqikurs, obieqtursa da subieqturs. uznaZis rwmeniT, isini erTmaneTze zemoqme-deben, magram ara uSualod, aramed gaSualebulad. Sema-erTebel xidad obieqtursa da subieqturs Soris gvev-lineba e. w. `qvefsiqikuri are~ an `biosfero~, romelsac mogvianebiT `ganwyoba~ ewoda. mas dakisrebuli aqvs fun-qcia Suamavlisa fizikursa da fsiqikurs Soris; igi uz-runvelyofs rogorc fiziologiuris gavlenas fsiqi-kurze, ise fsiqikurisas fiziologiurze da, amdenad, biosfero `sicocxlis principia~, samyaros gamaerTia-nebeli principi.

biosfero sruliad Taviseburi realobaa, romel-

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Sic `subieqturi (me, Cemi mdgomareoba) da obieqturi (gare agenti) urTierTs xvdeba da urTierTSi ileseba, romelSic subieqturisa da obieqturis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebi ispoba, gamousadegari xdeba da raRac Tavise-buri gaunawevrebeli mTlianobis saxiT gvevlineba~ [5; 184]. biosfero obieqturisa da subieqturis dapirispi-rebis TvalsazrisiT `neitraluri mdgomareobaa~, e. i. sruliad Taviseburi realoba, realoba, romelsac uz-naZe `jer kidev ucnob qvefsiqikur ared~ an `sinamdvi-lis dRemde miukvlevel sferod~ moixseniebs da romlis mikvlevis sruliad garkveul pretenzias acxadebs.

es pozicia ar aris arc monizmi, arc dualizmi. misi adekvaturi filosofiuri kvalifikacia iqneba — ònto-logiuri pluralizmi~ [13]. amrigad, uznaZis Semoqmede-bis pirvel periodSi gamoTqmul filosofiur Sexedu-lebaTa gacnoba cxadyofs, rom konkretuli sakiTxebis filosofiuri kvlevis Sinaarsisa da interesebis Tval-sazrisiT igi sicocxlis filosofiisa da egzistencia-lizmis azrovnebis wesisken ixreboda; gnoseologiis sferoSi kantianur Tvalsazriss iziarebda; mecniereba-Ta gamijvnis epistemologiur sakiTxSi vundtis pozici-aze idga; xolo ontologiis sferoSi axali realobis hipoTezis avtorad gvevlineba da, amdenad, ontologi-uri pluralizmis momxred unda CaiTvalos.

aq marqsizmis, diamat-istmatis niSanwyalic araa. samagierod, 1940 wels gamoqveynebuli naSromis `zogadi fsiqologiis~ Sesavali meTodologiuri nawili swored am ukanaskneli poziciis demonstrirebaa. naTqvamia, rom dialeqtikuri materializmisTvis fsiqofizikuri problemis gadaWra araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens, radgan fsiqikuric da fizikuric (fiziologiuric) ma-teriis moZraobis formebia da, maSasadame, maT Soris araviTari ufskruli ar arsebobs. Tumca, maT Soris arc igiveobaa. amas mosdevs engelsis aucilebeli qrestoma-Tiuli gamonaTqvami, rom Cven odesme daviyvanT azrov-

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nebas molekularul da qimiur procesebze tvinSi, mag-ram amiT mis arss ver amovwuravT; da yvela sabWoTa sa-xelmZRvaneloSi gameorebulia formula, rom fsiqolo-giursa da fiziologiurs (sxeulebrivs) Soris dialeq-tikuri erTianoba unda vigulisxmoT, da rom es midgoma gvanTavisuflebs yvela TiTqosda gadaulaxavi sirTu-lisgan, rac dualisturi TvalsazrisisTvisaa damaxasi-aTebeli. fsiqologiis sagani formulirebulia — ro-gorc fsiqikuris (subieqturis) da obieqturis erTia-noba. misi axsna, erTi mxriv, unda veZeboT fiziologiur procesebSi (diamati) da amave dros, istoriul-socia-lur procesebSi (istmati), raki cnobiereba sazogadoeb-rivi cxovrebis produqticaa [6].

naTelia, rom es sruliad sxva fislosofiuri Tval-sazrisia, arsebiTad gansxvavebuli imisgan, rac biosfe-ruli koncefciis Camoyalibebis periodSi iyo warmodge-nili da romelsac fsiqika fiziologiuri da socialuri sinamdvilidan ki ar gamohyavs, aramed axali, Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli realobidan. zogad fsiqologiaSi dalage-bulia uznaZis fsiqologiuri moZRvrebis is varianti, romlebic ganwyobis eqsperimentuli kvlevis pirveli Se-degebis gaTvaliswinebiT aris formulirebuli. yoveli fsiqologiuri TeoriisTvis ki, misi azriT, sakvanZoa fsiqofizikuri (fsiqofiziologiuri) problema. misi daZlevis ama Tu im variants, saboloo jamSi, garkveul filosofiur poziciamde mivyavarT.

aRwerili saqmis viTareba TiTqos gvkarnaxobs va-RiaroT, rom 30-ani wlebis miwuruls uznaZem kardina-lurad Secvala filosofiuri pozicia da sabWoTa ide-ologiasTan srul SesabamisobaSi myofi diamat-istma-turi msoflmxedveloba aRiara. xolo is, rom misi bios-feros droindeli Sexedulebebi antimarqsistuli da idealisturi iyo, jer kidev 1932 wels, saqmis kargi codniT da yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe, ganmarta a. frangiSvilma JurnalSi `komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis~

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ganTavsebul werilSi: èrTi idealisturi sistemis Se-saxeb fsiqologiaSi~, qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis momavalma liderma da ganwyobis Teoriis yvelaze aqti-urma damcvelma, ideologiuri ganxilvis masterklasi Cautara biosferuli koncefciis avtors. aq aris yvela-feri, rac amgvari `ganxilvisTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebe-li: mowodebebi mecnierebis, maT Soris fsiqologiis marqsistul-leninur safuZvelze reformirebis Taoba-ze; imis mtkiceba, rom fsiqologiuri mecniereba unda Caebas socialisturi mSeneblobis saqmeSi, risTvisac sa-Wiroa ganimsWvalos bolSevikuri partiulobiT. `Zveli fsiqologiuri xelmZRvanelobis~ (waikiTxe d. uznaZis, vinaidan fsiqologiis xelmZRvaneli is iyo), ZiriTadi Secdoma swored amis ugulvebelyofaSi mdgomareobs. sastiki brZola gamoecxados burJuaziis samsaxurSi myof idealistur fsiqologiur Sexedulebebs. àseTi idealistur-vitalisturi Teoria, romelic SeuZlod xdis fsiqologiam momsaxureba gauwios soc. mSeneblo-bas, aris prof. uznazis biosferuli fsiqologia~ [12; 72].

kritikosi kargad aris Caxeduli marqsizm-leni-nizmSi da kompetenturad adasturebs imas, rom ùznaZe ZiriTad principebSi aSkara antimarqsistul poziciaze dgas~ [12; 81]. fsiqikis Semecnebis sakiTxebSi, es ukve Cvens mier aRniSnul uznaZis kantianur orientaciaSi (frangiSvilis sityvebiT, uznaZis `kantianur aRsare-bebSi~) mJRavndeba. fsiqologiuri kvlevis specifikuri sirTuleebi, rac fsiqikis SemoqmedebiTi da mTlianobi-Ti bunebidan gamomdinare meqanikuri kauzalobis prin-cipebis miuReblobaSi mdgomareobs. ùznaZis agnosti-kur godebad~ aris monaTluli. ramdenadac fsiqikuri procesebi ganviTarebuli materiis Tvisebaa da materi-is ganviTarebis kanonebiT ganisazRvreba, xolo uznaZe uars ambobs fsiqikis specifikuri Taviseburebebi er-TmniSvnelovnad daukavSiros tvins, àq rasakvirvelia,

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tipiur idelistur movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme: fsiqikis mowyveta fiziologiuri princpiebisagan~ [12; 82]. kidev uaresi isaa, rom uznaZes fsiqikis kanonzomierebani ar gamohyavs uSualod arc `socialur-klasobrivi proce-sebidan~, `sawarmoo Zalebidan~ da `Sromis istoriis~ nacvlad, rac kritikosis rwmeniT fsiqikur procesTa axsnis safuZvelia, mimarTavs e. w. qvefsiqikur sinamdvi-les anu biosferos.

biosferuli koncefcia biologisturia da vita-listuri. misi biologizmi TviT terminidan Cans. bios-fero sicocxlis principia da, rogorc aseTi, erTnai-ria cxovelsa da adamianSi. igi vitalisturic aris, ram-denadac enaTesaveba im mkvlevarTa Sexedulebas, rome-lic TviT uznaZis daxasiaTebiT, `fsiqikis iseT sagange-bo saxeobas qmnis, romelic uSualo cnobierebaSi dRem-de dadasturebuli fsiqikuri procesebisagan arsebi-Tad gansxvavdeba~ [5; 178].

kidev bevria naTqvami, magram mets aRar gavagrZe-lebT, aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom dRevandeli gadasaxedi-dan am werilSi mocemuli Sefaseba uznaZis msoflmxed-velobrivi poziciisa, rogorc idealisturis da aSka-rad antimarqsistulis, unda CaiTvalos arsebiTad swo-rad. sxva ambavia, amis socialuri mxare — cnobilia, ra-sac niSnavda im dros amgvari `diagnozi~1.

axla sakiTxi ase daismis: niSnavs Tu ara uznaZis mi-er uaris Tqma biosferul koncefciaze ganwyobis Teo-

1 es Sefaseba mxolod istoriuli sinamdvilis konstataciaa. amave dros, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, frangiSvilis udidesi damsaxureba ganwyobis Teoriis dacvaSi 50-60-iani wlebis diskusiebis dros, rodesac am Teorias da mis niadagze gaerTianebul qarTul fsiqologiur skolas, realuri saf-rTxe emuqreboda. uznaZis Semdeg frangiSvili didi xnis gan-mavlobaSi iyo dafasebuli lideri am skolisa, romlis saer-TaSoriso aRiarebaSi misi wvlili gamorCeulia; da esec isto-riuli sinamdvilea.

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riis bolo versiaSi imas, rom man Seicvala msoflmxedve-lobrivi Tvalsazrisic da damkvidrda marqsistul po-ziciaze? es zogierTi momentis garkvevas moiTxovs. kerZod, rodis moxda es transformacia da riTi iyo igi realurad gamowveuli. formalurad, biosferuli kon-cefciis uaryofa mohyva zemoxsenebuli werilis gamoq-veynebas, rac aisaxa eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis sa-fuZvlebs meore gamocemaSi (1934 w.). uznaZem, faqtobri-vad, kastracia gaukeTa Tavis qmnilebas, amoiRo ra misi yvelaze saintereso da originaluri biosferuli Sexe-dulebis Semcveli nawili. termini `biosfero~ saerTod gaqra xmarebidan. magram is meTodologiuri amocana, romlis gadawyvetasac biosferuli koncefcia emsaxu-reboda, saxeldobr, fsiqofizikuri problema, an ufro gviandeli formulirebiT, gaSualebis amocana — ZalaSi darCa. metic, arsebiTad iseTive darCa am amocanis ga-dawyvetis principic, romelic biosferul Tvalsazris-Sia mocemuli. 1941 wlis ganmazogadebel SromaSi vkiT-xulobT: `rodesac subieqtze sinamdvile moqmedebs, igi... upasuxebs mas, rogorc specifikuri, Taviseburi realoba, romelic win uswrebs kerZouls fsiqikursa da fiziologiurs da maTze ar daiyvaneba~. es Taviseburi realoba ganwyobaa, xolo `misi buneba da mimdinareoba imdenad specifikuria, rom mis Sesaswavlad arc fsiqi-kuris Cveulebrivi cnebebi da kanonzomierebebi gamod-geba, da arc fiziologiuris~ [3; 24-25]. amrigad, biosfe-rosi ar iyos, ganwyoba moazrebulia, rogorc axali, spe-cifikuri Tvisebebis mqone realoba, romelic aSualebs fsiqo-fizikur kavSirs. erTi sityviT, filosofiur-me-Todologiuri pozicia ormociani wlebis dasawyisSi ar gadaxalisebula da, maSasadame, zogadi sfiqologiis marqsistuli paTosi saxelmZRvaneloebis ideologiuri koreqtulobis mkacri moTxovnebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.

es viTareba SenarCunda SemdgomSic. amas mowmobs misi 1947 wlis mosazrebebi `SeniSvnebis rveulebSi~ [11]

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da cnobil gamokvlevaSi ènis Sida forma~ [4], sadac gan-wyobiseuli mdgomareoba daxasiaTebulia terminiT `ho-lotaqsisi~. taqsisi, rogorc cnobilia, aris cocxali organizmis fsiqikamdeli SeguebiTi aqtivobis erT-er-Ti forma. amitom holotaqsisuri mdgomareoba, anu gan-wyoba, fsiqikurad ver CaiTvleba.

ganwyoba fsiqikur realobad pirvelad gamocxadda 1949 wels gamoqveynebul fundamentur boloswina Sro-maSi: `ganwyobis fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli safuZ-vlebi~. amiT Teoriis centraluri cnebis Sinaarsi Zir-fesvianad Seicvala. fsiqikuri ganwyobis Tvalsazrisi amsxvrevs mTels winare filosofiur-meTodologiur konstruqcias. Tu ganwyoba fsiqikuria, igi veRar iqneba gamaSualebeli rgoli fizikursa da fsiqikurs an fsiqi-kursa da fsiqikurs Soris. raki ganwyobis cneba eqceva fsiqikuris kategoriaSi, igi, cxadia, aRar gamodgeba fsiqofizikuri problemis gadasaWrelad. Tavis Tavad azrs kargavs ganwyobaze, rogorc axal, `jer gamoukvle-vel realobaze~ laparaki, mokled is, rac ideliastur Secdomad iyo aRiarebuli. samagierod axla `Tu saqmis viTarebas materialisturi TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT~, mivdivarT debulebamde, rom fsiqikuri movlenebis aR-mocenebas `win uswrebs safexuri cnobierebas moklebu-li fsiqikuri realobisa~ [7; 10].

uznaZe, ra Tqma unda, yvelafers xvdeboda da seri-ozulad iyo Sefiqrianebuli am Teoriuli transforma-ciis meTodologiuri gamarTlebiT. amisTvis man dama-tebiTi meTodologiuri principi Semoitana ganviTare-bis principis saxiT (cnobier, gancdad fsiqikas win unda uswrebdes fsiqikis ufro dabali aracnobieri forma); magram, jer erTi, ganviTarebis problema Teoriis pir-velive variantSi idga dRis wesrigSi (msjeloba instin-qtis bunebis Sesaxeb) da xels ar uSlida biosferuli Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas [5]; rac mTavaria, ganviTa-rebis principTan erTad, uznaZem ZalaSi datova gaSua-

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lebis principic, romelic, rogorc iTqva, winaaRmdego-baSi modis ganwyobis fsiqikurobis debulebasTan. erTi sityviT, saxezea aporia [1], romelmac ganwyobis onto-logiuri bunebis problemis saxiT, bevri Tavsatexi gau-Cina mkvlevrebs.

aq am problemis garSemo arsebul azrTa Widilis Sseaxeb ver visaubrebT. Cveni amocanaa gamovTqvaT vara-udi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeeZlo gamoewvia Tvalsazrisis amgvari diametraluri cvlileba. ueWvelia, rom es mize-zi Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo. specialuri ana-lizi mowmobs, rom raime mecnieruli logikidan gamom-dinare winapiroba aseTi kardinaluri cvlilebisaTvis ar yofila. metaTeoriuli amocana igive darCa (gaSua-lebis principi); obieqtivaciis modeli, romelic Seema-ta Teorias ukanasknel SromaSi, ar moiTxovda ganwyobis fsiqikur movlenad kvalificirebas; ar aRmoCenila axa-li eqsperimentuli faqtebi, romlebic ganwyobis fsiqi-kurobaze miuTiTeben. rCeba mecnierebis garegani, e. w. eqsternaluri faqtorebi, am SemTxvevaSi ideologiuri wnexi.

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom uznaZem msoflmxedveluri poziciac Seicvala? radganac biosferuli Sexedulebis niSnebi lamis bolo Sromis daweramde dasturdeba, xo-lo es ukanaskneli antimarqsistulad fasdeba, maSin uz-naZis `gamarqsisteba~ myisierad unda momxdariyo, rac fsiqoloigurad nakleb savaraudoa. Tumca, bolo xaneb-Si adamianTa, maT Soris filosofosTa cnobierebaSi, iseTi transformaciebis mowmeni gavxdiT, rom aRarafe-ria gasakviri...

safiqrebelia, rom uznaZe yovelmxriv cdilobda ar gamoemJRavnebina Tavisi realuri filosofiuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia. amaze bevri ram metyve-lebs. ociani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi bergsonze dawe-rili SromebiT man, Semoqmedebis zenitSi myofma mkvle-varma filosofosma, Sewyvita filosofiuri Ziebani. mas

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arasdros dauweria naSromi marqsistul fsiqologiaSi, rac faqtobrivad evaleboda da rac gaakeTa yvela wam-yvanma sabWoTa fsiqologma. uznaZis mier marqsizm-leni-nizmis klasikosebis citirebis indeqsi imdenad dabalia, rom mxolod SemTxveviTobas unda vumadlodeT, rom igi gadaurCa represiebs. omis Semdeg mecnierebis ideolo-giuri reviziis axali talRa daiwyo da ganwyobis fsiqo-logiis liders mosTxoves warmoedgina ganmazogadebe-li naSromi, romelsac uTuod Cautardeboda umkacresi ideologiuri eqspertiza. amitom, diamatTan SeuTavse-beli òntologiuri pluralizmi~, romelic realurad edo safuZvlad ganwyobis Teorias, ar unda gamoCenili-yo.

sazogadod ki uznaZe filosofiaSi `sinTeturi midgomis~ momxre iyo. yovel filosofiur Sexedulebas aqvs Crdilovani da naTeli mxareebi. es ukanasknelni Se-adgenen maT upiratesobas sxva TvalsazrisebTan Seda-rebiT. filosofiis istoria, uznaZis gagebiT, aris aspa-rezi filosofiur sistemaTa calmxrivobis daZlevisa da WeSmaritebaTa gamovlenisa. WeSmaritebis marcvlebi yvelganaa gabneuli da saWiroa maTi gamTlianeba, òrga-nuli sinTezi~. filosofiisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba naTlad gamoCnda uznaZis mier vl. soloviovis msof-lmxedvelobis Sefasebisas. mis sistemaSi nacadia gaer-Tianeba radikalurad gansxvavebuli midgomebisa: Teiz-mi da panTeizmi, monizmi da dualizmi, optimizmi da pe-simizmi, intuivizmi da racionalizmi, idealizmi da rea-lizmi. am viTarebis konstatacias mohyveba soloviovi-sadmi miZRvnili monografiis damagvirgvinebeli sit-yvebi: ìgi keTilSobili moazrovnea~ [9]. vfiqrobT, es sityvebi TviT uznaZesac zedmiwevniT Seefereba.

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IRAKLI IMEDADZE

SET THEORY AND UZNADZE’S PHILOSOPHYCAL VIEWS

ABSTRACT

The analyse’s philosophical thoughts belonging to the first period of his work makes it evident that in centrian philosophical researches he was inclined to life philosophy and existential way of thinging; in the sphere of ghoseology hi supported Kantian approach; as for onthology, here he appears to be the author of the new reality hypothesis and, consequently, can be considered as the representative of onthological pluralism. Marxist position, detected in his last work, is to be explained mainly the ideological press.

literatura

1. boWoriSvili a. gamokvlevebi fsiqologiaSi // Txzu-

lebebi, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1991; 2. kodua e. redaqtorisagan //d. uznaZis filosofiuri

Sromebi, Tbilisi, 1984, 3-75 gv.; 3. uznaZe d. ganwyobis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi debule-

bebi // Tsu Sromebi, 1941, №19; 4. uznaZe d. enis Sinaforma // fsiqologiis in-tis Sro-

mebi. 1947, t. 4; 5. uznaZe d. eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi

// Sromebi, t. 2, Tbilisi, 1960; 6. uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia // Sromebi, t. 3-4, Tbi-

lisi, 1964; 7. uznaZe d. ganwyobis eqsperimentuil fsiqologiis sa-

fuZvlebi // Sromebi, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1977; 8. uznaZe d. individualoba da misi genezisi // d. uzna-

Zis filosofiuri Sromebi, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1984; 9. uznaZe d. soloviovi — misi Teoria da metafizika //

d. uznaZis filosofiuri Sromebi, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1984.

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10. uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia // Sromebi, t. 9, Tbili-si, 1986;

11. uznaZe d. SeniSvnebis rveuli // macne, filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria, 1989, №1;

12. frangiSvili a. idealizmis erTi sistemis Sesaxeb fsiqologiaSi (d. uznaZis `biosferuli fsiqologia~ (d. uznaZis `biosferuli fsiqologia~) // komunistu-ri aRzrdisaTvis. 1932, №5-9;

13. qoCoraZe b. d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis sistemato-logiuri analizi metaganzomilebis mixedviT // sa-kandidato disertacia. Tbilisi, 1993.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiis mecnierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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guram naWyebia

(Tbilisi)

guram naWyebia — iuridiul mecniereba-Ta doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos fi-losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-mikosi; avtori mravali Sromisa iurispru-denciisa da samarTlis filosofiis dar-gSi; cnobili iuristi da mecnierebis fi-losofiisa da samarTlis filosofiis mkvlevari. yovelwliurad ibeWdeba `fi-

losofiuri Ziebanis~ gamocemebSi.

`gadavardes Tu ara iuristi filosofiaSi“?

es, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri kiTxvaa. sinamdvileSi

axali araa, sakmaod Zvelia, magram amave dros marad axa-lia, raki aq saqme iurisprudenciisa da filosofiis mi-marTebas Seexeba. iurisprudenciis, rogorc kerZo mec-nierebis, damoukideboloba davas ar iwvevs, magram da-vas arc is debuleba iwvevs, rom filosofiuri meTodo-logiisagan mowyvetiT arc erTi kerZo mecniereba ar ar-sebobs. gamonaklisi am mxriv arc iurisprudenciaa, mag-ram amjerad mxolod sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc samar-Tlis dargis, zogierTi meTodologiuri sakiTxiT Semo-vifarglebiT. sisxlis samarTali samarTlis metad uc-nauri dargia, Tumca isic sakiTxavia: aris Tu ara igi sa-erTod samarTlis dargi? marTlac, raSi mdgomareobs sazogadod “samarTlis samarTloba” da, maS, sisxlis sa-marTlis samarTloba? kiTxva samarTlis filosofiuria da masze pasuxi “filosofiaSi gadavardnis” gareSe SeuZ-lebelia. magram samwuxarod, xdeba ise, rom sisxlis sa-marTlis, rogorc samarTlis dargis, filosofiur-me-Todologiuri sakiTxebis wamoweva, iuristebs Soris, rogorc wesi, “filosofiaSi iuristis gadavardnad” fasdeba. ise Cans, filosofiaSi amgvari “gadavardna”

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zedmetia, ama Tu im iuristis piradi ambiciebis saqmea da amitom uaryofiTad unda Sefasdes. magaliTad, rogorc sabWoTa, ise postsabWoTa ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi TiTqmis gabatonda azri, rom sisxlis samarTa-li danaSaulis Cadenis gamo urTierTobas awesrigebs. danaSauli TiTqos qmnis urTierTobas saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris (7). meore mxriv, sadavo araa, rom “danaSauli”, marTlsawinaaRmdego aqtia, ese igi, danaSauli arRvevs marTlzomieri qmedebis valde-bulebas, romelic sisxlis samarTlis subieqts sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan ekisreba. maSasadame, danaSaulis Cadenas win uswrebs sisxlis sa-marTlis kanonis moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi, roca sisxlis samarTlis subieqts ekisreba marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebuleba, xolo, is, rogorc pirovneba, mo-wodebulia, am valdebulebas moekidos pasuxismgeblu-rad. es ukve urTierTobaa ara danaSaulis Cadenis gamo, aramed, piriqiT, danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo. ama-ze metyvelebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis 1-li muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, “am kideq-sis mizania danaSaulebrivi xelyofis Tavidan acileba da marTlwesrigis dacva”. maSasadame, danaSauli ar-Rvevs marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebas da amdenad marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaa.

amrigad, danaSauli ki ar “qmnis” saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris urTierTobas, aramed, pi-riqiT, danaSaulis Cadenas win uswrebs danaSaulTa Ta-vidan acilebis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTo-ba, roca sisxlis samarTlis subieti arRvevs marTlzo-mieri qmedebis valdebulebas da, maSasadame, moqmedebs marTlsawinaaRmdegod, xolo, marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damoki-debulebis gamo moqmedebs braleulad. es mosazreba Cven jer kidev 1997 wels gamocemul monografiul ga-mokvlevaSi davasabuTeT (5). magram, samwuxarod, Cveni es

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mosazreba, romlis gamo Tavis droze qvebis srola ar dagvklebia, dRemde “filosofiaSi gadavardnad” fasde-ba da mas aranairi dadebiTi gagrZeleba ara aqvs. samagie-rod, darwmuneblni arian, rom danaSauli, rogorc iuri-diuli faqti, qmnis urTierTobas saxelmwifosa da dana-Saulis Camden pirs Soris. Tu danaSauli “qmnis“ urTi-erTobas saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris, maSin gamodis, rom danaSaulis Cadenas win ar uswrebs sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedeba, roca danaSaulis Cadena akrZalulia. Tu danaSaulis Cadenas win ar us-wrebs sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedeba, roca dana-Saulis Cadena akrZalulia, maSin “danaSauli” am akrZal-vis “darRvevad“ anu “marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebad“ ver CaiTvleba, xolo, marTlwinaaRmdegobis gareSe danaSau-lis iuridiuli cneba SeuZlebelia. maSasadame, debule-ba, rom danaSauli TiTqos “qmnis” urTierTobas saxel-mwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris “danaSaulis” cnebas iazrebs misi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gareSe, xolo am poziciidan “danaSauli” wminda wylis socialuri fe-nomenia, rac iuridiuli azrovnebis wesisaTvis ucxoa.

amrigad, debuleba, rom danaSauli TiTqos “qmnis” urTierTobas saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris, danaSaulis iuridiuli cnebis logikur uaryo-fas warmoadgens. aSkaraa, rom “filosofiaSi gadavar-dnis“ gareSe amgvari alogizmis danaxva da gabaTileba SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, “marTlzomieri qmedeba” amo-savali unda iyos, raTa “danaSauli”, rogorc marTlsa-winaaRmdego qmedeba, dasabuTdes. igulisxmeba saxel-mwifosa da pirovnebis urTierToba marTlzomieri qme-debis gamo. magram, samwuxarod, sisxlissamarTlebriv urTierTobas marTlzomieri qmedebis gamo Tanamedro-ve sisxlis samarTlis dogmatika ar icnobs. darwmune-biT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom, magaliTad, germanul dogmatikaSi “sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba” sa-erTod araa naxsenebi arc danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis

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gamo da arc danaSaulis Cadenis gamo. igive tradicaa damkvidrebuli anglo-amerikul sisxlis samarTalis dogmatikaSic.

rusuli sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi, rogorc uk-ve iTqva, gabatonebulia danaSaulis Cadenis gamo sis-xlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis idea. danaSauli TiT-qos qmnis urTierTobas saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris. samwuxarod, rusuli sisxlis samar-Tlis dogmatika ar icnobs saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris urTierTobas danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo, roca sisxlis samarTlis subieqti marTlzomieri qmede-bis valdebulebas ekideba pasuxismgeblurad, ese igi, am valdebulebis aRsrulebis Sinagani mzaobiT. amis gamo “danaSauli“, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, mow-yvetilia qmedebis “marTlzomierebas“, ris gamoc gauge-baria, saidan unda daiwyos danaSaulebrivi qmedebis cnebis dadgena? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas hgavda rusi kriminalistis m. kovaliovis mtkiceba, rom sisxlissa-maTlebrivi urTierToba sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ga-mocemis momentidan warmoiSoba, roca subieqti valde-bulia moqmedebdes marTlzomierad. magram avtori arc danaSaulis Cadenis gamo urTierTTobas uaryofda. misi mtkicebiT, swored danaSaulis Cadenis droidan “iwyeba transformacia da konkretizacia absoluturi da pasi-uri samarTlebrivi urTierTobisa, romelic adre arse-bobda saxelmwifosa da danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris“ (3. gv. 108).

samwuxarod, avtori winaaRmdegobriv poziciaSi aRmoCnda. marTlac. Tu Tavdapirvelad arsebobs danaSa-ulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo urTierToba im momenti-dan, roca sisxlis samarTlis kanini ZalaSi Sevida, maSin ranairad SeiZleba danaSaulis Cadenam misi Camdeni piri kvlav da xelmeored Seiyvanos saxelmwifosTan im urTi-erTobaSi, romeliSic igi mis mier danaSulis Cadenamde imyofeboda? savsebiT piriqiT, danaSaulis Cadenas misi

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Camdeni piri gahyavs sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTi-erTobis gareT, xolo, aqedan aSkaraa, rom ukve Cadenili danaSauli sisxlissamarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sagani ver iqneba.

amrigad, rusul tradiciaSi sisxlissamarTlebri-vi urTierToba danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis anu mar-Tlzomieri qmedebis gamo ucnobia, ris gamoc krimina-listma ar icis, rom danaSaulis cnebis ageba “marTlzo-mieris“ cnebidan unda daiwyos. marTlzomier qmedebas samarTlis normis moTxovna marTlwesrigSi gadaaqvs. amitomaa, rom samarTlebrivi urTierToba aris samar-Tlis normis, rogorc jerarsis, da marTlwesrigis, ro-gorc nawilobriv ganxorcielebuli samarTlis, ro-gorc arsis, kavSiris formaa. am poziciidan aSkaraa, rom danaSaulis, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis, cneba marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebis darRvevi-dan unda aigos. maSasadame, danaSauls, rogorc mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, logikurad win uswrebs “marTlzomieri qmedebis“ cneba, raki danaSauli, vimeo-rebT, marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebis darRvevis gareSe SeuZlebelia. magram raki rusulma tradiciam ar icis sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba marTlzomie-ri qmedebis gamo, rusi kriminalisti iZulebulia mimar-Tos qcevis fsiqologiur formebs, romlisagan mowyve-tiT danaSaulebrivi qmedebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom qce-vis fsiqologiuri formebidan “danaSaulis”, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis, logikuri gamoyvana Se-uZlebelia. es bunebrivia, radgan fsiqologia bunebis-metyveluri tipis mecnierebaa da misTvis qmedebis zne-obrivi Tu samarTlebrivi Sefaseba ucxoa. aqedan gamom-dinare, sanam iuristi fsiqologiis sferoSia, misTvis “danaSauli“, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTva-liswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba

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(saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxlis pirveli nawili) SeuZlebelia. amas adasturebs ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi TiTqmis gabatonebuli de-buleba, rom “danaSauli qcevis nairsaxeobas warmoad-gens.“ (2) Tu danaSauli qcevis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens, xolo, “qceva“ fsiqologiuri cnebaa, maSasadame, “dana-Sauli“ fsiqologiuri cnebis nairsaxeobad unda Ca-iTvalos. cxadia, es danaSaulis cnebaSi aSkara fsiqo-logizmia. samwuxarod, danaSaulis da bralis problema-tikaSi fsiqologzmi TiTqos bunebrivia, asec unda iyos. rogorc akad. a. boWoriSvili aRniSnavda, fizikis SeWra biologiaSi fizikosis uyuradRebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. “gansxvavebul mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme, — xazs us-vamda is, — roca saqme exeba fsiqologizms da antifsi-logizms. aq aseTi SeWra TiTqos gamarTlebulic aris, Secdomaa, magram iseTi, TiTqos gamarTlebulic aris (1. gv. 11). cxadia, danaSaulisa da bralis problematikaSi fsiqologiis SeWra, rogorc ukve Cans, imdenad uxeSi da aSkaraa, rom aq nebismieri qcevis fsiqologiur cnebas “danaSauli“ ewodeba, maSin, roca vimeorebT, nebismieri qcevis fsiqologiuri cnebidan “danaSaulis“ logikuri gamoyvana SeuZlebelia. prof. b. xaraziSvilma (xornabu-jelma) kategoriulad uaryo debuleba, rom danaSauli TiTqos nebismieri qcevis nairsaxeobaa da daamtkica, rom danaSauli fsiqologiuri qcevis (e. i. motivisa da miznis) ganxorcielebis xerxia (11 gv. 6). maSasadame, dana-Saulis niSnebi (qmedebis Semadgenloba, marTlwinaaR-mdegoba da brali) miewereba ara qcevis fsiqologiur cnebas, aramed fsiqologiuri qcevis ganxorcielebis xerxs. cxadia, am mxriv saqmis viTareba ukeT gamoiyure-ba, roca danaSaulis niSnebi qcevis fsiqologiur cnebas ki ar miewereba, aramed fsiqologiuri qcevis ganxorci-lebis xerxs. rac kargad warmoaCens qmedebis Semadgen-lobis obieqtur mxares. magaliTad, qurdoba sxvisi niv-Tis marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis faruli xerxia,

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Zarcva- aSkara dauflebisa, yaCaRoba — Zaladuri xerxi da a.S. magram bolomde ver asabuTebs danaSaulis cnebas, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, raki am SemTxve-vaSi “marTlzomieri qmedebis“ cneba ki araa amosavali danaSaulis cnebis asagebad, aramed qcevis fsiqologiu-ri formebi.

amrigad, imis gamo, rom rusulma tradiciam ar icis samarTlebrivi urTierToba marTlzomieri qmedebis ga-mo, am tradiciaSi “danaSauli“, rogorc marTlsawinaaR-mdego qmedeba, mowyvetilia “marTlzomierebis“ cnebas, ris gamoc kriminalisti uSulod qcevis fsiqologiur formebs esesxeba, raTa “danaSaulebrivi qmedebis“ cneba aagos, magram, samwuxarod, es “dasesxeba“ ki araa, aramed qcevis fsiqologiuri formebis gadatanaa sisxlis sa-marTalSi. SemTxveviTi araa dava imis Sesaxeb, danaSauli mxolod nebismieri qcevaa Tu is impulsuric SeiZleba iyos.? sabolo daskvna, rom “danaSauli nebismieri qce-vis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens”, “danaSaulis, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsa-winaaRmdego da braleuli qmedebis“ logikur uaryofas warmoadgens.

yovelive amis Semdeg gana naTeli araa, rom “filo-sofiaSi gadavardnis” gareSe danaSaulis problematikaSi fsiqologizmis aRmoCena da daZleva SeuZlebelia? sam-wuxarod, xdeba isec, rom iuristebs “pasuxismgebloba“, rogorc wesi, esmiT mxolod negatiuri aspeqtiT, ese igi, pasuxismgeblobad ukve Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. amde-nad, maTTvis ucnobia pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis idea, roca subieqti marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebas ekideba pasuxismgeblurad, ese igi, am valdebulebis aR-srulebis Sinagani mzaobiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs das-kvnac, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba anu brali ganapirobebs, rogorc mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezi (6).

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samwuxarod, pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis idea, sa-idanac logikurad gamomdinareobs “ upasuxismgeblo-ba,” rogorc bralis sinonimi, kategoriulad miuRebe-lia im iuristebisaTvis, romlebic samarTlis sferoSi pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis ideas “filosofiaSi gada-vardnad“ afaseben. aqedan gamomdinare, nacvlad imisa, rom brali ganimartos, rogorc marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damoki-debulebad, iuristebis umravlesobas urCevnia, brali ganimartos, rogorc qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi su-bieqtis “fsiqikuri damokidebuleba“, romelic TiTos gakicxvas imsaxurebs! jer erTi, “fasiqikuri damokide-buleba”, fsiqologiuri cnebaa da fsiqologiur kvle-vas moiTxovs. meorec, fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, ro-gorc aseTi, gakicxvis sagani ver iqneba. aqedan gamomdi-nare, brali, rogorc qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis “fsiqikuri damokidebuleba“, fsiqologiur cnebas warmoadgens. es bralis problematikaSi aSkaraa fsiqologizmia. ufro metic, aq ormagi fsiqologizmi yalibdeba. jer erTi, Tu danaSauli qcevis naisaxeobas warmoadgens, maSin aq saxezea qcevis fsiqolgiuri meqa-nizmi, rogorc fsiqikuri procesi (gadawyvetilebis mi-Reba da misi aRsru;leba). Tu brali “fsiqikuri damoki-debulebaa”, maSin gamodis, rom brali aris qcevisadmi, rogorc fsiqikuri procesisadmi, fiqikuri damoki-debuleba! aSkaraa, rom fsiqologizmi amaze Sors ver wava! magram mainc ase urCevniaT! aq arc bralis e. w. nor-mativistuli koncefcia unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobi-dan, rogorc qcevis fsiqologiuri formebidan pirwmin-dad mowyvetili wminda Sefaseba, gakicxva Tu gasakicxo-ba (magaliTad, “finalizmi“). niSandoblivia, rom pozi-tiuri pasuxismgeblobis ideas arc “finalistebi” icno-ben. ase, rom bralis problematikaSi fsiqologizmi ro-gorc qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi fsiqikuri damoki-debuleba, faqtia, iseve, rogorc faqtia bralis prob-

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lematikiaSi normativizmi, rogorc qcevis fsiqologiu-ri formebisagan pirwmindad mowyvetili gakicxva Tu ga-sakicxoba! aSkaraa, rom aqedan erTaderTi gamosavali arsebobs: vaRiaroT pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis idea, roca adamianis pirovneba pasuxismgebelia Tavisi qmede-bisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, poziturad, roca igi Ta-vis movaleobas ekideba pasuxismgeblurad, ese igi, am valdebulebis aRsrulebis Sinagani mzaobiT. ase rom ar iyos, adamiani zneobrivi saqcielisken iZulebulad un-da migveCnia, rac zneobis uaryofad unda CaiTvalos. me-orec, samarTlis normac jerarsulia. g. naneiSvili wer-da: “warmoudgenelia samarTlis norma RirebuolebiTi momentis gareSe. warmoudgenelia igi obieqtis jerar-sobrivi xasiaTis gareSe. agreTve gaugebari iqneboda, rogor SeuZlia samarTlis normas sxva ram gamoxatos, Tu ara jerarsoba“ (4, gv. 18). aqedan gamomdinare, aSka-raa, rom samarTlis norma misi subieqtisagan marTlzo-mier qmedebas moiTxovs, xolo, adamianis pirovneba mo-wodebulia, am valdebulebas moekidos pasuxismgeblu-rad. aqedan, Tavis mxriv, gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom adamiani negatiuradac aris pasuxismgebeli Tavisi upa-suxismgeblo qmedebisaTvis, roca nacvlad normatiu-lad dadgenili valdebulebisadmi pasuxismgebluri da-mokidebulebisa, is, piriqiT, ekideba upasuxismgeblod anu braleulad.

brali gansazRvrul formebSi (ganzraxvasa da ga-urTxileblobaSi) vlindeba. ganzraxva niSnavs subieq-tze daskisrebuli pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis Segne-bul uaryofas (pirdapiri ganzraxva) an miCqmalvas, roca igi mis mier Segnebulad daSvebul marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegs ekideba gulgrilad (upasuxismgeblod). gauf-rTxilebloba niSnavs subieqtze dakisrebuli pozitiu-ri pasuximgeblobis ugulebelyofas, roca subieqti windaxedulobis normis moTxovnas ekideba qarafSutu-lad, ris gamoc marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis

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garduvalobas ar iTvaliswinebs, an daudevrad, roca igi marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis SesaZleblobasac ki ar iTvaliswinebs. maSasadame, subieqtis bralia, rom igi, windaxedulobis normisadmi upasuxismgeblo damokide-bulebis gamo, ar iTvaliswinebs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis garduvalobas (TviTimedovneba) an SesaZleblo-bas (daudevroba).

cxadia, bralis problema naTqvamiT ar amoiwureba, magram, vfiqrobT, pozitiuri pasusismgeblobis ideis gareSe bralis problema marTebulad ver gadawydeba.

bolos, samarTlis sistemaSi sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc samarTlis, dargis, adgilis dadgena sistemuri kvlvis meTodologias moiTxovs. am poziciidan aSkaraa, rom samarTlis sistema iwyeba konstituciuri samar-TliT da mTavrdeba sisxlis samarTliT. sisxlis samar-Tlis Semdeg sxva raime materialuri (ese igi, araproce-sualuri) samarTali ar arsebobs. amitomaa, rom sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc samarTlis dargis, farglebSi Se-saZlebelia mxolod marTlzomieri qmedeba, roca sis-xlis samarTlis subieqti marTlzomieri qmedebis val-debulebas ekideba pasuxismgeblurad. es ukve saxva ara-feria, Tu ara urTierToba danaSaulTa Tavidan acile-bis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc ki sisxlis samar-Tlis subieqti ganaxorcielebs marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, is, am qmedebis gamo da farglebSi, ukve gadis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis farglebs gareT da, maSa-sadame, Tavisi am qmedebiT angrevs saxelmwifos, radgan es ukanaskneli moqalqeebTan samarTlebrivi kavSiris gareSe SeuZlebelia. aq saintereso isicaa, rom, magali-Tad, samoqalaqo samarTali samarTlis sistemaSi ufro “maRla“ dgas, vidre sisxlis samarTali. amitomaa, rom samoqalaqo deliqti rCeba samoqalaqo samarTlis far-glebSi, maSin, roca “danaSauli“ sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. es garemoeba Tavis droze mar-Tebulad SeniSna hegelma. misi mtkicebiT, danaSauli

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uaryofiT-usasrulo msjelobis magaliTia. vinc sCadis, magaliTad, qurdobas, “igi uaryofs ara marto sxva, meo-re pirovnebis gansakuTrebul, kerZo uflebas am nivTze, rogorc amas adgili aqvs samoqalaqo davaSi, aramed sa-erTod uaryofs mis uflebas da amitomac aramarto iZu-lebulyofen daabrunos moparuli nivTi, aramed sas-jelsac sdeben, radgan is arRvevs uflebas, rogorc aseTs, ese igi, uflebas sazogadod. piriqiT, samoqalaqo dava warmodgens ubralo uaryofiTi msjelobis maga-liTs, radgan masSi uariyofa mocemuli, gansakuTrebu-li, kerZo ufleba, da amiT, maSasadame, aRiarebulia uf-leba sazogadod“ (12, gv. 364).

aSkaraa, rom “filosofiaSi gadavardnili“ hegeli naTlad asabuTebs samoqalaqo deliqtsa da danaSauls Soris arsebiT sxvaobas, roca samoqalaqo deliqti rCe-ba samoqalaqo samarTlis farglebSi, maSin rodesac da-naSauli sajaro samarTlis, rogorc aseTis, uaryofas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, danaSaulis Camdeni piri sa-xelmwifosTan samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareTaa. amitomaa, rom danaSauli angrevs saxelmwifos. sasjelma ki msjavrdebuli kvlav saxelmwifosTan urTierTobaSi unda daabrunos. samwuxarod, sabWoTa kriminalistebma hegels danaSaulis Cadenis gamo urTierTobis idea mia-weres (8), maSin, roca, piriqiT, hegeli danaSauls sajaro samarTlis uaryofad acxadebs, xolo, raki danaSauli sasjelma unda uaryos, iqmneba uaryofis uaryofa, ese igi, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Sinagani erTianobis sa-fuZveli. samwuxarod, rusul iuridiul literaturaSi danaSaulis cneba samoqalaqo deliqtis anlogiuradaa gagebuli, maSin, roca maT Soris arsebiTi sxvaobaa.

ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom germanul tradicia-Si aranairi sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba ar arse-bobs arc danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis gamo da arc da-naSaulis Cadenis gamo. termini “samarTlebrivi uTier-TierToba“ germanul wyaroebSi naxsenebic araa. magram

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maSin ranairad SeiZleba marTlzomieri qmedebis valde-bulebis darRvevis gareSe dasabuTdes danaSauli, ro-gorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba? cxadia, danaSaulis normatiuli cnebis ageba aqac problemuria, magram ru-suli tradiciis fsiqologizmi aq imis gamoa Tavidan acilebuli, rom germanelma kriminalistebma “danaSau-li“ da misi “Semadgenloba“ ki ar gaaigives, rogorc es moxda rusul tradiciaSi, aramed, piriqiT, erTmaneTi-sagan mkveTrad gamijnes. kerZod, qmedebis sakanondeb-lo Semadgenlobis (magaliTad, qurdobis — saq. ssk-is 177-e muxli) praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gareSe danaSa-ulis Cadena SeuZlebelia, magram qmedebis es Semadgen-loba danaSaulad iTvleba mxolod maSin, Tu is mar-TlsawinaaRmdegod da braleulad aris ganxorcielebu-li. amis miuxedavad, germanul dogmatikaSi danaSauli Cadenilad iTvleba, Tu ganxorcielebulia sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semad-genloba da amave dros ar arseboben qmedebis marTlwi-naaRmdegobisa da subieqtis bralis gamomricxveli ga-remoebani. Cveni azriT, aq daSvebulia seriozuli meTo-dologiuri Secdoma, romelic qmedebis danaSaulad sa-gamoZiebo da sasamarTlo kvalifikaciis gamijvnis sa-fuZvels ar iZleva. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-siT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenloba, Tavisi bunebiT, rogorc wesi, aRwerilobiTi, faqtis msjelo-baa. qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba ki,piriqiT, Rirebu-lebiT, SefasebiT msjelobas warmoadgens (9. стр. 51-52). aRwerilobiTi, faqtis, msjelobidan RirebulebiT msjelobaze gadasvlis pirdapiri logikuri gza ar ar-sebobs, rogorc ar arsebobs arsidan jerarsze gadas-vlis pirdapiri logikuri gza. aqedan gamomdinare, uf-ro swori iqneboda mtkiceba, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu gan-xorcielebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvalis-winebuli qmedebis Semadgenloba da amave dros ar arse-bobs qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli ro-

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melime garemoeba, maSin ivaraudeba, rom es qmedeba mar-TlsawinaaRmdegoa. igive savaraudo daskvna unda ga-keTdes im SemTxevevaSic, roca ganxorcielebulia qme-debis sakanonmdeblo Semadgenloba da amave dros ar ar-sebobs bralis gamomricxveli garemoeba (Seuracxado-ba), maSin ivaraudeba, rom subieqti am qmedebis Cadena-Si braleulia. saqme Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebas, roca daskvna qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobi-sa da subieqtis bralis Sesaxeb savaraudoa. amaze met-yvelebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso ko-deqsis 169-e muxlis pirveli nawili: “piris braldebu-lad cnobis safuZvelia gamoZiebis stadiaze Sekre-bil im mtkicebulebaTa erToblioba, romelic sakma-risia dasabuTebuli varaudisaTvis, rom am pirma da-naSauli Caidina ” (xazgasma Cvenia — g. n.). aqedan gamom-dinareobs daskvna, rom sasamarTlo Tavis daskvnebs qme-debis marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da subieqtis bralis Sesa-xeb varaudebze ver daamyarebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-marTlis saproceso kodeqsis 269-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, “ar SeiZleba gamamtyunebel ganaCens safuZ-vlad daedos varaudi” (xazgasma Cvenia - g.n.). maSasada-me, sasamarTlos daskvna qmedebis marlwinaaRmdegobisa da subieqtis bralis Sesaxeb unda iyos kategoriuli. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRali Tanamdebo-bis pirebic ki yovelTvis ver xedaven qmedebis danaSau-lad sagamoZoebo da sasamarTlo kvalifikaciis arsebiT sxvaobas, roca isini acxadeben: “vnaxoT, ras ityvis ga-moZieba“, maSin, roca qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da subieqtis bralis Taobaze kategoriuli daskvna mxo-lod sasamarTlis (mosamarTlis ) saqmea!

amrigad, “filosofiaSi gadavardnis“ gareSe qmede-bis danaSaulad kvalifikaciaSi gamoZiebis organosa da sasamarTlos kompetenciis gamijvna SeuZlebeli iqnebo-da. miT ufro, rom es xom wminda praqtikuli sakiTxia!?

bolos, marTla arsebobs Tu ara samarTlebrivi

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urTierToba marTlzomieri qmedebis gamo? am kiTxvaze Cven dadebiTi pasuxi gvaqvs, magram iuridiul litera-turaSi TiTqmis gabatonebulia azri, rom samrTlebrivi urTierToba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis nairsaxeo-bas warmoadgens. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Te-oriis erT-erT saxelmZRvaneloSi naTqvamia, rom “samar-Tlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc samarTlebrivi zemoq-medebis Sedegi, — aris sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, ro-melSic subieqtTa saqmianoba mowesrigebulia individu-luri uflebebiT da valdebulebebiT” (10. gv. 354). jer erTi, irkveva, rom samarTlebrivi urTierToba sazoga-doebrivi urTierTobis nairsaxeobaa, ese igi, sociolo-giis kategoriaa. magram maSin ranairad SeiZleba is amave dros“ “samarlebriv urTierTobad“ da, maSasadame, sa-marTlis Teoriis kategoriadac CaiTvalos? aq warmoi-Soba danaSaulis cnebis fsiqologiuri dasabuTebis ana-logiuri kiTxva: Tu danaSauli fsiqologiuri cnebis nairsaxeobaa, maSin “danaSauli“ fsiqologiuri cnebaa! analogiurad, Tu samarTlebrivi urTierToba sazoga-doebrivi urTierTobis nairsaxeobaa, maSin “samarTleb-rivi urTierToba“ siciologiis kategoriaa da, maSasa-dame, iuridiul kategorias ar warmoadgens. maSasadame, gamodis, rom sisxlis samarTali, erTi mxriv, danaSau-lis cnebis agebas fsiqologiidan cdilobs, magram am-Tavrebs daskvniT, rom “danaSauli fsiqologiuri cne-bis nairsaxeobaa, “ ris gamoc danaSaulis iuridiul cne-bas ver adgens da danaSaulis cnebis agebaSi gamarjvebu-li fsiqologia gamovida. meore mxriv, samarlebriv ur-TierTobas “sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis nairsaxeo-bad“ acxadebs, da, maSasadame, “samarTlebrivi urTier-Tobis“ agebaSi gamarjvebuli sociologia gamovida da igi sociologiis cneba aRmoCnda. sakiTxavia: sadaa sis-xlis samarTlis mecnierebis damoukideboloba, roca igi sakuTari cnebebis gareSea? am poziciidan arc samar-Tlebrivi urTierToba arsebobs, rogorc danaSaulis

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cnebis agebis logikuri safuZveli, da arc danaSaulis cneba! garda amisa, debuleba, rom samarTlebrivi urTi-erToba aris sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis samarTleb-rivi mowesrigebis Sedegi, — sinamdvileSi marTlwesri-gis cnebas gamoxatavs, radgan samarTlebrivi urToier-Toba, rogorc ukve iTqva, samarTlis normis, rogorc jerarsis, da marTlwesrigis, rogorc arsis, kavSiris formaa. es imas niSnavs, rom marTlzomoier qmedebas sa-marTlis normis moTxovna marlwesrigSi gadaaqvs.

amrigad, mkiTxvelma TviTon gansajos, Tu rogori umweoa filosofiur kulturas mowyvetili dogmaturi azrovneba, romelmac ar icis samarTlebrivi urTier-Toba marTlzomieri qmedebis gamo, ris gamoc man ar icis “danaSauli“, rogorc “marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba“ da danaSaulis cnebas da bralis cnebas fsiqologiis sfe-roSi eZebs, maSin rodesac fsiqologiaSi arc danaSau-lis cneba arsebobs da arc bralis cneba. Tu sisxlis sa-marTlis dogmatika danaSaulis cnebas ver aagebs, raki man ar icis ” marTlzomieri qmedebis“ cneba, bunebrivia, Tu igi verc sasjelis cnebas aagebs, raki man ar icis, rom danaSaulis Cadenas misi Camdeni piri gahyavs saxel-mwifosTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis far-glebs gareT, xolo, sasjelma es piri kvlav saxelmwi-fosTan urTierTobaSi unda daabrunos.

literatura

1. a. boWoriSvili, fsiqologizmi da antifsiqologizmi fsiqologiaSi, Tbilisi, 1965;

2. Б. С. Волков, Проблема воли и уголовной ответстсвенности, Казанский гос.унт. 1965;

3. М. И. Ковалев, Советское уголовное право, Курс лекций, Свердловск, 1971;

4. g. naneiSvili, samarTlis namdviloba da cda normati-uli faqtebis dasabuTebisa, Tbilisi, 1929;

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5. g. naWyebia, sisxlis samarTlis sagani, Tbilisi, 1997; 6. g. naWyebia, brali, rogorc sociluri foilosofiis

kategoria, Tbilisi, 2001; 7. Н. А. Огурцов, Правоотношение и ответственность в

советском уголовном праве, Рязнь, 1976; 8. А. А. Пионтковский, Учение Гегеля о праве и государстве и

его уголовно-правовая теория, М. 1963; 9. Г. Т. Ткещелиядзе, Судебная практика и уголовый закон,

Тбилси, 1975; 10. Теория государства и права, М. 1977; 11. Б. В. Хорнабуджели, Психологичекская сторона вины,

Тбилиси, 1981; 12. hegeli, logikis mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1962

GURAM NACHKEBIA

“WHETHER THE LAWYER SHOULD FALL INTO PHILOSOPHY OR NOT?”

ABSTRACT

Article raises the old but always new problem: Does the lawyer

need the Philosophy? Nobody answers this question negatively, but if a lawyer is trying the methodological use of philosophy they say “he fell into philosophy”. Because of this a series of paradoxes raise. For example, they say, that the crime creates relationship between the state and the person who commits a crime (perpetrator), while, on the contrary, the commission of a crime brings the person who commits the crime, for the specific reason of this action, beyond the limits of the legal relationship with the state, but punishment should return this person in relation (communication) with the state. If philosophy understands "responsibility", first of all, as its positive aspect, the lawyers usually understand only negative aspects of it, as

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responsibility for the committed crimes; as lawyers understand "responsibility" only in negative aspect, they don’t know the "irresponsibility" as synonymous with guilt, and looking for guilt in philosophy and even “find” it, as "mental attitude", which is not a "fault"(guilt), but the form of behavior!.. It is obvious, that problem of “guilt” is insurmountable psychologism!.. Philosophically minded lawyer starts from the concept of responsibility to justify the lawful action of the subject of criminal, while the traditional lawyer, on the contrary, draws upon the concept of irresponsibility, whereas without the concept of responsibility the irresponsibility is impossible. Traditional lawyer starts to build the concept of crime “law-contradiction”, whereas, apart from the “lawfulness” the “law-contradiction” is impossible; As “law-contradiction” is isolated from “lawfulness” Instead of a mechanism of proper (legitimate) action, directly begin the study of the psychological forms of behavior, but to create the "crime" logically from the psychological forms of behavior is impossible and criminal law remains without concept of crime!. They call the legal relationship "a kind of public relations", and then the "legal relationship" is sociological concept, and therefore the jurisprudence remains without a category of a legal relationship!. There are a lot of such paradoxes and they reaffirm, that correct legal thinking is impossible without philosophy.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiis mecnierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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eTika

ETHICS

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mixeil xalvaSi

(baTumi) mixeil xalvaSi — eTikis filosofi-uri problemebis mkvlevari; gamoq-veynebuli aqvs eTikis problemebze samecniero statiebi da vrceli mo-nografia `bedniereba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT~ (Tb., 2013).

eTikis sagnis Sesaxeb

marTalia, eTika aRiqmeba rogorc moZRvreba zneo-bis Sesaxeb da mas saxelwodebac ki am Sinaarsidan gamom-dinare uwodes, magram Tu gadavxedavT filosofiis is-torias, naTeli gaxdeba, rom eTikis, rogorc mecniere-bis, amosavali principi yovelTvis ar yofila zneoba. antikuri epoqidan axal dromde, ori aTasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi, eTikis ZiriTad sagnad iTvleboda sikeTe, umaRles sikeTed ki — bedniereba. amitom eTikis ZiriTa-di amosavali principi iyo ara zneoba, aramed bedniereba (3,29). zneoba warmoadgenda masze ufro maRali Rirebu-lebis mqone movlenis — bednierebis — misaRwev saSuale-bas. is iyo piroba, romlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi adamiani xdeboda bednieri. e.i. zneoba iTvleboda ufro naklebi Rirebulebis sikeTed, vidre bedniereba. ra iyo amis mizezi?

aristoteles azriT, es gamowveuli iyo bedniere-bis yvela sxva movlenaze ufro aRmatebuli mniSvnelo-biT, anu TviTkmari RirebulebiT. ufro zustad, — imiT, rom àdamians yvelaferi surs bednierebisTvis, da ara bedniereba sxva raimesTvis” (5,63). mag. adamians nebismie-ri ram da TviT zneobrivi qceva surs sxvisi an sakuTari bednierebisTvis da ara bedniereba — zneobisa Tu sxva miznisTvis. metic, ara mxolod zneoba, aramed yvela

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movlena, romliskenac adamiani miiswrafvis — codna, simdidre, siyvaruli, aRiareba, warmateba da saerTod sicocxle pirdapir Tu ara arapirdapir mainc surs bed-nierebisTvis da ara bedniereba codnisTvis, simdidris-Tvis, siyvarulisTvis, aRiarebisTvis, warmatebisTvis da a.S. bednierebis gareSe yvela es movlena da TviT si-cocxlec ki kargavs Rirebulebas — iqceva àraraobad.” Sesabamisad, epikure aRniSnavda: `Tu Cven gvaqvs bednie-reba, maSin gvaqvs yvelaferi, magram Tu is davkargeT, ma-Sin mivdivarT yvelaferze, raTa mas daveufloT~ (7,402).

gamodis, rom Tu piramidis saxiT warmovidgenT Cvens arsebobas da mis uzrunvelmyofel uamrav sikeTes: zneobas, codnas, simdidres, siyvaruls, aRiarebas, war-matebas, bednierebas da a.S. ierarqiulad ganvalagebT RirebulebiTi Sinaarsis — adamianisTvis misi mniSvne-lobis mixedviT, piramidis TavSi aRmoCndeba bedniereba. swored amitom, ori aTasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi eTi-kis amosavali principi iyo bedniereba aristoteles Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad. Tumca am WeSmaritebis miuxe-davad eTikis ZiriTadi sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi yo-velTvis ar yofila erTi da igive, is icvleboda. mag. imanuel kantma imperatiuli zneobrivi Teoriis safuZ-velze scada misi Secvla. is aRiarebda, rom mis Semoqme-debamde mTeli eTika iyo bednierebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba (3,29), magram es Tvalsazrisi ararealurad CaTvala. man miiCnia, rom bedniereba ar gamodgeboda eTikis damfuZ-nebel principad misi empiriuli, azrovnebaze dauqvem-debarebeli Sinaarsis gamo. bednierebasTan mimarTebas adamiani instinqtiT awesrigebs da umjobesia, is instin-qtis sferoSive darCeso, — aRniSnavda is (8,256). sxvagva-rad rom vTqvaT, man bedniereba CaTvala apriorul-sin-Tezuri msjelobiT Seumecnebad movlenad, rac arsebi-Tad sxva araferia, Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom bedniere-bis mecnieruli Semecneba SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdi-nare, kantma daaskvna, rom filosofiis es dargi unda

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dafuZneboda zneobriv movaleobas, Tu gvsurda, misi ka-nonzomierebis gansjiseuli kategoriebiT gaazreba. es niSnavs, rom eTikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad unda ekvliaT ara bednierebis, aramed zneobrivi movaleobis safuZ-velze da is unda yofiliyo eTikis uZiriTadesi amosava-li principi.

kanti fiqrobda, rom zneobrivi qceva unda emyare-bodes zneobrivi movaleobis Segnebas da ara romelime sxva am an imqveyniuri — religiuri miznis miRwevis sur-vils. is aseT zneobas uwodebda imperatiuls — mbrZaneb-lurs da avtonomiurs, anu damoukidebels im Tvalsaz-risidan gamomdinare, rom zneobrivi qcevis mizani Tavad imperatiul zneobaSi iyo mocemuli da ara mis gareT bednierebis an sxva miznis saxiT. e.i. kanti Tvlida, rom imperatiuli zneoba, bednierebis msgavsad, iyo TviTkma-ri — mas mamoZravebeli motivi hqonda ara mis `saz-Rvrebs” miRma, aramed `sakuTar TavSi.” mag. imperatiu-lia iseTi zneobrivi saqcieli, roca adamiani sxvas exma-reba ara vinmeze Tavis mosawoneblad, masTan dasaaxlo-eblad, mis gamosayeneblad, kargi Tanamdebobis misaRwe-vad, sxvisi qonebis xelSi Casagdebad da amiT sakuTari bednierebis Tu samoTxis uzrunvelsayofad, aramed mxolod zneobrivi movaleobis gamo. is swored aseT si-keTes Tvlida WeSmaritad. xolo iseTs, romelic emyare-boda ara movaleobas, aramed zemoCamoTvlili Tu sxva egoisturi miznebis miRwevis survils, is uwodebda he-teronomiul — araWeSmarit sikeTes, radgan mas mamoZra-vebeli motivi hqonda zneobis farglebs gareT.

SeuZlebelia, ar daveTanxmoT kantis am debule-bebs, radgan WeSmaritad SeiZleba CavTvaloT mxolod iseTi zneobrivi saqcieli, romelic angarebas gamoric-xavs. ardaTanxmeba SeuZlebelia imitomac, rom es Tval-sazrisi am did moazrovnemde saxarebaSic iyo gamoTqmu-li, mag. urwmuno Tomasadmi macxovris mimarTvaSi. daeW-vebuli Toma ambobda, rom qristes aRdgomas is iwamebda

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mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is mas gamoecxadeboda da mis nalursmnev xelebsa Tu naWrilobev ferdSi Tavis Ti-Tebs Cayofda. moswavlebTan gamocxadebuli macxovari akmayofilebs Tomas am survils, magram eubneba: `Sen mirwmune, imitom rom mixile. netar arian isini, visac ar vunaxivar da swamT”(1,225). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom WeSmariti rwmena WeSmariti zneobis tolfardia, SeiZ-leba, davuSvaT: saxarebis Sesabamisi kantis moZRvrebis mixedviT, WeSmaritad morwmune da zneobivia is, vinc sa-magieros miRebis survilis gareSe iqceva zneobrivad. rogorc vxedavT, kantis imperatiuli zneobrivi Teori-is Sinaarsi saxarebaSi mocemulia, magram ara apriorul-sinTezuri msjelobis da uzarmazari naSromebis, aramed Zalian martivi advilad gasagebi principebis — mcnebaTa saxiT.

axali epoqis Semdeg filosofiur azrovnebaSi dam-kvidrda kantis imperatiuli zneobrivi Teoria da iT-vleboda, rom eTikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad unda gaaz-rebuliyo zneobrivi movaleobis safuZvelze. Tumca eTikuri sakiTxebis arsis da kanonzomierebis dadgena mecnieruli codnis saxiT verc kantis koncefciis sa-fuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli misi winamorbedebis msgav-sad. ase grZeldeboda daaxloebiT orasi weli — axali epoqidan XIX-XX s.s. mijnamde, vidre ar Seiqmna maqs Sele-ris Rirebulebis principze damyarebuli eTika. es iyo axali mesame safexuri eTikis istoriaSi aristotelese-uli bednierebis da kantis movaleobis eTikis Semdeg.

Selerma CaTvala, rom bedniereba, zneoba da sxva masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli eTikuri problematika un-da gaazrebuliyo ara zneobrivi movaleobis, aramed Ri-rebulebis safuZvelze. amis mizezad mas miaCnda rom `yvela saxis neba efuZneba materias, rogorc Rirebule-bas” (9,281). ufro zustad, is Tvlida, rom nebis aqtis, rogorc qcevis, ganmsazRvreli aris ara Tavad neba da kanoni, aramed Rirebuleba, radgan maSinac ki roca neba

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kanonzea mimarTuli, kanoni Rirebulebis saxes iZens da mxolod amis Semdeg eniWeba mas ganmsazRvreli funqcia (2,410). es niSnavda, rom sikeTe-borotebis dilemis piro-bebSi — zneobrivad an uzneod qcevis aucileblobis Sem-TxvevaSi — adamiani sikeTes akeTebs ara zneobrivi mova-leobis gamo, aramed imitom, rom mas saTnoeba ufro me-ti Rirebulebis ganmasaxierebel movlenad miaCnia, vid-re boroteba. es iyo axali koncefcia eTikuri azrovne-bis istoriaSi da is cnobilia materialuri Rirebule-biTi eTikis saxelwodebiT.

Seleri Seecada, Rirebulebis safuZvelze gaeazre-bina eTikuri problematika, magram, kantis msgavsad, misi didi damsaxurebis miuxedavad, unda vaRiaroT, rom verc man SesZlo zneobis, bednierebis Tu sxva movlene-bis da Tavad Rirebulebis arsisa Tu kanonzomierebis dadgena. es gamowveuli iyo ara mxolod subieqturi, aramed obieqturi mizezebiT. subieqturSi igulisxmeba is, rom Seleri uaryofda eTikuri da saerTod filoso-fiuri problematikis mecnieruli principebis safuZ-velze Semecnebas. is Tvlida, rom maTi gaazreba SesaZ-lebelia mxolod fenomenologiuri meTodologiis — inteleqtualuri intuiciis saSualebiT. obieqturSi igulisxmeba bednierebasa Tu saerTod eTikur sakiTxeb-Tan mimarTebaSi daSvebuli filosofiisa da mecnieruli meTodologiisTvis miuRebeli Secdomebi (4,63). XX sau-kunidan moyolebuli Tanamedrove eTikuri azrovneba emyareba swored Seleris moZRvrebas Rirebulebis Sesa-xeb.

amrigad, eTikuri azrovnebis istoriam ganvlo sami ZiriTadi safexuri. 1) aristoteleseuli bednierebis eTika. is grZeldeboda antikuri epoqidan axal dromde. 2) kantiseuli movaleobis eTika, romelic grZeldeboda misi Semoqmedebidan XX saukunemde. 3) Seleris Rirebu-lebiTi eTika. is momdinareobs XX saukunis pirveli na-xevridan da paradigmaa dResac. miuxedavad amisa, verc

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erTi Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze ver moxerxda eTikuri sakiTxebis arsis da kanonzomierebis dadgena mecnieru-li meTodologiis Sesabamisad. metic, ara mxolod ver moxerxda, aramed saerTod uaryofen mis SesaZleblobas TiTqmis mecnieruli paradigmis saxiTve miRebuli debu-lebebis safuZvelze (iqve,63). saxeldobr, SeuZlebelad iTvleba eTikis `sakiTxTa-sakiTxis” — bednierebis arsis da kanonzomierebis Semecneba. amis gamo auxsnelia: ra-tomaa bedniereba warmavali? ratom moyveba erTsa da imave movlenasTan mimarTebas ara mxolod bedniereba, aramed ubedureba? Sesabamisad, ratom sruldeba erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli movlena — zneobrivi qceva mxo-lod erT SemTxvevaSi bednierebiT, meoreSi ki yvelaze negatiuri SedegiT — ubedurebiT? ra aris sikeTis arsi? ra iwvevs siyvaruls, bednierebis uzrunvelmyofel erT-erT yvelaze faqiz gancdas, da ratomaa is warmava-li? ra SemTxvevaSi sruldeba siyvaruli ara bedniere-biT, aramed ubedurebiT? miuxedavad amisa, ratom miis-wrafvis yvela siyvarulisa da bednierebisken, iseve ro-gorc umravlesoba trfobis obieqtis erTpirovnuli flobisken? da a.S.

rogorc vxedavT, filosofia uaryofs am sakiTxTa Semecnebis SesaZleblobas miuxedavad imisa, rom is yo-velTvis cdilobda mis gaazrebas da mravlismetyveli sami safexuric ki Seiqmna eTikuri azrovnebis istoria-Si. ra aris amis mizezi? SeiZleba, Tu ara davuSvaT, rom eTikuri sakiTxebi marTalac Seumecnebadia? Tu davem-yarebiT filosofiis da saerTod mecnierebisTvis misa-Reb kvlevis meTodebs, SeiZleba Tu ara daveTanxmoT kants an Selers aristoteles debulebis uarmyofel TvalsazrisSi, anu masSi, rom eTikis ZiriTadi sakiTxi aris ara bedniereba, aramed zneobrivi movlaoba, an Ri-rebuleba?

filosofiis da saerTod mecnierebisTvis misaReb meTodebSi igulisxmeba: 1. Tvalsazrisis logikuri

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principebis Sesabamisad dalageba. 3. misi argumentireba. 3. argumentaciis cdaze damyareba ise, rom dadgenili codnis safuZvelze pasuxi unda gaices yvela gaugebar sakiTxze. isini unda amoixsnas. Tu es xerxdeba, niSnavs, rom Tvalsazrisi realuria — `muSaobs” — mis safuZvel-ze irkveva problemaTa gamomwvevi mizezebi da is ara ag-nostikurad, an nihilisturad, aramed pozitiurad wydeba. es is principebia, romelTa safuZvelze dadgeni-li codna yvelaze myarad aris miCneuli misdami kriti-kuli Tu nihilisturi damokidebulebis pirobebSic. swored mas emyareba mecniereba da civilizacia.

dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi garkveulwilad ukve ga-cemulia aristoteles debulebis safuZvelze. mis Sesa-bamisad, Cven vTvliT, rom eTikis ZiriTadi sakiTxi aris ara zneobrivi movaleoba, an Rirebuleba, aramed bednie-reba, radgan mas gaaCnia yvela sxva movlenaze ufro aR-matebuli TviTkmari Sinaarsi: adamians yvelaferi, TviT zneobis, misi Sesabamisi movaleobisa da Rirebulebis CaTvliT, surs bednierebisTvis da ara piriqiT — bednie-reba sxva raimesTvis, mag. zneobis, movaleobisa Tu Ri-rebulebisTvis. swored am kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT aucilebelia, davuSvaT: bedniereba, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, ZiriTad sakiTxad gvevlineba sxvadasxva filosofiur mimdinareobaSi da mTeli eTika kantamde, misive azris Sesabamisad, iyo bednierebis Sesaxeb moZ-Rvreba (3,29), aramed, mis eTikur TvalsazrisSic da Sem-degac is arsebiTad aseTive sakiTxad gvevlineba, miuxe-davad imisa, rom masze gverdis avliT scades eTikis da-fuZneba.

Tu am realobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT, kvlav aRmov-CndebiT istoriulad cnobil amouxsnel winaaRmdego-bebSi. mag. kanti fiqrobda, rom WeSmariti zneobrivi saq-cieli unda emyarebodes movaleobas imperativis saxiT. misgan man gamoricxa bedniereba Tu yvela sxva garegani — heteronomiuli mizani RmerTis CaTvliT. aseTi iyo mi-

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si amosavali debuleba mxolod Tavdapirvelad. arapir-dapirad da alogikurad, am amosavali debulebis sapiri-pirod, bedniereba da RmerTi Semdeg mainc dauSva man zneobaSi: miiCnia, rom imperatiuli zneobis ganmasaxie-rebeli pirovneba jerarsTa samyaroSi — `gardacvalebis Semdeg” — aucileblad eziareba bednierebas. ufro zus-tad, kantma CaTvala, rom materialur samyaroSi zneob-riv qcevas ara mxolod bedniereba, aramed ubedurebac SeiZleba mohyoloda Sedegad, magram idealurSi is yo-velTvis bednierebiT dasruldeboda. es niSnavs, rom man bedniereba imperatiuli zneobis arapirdapir miznad CaTvala, anu aRiara bednierebis upiratesi Rirebuleba zneobaze da aristoteles zemoT naxseneb kanonzomiere-bas sabolood daemorCila. Sesabamisad, iTvleba, rom man uRalata Tavis ZiriTad principebs (3,46), ris Sedega-dac antinomiur winaaRmdegobebSi moeqca da srulyofi-lad ver amoxsna isini ara mxolod apriorul-sinTezuri msjelobiT, aramed religiurad gadwyvitiTac.

kidev ra kanonzomierma mizezebma aiZula kanti, rom mas aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi nabiji gadaedga? isini Semdegia: bednierebis gagreSe ara mxolod zneoba, ara-med wminda gonebis postulatebic ki — RmerTis, Tavi-suflebis da sulis idea mniSvnelobas dakargavdnen, isini veRar Seasrulebdnen regulatorul funqcias — ver warmarTavdnen adamians maTken, anu zneobisken. aqe-dan gamomdinare, SeiZleba, davaskvnaT: ara mxolod ide-aluri zneoba, aramed misi postulatebic realur Rire-bulebas — regulatorul funqcias arsebiTad bedniere-bis saSualebiT iZenen da mis gareSe isinic ki kargaven mniSvnelobas.

Tu ufro Rrmad davakvirdebiT problemas, SevniS-navT kidev erT mizezs: bedniereba imperatiuli zneobis motivacias gansazRvravs ara mxolod idealur, aramed materialur samyaroSic. amitom misi ugulebelyofa Se-uZlebelia am sferodanac. kerZod, qcevis es forma, av-

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tonomiurobidan gamomdinare, fizikur samyaroSi, mar-Talia, gamoricxavs bednierebas zneobrivi qcevis Se-moqmedi subieqtisTvis, magram mis motivaciaSi mainc rCeba is sxvisi keTildReobisa Tu bednierebisTvis zrunvis saxiT mTavar mamoZravebel principad. ufro naTlad rom vTqvaT: roca pirovneba imperatiuli zneo-bis mixedviT moqmedebs, is sxvisi bednierebisTvis er-Tgvarad uars ambobs sakuTar bednierebaze, ris Sedega-dac zneobis amosaval principad isev bedniereba gvev-lineba, oRond sxvisi — zneobrivi obieqtis bedniereba. Sesabamisad, WeSmariti zneobis aucilebel atributad, mis imperatiul xasiaTTan erTad, unda miviCnioT sxvisi bednierebisTvis erTgvari uaris Tqma sakuTar bednie-rebaze.

rogorc vxedavT, kantiseuli zneobis avtonomiu-roba, anu misi TviTkmaroba mxolod iseTi pirobiTi mov-lenaa, romelic arsebiTad bednierebis ufro aRmate-bul — yvelaze srulyofil TviTkmarobas emyareba. emya-reba imitom, rom bednierebis gareSe imperatiuli zneo-ba ara mxolod idealur, aramed materialur samyaroSic ki uazroba gamodis. mag. Tu aseTi zneobis motivaciidan sakuTaris msgavsad amoviRebT sxvis bednierebaze, ro-gorc sikeTeze, zrunvasac da mas mxolod movaleobas davafuZnebT, maSin zneobrivi qceva saerTod dakargavs Rirebulebas da Sinaarss — is iqneba zneoba mxolod zne-obisTvis da ara adamianisTvis, misi bednierebisa Tu si-keTisTvis.

gamodis, rom bednierebas ver uarvyofT zneobis verc erTi formidan: ara mxolod heteronomiuli, ara-med imperatiuli zneobidan da ara mxolod materialur, aramed idealur samyaroSi. oRond heteronomiuli, ara-WeSmariti, zneobis Rirebulebas bedniereba gansaz-Rvravs pirdapir, radgan aseTi qcevis mTavar mamoZrave-bel principad gvevlineba subieqturi — sakuTari bedni-ereba. avtonomiurisas ki is qmnis arapirdapir — sxvis

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bednierebaze zrunvis saxiT da misi motivaciidan bedni-ereba mxolod pirobiTad gamoiricxeba. is mas pirdapir ukavSirdeba mxolod idealur samyaroSi.

ukve SeiZleba davasaxeloT mesame mizezic: bednie-reba universaluri da yvelaze TviTkmari Rirebulebis mqone movlenaa, radgan is ara mxolod zneobis, aramed mi-si sapirispiro movlenis — uzneoba-borotebis motivaci-aSicaa mocemuli negatiuri Rirebulebis saxiT. mocemu-lia, radgan aseTi saqcieli, marTalia, ara sxvisi, magram piradi bednierebisTvis — keTildReobisa Tu Rirebule-bisTvis zrunvis instinqtiTaa nakarnaxevi. kerZod, uzne-obas arsebiTad amoZravebs sxvisi ubedurebiT sakuTari bednierebis miRwevis survili da ara uSinaarso — gaur-kveveli Rirebulebis armqone motivi — arara Tu Tavad uzneoba, boroteba an sxva msgavsi ram. Sesabamisad, unda davaskvnaT, rom bedniereba, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, ara mxolod zneobrivi, aramed uzneo qcevis motivacia-Sicaa mocemuli, oRond am ukanasknelSi is vlindeba nega-tiuri — damaxinjebuli Rirebulebis formiT.

amrigad, yvelaze TviTkmari Rirebulebis mqone em-piriuli movlena — bedniereba, uSualod Tu gaSualebu-lad, qmnis ara mxolod zneobis (heteronomiulis da av-tonomiuris), aramed uzneobis da TviT regulatoruli ideebis realur RirebulebiT Sinaarss. amis damadastu-rebelia is, rom bednierebis gareSe yvela es movlena kargavs mniSvnelobas. bunebrivia, swored es kanonzomi-ereba unda egrZno kants, roca scada eTikis dafuZneba movaleobis saSualebiT da bednierebis gareSe. saxel-dobr, igrZno: am Canafiqrs mizez-Sedegobrivad ver gai-azrebda, radgan is kanonzomierebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. es ukanaskneli ki bolomde cxadi ar iyo misTvis. amitom miendo intuicias — Tavisi amosavali debulebis sapi-rispirod bedniereba imperatiuli zneobis aucilebel Sedegad dauSva idealur samyaroSi da am ori movlenis urTierTmimarTebis antinomia religiurad gadawyvita.

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ganxiluli sakiTxis msgavsad, ukve SeiZleba gani-martos isic, Tu ratom gaaCnia bednierebas ara mxolod zneobriv movaleobaze, aramed Rirebulebazec ki aRma-tebuli Sinaarsi? movaleobis msgavsad, ratom iqneba ara-obieqturoba kvlav Rirebulebis CaTvla eTikis amosaval principad? ZiriTadi mizezi ukve aRiniSna: pirvelyovli-sa, — imitom, rom ara mxolod zneobrivi movaleoba Tu yvela sxva movlena, aramed Rirebulebac ki adamians surs bednierebisTvis da ara bedniereba sxva raimesTvis. aqe-dan gamomdinare, alogikuri da realobas moklebuli iq-neba bednierebis msgavsad iTqvas, rom yvelaferi gvsurs movaleobis, zneobisa Tu RirebulebisTvis. Sesabamisad, vamtkicoT, rom erT-erTi amaTgani aris yvela miznis-mi-zani bednierebis, rogorc sikeTisa Tu iseTi konkretu-li movlenis gareSe, romelic qmnis Tavad movaleobis, zneobis da Rirebulebis Sinaarss. vamtkicoT, rom zneoba gvsurs Tavad zneobisa Tu movaleobisTvis, an mxolod RirebulebisTvis im konkretuli Sedegis gareSe, rasac warmoadgens bedniereba, rogorc empiriuli sikeTe. pi-riqiT, ufro marTebuli iqneba iTqvas: isini gvsurs sxvi-si an sakuTari bednierebisTvis, rogorc sikeTisTvis. Tu isini, arsebiTad, gvsurs ara piradi, aramed sxvisi bedni-erebisTvis, swored maSin iZens zneoba da movaleoba WeS-marit Sinaarss Rirebulebis saxiT, imitom rom sxvisi bedniereba dgeba wina planze amosavali principis saxiT. swored amitom SemTxveviT ar miuTiTeben eTikosebi Ta-namedrove epoqaSi, anu Rirebulebis Teoriis batonobis pirobebSic ki, rom moralis Sesaxeb msjeloba istoriu-lad aRmocendeba da viTardeba ZiriTadad imasTan dakav-SirebiT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs bedniereba da rogor SeiZ-leba misi miRweva (6,293).

zneobrivi movaleobis msgavsad Rirebulebis CaT-vla eTikis amosaval principad, meore mxriv, miuRebelia Semdegi mizezis gamo: Rirebuleba aris ara substanciis formiT damoukideblad arsebuli da sxva movlenaTa

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arsebobis uzrunvelmyofeli realoba, aramed empiriu-li Tu cnobieri movlenebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atri-buti. mxolod atributi ki movlenebze ufro aRmate-bul fenomenad, miT umetes maT damfuZnebel — kanonzo-mierebis amxsnel principad ver gamodgeba.

is, rom Rirebuleba mxolod movlenis safuZvelze arsebobs, Sesabamisad, pirveladia movlena da ara piriqiT, amaze naTlad metyvelebs filosofiis istoriaSi cnobili Semdegi debuleba: pirveladia is, rasac emyareba sxvaTa arseboba. Rirebulebis mxolod movlenebis safuZvelze arsebobas ki naTlad adasturebs Semdegi magaliTi: rom ar arsebobdes saerTod zneobrivi saqcieli an bednierebis gancda, verc zneobis da bednierebis Rirebulebis gageba iarsebebs. amis sapirispirod, savsebiT SesaZlebelia mov-lenebis arseboba Rirebulebis gagebis gareSe. gana adamia-nisTvis ucnobi uamravi movlena ar arsebobda mis aRmoCe-namde, gamogonebamde, Semecnebamde da masze Rirebulebis gagebis miniWebamde?! aqedan gamomdinare, unda davuSvaT: radgan movlenebis gareSe ar arsebobs Rirebuleba, ufro aRmatebulia movlena, imitom rom Rirebuleba arsebobs mis safuZvelze da ara piriqiT.

swored imis gamo, rom pirveladia movlenebi da me-oradi Rirebuleba, TviT fenomenologebic ki aRiare-ben: Rirebuleba gulisxmobs matarebels konkretuli movlenis saxiT (3,53). Cveni daskvnebis mixedviT rom vim-sjeloT, SeiZleba iTqvas: maT gareSe is ar arsebobs. ase-Ti konkretulobis miuxedavad, Rirebuleba, ra Tqma un-da, abstraqtuli da fardobiTi Sinaarsis mqonecaa, rad-gan misi gageba movlenebSi adamians Seaqvs cvalebadi ga-remo pirobebis Sesabamisad. Tumca es viTareba saerTod ar gvaZlevs raime myar damajerebel safuZvels, rom fe-nomenologiis msgavsad jer davuSvaT raRac abstraqtu-li Rirebuleba da Semdeg movlenebi. Sesabamisad, vam-tkicoT, Rirebulebebi aris metafizikuri da, amasTana-ve, materialuri Sinaarsis mqone ferebisa Tu tonebis

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saxiT arsebuli `mesame gvaris faqtebi” (2,410); maT aR-saqmelad ki ara mecnieruli, aramed mxolod gansakuT-rebuli fenomenologiuri cdaa saWiro.

Cveni Tvalsazrisis adekvaturobaze metyvelebs Selerisgan gansxvavebiT geronti SuSanaSvilis mier Ri-rebulebis gansazRvra mniSvnelobis safuZvelze. ker-Zod, is fenomenologiuri moZRvrebis ganxilvisas asaxe-lebs Rirebulebis sxvadasxva niSnebs: idealurobas, obieqturobas, miswrafebis miznad, an moTxovnilebis obieqtad yofnas Tu sxvas (3,52-57) da ganmartavs: `Rire-buleba aris is, rac mniSvnelobs adamianisTvis, rac un-da arsebobdes, an arsebobs rogorc adamianis arsobriv ZalTa realizacia” (iqve, 53). Tu zemoT ganxilul da am gansazRvrebaSi gamoxatul realobas ara fenomenolo-giuri, an sxva metafizikuri, aramed mecnieruli meTo-dologiis da Cveni daskvnebis Sesabamisad gaviazrebT, aucilebelia, davuSvaT: Rirebuleba aris konkretuli movlenebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributi. misi realo-ba ki emyareba am movlenaTa arsebobas da mniSvnelobas adamianisTvis. Sesabamisad, movlena Rirebulia imdenad, ramdenadac is mniSvnelovania adamianisTvis. es aris Ri-rebulebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani.

zneobrivi movaleobis msgavsad Rirebulebis CaT-vla eTikis amosaval principad, mesame mxriv, miuRebelia Semdegi mizezis gamo: yvela zemoT aRniSnuli da sxva fe-nomenologTa mier naxsenebi niSnebis safuZvelze, vera-vin SesZlo eTikuri sakiTxebis arsis da kanonzomierebis dadgena, rogorc amas filosofiis istoriis mTeli praq-tika gvidasturebs. ganxiluli mizezebi rom ar arsebu-liyo, maTi dadgena mainc SeuZlebeli iqneboda, radgan maqs Seleri eTikis àmosaval” princips — Rirebulebas tavtologiurad, isev Rirebulebis safuZvelze, ganmar-tavs: 1) pozitiuri Rirebulebis arseboba TviTonac aris pozitiuri Rirebuleba. 2) ararseboba pozitiuri Rire-bulebisa TavisTavad aris negatiuri Rirebuleba. 3) nega-

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tiuri Rirebulebis arseboba TviTonac aris negatiuri Rirebuleba. 4) negatiuri Rirebulebis ararseboba aris TviTon pozitiuri Rirebuleba (9,300;2,412).

Tu davakvirdebiT am gansazRvrebebs, SevniSnavT: Rirebuleba, iqneba is pozitiuri Tu negatiuri, gani-marteba Tavad Rirebulebis safuZvelze. es ki, mecnie-ruli meTodologiis mixedviT, tavtologiaa — is rac aris gansazRvrebis marcxena mxares, igive meordeba mis marjvena nawilSi da movlenis arc erTi axali arsebiTi niSani araa masSi mocemuli. aRniSnul ganmartebebSi nax-senebia arseboba da ararsebobac, magram amiT arsebiTad araferi icvleba, radgan maTSi isev Rirebulebis arse-boba-ararseboba, anu Tavad Rirebuleba igulisxmeba. marTalia, Seleri uaryofda mecnierul meTodologias da fenomenologiuri principebiT cdilobda eTikis da-fuZnebas, magram es problemas ver xsnis, radgan tavto-logiam, rogorc vxedavT, metafizikisTvisac ki ver ìmuSava — gaugebari sakiTxebi gasagebi ver gaxada.”

radgan gairkva, rom Rirebuleba ar arsebobs misi ganmasaxierebeli konkretuli movlenis gareSe — pirve-ladia movlenebi da meoradia Rirebuleba, aucilebelia, fenomenologiisgan gansxvavebiT davuSvaT: movlenis Ri-rebulebiTi Sinaarsi emyareba mis arsebiT niSnebs da ara piriqiT, arsi — Rirebulebas. Sesabamisad, Tu Cven gvsurs movlenis Semecneba da misi Rirebulebis gansazRvra, pir-velyovlisa unda davadginoT misi arsebiTi niSnebi da ara maT gareSe vikvlioT raRac abstraqtuli Rirebule-ba, rogorc es ganxilul mimdinareobaSi scades.

Tu Rirebuleba ar arsebobs misi ganmasaxierebeli konkretuli movlenis gareSe, pirveladia movlenebi da meoradi Rirebuleba, amasTanave, movlenis Rirebulebis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia mxolod misi arsebiTi niSne-bis dadgenis safuZvelze, fenomenologiaSi miRebuli debulebis msgavsad ratom unda davuSvaT, rom Rirebu-leba aris eTikis ZiriTadi damfuZnebeli principi? am

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faqtis safuZvelze, aristoteles debulebis Sesabami-sad, SeiZleba, mxolod davaskvnaT: umaRlesi sikeTe da eTikis ZiriTadi sakiTxi aris bedniereba. zneoba da Ri-rebuleba ki aris masze daqvemdebarebuli movlenebi, radgan bedniereba qmnis zneobisa Tu Rirebulebis rea-lur Sinaarss da ara piriqiT. am movlenaTa kanonzomie-rebis dadgenisTvis ki, pirvelyovlisa, aucilebelia bednierebis, rogorc eTikis uZiriTadesi sakiTxis, ar-sisa Tu kanonzomierebis gansazRvra da misi gaTvaliswi-nebiT sxva àmouxsneli” problemebis kvleva, radgan su-bordinacias eqvemdebareba ara mxolod movlenebi, ara-med maTi Sesabamisi cnebebic. Tu ar davadgenT ZiriTadi sakiTxis — bednierebis arss cnebis saxiT, maSin verc sxva masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis — zneobis, Rire-bulebis da a.S. — srulyofil Semecnebas SevZlebT, rad-gan is gaurkvevlobas Seitans yvela danarCenSi. swored es iyo erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi eTikuri sakiTxebis Se-umecnebadobisa — maT gaazrebas cdilobdnen bedniere-bis arsis daudgenlad. Tu am viTarebas gaviTvaliswi-nebT sxva araadekvaturobebTan (4,63) erTad, vaRiarebT istoriul realobas — bednierebas kvlav aristoteles debulebis Sesabamisad umaRles sikeTed da eTikis dam-fuZnebel principad CavTvliT — unda SevZloT bednie-rebis Tu saerTod eTikuri sakiTxebis arsis da kanonzo-mierebis gaazreba. es empiriulad dasturdeba mecnie-ruli meTodologiis Sesabamisad Cvens monografiaSi dadgenili bednierebis cnebiT da kanonzomierebiT (4,158-208).

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MIKHEIL KHALVASHI ABOUT THE SUBJECT OF ETHICS

ABSTRACT

From ancient time to new epoch happiness was considered as

supreme kindness and the main subject of ethics according to Aristotelian statement. I. Kant on the basis of imperative morality tried to prove, that the main basic principle of ethics is not happiness, but moral obligation. M. Sheller thought that the main principle of ethics is not morality, but value. In the article follow to Aristotelian statement it is manifested, that the main issue of ethics may only be happiness and not moral obligation or value, because men wants everything for happiness, including morality and value, and not happiness for other things – morality or value.

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1984; 6. Гусейнов А.А. Апресян Р.Г. Этика, М. 2005; 7. Лаэртский Д., О жизни, учениях и изречениях знаменитых

философов, Мысль,М., 1998; 8. Кант И., Сочинения в шести томах, т.4, часть 1, Мысль, М.,

1965; 9. Шелер М., Избранные произведения, Гнозис, М., 1994. warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis eTikis ganyofilebam.

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filosofiuri anTropologia

Philosophical anthropology

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aza ioseliani {moskovi}

Аза Иоселиани (Москва) aza ioseliani — filosofiur mecni-erebaTa doqtori, profesori, ruse-Tis federaciis samTavrobo finan-sTa universitetis sruli profeso-ri; aza ioseliani avtoria mravali

gamokvlevisa qarTul, rusulsa da inglisur enebze. maT Soris wignebisa: `Человек в информационном обществе, Перс-пективы и эволюции~, Пермь, 2012. `Технические основы техно-сферы~. Москва. 2013, `Global Technosрhere. Global studies encyclo-pedie~, N.Y. 2014 da sxv.

АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО МИРА:

ЧЕЛОВЕК В ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СФЕРЕ

Тенденция развития современной антропологии и научной

мысли затрагивают множество проблем бытия человека в гло-бальном техногенном мире. Для нас вполне очевиден круг проб-лем, находящийся на пересечении постиндустриальной, глобали-зирующейся цивилизации и трансформирующей человеческой природы, самосознания, ментальности, ценностей и идеалов.

Масштабы трансформаций в современном мире, в частности в природе, обществе и мышлении человека, за последнее время привлекли большое внимание ученых, специалистов и вызвали шквал публикаций1. Сегодня каждая область социогуманитарного

1 См.: Миронов А.В. Технократизм – вектор развития глобализации. М., Книга по требованию, 2012. Маликова Н.Р. Социальное измерение глобализации. М., РГГУ, 2012. Лал Дипак Похвала империи. Глобализация и порядок. М., Новое издательство, 2011. Бергер П. Многоликая глобализация. М., Пресс, 2004. Чумаков А.Н. Глобализация. Контуры целостного мира. М., Проспект,

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знания вырабатывает свое представление о глобализации. Широко обсуждаются социальные, онтологические, гносеологические, ис-торико-философские и другие аспекты глобализации. Хотя с сожа-лением следует отметить, что в Грузии данные проблемы затраги-ваются в общих чертах, лишь на уровне постановки вопроса.

Актуальность и острота проблем, связанных с усугубляю-щимся антропогенным давлением на природу, глобальностью трансформаций, нарастанием противоречий разного характера обусловили необходимость анализа глобального цивилизацион-ного сдвига1.

Зарождение постиндустриального, информационного общества повлекло за собой целый каскад изменений в бытии человека а, главное, в самом человеке – субъекте, действую-щем в радикально новых условиях жизни, новом уровне обще-ния. Эти изменения настолько глубокие и существенные, что можно говорить о рождении качественно другого, нового субъ-екта деятельности и общения. Это, по сути, есть проблема самосознания человека в информационной реальности. Оцен-ка проблемы невозможна без обращения к такому важному пласту социальной реальности и гибкой универсальной онто-логической структуре в современном постиндустриальном мире как повседневность. Внедрение международной паути-ны Internet в каждодневную жизнь человека радикально ме-няет формы и способы повседневной межличностной комму-никаций и социальной адаптации. Изучение информацион-ных коррективов повседневности позволяет проанализиро-

2005. Чумаков А.Н. Метафизика глобализации. Культурно-цивилизационный контекст. М., Канон+. 2006. Jesse Russell, Глобализация. Изд. VSD, 2012 и др. 1 Проблемы глобализации, формирования информационного общества и другие связанные с ними вопросы нами исследованы во многих работах, в том числе в трудах последнего времени: Иоселиани А.Д. Антропология глобального мира: Человек в современной коммуникативно-информа-ционной сфере//Век глобализации, № 2 (12) 2013; Иоселиани А.Д. Человек в информационном обществе: перспективы эволюции. Монография. Пермь: Изд-во ПСИ, 2012; Иоселиани А.Д. Человек в глобальной комму-никативной реальности и детерминанты его духовного развития//Сборник статей. Материалы Конгресса «Глобалистика-2013» МГУ, 2013 и др.

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вать и оценить новые культурные традиции, содержание ин-новаций, смысл новых материальных и духовных реалий бы-тия, и, тем самым, выявить особенности эволюции человека и того общества, которое он создал и в котором он, как лич-ность функционирует.

Человек в глобальном информационном обществе приобре-тает такие качественные параметры, новые черты, которых у него не было в индустриальном обществе.

Человек есть деятельное и коммуникативное существо, и именно эти качества имеют особую значимость в современном техногенном мире.

Становление человека в глобальном информационном об-ществе есть процесс переосмысления индивидом структурных образующих: цели, задач, способов, смысла преобразования объ-ективного мира, интеграции привычных, несетевых средств ком-муникации с глобальной информационной реальностью. Практи-ческая сторона взаимодействия с новой информационной реаль-ностью позволяет подойти к человеку как субъекту качественно иной интерактивной деятельности, субъекту действия в форми-ровании и развитии глобальной коммуникативной социальной действительности.

Деятельность человека в глобальном информационном соци-уме имеет определенную, можно сказать, классическую структуру, которая имеет преемственный характер. Она состоит из цепочки потребностей – мотивов – цели – условий достижения цели с од-ной стороны, и, с другой, соотносимые с ними: деятельность – действия – операции. Эта структура, разумеется, характерна не только для информационного социума, но в глобальном информа-ционном обществе она приобретает качественно новые значения.

Первая цепочка структуры (потребности, мотивы, цели, ус-ловия) составляет содержание деятельности человека. Этот пласт есть внутренний план осуществления деятельности, ее образ, это то, на основе чего она строится.

Вторая цепочка, второй пласт – (отдельная деятельность, действия, операции) составляют структурные элементы, реализа-цию деятельности, эта сама деятельность как таковая. В совокуп-ности эти два пласта деятельности составляют ее психологи-ческое содержание.

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В деятельности может выделяться и третий пласт: взаим-ные превращения или переходы ее отдельных структурных эле-ментов, например, мотива – в цель и, соответственно, деятель-ности – в действие; цели – в условие ее реализации и т.д. А это уже динамика деятельности, ее трансформация.

Как известно, одна из самых важных потребностей чело-века – коммуникация. В глобальном мире удовлетворение этой потребности происходит на таком уровне, объеме и скорости, которых не было во время существования цивилизации.

В процессе коммуникации наиболее часто встречаются следующие типы общения, диалога: фатический, информацион-ный, дискуссионный и исповедальный типы.

Фатический тип общения – это обмен речевыми высказы-ваниями единственно для поддержания диалога, разговора. В некоторых культурах фатическое общение имеет характер ритуа-ла, так как создает индивиду ощущение сопричастности к своим соплеменникам.

Информационный диалог – это обмен информацией самого различного характера. Информативная коммуникация чаще всего не требует ответных и тем более ответственных действий со сто-роны того, кому она предназначена, и поэтому несет в себе реко-мендательное начало. Примером такой коммуникации может слу-жить обмен информацией на форумах и блогах в сети Интернет.

Дискуссионный тип коммуникации возникает при столкно-вении различных точек зрения, когда проявляются различия в интерпретации тех или иных явлений, фактов, событий и т.п. Участники дискуссии воздействуют друг на друга, убеждают друг друга, стремятся достичь желаемого результата. Дискус-сионный диалог сопутствует человеческому общению во всех сферах жизнедеятельности, поскольку взаимодействие в каждой из них обычно требует согласования индивидуальных усилий оппонентов, что, как правило, происходит в процессе дискуссии.

Что же касается исповедального типа диалога, то он есть самое доверительное общение, которое происходит в том случае, когда человек стремится выразить и разделить с другим свои глубокие чувства и переживания. Это, по сути, интимное обще-ние, основанное на взаимопринятии индивидов, на разделении ими общих смыслов и ценностей жизни.

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Характер и перспективы изменений человеческой дея-тельности и коммуникации в эпоху постиндустриализма при-обрели новые качественные параметры, обусловленные гло-бализацией информационной составляющей цивилизации. Информация стала базовым параметром постиндустриаль-ной, глобализирующейся цивилизации, она и становится вто-рым «Я» для человека. Если наука, знания становятся глав-ным ресурсом развития социальности, то эти же ресурсы применимы к социальному индивиду. «Внедрение» «гена» научного знания в каждую клеточку общественного организ-ма посредством информационных технологий приводит к возможности созидания общества, основанного на знаниях. Возрастает доля «знаний» в услугах; главными активами ка-ждого предприятия становятся интеллектуальные активы; средства производства из предметной области постепенно перерастает в область человеческих отношений, возникает виртуальная реальность, виртуальное бытие – глобальная компьютерная сеть. В результате складывается особая ин-формационная среда, интегрирующая сферы коммуникации, вычислительной техники и информационного наполнения, которые, в свою очередь, развивают вычислительные сети с глубокими и разносторонними связями внутри организаций и между ними. Работу можно выполнять независимо от местонахождения субъекта деятельности. Сеть приобретает функции огромного банка, хранилища информации. Инфор-матизация, как говорил в конце ХХ столетия А.И.Ракитов, есть «процесс, в котором социальные, технологические, эко-номические, политические и культурные механизмы не просто связаны, а буквально сплавлены, слиты воедино»1.

Глобальная сеть есть результат революции в области ин-формационных технологий, создавшей материальную основу гло-бализации общества, т.е. появления новой, отличной от ранее су-ществовавшей реальности. Впервые за всю историю цивилизации человеческая мысль прямо выступает в роли производительной силы, а не просто определенным элементом социально–производ-

1 Ракитов А.И. Философия компьютерной революции. М., 1991. С. 34.

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ственной системы. Информационно-технологическая революция от ее исто-

рических предшественников принципиально отличается тем, что прежние технологические революции надолго оставались на ограниченной территории, а новые информационные техно-логии почти мгновенно охватывают всю планету. При этом существуют значительные области, не включенные в совре-менную технологическую схему. Более того, скорость техноло-гической диффузии и охвата выборочна как социально, так и функционально. Различное время доступа к информационным инновациям и технологиям для людей стран и регионов ста-новится критическим источником неравенства в современном мире, вплоть до исключения ряда региональных, националь-ных и даже континентальных сообществ из мировой информа-ционной системы. Дело в том, что теперь ни одно государство или регион не могут выбирать темп, последовательность или объем подключения к глобальной сети, так как мировые силы сделают это за них, даже не советуясь с ними.

С внедрением в обыденную жизнь Internet и его расшире-нием меняются формы и способы повседневной межличностной и социальной коммуникаций и адаптации, вносятся коррективы в традиции и культуру, возникают инновации, новые материальные и духовные реалии бытия, формируются новые принципы жизни, новая реальность, сопровождающая повседневную практическую деятельность людей.

Всемирная сеть Internet, глобализация средств комму-никации в этой сети разрушают социальные барьеры, но в то же самое время рушатся и традиционные формы социальных связей, уступая место внесистемным формам повседневного межличностного общения.

Проблема взаимосвязи людей в повседневной жизни приоб-ретает новые черты в контексте теории Internet, форм коммуника-ции, виртуальных «сообществ» и социальных сетей. Техносфера, глобальные интеграционные процессы, инфосфера1 – это те кор-

1 Эти корреляты нашли отражение в наших статьях в работе «Глобалис-тика: Международный, междисциплинарный, энциклопедический сло-

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реляты, которые переформатируют пространство повседневного опыта, бытия человека.

Современная эпоха глобализации от всех прежних исто-рических эпох отличается несколькими существенными чертами: во-первых, разрастанием всемирной глобальной паутины Internet, развертыванием и ускорением научно-технического прогресса; во-вторых, возникновением новых социальных проблем и обострением взаимоотношений человека с человеком, самим собой, обществом и природой.

Уже не секрет, что всемирная паутина Internet затрагивает абсолютно все сферы социальной жизни. Говоря о социальных проблемах, связанных с развитием глобальных инновационных коммуникативных средств мы, прежде всего, обращаем внимание на то, как меняется повседневная жизнь людей, членов общества. Вопросы коммуникации, приобретения товаров, работы, обра-зования, услуги, получения информации и многое другое связаны с выходом в цифровое, виртуальное пространство.

В XXI веке люди восторженно обсуждают достоинства и возможности новых компьютеров, айпадов, айфонов, программ и технологий, которые развиваются невероятно быстро, а проблема изменения социальных свойств самих пользователей, их сооб-ществ, всей системы новых социальных отношений, которые ба-зируются на инновационных формах электронно-цифровой ком-муникации, сегодня все еще остаются за рамками серьезных со-циальных исследований.

В современной социальной философии пока еще не сложи-лась традиция рассмотрения социальных трансформаций, связан-ных с возникновением социальных сетей, новых электронных сообществ. Чаще всего ставится вопрос лишь о том, как изменяю-щаяся техника и технологии требуют новых подходов и способ-ствуют изменению форм работы с ней. Но сегодня все более актуальным становится исследование другого вопроса – об изме-нении в самих процессах общения и в социальных связях на ос-нове глобальных информационных технологий. Другими слова-

варь». /Гл. ред. И.И. Мазур, А.Н.Чумаков. М.-СПб.-Нью-Йорк: Элима, Питер, 2006. На английском и русском языках.

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ми, новая техническая и социальная среда и внедрение новых технологий формирует новый социальный порядок и нового че-ловека.

В качестве примера такого порядка можно назвать «со-циальную сеть Internet», взятую не в качестве метафоры, а в качестве уже повседневной реальности особого типа. Сегодня количество пользователей в социальной сети «FaceBook» состав-ляет около 500 млн. человек в мире.

Понятие «социальная сеть Internet» в современное социаль-ное познание введено для обозначения сообщества пользователей системы Internet. В этой перманентно возрастающей глобальной сети осуществляется специфический вид коммуникации. Массо-вое использование электронных средств коммуникации (провод-ных и беспроводных) приводит к сложнейшим процессам транс-формации общества, процессам изменения повседневности и дея-тельности человека. Рассмотрение виртуальных сообществ поль-зователей, анализ процессов социальных отношений возможно в рамках этого сетевого сообщества. При этом сетевое сообщество выступает в качестве коммуникативного и интерактивного партнера для каждого его члена.

Философы, социологи, исследователи современного общес-тва сегодня говорят об обществе СМИ как о свершившемся фак-те, что следует понимать, прежде всего, как реакцию на то, что действительно свершился прорыв в цифровых носителях инфор-мации, революционный эффект. Это явление можно отнести к первому этапу революционных изменений. Второй же этап – это уровень изменившейся коммуникации. Речь идет не только о до-ступе к электронной информации, знаниям и об электронном пространстве, здесь речь идет, прежде всего, о создании инфор-мационной сети, использовании носителей информации при создании коммуникативных связей в обществе и формировании инновационного вида культурного общения. Этот вид иннова-ционного общения может быть назван «культурной техникой на основе электронных средств информации». А это уже совершен-но другая интерактивная парадигма коммуникации.

Предпосылками новой парадигмы интерактивной коммуни-кации могут быть возникновение сетевых, виртуальных сооб-ществ, совершенствование интерактивных форм коммуникации, а

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также развитие технических средств и цифровых технологий, ко-торые приведут к распаду существующих массовых коммуника-тивных систем (например, линейные аналоговые средства связи).

Современные виртуальные сообщества можно представить как самоорганизующиеся сети, которые возникают и связываются друг с другом при помощи коммуникативных технологий в совместном их использовании. Такие социальные сети, несмотря на постоянно изменяющийся состав их членов, существуют как достаточно устойчивые и постоянные.

Интегративные интернет сообщества, возникающие в ком-муникативных сетях, подразумевают наличие еще отдельных ма-лых коммуникативных сетей, которые выступают в качестве тех-нического базиса для этих сообществ. На этом социальном сег-менте и техническом базисе возникают многочисленные дискус-сионные группы, у которых свои правила, руководства, формы общения. Они связаны между собой определенным интересом научного, повседневного, личностного или другого характера.

Тематизация групп участников выражает факт сегментиро-вания и дифференцирования коммуникативных интернет-сооб-ществ в мировой сети. К этим сегментам можно отнести, напри-мер пользователей E-mail (электронной почты), News Groups (новостей), IRC, ICQ, (программ общения в режиме реального времени), Одноклассники, Facebook, Twitter и т.д.

Всех участников этих видов коммуникации, объединяют общие потребности и таким образом формируются общие функ-ции самой сети коммуникативных партнеров. В начале коммуни-кации в сети Интернет, участники общения, могут иметь различ-ные интересы, цели и задачи, также социальные положения, но они объединяются общими потребностями.

Масштабы и объемы объединений пользователей в сети Internet растут очень быстро. Характерно, что участники такого общения находятся за тысячи или миллионы километров друг от друга, в разных социальных системах и средах. Однако это не является помехой вступить в отношения в рамках сложившейся нового коммуникативного пространства.

Если обратить внимание на динамику роста Интернет сообщества, то только в России оно расширяется небывалыми темпами. (См. таблицу ниже).

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Дата

Количество пользователей Интернетом в

России

Процентное соотношение к населению

Источник статистических

данных

Сентябрь 2012 60 млн. - ПРАЙМ-ТАСС

Декабрь 2010 57 млн. - ПРАЙМ-ТАСС Январь 2005 19 млн. 14.33 Monitoring.ru Декабрь 2001 18 млн. 12.42 ROCIT Август 2000 9.2 млн. 6.3 Monitoring.ru Апрель 2000 6.6 млн. 4.52 Monitoring.ru Декабрь 1999 5.4 млн. 3.69 Monitoring.ru Декабрь 1998 1.2 млн. 0.8 IDC Research Июль 1998 1,000,000 0.67 Russian Non-Profit Октябрь 1997 600,000 0.40 Russian Non-Profit Январь 1997 200 – 300,000 0.15 Foreign Broadcast

Прогноз ПРАЙМ-ТАСС: число пользователей Интернетом

в России 2014 году вырастит до 80 млн. человек1. В таблице показано, что за последние годы количество

пользователей Интернета в России выросло с 200 тысяч до 60 миллионов. В декабре 2005 года фонд «Общественное мнение»2 (ФОМ) опубликовал данные исследования журнала «Интернет в России», которое проводилось с осени 2002 года. Данные этого исследования, полученные в ходе последних опросов ФОМа, ка-саются демографии Рунета по состоянию на январь 2005 года. Абсолютная численность пользователей Интернета в России к началу 2005 года составила, по оценке ФОМа, 19 миллионов 600 тысяч человек. Это на 300 тысяч больше аналогичного показателя прошлогодней осени и вдвое выше показателя двухлетней давности.

Как показывает динамика развития новых социально-ком-муникативных отношений, темпы расширения масштабов и объе-мов Интернет коммуникаций не только в России, но и в мире

1 Статистическими данными о включенности и охваченности Интер-нетом населения Грузии, к сожалению, пока не обладаем.

2 См. Ежеквартальный журнал «Интернет в России». 10 выпуск. 2005, а также электронные версии издания последних лет.

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(особенно в развитых странах), ускоряются невероятными темпа-ми и становятся массовыми. Уже этот факт говорит о необходи-мости активации глубокого, всестороннего социально-философ-ского анализа происходящего в современном обществе.

Изучение нового социального порядка, исследование со-временной социально-коммуникативной реальности, складываю-щегося в отдельной области социальных отношений, позволяет сделать прогнозы развития и в других сферах общественного развития.

Как известно любая социальная сеть, окружающая лич-ность, состоит из определенных зон, пространств, которые разли-чаются друг от друга по их приближенности к «Я». Каждый участник коммуникации выделяет для себя зону, которую он ощущает ближе всего к себе. В этой зоне объединены люди, с которыми личность чаще всего встречается и вступает в наиболее тесные взаимоотношения. К этой зоне могут относиться, прежде всего, члены семьи и друзья, которые поддерживают человека эмоционально, являются партнерами по жизни, а также партнера-ми для свободного времяпрепровождения. В этом кругу общения осуществляется финансовая помощь, помощь в случае беды и болезни, радости и счастья и т.д.

Если проводить параллели с отмеченным слоем социальной сети, модель соединения партнеров в сети Интернет можно пред-ставить следующим образом: у каждого участника есть свое персо-нальное отношение к другим людям, его личное поле взаимосвязи. Человек может находиться в нескольких таких личностных, дружеских контактах. В другом обществе, в другой сети находятся также родственники, друзья, коллеги по работе и знакомые.

Повседневная жизнь человека в современном, глобальном информационном обществе протекает в рамках контактов в ми-кромирах, складывающихся по месту жительства, и в контактах с друзьями и родственниками, которые сохраняются даже на значительном расстоянии. В этом непосредственных контактах и окружений, которые составляют личностный ресурс человека, он может совершать свои коммуникативные интеракции.

Контакт человека с друзьями в виртуальном пространстве, а также количество этих контактов изменяют структуру самой персональной социальной сети.

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Следует отметить, что персональная сеть на изменения реа-гирует двояко: с одной стороны она увеличивается по объему, но с другой – уменьшается ее плотность. При расширении, персональ-ная интернет-сеть все больше устремляется к своим внешним гра-ницам. И на каком-то этапе возникает ситуация, когда человек до-статочно отчетливо воспринимает некую зону, внутри которой не совсем ему ясно, является ли представителем его сети участник, вновь появившийся в on-line-сообществе. В таких случаях, человек не понимает, можно ли этого участника коммуникативного про-цесса причислить к своей корпоративной коммуникативной сети.

Такое свойство персональной сети Интернет, дает возмож-ность предположить, что ее внутренние структурные линии, пересечения различных сегментов персональной сети все больше и больше будут персонифицированы и индивидуализированы. Также можно предположить, что интересы, способности и склон-ности в различных областях сети будут увеличивать взаимосвязь между участниками коммуникации в конкретной сети интернет.

Качественные и сущностные изменения, которые происхо-дят на основе создания новых, быстрорастущих коммуникатив-ных сетей, приводят к трансформации традиционных обществ. Повседневность выступает базисом когнитивных отношений, интеракций, новых форм коммуникаций и форматирует парамет-ры тех свойств, которыми обладает «новая повседневность».

Формирование новых видов повседневной коммуникации и новой социальной среды кардинально меняют не только социаль-ные, экономические, этические аспекты жизни и деятельности че-ловека, но и вызывают глубинные изменения личностных устано-вок, потребностей и интересов. Появившиеся личностные и ти-пологические особенности также детерминируют полную перест-ройку психологической структуры повседневной деятельности человека и отношения к другим и самому себе.

В глобальном мире социальные сети Internet стал повсед-невностью для подавляющего большинства населения. К этому сегменту могут быть применимы соответствующие методы ис-следования повседневности в глобальном обществе, при допуще-нии, что базисные структуры отражают реальную специфику ви-ртуального сообщества, построенного на коммуникации, опосре-дованной новейшими техническими средствами.

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Кабельное телевидение и компьютерный текст, столь ха-рактерные для цифровых носителей, примерно 45 лет назад стали основанием для постановки вопроса об индивидуализации средств массовой информации. Социологи, зарубежные и оте-чественные ученые поставили радикальный вопрос: внедрение новых коммуникативных сетей, приобретающее большие масш-табы, бурное развитие информационных технологий и становя-щиеся массовыми сверхсложные компьютерные технологий при-ведет ли к превращению существующего типа общества качес-твенно в другой, новый тип сообщества людей – «информацион-ное общество»1 (О.Тоффлер), которое точнее других опреде-лений2 отображает суть эпохи.

О.Тоффлер традиционным большим корпорациям проти-вопоставляет «малые» формы сообществ – индивидуальную дея-тельность на дому, «электронный коттедж». Эти формы новых сообществ являются элементами общей структуры информацион-

1 Информационное общество – это футурологическая концепция, полагающая главным фактором социального развития использование научно-технической и другой информации. Основу концепции инфор-мационного общества положили З.Бжезинский, Д.Белл, О.Тоффлер.

2 Никто из философов, писавших о данной проблеме, не сомневался в радикальном обновлении всей жизни человечества в рамках этой новой формации, но большинство из них анализировали проблему односторонне, будь то с политической, экономической или социаль-ной точки зрения. Это породило огромное количество разнообразных названий и определений, о которых говорит У.Дайзард: «Дж.Лихтха-йм говорит о пост буржуазном обществе, Р.Дарендорф - пост капи-талистическом, А.Этциони – постмодернистском, К.Боулдинг – постцивилизационном, Г.Кан – пост экономическом, С.Алстром – пост протестантском, Р.Сейденберг – пост историческом, Р.Барнет вносит в этот калейдоскоп прагматическую нотку, предлагая термин «пост нефтяное общество». Большинство этих эпитетов восходят к понятию «постиндустриальное общество», популяризованному деся-тилетие тому назад гарвардским социологом Д.Беллом. Общая прис-тавка этих терминов отдает каким-то осенним чувством увядания, свойственным нашему веку, – ощущением конца» (У.Дайзард Наступление информационного века // Новая технократическая волна на Западе. Под ред. П.С.Гуревича. М.Прогресс, 1986. С. 343-344)

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ного общества с его «инфо», «техно» и другими сферами повсед-невной жизни человека. Предлагается проект «глобальной элект-ронной цивилизации», фундаментальной базой которой является синтез телевидения, компьютерной службы и энергетики – «телекомпьютерэнергетики» (Дж.Пелтон).

«Компьютерная революция», технический прорыв посте-пенно приводят к замене традиционной печати «электронными книгами», изменяют идеологию, превращают безработицу в обес-печенный досуг (Х.Эванс).

В теории информационного общества глубокие социальные и политические изменения понимаются как результат «микро-электронной революции». Перспективы развитие демократии свя-зываются с расширением и распространением информационной техники и технологий. Е.Масуда утверждает, что информацион-ные технологии характеризуются революционизирующим дейст-вием, которое может привести к замене классов социально недиф-ференцированными информационными сообществами. У.Дайзард считает, что осуществление перехода к информационному общес-тву уже началось. Он солидарен с Тоффлером и Беллом в призна-нии трех стадиальной концепции и сосредотачивает внимание на трансформации последней, «информационной» стадии развития цивилизации. Дайзард отмечает, эта трансформация напрямую зависит от разрастания и расширения всемирной сети Интернет. «Современная технология, пишет он, предлагает нам более зна-чительные коммуникационные и информационные ресурсы, чем когда-либо имело человечество. Эти ресурсы столь велики, что очевидно: мы вступаем в новую эру – информационный век»1.

Глобальное социальное пространство Internet, а также по-вседневная коммуникация в нем имеют свою специфику. К осо-бенностям Internet пространства и общения в нем можно отнести такие характеристики, например, как: бестелесность участников в процессе общения, анонимность и возможность замаскироваться, место локализации, несинхронность коммуникации во времени,

1 Дайзард У. Наступление информационного века // Новая технокра-тическая волна на Западе. Под ред. П.С.Гуревича. М.Прогресс, 1986. С. 343

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ограничение форм самовыражения содержанием текста, отсутс-твие субординации и возможности статусного взаимодействия. Все эти особенности, безусловно, имеют качественный характер.

Рассмотрим указанную специфику Интернет среды более подробно.

Одной из самых ярко выраженных свойств коммуникации в глобальной сети Интернет является бестелесность взаимодейству-ющих Интернет-партнеров, участников. В сетевом пространстве собеседники встречаются виртуально, и они могут никогда не появляться друг перед другом в физической, реальной телесности.

Современные высокие технологии, программные продукты (ICQ Pro, Trillian, Lite, Miranda, QIP, Skype, Same-Time, MSN mes-senger и др.), предложенные Интернет индустрией, дают возмож-ности передачи видеоизображений и Интернет-телефонии, од-нако в виртуальном пространстве Интернет в процессе коммуни-кации нет телесности.

Следует отметить, что бестелесная форма коммуникации обладает определенными преимуществами. В качестве положи-тельных моментов и психологического комфорта в виртуальном общении можно отметить отсутствие: во-первых, телесного да-вления; во-вторых, формы телесного контроля со стороны других участников, и, в-третьих, определенных социальных ограниче-ний в процессе коммуникации.

Второй специфической чертой нового социального порядка повседневной коммуникации в виртуальной глобальной сети Интернет является возможность надеть маску и спрятаться под ней. Находясь под маской в мнимом пространстве, человек может реализовать свои настоящие потребности, общаться в се-ти анонимно. Можно в течение долгого времени общаться, скры-ваясь под вымышленным именем, можно выбрать пол, придумать род занятий, скрыть возраст и т.д. Однако данный фактор может иметь негативные тенденции и отрицательные стороны. Напри-мер, может изменить отношение человека, как к виртуальным партнерам, так и самому себе, повлиять на психологический наст-рой. Может также выработать психологическую зависимость от виртуального общения. Современная медицина уже находит схо-жие признаки у интернет-зависимости и наркозависимости и приравнивает их друг к другу.

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Третьей особенностью общения в глобальном пространстве Интернет является нарушение временных рамок коммуникации, т.е. асинхронность общения. Коммуникация посредством элек-тронной почты (E-mail) и всемирной глобальной сети (World Wide Web) происходит несинхронно: отправитель оставляет сообщение в одном временном отрезке, которое адресатом будет получено, прочитано и обработано в другое время.

Четвертой, довольно ярко выраженной спецификой повсед-невной коммуникации в глобальной сети Интернет, является отсутствие каких-либо ограничений в выборе места коммуника-ции. Сетевой мир Интернет не привязан к какому-либо простран-ству. Коммуникация в сети Интернет не зависит от локализации участников коммуникации. Единственной формой ограничения коммуникативной сферы является выбор точек коммуникации.

Пятой отличительной особенностью повседневной комму-никации в глобальной виртуальной сети Интернет является ограничение общения текстовой формой обмена информацией. Текст и его содержание являются формами самовыражения человека в виртуальной среде.

И, наконец, шестая, немаловажная специфика сетевой коммуникации состоит в отсутствии статусного взаимодействия. В виртуальной среде Интернет оценка участниками своих партнеров осуществляются через оценку содержания интеракции.

Все отмеченные выше особенности сетевого общения, в связи с тем, что, дистанционная коммуникация снимает некоторые социальные и психологические проблемы человека, в изучении социальных отношений приобретает огромное значение. Ставшие современным средством и способом повседневного общения лю-дей Интернет-коммуникации и их специфические характеристики в кругах исследователей не находят однозначной оценки. По мнению многих ученых, сетевое общение и образование виртуаль-ной реальности могут иметь негативные социальные и психо-логические последствия, но это тема отдельного исследования.

Глобальное Интернет-пространство создает своеобразную коммуникативную культуру. В этой культуре существуют специ-фические роли и личностные отношения партнеров, участников интеракций. Выполнение повседневных ролей и придает общаю-щимся в конкретной сети определенную идентичность.

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Коммуникацию в глобальной сети Интернет можно рас-сматривать как изменение не только текста, но и течение мыслей, изменение смыслов и представлений. Язык, живой организм и как «форма выражения мысли» (В.И.Ленин), быстро и достаточ-но чутко реагирует на происходящие в интеракциях изменения. В результате этого в язык внедряются иностранные слова и выра-жения, вкрадываются специфические сленг, понятия и термины. А эти явления мешают расшифровке текстов и затрудняют понимание их содержаний.

Подытожим все сказанное. Можно заключить, что современная глобальная информа-

ционно-коммуникативная сфера Internet – это особая форма взаи-модействия людей, которая может пользоваться традиционными средствами общения, но одновременно может строить альтерна-тивные системы и формы передачи информации, вводить новые элементы понятийного аппарата. При этом отмеченные формы и средства взаимодействия одновременно имеют и смысловую нагрузку, так как они не могут быть лишь техническими формами коммуникаций.

Формы коммуникаций, свойственные для глобальной сети Интернет, можно назвать интертекстуальными. Они позволяют нам судить о качественном изменении отношений между участ-никами коммуникации. И это дает нам право называть отношения в глобальной сети «контекстными», «контекстным отношением», которое подразумевает обязательное наличие доступных ссылок, обмен и пользование ими, а также наличие соответствующих текстов – наполнителей ссылок. На наш взгляд, правильно будет понимать Internet как электронную текстуальность. Так, в со-временном обществе Интернет-сеть выполняет функцию не толь-ко богатейшего источника необходимой информации, но и пре-вращается в уникальное средство профессионального, научного общения, а также средством создания сообщества, сущность ко-торого на наш взгляд достаточно адекватно отражает синтетичес-кое выражение «медийный тип сообщества».

Межличностные отношения, складывающиеся в Internet-среде, можно понимать двояко: как отношения, формирующиеся, с одной стороны, между личностями, и с другой – между лич-ностью и текстом, а также между текстами.

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Хотелось бы вспомнить слова Бердяева, который уверяет нас что «Душевно-эмоциональная стихия угасает в современной цивилизации... сердце не может жить в металлической среде». (Бердяев Н. Человек и машина). Но, современный человек уже не в состоянии поддерживать жизнь, не ставя между собой и при-родой как источником сырья технические средства. По словам Х.Ортеги–и–Гассета, техника служит средством приспособления среды к человеку и человек не в состоянии отвергнуть связь с ней. Однако он способен преобразовывать технику, сохраняя свою идентичность.

Ясперс же уверен в том, что «Судьба человека зависит от того способа, каким он подчинит себе последствия технического прогресса, ... как человек, подчинившийся технике, станет госпо-дствовать над ней»1.

AZA IOSELIANI

ANTHROPOLOGY OF MODERN WORLD

ABSTRACT The article explores the communicative essence of an

innovative, Global society person, analyses the forms of a person’s social adaptation to the informational reality, and shows that a person’s life values and ideals are the major sources and products of this adaptation. A special accent in the article is made on freedom and the strategy choice for an “information subject” in the new daily and the global Internet network

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebam.

1 Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. Политиздат. 1994. С. 221.

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fiqria didebaSvili (Tbilisi) fiqria didebaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; saqarTvelos tqnikuri universitetis asoci-rebuli profesori; muSaobs socialuri fi-losofiis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statiebi am sferoSi.

adamiani ,,racionalur samyaroSi“

(maqs veberis mixedviT)

1. socialuri Semecnebis mizani maqs veberi meoce saukunis dasavluri filosofiis

da sociologiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia. ekuTvnis germanuli filosofiis neokantianur skolas. TandaTan gamoamJRavna gansakuTrebuli interesi sociologiis sakiTxebisadmi da faqtobrivad Seqmna dasavleT evropa-Si didi sociologiuri skola. man mkafiod SemosazRvra sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis sfero da mwyobrad Camoayaliba sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. misi so-ciologiuri kvleva imdenad masStaburia, rom mas, mis Semoqmedebas xSirad ,,filosofiur sociologias“ uwo-deben. amiT gaxazaven, erTi mxriv, misi sociologiuri azrovnebis siRrmes, xolo meore mxriv, mis mier Catare-buli kvlevebis arsebiT gansxvavebas egreTwodebuli aRweriTi, gamoyenebiTi sociologiisgan.

ai ras werda mis Sesaxeb saxelganTqmuli amerikeli sociologi a. boskovi: ,,arcerT sociologs masaviT Se-upovrad da nayofierad ar ucdia sociologiuri anali-zis ZiriTadi problemebis gadawyveta. is gamoirCeoda gasaocari erudiciiT, ekonomikisa da samarTlis isto-riis codniT da am codniT aRWurvili muSaobda Tana-medrove sociologiis problemebze. seriozul yurad-

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Rebas aqcevda konceptualizaciis, meTodologiis problemebs da ikvlevda, sul mcire, sam instituciur sferos“ (5, gv.41). boskovi gulisxmobs veberis gasaocar Sedegs erTdroulad ekonomikis, samarTlis da religi-is sociologiuri kvlevis sferoSi.

maqs veberi yuradRebas ipyrobs imiTac, rom yovel-Tvis zustad esmis epoqis mTavari satkivari, misi yvela-ze mtkivneuli problemebi. rogoria Tanamedrove dasav-luri sazogadoebis mdgomareoba da ra adgili ukavia masSi adamians — ai sakiTxebi, romlebic veberis yurad-Rebis SuagulSia. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom Tanamedro-ve dasavluri civilizacia emuqreba individis Tavisuf-lebas. ukanasknels uWirs, erTi mxriv, ekonomikis sfe-roSi, xolo meore mxriv, ukeTesi dRe arc sulieri war-moebis sferoSi udgas. mecnieruli muSaoba sul ufro da ufro hkargavs SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs. mecnierebaSi sul ufro naklebad Cans erTiani, mTliani pirovneba. xdeba mecnieruli muSaobis ,,teqnologizacia“ da ,,biu-rokratizacia.“

maqs veberis naSromebs, mTel mis msoflmxedvelo-bas aSkarad etyoba, rom es moazrovne cxovrobda egreT-wodebul gardamaval epoqaSi. aseTi iyo es epoqa ekono-mikuri, socialur-politikuri da sulieri kulturis TvalsazrisiT. ,,veberis sulieri momwifebis umaRlesi wertili, — werda amis Taobaze T. parsonsi — pirdapir daemTxva Cveni saukunis udides kriziss, dasavluri sam-yaros sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigis rRvevas, ramac yvelaze tipurad iCina Tavi pirvel msoflio om-Si. im omis dawyebidan ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas: es krizisi marTlac moaswavebda erTi garkveuli epoqis dasasruls“ (6, gv.40).

Tavisi Tanamedrove dasavluri samyaros bedis da masSi adamianis mdgomareobis gamosarkvevad veberi ir-Cevs kapitalizmis analizis gzas. am dros mis mTavar me-Todologiur konceptad (cnebad) gvevlineba raciona-

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lobis cneba. yvela misi masStaburi kvleva am cnebis garSemo trialebs. rogor esmis mas igi?

2. racionalobis cneba

Tavis epoqas maqs veberi kapitalisturs uwodebs.

Tan fiqrobs rom es xana didxans mzaddeboda da misi elementebi TandaTan grovdeboda. SeiZleba gagvaxsen-des k. marqsi, romelic agreTve laparakobda ,,kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis Sesaxeb“ istoriis mTel man-Zilze. magram sakuTriv kapitalizmi, — rogorc marqsis, ise veberis azriTac, — mogvianebiT yalibdeba. aq gan-sxvavebaa am or moazrovnes Soris — veberi kapitalizms ufro gviandel warmonaqmnad Tvlis, vidre marqsi; ker-Zod, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris movlenad. igi mas esmis wminda ekonomikur cnebad, rac gamoxatavs me-urneobis marTvis sruliad Tavisebur wess. es aris me-urneoba, ,,romelSic flobis obieqtebi, romlebic mimo-iqceva, kerZo pirTa mieraa eqspluatirebuli mogebis mizniT, sacvleli meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli we-sebiT“ (2, gv. 18).

diax, es wminda ekonomikuri gansazRvrebaa da aq ka-pitalizmi gvevlineba erTerT ,,idealur tipad“, rome-lic sxvadasxva formiT trialebs istoriis yvela safe-xurze. magram Tanamedrove kapitalizmis dasaxasiaTeb-lad veberi ukve, ekonomikuris garda, iyenebs socialur kriteriumebsac. ai erTerTi aseTi gansazRvrebac: ,,bo-los da bolos kapitalizms warmoSobs myari raciona-luri sawarmo, racionaluri buRalteria, racionaluri teqnika, racionaluri samarTali da ara mxolod isini. maT unda mivaTvaloT azrovnebis racionaluri wesi, cxovrebis wesis racionalizacia, racionaluri sameur-neo eTika“ (1, gv. 176-177). erTi sityviT, Tanamedrove ka-pitalizmis Sinaarss saukeTesod gamoxatavs raciona-

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luri sawyisi, ramac manamde arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo am sazogadoebaSi.

racionalobis principis mTavari navsayudeli ma-inc ekonomikaa. ,,mxolod dasavleTma,- werda veberi,- icis racionaluri kapitalisturi warmoeba, misi myari kapitaliT, Tavisufali SromiT, Sromis racionaluri specializaciiT, moqmedebis specializebur saxeobaTa urTierTkavSiriT da danawevrebuli Sromis wminda eko-nomikuri regulirebiT daqiravebuli Sromis bazar-ze“(3, gv124).

xolo TviT racionaluri ekonomikis suli da gu-lia ,,kapitalis racionaluri aRricxva. esaa yoveldRi-ur moxmarebaze gaTvlili yvela didi samrewvelo sa-warmos namdvili norma“(1, gv.177). veberi CamoTvlis am-gvari aRricxvis socialuri wanamZRvrebis mTel rigs: warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebas, Tavisufal bazars, warmoebis saSualebebisagan mowyvetil muSebs da a. S. bazari ganTavisuflebulia ,,fenobrivi SezRud-vebisgan“, samarTali - adaT-wesebis minarevebisgan. aman ki erTob gaaadvila Tvisebrivi niSnebis unaSTod gaday-vana raodenobriv mimarTebebze, risi gamoTvla da aR-ricxvac SesaZlebelia. kapitalisturi ekonomikis mTa-vari mteri naSTi, anu ,,iracionaluri danaSrevia“, ,,na-leqia“, rac aRricxvas ar eqvemdebareba. es abezara de-moni Tavgzas urevs kapitalizms da ukanasknelic sasi-cocxlodaa dainteresebuli misi mocilebiT.

veberis mkvlevarebi swored aq xedaven, da samar-Tlianadac, kapitalisturi gaucxoebis saTaves. mar-Tlac, adamiani xom swored amgvari ,,naSTia“, rac mizanSi amouRia ,,SiSveli raodenobriobis“ princips. amitom es ,,statistikuri racionalobaa“ da mas araferi aqvs saer-To antikurobis droidan cnobil ,,logosTan“, ,,racios-Tan“, ,,gonebasTan“, ,,sazrisTan“. mas veberi formalur racionalobas uwodebs da ganasxvavebs ,,materialuri racionalobisgan“, risTvisac mTavaria sasicocxlo si-

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keTeebis Semcveloba socialur moqmedebaSi. ,,materia-luri racionaloba“ raRac mizans emsaxureba da es miza-ni aniWebs mas ,,materialurobas“, ,,Sinaarss“. sxvaa ,,formaluri racionaloba“. esaa racionaloba viTarca TviTmizani. is aranair garegan mizans ar emsaxureba. mi-si wesia TviTmiznuroba - warmoeba warmoebisTvis. xolo adamiani aq mxolod saSualebaa, riTac es wesi xorciel-deba. warmoeba ki ar arsebobs adamianisTvis, aramed pi-riqiT — adamiani arsebobs warmoebisTvis.

,,formaluri racionaloba“ gulgrilia, neitralu-ria yovelive imis mimarT, rac tradiciul sazogadoeba-Si miznad iTvleboda, anu risTvisac adamianebi eweodnen meurneobas. es, kacma rom Tqvas, wminda ,,teqnikuri gone-baa“. misTvis sulerTia ,,adamianuri Rirsebebi“, ,,sazri-sis sfero“. amiT ,,formalur-racionaluri warmoeba“ saSualebidan miznad iqceva da iZens TviTmyofadobas, misi Sinagani kanonzomierebiTurT. swored es kanonzo-mierebaa formaluri kanoni, ,,formaluri racio“. mizani da saSualebebi erTmaneTs adgils ucvlian. rac saSua-lebad iTvleboda mTeli manamdeli istoriis manZilze, miznad iqceva. xolo rac miznad iyo xolme dasaxuli, sa-Sualebad gvevlineba. adamiani da misi moTxovnilebani iqceva mxolod saSualebad, momentad, rac aucilebelia warmoebis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis. adamiani warmo-ebis sakvebad iqca.

miznisa da saSualebis am ucnaur adgilgadanac-vlebas marqsi gaucxoebis terminiT aRniSnavda. veberi ki mas Tvlis ,,formaluri racionalobis“ yvelaze arse-biT momentad. meurneobis marTva imdenad damoukidebe-li realoba xdeba, rom mas TiTqos aRarc aqvs aranairi kavSiri adamianis moTxovnilebebTan. mas Tavisi Sinagani kanoni aqvs da es kanonia ,,formaluri racionaloba“. ve-bers es axali tipis kanonzomiereba miaCnia Tavisi Tana-medrove dasavluri sazogadoebis cxovrebis dedaar-

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sad, xolo misi Seswavla - sazogadoebis mecnieruli Ses-wavlis sakmaris pirobad.

3. adamianis adgili `formalur racionalobaSi“

racionaluri ekonomika, racionaluri samarTali

da marTvis racionalur-formaluri sistema qmnis Tana-medrove dasavluri cxovrebis mTel Taviseburebebs. formalur-racionaluri marTva xorcieldeba sagange-bod gamoyofil moxeleTa jgufis meSveobiT. amitom am marTvas veberi uwodebs biurokratiuls.

vebers tradiciuli marTva racionaluri da iraci-onaluri elementebis stiqiur narevad miaCnda. iqac iyo Taviseburi aRricxva, magram igi Sereuli iyo adamianis bunebriv instinqtTan da ganwyobebTan. kapitalizmi ki iwyeba iqidan, rom socialuri institutebi ,,aiTvalwu-neben“ am ,,araracionalur momentebs“ da cdiloben unaSTod dauqvemdebaron isini formalur racionalur princips. axali drois mecnierebam, ase vTqvaT jado moxsna samyaros — moSala misi metafizikuri da sulieri safuZveli, xolo formalur-racionalurma samarTalma es mecnieruli Sedegebi adamianTa cnobierebaSi daam-kvidra. amiT axalma mecnierebam da axalma samarTalma erTmaneTi ganapirobes da saerTo Sedegi moitanes - ,,formalur-racionalurad“ mowesrigebuli meurneoba da ,,formalur-racionalurobaze“ agebuli cxovrebis stili sazogadod. damkvidrda mmarTvelobis tipi, ro-melsac veberi uwodebs biurokratiuls da romelic yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba meurneobis racionalurad mowyobas.

racionalur-biurokratiuli organizaciis yvela-ze arsebiTi momentia sagangebod momzadebuli da gawa-fuli moxeleebi, romlebic iniSnebian sagangebo testi-rebis Sedegad da, upirveles yovlisa, maTi saqmiani Tvi-sebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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amgvar racionalur moxeles veberi mkveTrad ga-nasxvavebs istoriulad cnobili moxelis ori tipisgan - qarizmulisgan da tradiciulisgan. erTic da meorec vebers iracionalur warmonaqmnad miaCnia. qarizma bu-nebriv-stiqiuria da adamians boZebuli aqvs bunebisgan, RvTisgan, bedisgan. xolo tradiciuli moxele avtori-tetis ZaliTaa aRWurvili. ,,misi sityva kanonia“, radgan mas gansakuTrebuli uflebebi aqvs boZebuli. oriveSi aSkarad Warbobs bunebrivi, pirovnuli da subieqturi Sinaarsi.

sul sxvaa racionaluri moxele. is aRWurvilia codniT, movaleobis wminda pragmatuli SegnebiT, Sro-miTi discipliniT. mTeli misi aqtivoba agebulia racio-nalur wesrigze, upirovno da obieqtur Sinaarsze. mxo-lod aseTi safuZveli da wanamZRvrebi xdis SesaZlebels biurokratiul marTvas. ,,biurokratiuli marTva, — am-bobs veberi, — niSnavs marTvas codnis meSveobiT. amaSia misi specifikurad racionaluri xasiaTi“ (3, gv. 165). esaa warmatebis erTaderTi saimedo da utyuari piroba. mar-Tva aRwevs Tavis yvelaze adekvatur formas, radgan iRebs racionalur, e. i. upirovno, obieqtur, ,,saqmian“ xasiaTs. ,,Tanamedrove kavSirebi (saxelmwifo, eklesia, armia, partia, warmoeba, dainteresebul pirTa kavSiri, sazogadoeba, dawesebulebani da yvelaferi sxva) viTar-deba biurokratiuli marTvis, misi uwyveti gafarToe-bis Sedegad. ai aseTi marTva aris Tanamedrove dasavlu-ri saxelmwifos Canasaxi, ujredi“(3, gv. 164).

aseTi biurokratia ganekuTvneba ara imdenad vebe-risdroindel realobas, ramdenadac veberis mier Semo-tanil da damkvidrebul cnebas — egreTwodebul ,,idea-lur tips“. dasavluri samyaros ganviTareba am tipTan miaxloebaa mTeli Tanmxlebi gverdiTi movlenebiTurT da winaaRmdegobebiTurT. marTva manqanur xasiaTs iRebs da moxelec robots emsgavseba. aki robots SeuZlebelia hqondes ,,interesebi“ da iswrafodes korupciisken.

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biurokratiuli perspeqtiva dasavlur samyaroSi yvelaze adre veberma SeniSna. sociologebi marTebu-lad miuTiTeben, rom aseTi ganWvreta mxolod germa-nels SeeZlo. gulisxmoben imas, rom germania imTaviTve gamoirCeoda biurokratizmis maRali xarisxiT. Tanda-Tan biurokratizmi marTlac gaZlierda mTel dasavlur samyaroSi iqamde, rom aRniSnaven mis dapirispirebas da-savleTis demokratiul tradiciebTan. es iwvevs serio-zul socialur konfliqts. magram, amerikeli sociolo-gebis TqmiT, biurokratizaciis SeCereba sul ufro da ufro SeuZlebeli Cans. Cvens droSi es SeSfoTebas iw-vevs, ris gamoc cxovrebis biurokratizacia, rogorc wesi, uaryofiTad fasdeba. TviTon veberi ki ufro zomi-erad udgeboda am sakiTxs. is aRiarebda, rom biurokra-tia, es ,,adamianuri manqana“, ewinaaRmdegeba adamians da mis Rirebulebebs. magram, meore mxriv, es dasavleTis gzaa, misi bedia da unda miviRoT igi. veberi, nicSesa da markuzes msgavsad, amor fati-s metafizikur princips em-xroba. aq Cans veberis erTgvari ,,gmiruli pesimizmi“, rac sul ufro izrdeboda misi cxovrebis bolo wlebSi.

veberi rogorc mecnieri biurokratiis zrdas da gaZlierebas Seuqcevad procesad miiCnevs. SeuZlebelia misi Semobruneba da Secvla. magram, misi mtkicebiT, es arcaa saWiro, radgan swored ,,formaluri racionalo-baa“ adamianis Tavisuflebis safuZveli da garanti. es TiTqos ucnauri gancxadebaa, radgan veberi ,,formalu-ri racionalobis“ principSi swored adamianuri Rirse-bebis gamoricxvas xedavs. amitom aucilebelia veberis am msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis dazusteba.

adamianis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs veberi svams germa-niis egreTwodebuli istoriuli skolis tradiciis sa-winaaRmdegod. igi, didi germaneli idealistebisgan gan-sxvavebiT, mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan adamians da mis socialur rols. adamiani SeuZlebelia iyos Tavisu-fali, Tu mas SevxedavT misi socialuri rolidan; sit-

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yvaze, rogorc mecniers, politikur moRvawes, Cinov-niks, ama Tu im organizaciis wevrs. misi Tavisufleba Se-saZlebelia mxolod warmoebis miRma, misi sazogadoeb-riv-pirovnuli moRvaweobis sazRvrebis iqiT, calkeul individad yofnis dros.

adamiani-specialisti mTlad CarTulia ,,formalu-ri racionalobis“ manqanaSi da warmoadgens am manqanis xraxns, WanWiks, mTlianad gamqralia ,,zogadSi“. ,,zoga-di” upirovnoa da gulgrilia adamianur RirebulebaTa mimarT. igi eqvemdebareba mxolod Tavis kanonebs da in-dividisgan iTxovs srul obieqturobas, subieqturi da-namatebis gamoricxvas. ,,formaluri racionalobis“ sam-yaroSi aseTive subieqtur danamatad iTvleba kacobri-obisadmi kuTvnilebac, radgan es ,,zogadsakacobrioc“, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iq-ces ,,formaluri racionalobis“ principis ganxorcie-lebis gzaze. amrigad, adamianma rogorc specialistma unda moikveTos Tavisi ara mxolod individualuri sim-paTia-antipaTiebi, ,,SefardebiTi mdgomareobani“, ara-med agreTve ,,gvareobiTi“, saerTo adamianuri simpaTie-bi, RirebulebiTi ganwyobebi.

magram, meore mxriv, adamiani inarCunebs yovelive amis sawinaaRmdego zogad-adamianur funqciebs. is mxo-lod specialisti rodia. is amave dros pirovnebaa. amde-nad man zRvari unda daudos ,,formalur racionalo-bas“, warmoebis da marTvis am formalur sistemas. sxva veraferi ver Seakavebs istoriis mier motanil am stiqi-as da, maSasadame, sxva veraferi gamodgeba aseT saz-Rvrad. adamiani Tavisufalia mxolod imdenad, ramdena-dac ,,formaluri racionalobis“ istoriul tendencias daupirispirdeba Tavisi piradi individualuri pozici-iT. man Tavisi saerTo-adamianuri, pirovnuli ufleba unda daupirispiros Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ,,ganma-zogadebel“ tendencias.

magram sadaa is wertili, sadac adamiani jer kidev

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rCeba pirovnebad, ,,zogad adamianad“? es ver iqneba war-moebis sfero. Tavisufleba mis miRma iwyeba, iseve ro-gorc RirebulebaTa sfero iwyeba racionalobis miRma. amitom saxifaToa yvela mcdeloba ,,zogadobaTa“ aRor-Zinebisa, adamianTa araprofesiuli gaerTianebebisa. amas mivyavarT, veberis daskvniT, Tavisuflebis im uka-naskneli navsayudlis moSlisken, ris gareSec adamiani mTlianad iqceva meqanizmad, mowyobilobis WanWikad.

veberi gvafrTxilebs Tavi SevikavoT amgvari pi-rovnuli erTobebisgan. cxadia, ara imitom, rom amgvari pirovnuli erToba cudia, zedmetia. piriqiT, mas TviTo-nac iseve swyuroda pirovnuli erToba, rogorc — mis Tanamedrove axalgazrdobas. is mogviwodebs misgan Tav-Sekavebisken sxva mizezis gamo — mas SeuZleblad miaCnia amgvari erToba mTeli adamianuri cxovrebis ,,raciona-lizaciis da masobriobis“ pirobebSi. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom ,,masobriv sazogadoebaSi“ yoveli WeSmariti erToba“ aucileblad iqceva ,,yalb koleqtiurobad“. namdvili Tavisuflebis mopovebis magivrad individi dakargavs piradi Tavisuflebis narCenebsac ki. asea, radgan is aRar iqneba Tavis TavTan yvelaze intimur, kerZod, zneobriv sferoSic ki. amiT moxdeba ganzogade-ba ara mxolod ,,teqnologiuri principebisa“, aramed ag-reTve ,,adamianuri Rirebulebebisa“. es perspeqtiva gan-sakuTrebiT afrTxobs vebers, vinc esoden mware da pir-quSi sociologiuri prognozebis miuxedavad SeinarCu-na mtkice liberalis pozicia.

aq veberi erTgvar winaswarmetyvelad gvevlineba, vinc gadakruli stiliT migvaniSnebs mesame reixis moax-loebaze. swored am axalma ideologebma aagores is ,,pi-rovnuli erToba“, risganac distancirebas es didi mo-azrovne urCevda da aswavlida adamianebs. adamianma Sors unda daiWiros Tavi amgvari yalbi erTobebisgan da izrunos Tavisuflebis erTaderTi keris gadasarCenad, rac jer kidev bJutavs saxelmwifoebriv-monopolistu-

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ri ,,racionalizaciisa da inteleqtualizaciis“ xanaSi. ,,formaluri racionaloba“ amgvari Tavisuflebis ga-rantic kia, radgan warsulis qarizmatuli da tradici-uli sazogadoebani TavianTi saxelmwifoebriv-politi-kuri ,,organizaciis principiT“ da winaswarmetyvelTa mimarT gulubryvilo ndobis gamo ar toveben adgils piradi TavisuflebisTvis. mxolod ,,formalurma raci-onalobam“ Seqmna pirobebi sagnobrivi principisa da pi-rovnuli principis urTierTgamijvnisTvis. pirveli srulad xorcieldeba, Tuki gaimijneba yovelive subieq-turisgan. ukanaskneli mudam xels uSlis racionaluri warmoebis ganviTarebas. magram igive gamijvna xels uw-yobs pirovnuli principis gawmendas, wminda saxiT war-moCenas.

ucnauri suraTi iqmneba: adamianis Sinagani ganxeT-qileba Tavissave TavTan erTaderTi pirobaa individis Tavisuflebis SenarCunebisa Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi. Tavisuflebis veberiseuli koncepcia upirobod emxroba ,,antitotalitarizms“. pirovnebac da sazogadoebac dapirispirebul ZalTa brZolaa da Se-uZlebelia am ZalTa gaerTianeba, saerTo principisadmi daqvemdebareba. mxolod gaxleCiloba aZlevs individs imis saSualebas, rom iyos Tavisufali ,,formalur-ra-cionalur“ sazogadoebaSi.

ai rogor aRwers veberi am gaxleCilobas: Cven vi-ciT, ara mxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos wminda, Tumca ara mSvenieri ... aseve Cven viciT, ara mxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba mSvenieri iyos, Tumca ara keTili. Cven isic viciT, rom is mSvenieria swored imaSi, raSic araa keTili. es CvenTvis cnobilia nicSes droidan, xo-lo ufro adre mas vxedavT ,,borotebis yvavilebSi“, ro-gorc Sarl bodlerma uwoda Tavis leqsebis wigns. dRes ki moarul sibrZned iTvleba, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, Tumca is araa mSvenieri, araa wminda, araa ke-Tili“(4, gv. 587-588).

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vebers ar swams winaaRmdegobaTa hegelianuri mo-rigeba ,,umaRles erTianobaSi“. misTvis ufro axlobe-lia kantis antinomiebi, rogorc es iyo ganviTarebuli ,,transcendentalur dialeqtikaSi“. kidev ufro gasage-bia misTvis egzistencis filosofosTa ,,daZabulobis dialeqtika“, ris SuagulSic dgas arCevani da piradi pa-suxismgebloba arCevisaTvis. cota mogvianebiT msgavsi poziciidan amoizarda metaforebi: ,,Sinagani poliTeiz-mi“ da ,,RmerTebis brZola“ adamianSi. veberi SeuZleb-lad acxadebs winaaRmdegobaTa morigebas, mecnieruli kriteriumebis dadgenas zneobis sferoSi. ,,mTaze qada-geba“ akmayofilebs religiur Rirsebas, magram aRizia-nebs adamianis vaJkacur Rirsebas. orive Rirseba adami-ans ekuTvnis, magram erTmaneTs gamoricxavs. amitom ada-mians ekisreba pasuxismgebloba imisTvis, Tu romels CaTvlis RvTaebrivad da romels eSmakeulad. ganxeTqi-leba da brZola pirveladia, mudmivia, Serigeba — piro-biTi, meoreuli, droebiTi. es msoflmxedvelobrivi gan-wyoba Rrmadaa Cafesvianebuli protestant moazrovne-Ta cnobierebaSi. is gansazRvravs veberis poziciasac.

am protestantizmis gamo veberi mkveTrad daupi-rispirda germanul filosofiur tradicias. ukanas-knels idealad mTliani pirovneba miaCnda, romelic win exateboda berZnuli polisis fonze. germaneli socio-logi ara mxolod uaryofs am ideals, aramed mis srul sapirispiros gvTavazobs - amovideT gaxleCili, gaore-buli, Tavis TavTan SeuTanxmebel adamianidan. veberi-sociologis fxizeli realizmi aq ivseba veberi — adami-anis ,,gmiruli pesimizmiT“. adamianis ganuwyvetel Sina-gan brZolas sakuTar TavTan gvTavazoben mis normalur mdgomareobad. es daZabuloba amJRavnebs, veberis Tanax-mad, Tavisufal pirovnebas.

veberis ,,pesimizmi“ sruliad aSkaraa. ,,formaluri racionalobis“ daqvemdebareba adamianis miznebisadmi germanel filosofossa da sociologs utopiad miaCnia,

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radgan mTeli ,,industriis logika“ amis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. evropuli mecniereba, samarTali, organiza-ciis evropuli tipi da bolos evropuli religiebi, me-tadre protestantizmi, evropuli cxovrebis wesi da ev-ropelis msoflmxedveloba ,,formaluri racionalo-bis“ sasargeblod muSaobs da saSualebidan miznad aq-cevs mas. amas verc veraferi SeuSlis xels, Tu ,,forma-lur-racionaluri warmoebis“ mTeli sistema ar dain-greva.

,,teqnikuri gonebis“ es Sinagani tendencia, gadaaq-cios warmoeba TviTmiznad, vebers dasavleTis bediswe-rad miaCnia. marqsi am tendencias cnobda, magram SesaZ-leblad miaCnda misi darRveva mTel kapitalistur sis-temasTan erTad. veberi ki mojadoebuli Cans xsenebuli tendenciisgan; imdenad, rom kacs ,,teqnikuri gonebis ideologi“ gegoneba. magram isic cxadia, rom veberi mwvaved ganicdis adamianis am umweobas da eZebs Tavi-suflebis oaziss ,,formaluri racionalobis“ udabno-Si. mis mier monaxuli gamosavali aseTia: adamianma Tavi-si cxovrebis nawili unda dauTmos aucileblobisadmi samsaxurs, xolo meore nawili Tavis gankargulebaSi un-da daitovos. mecnierebisa da msoflmxedvelobis anta-gonistur dualizms sxvas verafers mouxerxeb. adamiani iweweba maT WidilSi da aqedan iRebs saTaves gaxleCili adamianis veberiseuli ideali. gaxleCiloba, Sinaomi sa-kuTar TavTan evropelis bedisweraa, iseve rogorc mTe-li socialuri cxovrebis racionalizaciaa evropuli civilizaciis bediswera.

veberi aRiarebs, rom Tavisufleba, Tundac aseT viwro sazRvrebSi, Zalian Znelia. es xom imas niSnavs, rom ar eTanxmebode sakuTar Tavs, eomebode mas, ver gaixaro. individi Tavisi cxovrebis mxolod erT nawilSi, samsa-xuridan Tavisufal dros, ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs. adamian-ma am erT wertilSi unda misdios Tavis Rirebulebas, Tavis ,,RmerTs“. sakuTari Tavis arCeva TiToeulis mova-

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leobaa, ramdenadac mas surs Tavisufleba. arada adami-ani ar Svreba amas, roca ,,formalur racionalobas“ em-saxureba. am dros is cxovrobs, rogorc sxvebi, rogorc yvela. swored esaa imis sawindari, rom warmoebis manqa-nam saukeTesod, uzustesad imuSaos. magram am manqanis gareT mas unda SeeZlos darCes sakuTar Tavad da yvela-feri, rac mas win eRobeba sakuTari Tavis arCevis gzaze, adamianuri Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSau-lad unda CaiTvalos. aseTi danaSauli, upirveles yov-lisa, politikur TavisuflebaTa SezRudvaa.

magram veberma, rogorc Cans, ver gaiTvaliswina, rom am Tavisufal droSic SeiWreboda ,,formaluri ra-cionaloba“. Seiqmna axali ,,instituciebi“, axali ,,orga-nizaciebi“ - masobrivi cnobierebis organizacia, sadac iWedeba ,,masobrivi Rirebulebebi“. es faqtori serio-zul dabrkolebad aRimarTa adamianis gaTviTcnobiere-bis gzaze. es tendencia ukve veberis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi gamoikveTa da filofosis sikvdilidan sul ram-denime weliwadSi am axali organizaciis winaaRmdeg aRi-maRla xma xose ortega-gasetma Tavisi saxelganTqmuli ,,masebis amboxiT“.

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebani, romelic sa-xelmwifos xelSia, arTmevs adamians SesaZleblobas ipo-vos sakuTari Tavi, Sexvdes mas Tundac maSin, roca is amorTulia ,,sagnobrivi moqmedebidan“. metic SeiZleba iTqvas: saqme ise wavida, rom adamiani sagnobrivi moqme-debis, anu specialistad yofnis dros ufroa Tavisufa-li, ufroa adamiani, vidre Tavisufali komunikaciis dros. sul ufro ikrebs Zalas ,,pirovnebis mkeTebeli“ institutebi. isini ,,akeTeben“ ,,umaRles Rirebulebeb-sac“, romlebsac veberi ase icavda uxeSi xelisgan, TviT universitetisganac ki. amitom ,,sakuTari Tavis arCe-vac“ specialistebis, adamianis ,,tipobrivi proeqtebis“ Semqmnel eqspertTa xelSi gadadis.

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,,formaluri racionaloba“ emuqreba politikur demokratias da ganapirobebs individis sulieri cxov-rebis standartizacias. amisTvis mas blomad moepoveba masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebanic da momsaxure per-sonalic. es ki SeuZlebels xdis pirovnul cxovrebas sa-erTod. adamianis ganTavisufleba aravis ZaluZs, TviT mis garda. man TviTon unda moipovos igi. sxva SemTxveva-Si is darCeba masalad masobrivi propagandisTvis; ned-leulad, risganac standartul nawarms daamzadeben.

veberis am pesimizmSi Cans Tanamedrove civiliza-ciis winaaRmdegobrioba da krizisi, romelic sul ufro Rrmavdeba da kacobriobis bundovan perspeqtivad iqce-va.

PIKRIA DIDEBASHVILI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, TBILISI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MAN IN “RATIONAL WORLD” (ACCORDING TO MAX WEBER)

ABSTRACT

Max Weber, renowned German sociologist and philosopher of

XX century, distinguishes capitalism as an “ideal type” from his contemporary “formal-rational capitalism”. The latter is a mode of life, in which rational doing business is a goal in itself, and a man – a means. Individuality and personality of man turn into “irrational remain” and “defect”, which impedes doing business, farming and social life.

Weber’s main philosophical problem was dofinition of man’s place and perspective in such a situation. He is sure that rationalization of life is an irreversible and developing process. However, this threatens man’s individuality, personality, freedom, without which man’s life becomes senseless.

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Man’s freedom should be founded within the “formal rationality”. This means that a man cannot be free in the sphere of production. “Man-specialist” is a part of the formal rationality. But a man also involves that, which is universal to the mankind. A man should make use of “free time” – should separate from “man-specialist” and oppose him, master the “culture of solitude”, have relation to “universal man” in his own self and through this develop his personality. This is split a man into two, his internal tension, but just this is freedom. With such understanding of freedom Weber confronted the German classical tradition, which was oriented on man’s wholeness.

Further development of capitalism showed that Weber failed to take into consideration the perspective of penetration of the “formal rationality” into the man’s “free time” to dissolute his personal and replace it with the “mass consciousness”.

citirebuli literatura

1. maqs veberi, meurneobis istoria, petrogradi,1923 (rusul enaze).

2. maqs veberi, Zveli msoflios agraruli istoria, mos-kovi, 1920 (rusul enaze).

3. maqs veberi, meurneoba da sazogadoeba, t. I, tiubinge-ni, 1956 (germanul enaze).

4. maqs veberi, rCeuli Txzulebani mecnierebaTa swav-lebisaTvis, tiubingeni, 1950 (germanul enaze).

5. g. bekeri, a. boskovi, Tanamedrove sociologiuri Te-oria mis memkvidreobiTobasa da cvalebadobaSi, mos-kovi, 1961 (rusul enaze).

6. f. parsonsi, maqs veberi da dRevandeli sociologia, tiubingeni, 1965 (germanul enaze).

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citirebuli literatura

1. Макс Вебер, История хозяйства, Петроград ,1923. 2. Макс Вебер, Аграрная история древнего мира, Москва, 1920. 3. Weber Max, Wirtshaft und Gesselshaft, Hbd. I, Tubingen, 1956. 4. Weber M. Gesamelte autsatze zur Wissenshafstlehre, 1950. 5. Беккер Г., Босков А. Современная социологическая теория в

ее преемственности и изменении, Москва, 1961. 6. Parsons F. Max Weber und die Sociologie heute, Tubingen, 1965. warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis gan-yofilebam.

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religiis filosofia da

religiaTmcodneoba

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE

OF RELIGION

162

kaxa qecbaia

(Tbilisi)

kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi; av-tori mravali statiisa da wignisa Teo-riuli filosofiisa da sociologiis dargSi.

religia da ekonomika

(sociologiuri analizi)∗

religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis problema ar axalia. mis Sesaxeb mravali saintereso mo-sazreba Tu koncefcia arsebobs, amjerad Cven sakiTxis sociologiur analizze vamaxvilebT yuradRebas. saer-Tod klasikur sociologiaSi ZiriTadad ori urTier-TsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa cnobili romelTa avtorebi sociologiis klasikosebi marqsi da veberi arian.

marqsis mixedviT, ekonomika gansazRvravs yoveli-ves da maT Soris religiasac (religiur cxovrebas). uf-ro metic, misi azriT, religia zogjer amuxruWebs sazo-gadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tumca marqsis Sexe-duleba religiasTan mimarTebiT saqmis realurma viTa-rebam ar daadstura. magram, imis mtkiceba, rom religi-uri cxovreba mTlianad Tavisufalia ekonomikis gavle-nisagan, SeuZlebelia (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT pos-tTanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli bevri mosazreba marqsis naazrevidan momdinareobs).

∗ statia samecniero moxsenebis saxiT iyo wardgenili saqar-Tvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebul ìoane petriwis saxelobis filosofiuri kvlevis centris~ samecniero sabWos sxdomaze.

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marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, veberma aCvena, rom eko-nomikaze did gavlenas religia axdens. man SeamCnia, rom germaniaSi saukeTeso ekonomikuri miRwevebi protes-tantebs aqvT. mewarmeTa da maRalkvalificiur teqni-kur specialistTa birTvs swored isini warmoadgenen. amasTan drom aCvena, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT protestantuli qveynebi di-namikuri ganviTarebiT gamoirCevian; rom dasavluri kulturis arnaxul ekonomikur miRwevebs Rrma religi-uri (kaTolikuri da protestantuli) safaneli aqvs [Sdr. 6, gv. 54-64].

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT veberis koncefcia religi-is socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia mxedveloba-Si viqonioT is winapirobebi da amosavali principebi, romliTac is adamianTa religiuri moqmedebebis axsni-sas xelmZRvanelobda. es saxelmZRvanelo principi vebe-ris socialuri moqmedebis Teoriaa. vebers miaCnda, rom socialuri institutebi, struqturebi da calkeuli aq-torebi im sazrisebis mixedviT fuqncionirebs, romel-Tac masSi adamianebi deben. es sazrisebi ki maT mier wina-war gaazrebulia (racionalizebulia) da garkveuli miz-nebis miRwevazea orientirebuli, anda am moqmedebebs mTeli rigi Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs (RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba). am gagebiT socialuri moqme-deba racionaluri xdeba. es niSnavs, rom socialuri moqmedebis gadamwyveti faqtorebi adamianTa mier raci-onalizebul qcevasa da RirebulebiT orientaciebzea damokidebuli. swored es amosavali principi udevs sa-fuZvlad veberis religiis sociologiur imlikacias, romlis mixedviT, religia ganixileba, rogorc moqmede-bis racionalizaciis piroba. swored am konteqstiT ik-veTeba, veberis mixedviT, religiisa da ekonomikis ur-TierTkavSiri [1, gv. 344].

veberma marqsTan polemikaSi aCvena, rom sazogado-ebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan wyaros „ideebi“ warmo-

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adgens, rom arsebobs kauzaluri kavSiri eTikur, reli-giur normebsa da ekonomikas, politikasa da socialu-ri cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris. religiis specifi-kur funqciad vebers misi masazrisianebeli funqcia mi-aCnda. religiis sociologiis amocanad ki religiasa da socialur cvlilebebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas Tvli-da [5, gv. 163-173].

veberis msjeloba religiis sociologiur aspeq-tebze ZiriTadad msoflio religiebs Seexeba. mas miaC-nda, rom yvelaze meti mimdevrebi mTels msoflioSi am religiebs hyavT, amitom maTze zedmet yuradRebas am faqtiT xsnida. garda amisa, es is religiebia romelTac garkveulwilad gavlena moaxdines istoriis msvlelo-baze. am mizniT ikvlia veberma qristianoba, budizmi, iu-daizmi, islami (nawilobriv), Cinuri religiebi, induiz-mi. am religiebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze sam-yarosadmi specifikuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT veberma religiebis sami zogadi tipi gamoyo. yoveli tipi saku-Tari ganwyobiTa da socialuri moqmedebis sakuTari veqtoriT xasiaTdeba.

religiebis pirvel tips cxovrebisadmi Semgueblo-ba axasiaTebs. mas miekuTvnebian konfucianeloba da da-osizmi, Cinuri religiebi. xolo danarCeni ori tipi cxovrebisadmi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCeva [8,gv.96-107]. induizmi da budizmi, induri religiebi cxovrebisagan gaqcevis religiebia. iudaizmi da qristianoba ki cxov-rebis dauflebazea orientirebuli. msoflio religie-bi eTikuri religiebia, anu xsnis religiebs warmoad-gens. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad aswavlis sikeTis ke-Tebasa da borotebis uaryofas. yoveli maTgani racio-nalobis sakuTari xarisxiT aris gamorCeuli. vebers mi-aCnia, rom saerTod uazrobaa religiis funqciaze sau-bari, radganac sxvadasxva religiis funqcionirebis so-cialuri Sedegebi sxvadasxva socialuri konteqstiT gansxvavebulia. amitom, religiis funqciaze zogad sau-

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bars veberi calkeuli religiis socialur funqciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amjobinebs.

iudaur-qristianuli tradiciiT, RmerTi moqmedi RmerTia, Semoqmedi. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc samoqmedo iaraRi RmerTis xelSi. aqedan saTa-ves iRebs ara amqveyniuri saqmeebisagan gaqcevis, aramed aqtiuri moqmedebis idea. qristianoba, am gagebiT, xsnis religiaa. igi gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, romlis mixed-viT adamiani xsnas moipovebs Tuki religiur dogmebs mi-iRebs da moralur principebiT icxovrebs. am SemTxveva-Si didi mniSvneloba codvis cnebas da misgan gamoxsnis ideas aqvs. socialuri realobisadmi amgvari midgoma daZabulobasa da emociur dinamizms warmoSobs, rome-lic rogorc wesi, aRmosavlur religiebSi ar gvxvdeba. xsnis religiebs „revoluciuri“ aspeqti aqvs, rac cod-visadmi Seurigeblobasa da brZolaSi vlindeba. amiT xsnis religiebi socialuri gardaqmnebs astimulirebs da sazogadoebis mTel rig sferoSi did socialur gar-daqmnebs uwyobs xels.

indur religiebSi RmerTi samyaros imanenturia, amitom, adamiani aq ganixileba rogorc RmerTis, RvTaeb-rivi sawyisis samyofeli, sadgomi. aqedan saTaves iRebs samyarosadmi mistikur-mWvretelobiTi midgoma. cxov-rebisadmi amgvari midgoma kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebs, amitom, aRmosavleTSi kapitalizmi Znelad ikidebs fexs. msgavsi daskvnebi veberma msoflio reli-giebis SedarebiTi analizis gziT miiRo. amgvari anali-zis klasikuri nimuSia misi naSromi „msoflio religie-bis sameurneo eTika“. aq man erTmaneTs sxvadasxva reli-gia imis mixedviT Seadara, Tu ra kavSirSia maTi religi-ur-eTikuri principebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis for-mebTan. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, amosavali racionalobis xarisxia.

naSromSi — „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“, veberi asabuTebs, rom protestantulma refor-

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mebma Tanamedrove kapitalizms Cauyara safuZveli (sa-muSaosa da investirebisadmi axali damokidebuleba). am naSromSi man aCvena, rom kapitalizmi qristianuli evro-pis pirmSoa da igi aziasa da afrikaSi ar gvxvdeba. veber-ma daadginda, rom gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba protes-tantebs ufro metad aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs. Sesabami-sad igi imis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT dainteresda, Tu riT SeiZ-leba es axsniliyo. amitom man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla protestantuli religia, gansakuTrebiT kalvinisa da mis mimdevarTa religiuri doqtrina.

kalvinisturi religiuri doqtrina imis rwmenazea damyarebuli, rom adamianis bed-iRbali, anu sikvdilis Semdgomi cxoneba Tu warwymeda, imTaviTve, dabadebidan-vea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba uflis mowyaleba-zea damokidebuli da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. uf-lis gegmis Secvla arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia. erTa-derTi gamosavali uflis mowyalebis misaRebad aris da-uRalavi Sroma, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa (veberis gage-biT — asketizmi) da momavali sargeblisaTvis investici-ebis kargad gaTvla. amas veberi protestantul, miwier asketizms uwodebs. kalvinistebis rwmena gamoixateba gamonaTqvamSi: „dazogili peni gamomuSavebuli penia“; „zarmaci eSmakis kerZia“. amiT vlindeba protestantuli eTika, romelmac kapitalizmis suliskveTeba gaaZliera, romelic iseTi ideebisagan da damokidebulebebisagan Sedgeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, waaxalisa kerZo samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyeba. mogebuli Tanxa fufunebis sag-nebze ki ar unda gaeflangaT, aramed saqmeSi unda dae-bandebinaT. kalvinistebs amgvari piradi msxverplis ga-Rebisaken TavianTi religiuri eTika mouwodebda [2, gv. 62-63]. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis ve-berianul gagebas saTanadod afasebdnen RvTismetyve-lebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia al. meni, romlis mixedviT `religia ara mxolod sazoga-doebis sulier cxovrebaze axdens gavlenas, aramed eko-

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nomikazec. maqs veberma daadgina, rom kapitalizmis war-moSobis pirobebi arsebobda jer kidev antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi, xolo protestanizmis gaCenasTan er-Tad igi swrafad ganviTarda. adreuli protestantuli literaturis gamokvlevisas veberma SeniSna, rom luTe-ranis msoflmxedvelobaSi is ideologiuri impulsi (`profesiuli movaleobis~ idea) devs, romelmac warmo-ebis kapitalistri wesis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. sta-tistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT veberma SeZlo eCvenebi-na, rom kapitalizmi yvavis iq, sadac protestantuli sarwmunoebaa gavrcelebuli (inglisi, germania, ameri-ka)~ [11, gv. 229].

veberis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma religiurma doqtrinebma saTave daudes kapitalizms da ekonomikis modernizeba moaxdines, imTaviTve azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. misi zogierTi kritikosi am-tkicebda, rom veberis azrebi ara mxolod protestan-tizmiT, aramed kaTolicizmiTac iyo Semofargluli. sxvebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom religiuri transformaciebi kapitalizmma ganapiroba da ara piriqiT (verner zombar-ti).

naSromSi — ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba“, v.zombarti msjelobs ebraelebze, rogorc specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebis mqone eTnikur jgufze da mis gavlena-ze dasavleT-evropul sazogadoebaSi kapitalizmis formirebaze. ebrauli fenomenis analizisas zombarts iudaizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi [10, gv. 34-45]. biznesisa da saerTod warmatebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi da azrovnebis wesi ebraelTa wminda wignebSia Tavmoyrili, xolo meore naSromSi — ,,burJua“, is kapitalizmis erT-erT safuZvlad kaToli-cizms asaxelebs. Tumca amavdroulad uaryofs protes-tantizmis analogiur rols, riTic upirispirdeba vebe-ris pozicias. ufro meti, ,,protestantizmi, misi azriT, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis kapitalizms da gansakuT-

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rebiT kapitalistur-sameurneo cxovrebis wess“. rac Seexeba puritanizms, esaa ara wesi, aramed misgan gamo-naklisi, rac absoluturad ar uaryofs im WeSmaritebas, rom kapitalizmi individualuri fenomenia da ar arse-bobs misi winaswargansazRvruli, sayovelTaod warmate-buli forma. v.zombarti kapitalizms ar moiazrebs, ro-gorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurs, gardamaval etaps, romelsac mosdevs socialisturi wesrigi, amavdroulad ewinaaRmdegeba socializmis da kapitalizmis Serwymisa da am gziT sruliad axali sazo-gadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis ideas [9, gv. 67-89].

m. veberma da v. zombartma pirvelebma ekonomikuri mecnierebis axali koncefcia SeimuSaves, romlis mTava-ri Rirseba adamianis kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmi-anobis socialuri safuZvlebis principulad axali as-peqtiT gaanalizebaSi gamoixateba, riTic didwilad ga-napirobes kidec sociologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelova-nesi dargis — ,,ekonomikis sociologiis“ ZiriTadi prin-cipebis Camoyalibeba [7, gv.116-138].

aSS-dan germaniaSi dabrunebilma zombartma Tqva: ,,me SemaZrwuna momavalma“. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom v.zom-barti erTmaneTs upirispirebs kapitalizms da Tanamed-roveobas. magram, tradiciuloba masTan antikapitaliz-misa da antipozitivizmis sinonims warmoadgens. mecnie-ris mxridan sinamdvilisadmi msgavsi damokidebuleba, marTalia, araa klasikuri, magram arc novatorulia, ris magaliTad Tundac, f. nicSes damowmebaa sakmarisi, visi gavlenac v.zombartze udidesia. misi naSromebis stili swored nicSeanuria, sadac mecnieruli abstraqcia da esTetizmi organuladaa Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. v. zom-bartis azriT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesi kapitalizmis demokratizacias, socialuri da-pirispirebis Sesustebas da sazogadoebis racionaliza-cias ganapirobebs. sawarmoo sferos, bazris, informa-

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ciis rolis, Tu zogadad, sazogadoebrivi procesis garTuleba, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seitans momavlis sociologiis, misi miznebisa da amocanebis gaazrebis procesSi, rac Tvesobrivad Secvlis im meTodebs, rom-liTac sociologia da ekonomikuri mecniereba Tanamed-rove gamowvevebis winaSe unda warsdges. miuxedavad zombartis da sxva TeoretikosTa kritikisa, unda iT-qvas, rom veberis mosazrebebi ZalaSia dResac. is aCve-nebs, Tu rogor kveTen erTmaneTs religia da Tanamed-rove racionalizebuli, ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ufro metic, faqtia, rom postTanamedrove epqaSi reli-giuri ideebisa da sxavdasxva tradiciuli dResaswau-lis komercializaciazea msjeloba. veberma Tavisi re-ligiis sociologiuri TeoriiT aCvena, rom religiuri reforma da sazogadoebis iseTi sekularuli sferos, rogoric ekonomikaa, cvlilebebi erTmaneTis parale-lurad mimdinareoben [3, gv. 55-64].

religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiT-xis saintereso analizia mocemuli socialur anTropo-logiaSi, romlis mixedviT is, rac religias da ekonomi-kas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, socialuri jgufis intere-sebia, anu religiuri da ekonomikuri interesebi erTma-neTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. socialuri anTropologiis war-momadgenelebi msgavs daskvnebs aborigen mosaxleobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad akeTeben (eTnografiuli meTodi). mgavsi kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zvel xalxebSi oqrosa da vercxlis dagrovebis privilegia qurumebsa da mefeebs hqondaT. socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevebi am Sem-TxvevaSi imiT aris saintereso, rom maT safuZvelze keT-deba daskvna, romelsac veberic ar ewinaaRmdegeba da romlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis cvlileba religiuri sistemebis cvlilebas iwvevs. Tum-ca, veberi religiaSi socialuri transformaciebis mZlavr stimuls xedavda, romelsac sazogadoebis same-urneo da ekonomikuri cxovrebis gardaqmna SeuZlia.

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religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis vebe-rianuli xedva sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rac Tana-medrove socialuri Teoriebis safuZvelze dasturde-ba.

veberis droidan moyolebuli dRemde, uamravi so-ciologiuri gamokvleva dagrovda, romlis safuZvel-zec SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qveynebis ekonomikuri Ca-morCenilobis an ganviTarebis mizezebi sazogadoebis kulturul da religiur gansxavavebaSia saZebni, anu im religiaSi romelsac am qveynis mosaxleobis umravleso-ba aRiarebs1.

sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi religiuri jgufebi, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen TavianT mimdevarTa eko-nomikur Sexedulebebsa da qcevaze garkveuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen xolme. es dilema simdidresa da siRaribesTan damokidebulebas Seexeba. am ekonomikur fenomenebTan damokidebuleba religiebs Soris gansxva-vebulia.

religiuri jgufis organizaciuli struqturis garTulebasTan erTad mis winaSe mTeli rigi ekonomiku-ri problema dgeba. Tundac arsebobisa da moqmedebisaT-vis aucilebeli materialuri saxsrebis moZieba da sxva msgavsi ram. aseT viTarebaSi religia ekonomikur saqmia-nobaSi monawileobis miRebas iwyebs, rac adasturebs imas, rom ara marto religia zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, aramed — piriqiTac. religia ekonomikuri cxovrebisaT-vis iseT aucilebel unarebze akeTebs aqcentirebas, ro-goricaa: patiosneba, movalebebisadmi pativiscema, mux-

1 taftsis universitetis profesorma lourens harisonma 117 qveyana gamoikvlia, romlebSic erT-erTi msoflio religiis mimdevari 1 mln-ze meti adamiania. kvlevam aCvena, rom protes-tantebi da iudevelebi ekonomikis sferoSi ufro warmate-bulni arian vidre sxva religiis mimdevrebi.

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lCauxreli Sroma. Sesabamisad, religiuri msoflmxed-veloba da eTikuri orientaciebi arnaxul ekonomikur warmatebaTa sawindari xdeba. Tanamedrove dasavluri civilizacia Tavis keTildReobas da ekonomikis maRal dones garkveulwilad dasavlur qristianobas unda umadlodes. am civilizaciaSi religiam Sromisa da me-urneobis maRali kulturis formirebas Seuwyo xeli. amis Sesabamisad adamianebma ician, rom Sromaa udidesi mowodeba adamianisa, rom ar arsebobs damamcirebeli Sroma da a. S. kanadeli mkvlevrebis ulrix blumisa da leonard dalis empiriulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom efeqtiani SromiTi saqmianobis stimulirebiT religia ara mxolod gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, aramed sicru-isa da motyuebis akrZalviT, ekonomikuri saqmianobi-saTvis aucilebel da mniSvnelovan princips ayalibebs.

dRes bevri mkvlevari msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan erTad religiis gav-lena socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoze nel-ne-la mcirdeba, Tumca, saqmis realuri viTareba sul sxva suraTs iZleva. kerZod socialuri sinamdvilis arc er-Ti sfero, raoden sekularizebuli ar unda iyos, uZlu-ria religiis winaSe. am mxriv religiis gavlena ki ar mcirdeba, piriqiT matulobs. samwuxarod veberi ver mo-eswro iaponiis magaliTs ekonomikis sferoSi. ìaponuri saswaulis~ saidumloebac mis religiur ZirebSia saZeb-ni. iaponia, albaT, erT-erTi samagaliToa im qveynebs So-ris, sadac tradiciebs scemen pativs. tradiciebi ki re-ligiasTanaa kavSirSi. iaponelebi zedmiwevniT icaven ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis wess da rigs, romelic aq ritualis donezea ayvanili. SesaZlebelia iaponelTa 80%-ze mets ar smenia, rom arsebobs mcneba `pativi ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, rameTu keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZeli iyo qveyanasa zeda~. miuxedavad amisa, dRes msoflioSi sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT iaponelebi gamo-irCevian. ufrosebisadmi pativiscema iaponuri kultu-

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ris safuZvlebSi devs. erT-erT mcneba gvaswavlis — àra iparo~ da iaponelebi keTilsindisierad ixdian gadasa-xadebs. aravis ar unda, rom mas uxarisxo saqonels aw-vdidnen. iaponelebi am SemTxvevaSic gamoirCevian. isini maRalxarisxian saqonels awarmoeben. maT kargad gamos-diT dacva principisa — `da rogorc gindaT rom geqceo-deT kacni, Tavadac ise moeqeciT maT~. swored amgvari principebis dacvaSia iaponuri ekonomikuri saswaulis saidumloeba, miuxdedavad imisa, rom iqac igive ekono-mikuri kanonebi moqmedebs rac sxva qveynebSi. ekonomi-kis ganviTarebis britaneTis nacionalurma sabWom gaaa-naliza im gamarjvebuli iaponuri firmebis saqmianoba, romelTac msoflio bazarze TavianTi konkurentebis sworad gansazRvra SeZles. analizis Sedegad ori Ziri-Tadi principi gamoyves, romelTac zedmiwevniT icav-dnen gamarjvebuli firmebi. pirveli principi aseTia: izruneT saqonelze. meore principi ki ase JRers: ifiq-reT klientebze.

ekonomikis sferoSi iaponiis miRwevebis religiur safuZvlebs miuZRvna Tavisi gamokvleva — `religia to-kugavas epoqaSi~ (1957w.) religiis sociologiis msofli-oSi aRiarebulma Tanamedrove mkvlevarma robert nil belam. mis mixedviT, ìaponuri religia~ `saero saqmeTa mogvarebazea~ orientirebuli. iaponuri religiuri doqtrinis mixedviT, warmatebis sawindari Sromismoyva-reoba da gulmodginebaa, romelic amave dros RvTiv-saTno moqmedebaa. RmerTi bejiT da Sromismoyvare ada-mianebs wyalobs. am rwmeniT STagonebuli adamianebi ki socialuri cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi saswaulebs ax-denen.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religia (religiuri rwmena da misi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi) mentalobisa da adamianuri kapitalis safuZvelia.

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1950-ian wlebSi cnobilma amerikelma sociologma gerhard lenskim detroitSi Caatara empiriuli gamok-vleva, romlis Sedegebis mixedviT gaakeTa daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom industriul sazogadoebaSi religia mosax-leobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da menta-litetis ganmapirobebli erT-erTi mZlavri faqtoria. lenskis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom eko-nomikuri mentaliteti, anu is, rasac veberi `kapitaliz-mis suliskveTebas~ uwodebda, protestantebs ufro me-tad aqvT Camoyalibebuli, vidre kaTolikebs. msgavsi tipis daskvnebi imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad masSta-buri da genialuria veberis mosarebebi religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri gaTvlebi: `xarje-bi-Semosavali~ yovelTvis rodi gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas. xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs religiuri da eTikuri Rirebulebebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi, sxva-dasxva saxis ideebi da Sexedulebebi gansazRvarvs. maga-liTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis mflobelisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao suf-raze TiTqmis erTi da igive saWmel-sasmeli iqneba da miu-xedavad imisa, rom maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia, sa-Sobao saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair Tanxas da-xarjaven, rac maTi religiuri mrwamsis — protestantiz-mis moqmedebis principebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sakuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad, adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrobdes, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli cxov-reba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. es faqti kargad asaxavs religiuri eTikisa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis wesis Tanafardobas, romlis mixedviT religia da ekomomika ki ar ewinaaRmde-gebian erTmaneTs, ramed erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSi arian. swored amas adastureben religiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri implikaciebi.

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aqve unda iTqvas, rom religiisa da ekonomikis ur-TierTmimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociolo-giuri imlikaciebi ZiriTadad dasavlur qristianobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT Semoifargleba. Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi aRmosavluri qristianobi-sa (marTlmadidebloba) da ekonomikis urTierTdamoki-debulebis Sesaxeb. socialur mecnierebebSi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb met-naklebad srulyofili fundamenturi ga-mokvleva ar arsebobs. am sferoSi erTaderTi gzamkvle-vi mama sergi bulgakovis naSromebia, romelic didad afsebda veberis Rvawls mecnierebis am dargSi. bulga-kovis azriT, sameurneo-ekonomikuri cxovrebisadmi ax-leburi midgoma qristianul religias ukavSirdeba, romlis amosavali principia is, rom Sroma aramarto au-cilebelia, aramed is adamianis religiuri da eTikuri movaleobaa. aq Cans Sromisa da sxva ekonomikuri aqtivo-bebisadmi moralur-religiuri midgoma. Sromisadmi mo-ralur-religiuri midgoma gansakuTrebul fsiqologi-as gulisxmobs, rac simdidrisadmi damokidebulebiT vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi simdidre TviTmizani ar aris. yovelive es kapitalisturi eTikis nawilia, romelic bulgakovis TqmiT, CvenSi politikuri Carevis Sedegad ver ganviTarda, amitom marTlmadidebluri aRmsareb-lobis qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCena religiuri eTi-kis naklovanebis brali ar aris. amaSi aTeizmi da bolSe-vizmia damnaSave. samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoeba dResac ar aris bolomde Tavisufali amgvari cnobierebisagan. askvna, romelsac bulgakovi akeTebs, aqtualuria dRe-sac: sameurneo-ekonomikuri saqmianoba suliT jan-mrTel adamianebs saWiroebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da TviTdiscipliniT ga-moirCevian. am unarebis gamomuSavebaSi ki did rols qristianuli religia asrulebs. ase, rom garkveuli re-ligiuri Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi da maTi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi ekonomikuri sistemis aRmavlobis an da-

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cemis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens [amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. 4, gv. 79-89].

Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebaze religiuri eTikis gavlena naklebad Se-samCnevia, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom postTanamed-rove sazogadoeba da adamiani moralisa da cnobierebis kriziss ganicdian. socialuri sinamdvilis racionali-zaciam, sekularizaciam da desakralizaciam ekonomiku-ri cxovrebidan TiTqmis gandevna religiuri eTika da RmerTis adgili yovlisSemZle dolarma daikava. Sesaba-misad, religiuri eTikis komercializacia moxda, ramac ekonomikaze religiis gavlena minimumamde daiyvana. postTanamedrove epoqa Zalumad cdilobs taZarsa da savaWro centrs Soris sazRvrebis moSlas da religias postTanamedrove sazogadoebis Konsumurausch-Si agdebs, ris Sedegad ekonomikis axali tipi — `transekonomika~ gaCnda (J. bodriari), romelic religiurobisagan mTli-anad daclilia. es faqti adasturebs imas, Tu ra savala-lo SedegebiT SeiZleba dasruldes religiisa da mora-lis komercializacia da ekonomizacia.

KAKCHA KETSBAIA

RELIGION AND ECONOMICS

(Sociological Analysis)

ABSTRACT Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the

interrelation of religion and economics and theoretical positions are discussed in the article. The conceptions of such classics of sociology as Weber, Max and Sombard and theoretical views of such contemporary sociologists as R.Bellah, G.Lenski, L.Harrison and others are analyzed. The problem of interrelation of Orthodox Christianity and economics (according to Father Sergi Bulgakov) is paid a special attention. The author of the article does not share the

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view that in Orthodox Christianity this problem is provoked by the absence of a social conception in it. Lack of faith and social conceptions have nothing to do with it.

In the present day world the influence of religious ethics upon the development of economic system is minor. It is conditioned by the crisis of moral and consciousness that the postmodern society and man undergo. Rationalization of the social reality, its secularization and desacralization have almost drawn religious ethics out of economic sphere and the almighty dollar has replaced God. Accordingly, commercialization of religious ethics took place and the influence of religion was reduced. A new type of economics – “transeconomics” (J.Baudrillard) emerged. This fact is a valid demonstration of the results that commercialization and economization of religion and moral can arrive at. The situation is absolutely different when economical and commercial activities are influenced by moral and religion. In the present day world this influence is measured by the degree of religiosity of the economic elite. In this respect the question as to the religiosity of the present day Georgian economic elite is rather interesting and actual.

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7. Бём-Баверк О. Апология Вернера Зомбарта // Критика теории Маркса. Челябинск. 2002;

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versia).

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis gan-yofilebam.

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Tamar xalvaSi

(baTumi) Tamar xalvaSi — filosofiis magistri; mu-Saobs eTikis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statiebi am dagrSi.

RvTis rwmena — Tavisufleba Tu

araTavisufleba?

`SeicaniT WeSmariteba da Tqven

gaxdebiT Tavisufali.” a.m. aivanhovi

idealizmis, religiuri filosofiis, mistikis da

sxva msgavsi mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi RmerTs ab-soluturi Tavisuflebis ganmasaxiereblad miiCneven da masTan urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze gansazRvraven agreTve adamianur Tavisufleba-bednierebas. amis sapi-rispirod, materializmi da pozitivizmi cdilobs uar-yos RmerTis arseboba absoluturi TavisuflebiTurT, misi daxmarebis gareSe gaerkves adamianis raobaSi da samyaroSi arsebul kanonzomierebebSi. is cdilobs Se-moqmedis gareSe wvdes WeSmarit codnas sakuTari me-sa Tu samyaros Sesaxeb da amis saSualebiT eziaros Tavi-sulfleba-bednierebas. ufro zustad, SemoqmedTan mi-marTebaSi Tavisuflebis problema ZiriTadad gaiazreba ori urTierTdapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisis saxiT: er-Tis mixedviT, miiCneva, rom RmerTi aris samyaros Semoq-medi da absoluturi Tavisufleba-bednierebis ganmasa-xierebeli substancia, masTan urTierTkavSiri ki gan-sazRvravs adamianur — SefardebiT — Tavisuflebas. me-ore saerTod gamoricxavs RmerTis arsebobas, iseve ro-gorc absolutur Tavisuflebas. metic, is miiCnevs, rom

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RmerTi aris misi Tavisufleba-bednierebis SemzRudve-li. SemzRudvelia maTi azriT, Tundac imitom, rom mo-raluri principebis Tu arsebobis garkveuli wesis dac-vis aucileblobiT is zRudavs adamians. amitom, miiCne-ven, rom adamianma Tavad unda miaRwios Tavisuflebas, sakuTari me-sa Tu kanonzomirebis, rogorc aucileblo-bis, SemecnebiT da masze damyarebuli moqmedebiT.

am ori urTierTdapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisidan romelia WeSmariti? raze migviTiTebs RmerTisadmi, ro-gorc Tavisufleba-bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli Tu uarmyofeli arsebisadmi aseTi urTierTgamomricxavi damokidebuleba? Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs, rogor SeiZ-leba araram, anu ararsebulma movlenam uzrunvelyos an uaryos adamianis, rogorc realurad arsebuli movle-nis Tavisufleba-bedniereba?!

bolo kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT Tu daviwyebT da egzistencializmis, gansakuTrebiT martin haidegeris filosofiis, mixedviT vimsjelebT, SeiZleba iTqvas: adamianuri yofiereba swored araras, anu raRac gaur-kvevlis, misi Tavisuflebis da bednierebis SemzRudve-lis winaSe dgomaa. adamians eSinia ararasi da is mas mar-toobas, Zrwolas, tanjvas, araTavisuflebasa Tu ube-durebis gancdas gvris (3,497). msgavsad amisa, Tu Sevec-debiT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas, ludvig foier-baxis debulebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba, iTqvas: adamianis Tavisufleba izRudeba gonebaSi RmerTis daSvebiT; Sem-deg am ideis obieqtur samyaroSi gataniT, anu misTvis realuri arsebobis miniWebiT, misi gasubstantivebiT (10,45) da masze, rogorc uzenaes msajulsa Tu meTval-Tvaleze, damorCilebiT (11,72-207).

cnobilia, rom am oridan verc erTi Tvalsazrisis saSualebiT aRniSnul kiTxvaze srulyofili pasuxi ver gaicema da arc is irkveva, Tu raze migviTiTebs Semoq-medTan dakavSirebiT aseT urTierTdapirispirebul Se-xedulebaTa arseboba. gana raRac araras Tu gaurkve-

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vels SeuZlia adamianis, rogorc samyaros gvirgvinis, misi yvelaze srulyofili cnobierebiT dajildoebuli arsebis Tavisufleba-bednierebis uzrunvelyofa an uaryofa? es kiTxva, rac unda banalurad mogveCvenos, ganmeordeba yovelTvis. ganmeordeba ara mxolod im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu mas negatiurad vupasuxebT, an mas, imanuel kantis msgavsad, amouxsnel sakiTxad CavTvliT da pasu-xis gacemisgan Tavs SevikavebT, aramed im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mas martin haidegeris msgavsad egzistencialistu-rad — miniSnebebiT, simboloebiT gavcemT pasuxs da problemas ar gavaanalizebT filosofiisa Tu saerTod mecnierebisTvis misaRebi kriteriumebis Sesabamisad. kerZod, im principebis mixedviT, romelic warmatebiT muSaobs maTdami kritikuli Tu nihilisturi damokide-bulebis pirobebSic ki da adgens axal codnas. es is codnaa, romelic qmnis mecnierebis Tu civilizaciis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. naxseneb kriteriumebSi igulisxmeba: 1. Tvalsazrisis logikuri principebis Se-sabamisad Camoyalibeba. 2. misi argumentireba. 3. argu-mentaciis cdaze damyareba.

vcadoT am principebis Sesabamisad aRniSnuli Se-kiTxvebis gaanalizeba da daskvnis gakeTeba. jer ganvixi-loT ramdenime istoriuli faqti, Semdeg fridrix nic-Ses, haidegeris, Jan pol sartrisa Tu sxvaTa Semoqmede-ba — is Tvalsazrisi, romelic nihilizmis epoqaSi gaizi-ara moazrovneTa umravlesobam (7,27). RmerTis arsebo-bis da mis mier Tavisuflebis SezRudva-uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs mravali moazrovne exeboda Tavisufali nebisa Tu deterministul-indeterministuli sakiTxebis kvle-visas, radgan filosofiur gons srulyofili mecnieru-li pasuxi arasdros hqonia kiTxvaze: Tu absoluturi sibrZnis, sikeTis, mSvenierebis, siyvarulis da bednie-rebis ganmasaxierebeli samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi ar-sebobs, maSin ratom aris boroteba — simaxinje, uvicoba, siZulvili, araTavisufleba da ubedureba? Tu is ar ar-

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sebobs, maSin saidan aris sikeTe — mSveniereba, sibrZne, Tavisufleba da bedniereba?

imis mixedviT, Tu ra pasuxs scemen am Tavsatexs fi-losofosebi, SeiZleba, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT ara mxolod calkeuli mimdinareobebi: materializmi, pozi-tivizmi, idealizmi, misticizmi da a.S. aramed mTeli epoqebi. mag. antikuri periodi da gansakuTrebiT Sua sa-ukuneebis filosofia gamoirCeoda aRniSnul sakiTxze idealisturad gagebuli pozitiuri pasuxis gacemiT. sa-xeldobr, antikuri epoqis da Sua saukuneebis idealizmi Tvlida, rom RmerTi mTeli samyaros Semoqmedi da abso-luturi Tavisufleba-bednierebis ganmasaxierebeli substanciaa. filosofiis mTavari amocana ki adamianis umaRles ideamde — RmerTamde amaRlebaa, risTvisac au-cilebelia masTan misasvleli gzebis `gamartiveba.” mag. ZiriTadi religiuri dogmebis filosofiuri axsna-gan-marteba da RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba. swored ami-tom iTvleboda, rom filosofia Sua saukuneebSi Teo-logiis msaxuris rolSi mogvevlina.

aRorZinebis da gansakuTrebiT axali epoqis moaz-rovneTa garkveuli nawili `samarcxvinod” Tvlida fi-losofiis aseT rols da gamoirCeoda RmerTisadmi, ro-gorc absoluturi Tavisuflebis da bednierebis simbo-losadmi negatiuri damokidebulebiT, mag. ganmanaTleb-lebi. XVII-XVIII ss farTod gavrcelda Sexeduleba, rom-lis mixedviTac iTvleboda, rom religiis arsebobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia ucodinaroba. Sesabamisad, mecnierebis ganviTarebis da ganaTlebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze `religia TandaTanobiT dakargavda Zalas da gaqreboda” (4,41), anu aRar iarsebebda RmerTis Sesa-xeb warmodgena, ar SeizRudeboda adamiani da is eziare-boda Tavisufleba-bednierebas. ganmanaTleblebis Sem-deg metafizikas Tu saerTod religiur problematikas mkacrad upirispirdeba pozitivizmi da postpozitiviz-mi. metic, ukanaskneli erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi

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msoflios erT-erTi zesaxelmwifo — sabWoTa kavSiri, ganmanaTleblebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod ki ar winas-warmetyvelebda, rom codnis wyalobiT religia gaqre-boda, aramed `mecnierul doneze daxvewili” aTeisturi propagandiT da cecxliTa Tu maxviliT cdilobda re-ligiis uaryofas: RmerTis rwmenis, rogorc absolutu-ri Tavisuflebis da bednierebis simbolos àmoSanTvas” adamianuri cnobierebidan. amis safuZvelze ki misi am-qveyniuri Tavisufleba-bednierebis uzrunvelyofas; magram istoriulma procesebma cxadyo, rogorc amas TviT Tanmimdevruli materialistebi da pozitivistebi aRniSnaven, rom moxda piriqiT. ara mxolod ganmanaTle-belTa winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCnda iluzia, aramed po-zitivizmis, materializmis Tu sxva msgavsi mimdinareo-bis mcdeloba metafizikis dasaflavebisa uSedegod dasrulda. man ver SesZlo metafizikis `gaZeveba” filo-sofiidan. mis aucileblobas am dargis, adamianuri arse-bobis da Tavisufleba-bednierebisTvis naTlad adastu-rebs sxvadasxva metafizikuri mimdinareobis: realo on-tologiis, neohegelianelobis, personalizmis Tu sxva moZRvrebis warmoSoba XIX-XX saukuneebSi da postsabWo-Ta sivrceSi religiis xelaxali aRorZineba. e. Jilsoni aRniSnavs, rom xSirad cdiloben metafizikisa Tu reli-giis dasaflavebas, magram `metafizika Tavad asaflavebs mis mesaflaveebs” (2,68), radgan is iseve aucilebelia adamianisTvis, rogorc adamiani civilizaciisTvis. `me-tafizika ara mxolod civilizaciis xasiaTs gansaz-Rvravs, aramed adamianis bedsac am civilizaciaSi. anti-metafizikuri civilizacia gonebisaTvis ucxo da antia-damianuria” (8,15).

dasavluri civilizaciis msgavsad mizans ver miaR-wia verc sabWoTa saxelmwifos mcdelobam, radgan mecni-erul-teqnikurma progresma ki ar Seasusta, aramed pi-riqiT, gaaZliera religiis pozicia. man xeli Seuwyo re-ligiuri grZnobebis gaRrmavebas (4,42), erTi mxriv, imiT,

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rom adamianma dakarga Tavisi individualuroba da Tavi-sufleba, is iqca manqanis danamatad, kapitalis da ama Tu im socialuri ideis monad. is gaucxovda, egzisten-cialuri terminologiiT rom vimsjeloT, iqca Man-ad (3,502) da ganuwyveteli martoobis, SiSis, Zrwolis, tan-jvisa Tu ubedurebis gancdisgan gamosvlas uSedegod cdilobs sazogadoebaSi gaTqvefiT, ama Tu im socialu-ri niRbis morgebiT (7,524). meore mxriv, imiT, rom mecni-erul-teqnikurma progresma adamianis keTildReobis da cxovrebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad mospoba-ganad-gurebiT daemuqra civilizacias da saerTod sicocxlis arsebobas dedamiwaze. mecnierebis da teqnikis ganviTa-rebis Sedegad Seiqmna masobrivi mospobis iaraRi. misi gamoyeneba katastrofas uqadis kacobriobas. aman gaam-Zafra isedac SeZrwunebuli adamianis aforiaqeba. igi xsnas religiaSi eZebs, romelic mas pirdeba Svelas, su-lier simSvides” (4,42), Tavisuflebas da bednierebas. am realobis Sesaxeb samarTlianad SeniSnavda nikolai ber-diaevi jer kidev gasuli saukunis win. is Tvlida, rom ma-terialuri da socialuri pirobebiT: SimSiliT, wyurvi-liT, usaxsrobiT da a.S. gamowveuli tanjvis wyaroebis mospoba ver gaauqmebs Sinagan sulier tkivils da tra-gizmis gancdas, radgan misi mizezi aramaterialur sam-yarosTan — SemoqmedTan mimarTebas emyareba (7,524).

swored materialistur da pozitivistur mimdina-reobaTa ayvavebis, RmerTis arsebobis da metafizikis uaryofis, misi filosofiisa Tu adamianuri cnobiere-bis sferodan gandevnis sayovelTao mcdelobis, anu ni-hilizmis epoqaSi askvnis fridrix nicSe: evropuli civi-lizaciisTvis mokvda RmerTio, rac gamoiwvia jer kidev antikur epoqaSi warmoSobili dionisuri kultis si-cocxlisunarianobam da misma gamarjvebam apolonur tradiciebze (5,79). haidegeri uaryofili RmerTis ad-gilze svams iseT gaurkvevel araras, romelic adamians mxolod SiSs, Zrwolas, martoobis, tanjvis Tu araTavi-

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sufleba-ubedurebis gancdas gvris. Tavisufleba, misi azriT, mxolod am araras, anu sikvdilis miRebiT modis (3,501-505). xolo sartri RmerTis uaryofas da am arCe-vanze, rogorc qcevaze, pasuxismgeblobas mTlianad ada-mians daakisrebs. Sesabamisad, mas `gaswiravs” absolutu-ri martoobisTvis — `dawyevlili TavisuflebisTvis” (11,198). is Tvlis, rom iyo adamiani, niSnavs Tavisufle-bas. kerZod, — imas, rom man damoukideblad, RmerTis Tu nebismieri sxva Zalis daxmarebis gareSe, unda gaakeTos arCevani sikeTes an borotebas, Tavisuflebas an monobas Soris, radgan ar arsebobs RmerTi, zeca ubralod xvre-lia (11,157) da a.S.

es Sexeduleba, marTalia, gaiziara moazrovneTa umravlesobam (7,27), magram, aucilebelia, SevniSnoT, rom ara yvelam. gavixsenoT metafizikurad ganwyobil filosofosTa Tvalsazrisi. maTi azriT, RmerTi mokvda sazogadoebis mxolod garkveuli nawilisTvis, anu imaT-Tvis, vinc ver grZnobda masTan kavSirs da amitom sica-rieleSi darCenili TviTonve klavda Tavis RmerTs, ro-gorc zneobis, imedis, Tavisuflebis Tu sicocxlis wya-ros. berdiaevma, religiuri egzistencializmis warmo-madgenelma, obieqturad SeniSna, rom RmerTis uaryofis Semdeg am usasrulo samyaros winaSe adamiani aRmoCnda ara Zlevamosili, Tavisufali da bednieri, aramed gan-martoebuli, SeSinebuli, araTavisufali da gadagdebu-li nihilizmsa Tu sicarieleSi (7,524). nicSe, haidegeri, sartri da sxva aTeisti moazrovneebi, bunebrivia, sazo-gadoebis am nawilSi Sediodnen da Zalian mtkivneulad aRiqvamdnen RmerTis sikvdilsa Tu Tavisuflebis da-kargvas. Sesabamisad, rogorc filosofosni, cdilob-dnen am problemaSi garkvevas da sxvebisTvisac Tvalis axelas, krizisisgan gamosasvleli gzebis Cvenebas.

SesZles Tu vera maT aseTi Tavisuflebisken mima-vali gzis — WeSmaritebis dadgena? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad SeuZlebelia ar mogvagondes cdaze orienti-

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rebuli mecnierebisTvisac ki misaRebi saxarebiseuli debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom cruwinaswarmetyveli nayo-fiT icnoba, e.i. moZRvrebis WeSmariteba-mcdaroba misi praqtikuli SedegebiT irkveva. `kargi xe nayofsac kargs iZleva, xolo cudi — cuds”(1,13). is, Tu ra aris uSua-lod kargi da cudi, sikeTe an boroteba, eTikuri azrov-nebis istoriaSi odiTganve ganisazRvreboda Semdegi principis mixedviT: sikeTe uzrunvelyofs sicocxles, boroteba ki spobs mas (15,21-22).

Tu nicSem, haidegerma, sartrma da sxva aTeisturi Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebma evropul civilizaci-as SesTavazes iseTi gza, romelmac ara mxolod saerTod adamians, aramed maTac sikeTe moutana, anu uzrunvelyo maTi amaRlebuli arseboba, Tavisufleba da bedniereba, maSin, SeiZleba, davaskvnaT, rom maT mier Camoyalibebu-li filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi WeSmariti yofila. nic-Seseuli sicocxlis filosofiis da egzistencializ-misTvisac xom Rirebulebis sazomi Tavad sicocxle da adamiania misi TavisuflebiTurT da ara RmerTi. Tu moxda piriqiT, maSin, am moazrovneTa gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis miuxedavad, unda vaRiaroT, rom maTi Tvalsazrisi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb ar iyo WeSmariti.

rogorc cnobilia, nicSes filosofia Zalian ax-lobeli da misaRebi aRmoCnda faSizmisTvis, radgan uar-yofda RmerTis arsbeobas da mis aucileblobas adamia-nisTvis, RvTis magivrobas zekacs avalebda, uaryofda qristianul morals da sayovelTao siyvarulis Tu Sen-dobis sanacvlod adamians Zalmomreobas — Zalauflebis nebas sTavazobda; e.i. misi `moZRvreba” iseTi politiku-ri mimdinareobis filosofiur kredod iqca, romelic warRvniT daemuqra mTel msoflios da daRupvis piras miiyvana germaneli eri. miiyvana imitom, rom man RmerTis uarmyofeli filosofiidan Tu ideologiidan gamomdi-nare sakuTari arseboba, Tavisufleba da bedniereba ara RvTaebriv sikeTes — sxvis sicocxleze, Tavisuflebasa

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da bednierebaze zrunvas, aramed zekacis da Zalaufle-bis nebas — yvela sxva eris araTavisuflebas, maTi si-cocxlis da bednierebis dapyroba-ganadgurebas dau-kavSira. nicSes `zaratustra” sangrebSic ki Tan hqondaT germanel jariskacebs. msgavsad amisa, faSizmisTvis mi-saRebi aRmoCnda haidegeris filosofia. masze metyve-lebs Tundac is faqti, rom is maT fraiburgis universi-tetis reqtorad daniSnes (7,531). marTalia, haidegeri male uars ambobs am Tanamdebobaze, magram es mxolod misi mxridan faSizmis miuReblobaze metyvelebs, magram ver amtkicebs imas, rom misi filosofia faSizmisTvis araxelsayreli iyo. rac Seexeba sartris filosofias, is faSizmisTvis ucxo aRmoCnda Tundac imitom, rom es moazrovne ar iyo germaneli.

Tu am faqts gaviTvaliswinebT aRniSnul kiTxvas-Tan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia davaskvnaT, rom nicSes, haidegeris, sartris Tu sxva msgavs moazrovneTa filo-sofiam ki ar gamoiyvana krizisisgan evropuli civili-zacia, aramed is gaaRrmava. tragikulad dasrulda ara mxolod nicSes sicocxle (is did xans itanjeboda fsi-qiatriul saavadmyofoSi), aramed faSizmis bedic germa-neli eris mier gadatanil did ubedurebasTan erTad.

`gamouvali nihilizmis” safrTxe emuqreboda hai-degeris, sartris Tu sxva aTeist egzistencialistTa Semoqmedebasac didi gavlenis da damsaxurebis miuxeda-vad. marTalia, aTeistur egzistencializms unda vumad-lodeT, rom man qvecnobierebis gauazrebeli siRrmidan dRis sinaTleze gamoitana adamianuri Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli Zalian mtkivneuli sakiTxebi, magram ada-miani mxolod tkivili araa. amasTanave maT ver gviCvenes araTavisuflebis Tu tanjvis gamomwvevi realuri mize-zebi da verc misgan gamosasvleli gzebi. is, rac maT aR-weres, arsebobis mxolod erTi da Tan negatiuri mxarea. masze aqcenti filosofias, saerTod, adamianur Tavi-suflebas da arsebobas Rirebuleba-Sinaarss ukargavs,

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imitom, rom mas ganadgurebiT emuqreba. am tendencias upirispirdeba meore pozitiuri mxare, anu adamianuri arsebobis uzrunvelmyofeli WeSmariti Tavisufleba, imedi, sixaruli, bedniereba. Tu is misi uzrunvelmyofe-li wyaroebiTurT ver SeamCnia moazrovnem melanqoliu-ri temperamentis da sxva mizezebis gamo, maSin is sica-rieleSi, nihilizmsa Tu araraSi eqceva da mieqaneba da-Rupvisken. am realobaze naTlad metyvelebs `1951w. va-tikanis mier egzistencialuri filosofiis gakicxva da marselis gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom sasowarkveTile-basa da mudmiv SiSze agebuli filosofia sabolood Cix-Si moeqceva da Tu egzistencialur filosofias SeuZ-lia ganaxleba, es mxolod imedisa da sixarulis gaazre-bis gziTo”(7,570).

aseTia filosofiis Terapiuli funqcia. is jer ki-dev antikur epoqaSi iyo cnobili. mis Sesaxeb msjelob-da: piTagora, sokrate, platoni, aristotele Tu mrava-li sxva. mag. epikure aRniSnavda, rom filosofiis miza-nia adamiani bedniereba-Tavisuflebas aziaros, aswav-los masTan misasvleli gza. amitom arafris mTqmeli iq-neba filosofosis sityva, romelic ar kurnavs adamians tanjvisgan, iseve rogorc usargeblo iqneba medicina, Tu is ver SeZlebs avadmyofobis gandevnas sxeulidan (6,133). swored am aucileblobidan gamomdinare, Sem-TxveviTi ar iyo, rom, aTeisti egzistencialistebisgan gansxvavebiT, karl iaspersi samyaros da egzistenciis garda transcendentur sferosac exeba Tavis filoso-fiaSi. xolo berdiaevi da marseli egzistencializmis gamoyvanas krizisidan imis safuZvelze axerxeben, rom maT religiur-mistikuri filosofiis saxiT RmerTis iracionaluri pozitiuri principi SeaqvT egzistencia-lizmSi. RmerTis gageba ki ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli imedTan, sixarulTan, TavisuflebasTan Tu, saerTod, nebismier dadebiT sawyisTan da emociasTan, anu bednie-reba-sicocxlesTan, e.i. maT, aucileblobidan gamomdi-

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nare, RmerTis saxiT TavianT filosofiaSi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, dauSves bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli Tavisuflebis principi, sxvagvarad uazroba da negati-uri movlena iqneboda saerTod mTeli egzistencializ-mi, is Tavs ver daaRwevda kriziss.

RmerTis arsebobis da Tavisuflebis problemisad-mi aseT urTierTgamomricxav SexedulebaTa arsebobis gamo kanti mas, iseve rogorc mravali sxva moazrovne, antinomiurad, anu amouxsnebad Tvlida. Tvlida, radgan romelime Tvalsazrisis — RmerTis arsebobis damSvebis an uarmyofelis sasargeblod mecnierulad argumenti-rebuli pasuxis gacema SeuZleblad miaCnda. Tumca gan-xiluli magaliTebidan da istoriuli faqtebidan, ro-gorc cdidan, gamomdinare, mecnieruli meTodologiis Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, gavakeToT daskvna mxolod imis Sesaxeb, rom am sakiTxis urTierTdapirispirebuli formiT arseboba mis amouxsnelobaze ki ara, dialeqti-kaze metyvelebs: erTi mxriv, RmerTis arsebobis da ab-soluturi Tavisuflebis daSveba dadebiTi dialeqti-kis, meore mxriv, ki misi uaryofis mcdeloba negatiuri dialeqtikis formiT, ganasaxierebs dapirispirebulTa erTianobis da winaaRmdegobis kanonzomierebas. Rmer-Tis arsebobis da Sesabamisi Tavisuflebis daSveba unda CavTvaloT dadebiT dialeqtikad, radgan is ukavSirde-ba yvelaze pozitiur princips — absoluturi sibrZnis, sikeTis, mSvenierebis, siyvarulis, Tavisuflebis da bednierebis simbolos — RmerTs. amasTanave, adamianis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze amaRlebuli Tavisufle-bis da bednierebis gancdac swored mas ukavSirdeba, ro-gorc es ganxilulma istoriulma faqtebma gviCvena. au-cilebelia, SevniSnoT isic, rom am realobas adastu-rebs agreTve Tanamedrove epoqaSi fsiqologTa mier Ca-tarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi — eqsperimentu-li monacemebi. kerZod, maT safuZvelze irkveva, rom rwmena aqarwylebs martoobis gancdas, dadebiTad moq-

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medebs janmrTelobaze, uzrunvelyofs bednierebis (13,179-181) da amaRlebuli Tavisuflebis gancdas. dade-biTi dialeqtikis sapirispiros Cven vuwodeT negatiu-ri, radgan is emyareba zemoT aRniSnuli pozitiuri principebis uaryofas. amasTanave, is ZiriTadad negati-uri SedegiT xasiaTdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom isev dia-leqtikuri realobis gamo gamonaklisis saxiT mas pozi-tiuri Sedegic ki SeiZleba moyves.

roca Cven dialeqtikaze vmsjelobT, bunebrivia, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara materialisturad gagebuli calmxrivi — SezRuduli da arasrulyofili — àradia-leqtikuri dialeqtika,” aramed ufro realuri da srulyofili, anu iseTi, romelic yvela movlenis msgav-sad samyarosac ganixilavs mTlianobaSi. es, ra Tqma un-da, materializmisTvisac araa ùcxo,” magram maT mier gagebuli samyaros dialeqtikuri mTlianoba, sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, arasrulyofilia Semdegi mizezis gamo: es moZRvreba logikurad winaaRmdegobrivia. materia-lizmi amtkicebs, rom mTeli samyaro dialeqtikuria, magram uaryofs fizikuri sinamdvilis sapirispiro ide-aluri samyaros arsebobas Tavad dialeqtikis sapiris-pirod. mis sapirispirod imitom, rom metafizikuri sam-yaros ignorirebiT is uaryofs samyaros, rogorc dia-leqtikuri mTelis SesaZleblobas. ufro zustad, dia-leqtikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia dapirispirebul-Ta erTianoba, anu is, rom yvela movlenis msgavsad samya-roc Tavis mTlianobas unda qmnides urTierTdapirispi-rebuli — dadebiTi da uaryofiTi — mxaris erTianobiT. es niSnavs, rom samyaros dialeqtikur mTlianobas SeiZ-leba qmnides ara mxolod materialuri — uaryofiTi, aramed misi sapirispiro aramaterialuri — idealuri da dadebiTi samyaro. Tu vaRiarebT dialeqtikas, magram davuSvebT, rom erT-erTi am samyaroTagani — ara aqvs mniSvneloba materialuri Tu idealuri — ar arsebobs, maSin es iqneba aradialeqtikuri debuleba, radgan sam-

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yaros aRar eqneba is sawinaaRmdego mxare, romelTan er-TianobiTac is qmnis dapirispirebulTa mTlianobas. swored amitom SevniSneT, rom materializmi gadaulaxav logikur winaaRmdegobaSia: is Tvlis, rom mTeli samya-ro da masSi Semavali yvela movlena dapirispirebulTa erTianobiT qmnis Tavis mTlianobas, magram am debule-bis sapirispirod uaryofs metafizikuri — aramateria-luri samyaros arsebobas. Sesabamisad, materialur rea-lobas tovebs misi sapirispiro im metafizikuri samya-ros gareSe, romelTan erTianobiTac is unda qmnides samyaros, rogorc dialeqtikur mTels.

vfiqrobT, ukve gasagebi unda iyos Tu ra igulis-xmeba srulyofilad gagebul dialetikaSi. misi mixed-viT, samyaro Tavis mTlianobas SeiZleba qmnides mxolod materialuri da idealuri samyaros erTianobiT. aseTi koncefciidan gamomdinare, RmerTis arsebobis da abso-luturi Tavisuflebis daSveba ZiriTadad SeiZleba Cav-TvaloT dadebiT dialeqtikad, radgan is uzrunvel-yofs yvelaze pozitiur Tavisufleba-bednierebas. misi uaryofa ki negatiuri dialeqtikaa, radgan Sedegi Ziri-Tadad uaryofiTia. am zogadi wesidan, arsebobs gadax-rac, magram es iqneba isev dialeqtikuri kanonzomiere-bis sxvadasxva niuansis gamovlena adamianis RmerTisad-mi mimarTebaSi da ara raime gamonaklisis arseboba Cveni daskvnebis ararealobaze mimTiTebeli faqtis saxiT. sa-xeldobr, dialeqtikaa isic, rom yvela pozitiuri Sei-cavs raRac uaryofiTs da yvela uaryofiTi — garkveul pozitiurs. mag. RmerTis arsebobis daSveba saerTod po-zitiuri movlenaa, magram is SeiZleba negatiuri for-miT gamovlindes misi arasamarTlebrivi da, religiuri `terminologiiT” rom vimsjeloT, àraRvTaebrivi” in-teresebidan gamomdinare gamoyenebis mcdelobis Tu sxvisi Tavisufleba-sicocxlis xelyofisas. aseTi ara erTi faqtia cnobili istoriidan: inkvizicia, jvaros-nuli laSqrobebi da sxva.

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amis sapirispirod, RmerTis arsebobis uaryofa Zi-riTadad negatiur movlenad CavTvaleT, magram aris Sem-Txvevebi, roca ganxiluli nihilisturi epoqisgan gan-sxvavebiT RmerTis arsebobis uaryofa tragediiT, araTa-visuflebiT, ubedurebiT Tu sicocxlis ganadgurebiT ki ara, pozitiuri formiT vlindeba. e.i. ara mxolod RmerTis arsebobis daSveba ar ukavSirdeba yovelTvis Tavisuflebas da bednierebas, aramed piriqiT, misi arse-bobis gamoricxvasac axlavs xolme pozitiuri Sedegi. mag. kanti TviT qristianobisTvisac ki misaRebi imperati-uli zneobrivi Teoriis safuZvelze Tvlida, rom WeSma-ritia mxolod iseTi zneoba, romlidanac movaleobis garda heteronomiuli, anu gare miznebis saxiT gamoric-xuli iqneba yvela mamoZravebeli motivi, maT Soris Rmer-Tis arsebobac (14,283). e.i. is Tvlida, rom adamiani WeSma-ritad zneobrivia ara im SemTxvevaSi, roca saTnoebas qme-debs raRac piradi am an imqveyniuri miznis gamo, mag. so-cialuri warmatebis an `samoTxis misaRwevad,” aramed zneobrivi movaleobisTvis. mravali saukuniT adre imave realobaze miuTiTebda budizmi da, ra Tqma unda, àxali aRTqma” urwmuno Tomasadmi macxovris mimarTvaSi. ker-Zod, daeWvebuli Toma Tvlida, rom qristes aRdgomas is iwamebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is mas gamoecxadebo-da da mis nalursmnev xelebsa Tu naWrilobev ferdSi Ta-vis TiTebs Cayofda. moswavleebTan gamocxadebuli mac-xovari akmayofilebs Tomas am survils, magram eubneba: `Sen mirwmune, imitom rom mixile. netar arian isini visac ar vunaxivar da swamT” (1,225). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom WeSmariti rwmena WeSmariti zneobis tolfardia, SeiZle-ba, davuSvaT: WeSmariti rwmenis, zneobis da Tavisufle-bis matarebelia is, vinc samagieros miRebis realuri pi-robebis — TviT RmerTTan daaxloebisa Tu misi xilvis imedis — gareSe iqceva zneobrivad.

rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi RmerTis arsebo-bis gamoricxva pozitiuri saxiT vlindeba. msgavs kanon-

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zomierebaze metyvelebs budas mier RmerTis arsebobis uaryofa. ufro zustad, — RmerTis uaryofis safuZvel-ze masTan daaxloeba da misi wvdoma (16,121), rogorc amas aRmosavleli mistikosebi aRniSnaven. swored amis gamo induizmis, islamis, iudaizmis Tu qristianobisgan gan-sxvavebiT budizmis warmomadgenlbi ki ar miiswafvian RmerTisken, aramed elodebian mas — RmerTTan ki ar mi-dian isini, aramed RmerTi modis maTTan. Sesabamisad, Tu pirvels didi dro da safexurebrivi amaRleba sWirdeba, ise rom yoveli safexuri SeiZleba gavaanalizoT logi-kurad, meore SeiZleba ganxorcieldes uceb. mas ar sWirdeba dro. misTvis aucilebelia mxolod utyvad yofna, anu rogorc fsevdo dionise areopageli aRniS-navda: `sacnaurTa moqmedebaTa dacxroba”, is auxsneli da alogikuria. is uecari mexi da ufskrulsa Tu sicari-eleSi — araraSi gadaSveba da gaqrobaa. pirvel SemTxve-vaSi morwmune yovelTvis RmerTTanaa, meoreSi ki marto. pirveli RmerTis miRebaa, meore ki erTgvari uaryofa negatiuri mvlenis saxiT. uaryofa, romelsac isev mas-Tan, pozitiur sawyisTan, mivyavarT.

imave kanonzomierebis amsaxvelia rwmenasTan, anu RmerTis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli Sinagani SiSisgan ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba. mag. aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca rwmena SiSs, araTavisuflebas, usiamovnebas da sxva msgavs negatiur gancdas ukavSirdeba, Tu is ara siy-varulis da Tavisuflebis, aramed maTi sapirispiro uaryofiTi movlenebis: Zaladobis, daSinebis da a. S. sa-fuZvelze damkvidrda adamianSi. Sesabamisad, pirovneba instinqturad cdilobs ganTavisufldes misgan da Tu SesZlo aseTi uaryofiTi saxiT mocemuli, anu araWeSma-riti rwmenis daZleva, ganicdis Sinagan Tavisuflebas, siamovnebas da bednierebas; e.i. arsebobs adamianis Sina-gan struqturaSi rwmenis winaaRmdegobrivi saxiT gamov-lenis iseTi SemTxveva, roca adamiani rwmenis ara miRe-biT, aramed uaryofis safuZvelze aRwevs Tavisufleba-

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bednierebas — pozitiur Sedegs. vfiqrobT, nicSe, haide-geri, sartri Tu mravali sxva rwmenaSi swored aseTi da sxva msgavsi negatiuri Sinaarsis arsebobam SeaZrwuna da aiZula isini RmerTis uaryofiT wvdomodnen Tavisuf-lebas. magram mcdelobam uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoiRo masSi Tu saerTod TavisuflebaSi imanenturad mocemul negatiur dialeqtikaze gadaWarbebuli aqcentis da uki-duresobis gamo — rwmenaSi pozitiuris verSegrZnebis Sedegad. es niSnavs, rom Tavisuflebas da bednierebas adamiani SeiZleba eziaros ara mxolod RmerTis arsebo-bis daSvebiT, anu dadebiTi dialeqtikiT, aramed misi uaryofiTac ki — negatiuri dialeqtikiT. Tumca es uka-naskneli, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad iqneba negatiuri Sinaarsis da ufro dabalRirebuli, vidre dadebiTi dialeqtikiT nawvdomi.

rogorc vxedavT, ganxiluli niuansebi naTlad adasturebs Tavisuflebis dialeqtikurobas. dapiris-pirebulTa erTianoba da winaaRmdegoba aris ra samya-roSi moqmedi universaluri dialeqtikis erT-erTi Zi-riTadi kanoni, xolo SemoqmedTan dakavSirebuli Tavi-sufleba vlindeba dapirispirebulTa erTianobis da wi-naaRmdegobis formiT, unda davuSvaT: ara mxolod ada-miani da mTeli samyaro, aramed Tavad Semoqmedi mis ar-sebobas da Tavisuflebas ganasaxierebs dialeqtikurad — dapirispirebulTa erTianobiT da winaaRmdegobiT.

amrigad, ara mxolod RmerTis arsebobis da abso-luturi Tavisuflebis damSvebi, aramed misi uarmyofe-li Tvalsazrisic, Tu maT mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, ra-Rac gaurkvevelsa da gadauwyvetelze an mis uaryofaze ki ar migviTiTebs, an ar uaryofs RmerTis arsebobas da masTan dakavSirebul Tavisuflebas, aramed adasturebs mis realobas dialeqtikuri kanonzomierebiT. erTi mxriv, is mas adasturebs RmerTis arsebobis daSvebiT, anu dadebiTi dialeqtikiT, meore mxriv, ki misi uaryo-fis mcdelobiT — negatiuri dialeqtikiT. Tu es asea, ma-

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Sin unda vcadoT am problemis ufro srulyofilad amoxsna ara misi SeuZleblobis, aramed SesaZleblobis ganwyobiT, radgan kanonzomiereba, miT umetes dialeq-tikuri, ararsebulsa da Seumecnebad movlenebs ar axa-siaTebs.

vfiqrobT, am kanonzomierebis intuiciuri Seg-rZneba iyo erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom kantis mier mecnierebisa da metafizikis sferos gamijvnam sa-erTod ver Seaferxa metafizikurad da Seumecnebadad CaTvlil sakiTxTa kvleva. kantis epoqaSive da, ra Tqma unda, mis Semdegac àRmocenda” araerTi ontologiuri mimdinareoba. is ganapirobebda iakob boemes, vilhelm hegelis Tu im sxva moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisis Seqmnas, romlebic absolutur gons, neoplatonuri sikeTis mo-nizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ganixilavdnen ara erTmniSvne-lovnad, mxolod sikeTed, aramed dialeqtikuri kanon-zomierebis Sesabamisad. ufro zustad, ganixilavdnen sikeTis ganmasaxierebel iseT substanciad, romelic TavisTavSi Seicavs negatiursac `borotebis” saxiT. es aris dialeqtikuri mizezi imisa, rom RmerTis arsebobis Semecnebul Tu damSveb cnobierebas, anu WeSmarit Tavi-suflebas da sikeTes Zalauneburad upirispirdeba misi ver Semecnebuli Tu verdamSvebi goneba ise, rom isini SeiZleba gamovlindes pozitiuradac da negatiuradac.

aseTi Sedegebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba, davubrun-deT pasuxgaucemel kiTxvas: RmerTi realurad rom ar arsebobdes — is iyos arara, maSin rogor SeZlebs adamia-nis, realurad arsebuli movlenis, Tavisufleba-bedni-erebis uzrunvelyofas an uaryofas dialeqtikuri ka-nonzomierebis Sesabamisad? am procesebis marTvas xom sasicocxlo Zala — energia — sWirdeba da is arara ver iqneba! antikuri epoqidanve cnobilia: araradan raime ar warmoiqmneba da arc raime araraobad gadaiqceva. es niSnavs, rom RmerTi arsebobs da is mTeli samyaros dia-leqtikuri kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad marTvas Tavi-

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suflebas da bednierebas uzrunvelyofs misi RvTaebri-vi energiiT. ufro konkretulad ixileT RvTis arsebo-bis damasabuTebeli argumentebi (10,171).

TAMAR KHALVASHI

IS REJECTION OF GOD FREEDOM OR NOT?

A B S T R A C T

AThe problem of freedom connected with the issue of God’s existence is mainly discussed as two opposite viewpoints: According to the first view, God is creator of the universe and the substance embodying of absolute freedom. The other neglects not only God’s existence, but also absolute freedom and considers God as restrictor of human freedom. Traditionally this problem is considered as antinomic, but the author argues, that its contradictory existence shows its dialectic feature and not insloublity: The assumption of God’s existence as positive dialectic on one hand and, the attempting of its neglection by negative dialectic, on the other, reveal the regularity of the unity of opposites and contradiction.

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ba,” Tb., 1988;

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7. XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia, avtorTa ko-leqtivi, `ganaTleba,” Tb., 1970;

8. filosofiuri Ziebani, IX, saq. filosofiur mec. aka-demia Tb., 2005;

9. filosofiuri Ziebani, XVIII, saq. filosofiur mec. akademia Tb., 2014;

10. foierbaxi l., qristianobis arseba, `saxelgami,” Tb., 1956;

11. ServaSiZe g., Jan pol sartris filosofia, gam. `ba-Tumis universiteti,” 2005;

12. Айванхов О. М., Собрание сочинений № 211, Свoбода, Победа духа, Просвета, М., 1993;

13. Аргайл М.,Психология счастья, Мысль, М., 1990; 14. Кант, Сочинения, т.4. ч.1, «Мысл», Мос. 1965; 15. Фром Э., Психоанализ и этика, АСТ-ЛТД, М., 1994; 16. Шах И., Мудрость блаженных, Мокша, М., 2000.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis eTikis ganyofilebam.

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qarTuli da ucxouri

filosofiis istoria

The history of Georgian and foreign philosophy

198

ramaz gaxokiZe

(Tbilisi)

ramaz gaxokiZe — iv. javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-xelmwifo universitetis bio-organuli qimiis kaTedris gam-ge, qimiis mecnierebaTa doqto-ri, profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, saxel-mwifo premiis laureati, meli-qiSvilis saxelobis premiis

laureati, samecniero naSromebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, monografiebis, aRmoCenisa da gamogonebebis (patente-bis) avtori qimiis, biologiis, medicinis, agroteqno-logiis, bunebismecnierebis filosofiis da istoriis dargebSi.

qarTvel winaparTa filosofiamdeli

azrovneba — metalurgiisa da oqros warmoebis

safuZveli

“msoflio istoriaSi progresi mxo-lod kavkasiis rasis wyalobiT xdeba”.

g. hegeli

“ar mwams azri, Tu is sakamaTo ar aris”. S. nucubiZe

uZvelesi droidan iwyeba qarTveli eris istoria.

dadgenilia, rom qarTveli tomebi dasabamidan mosaxle-obdnen dRevandel saqarTvelos miwawyalze, sadac aTa-seuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda maTi socia-lur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis xan-grZlivi da rTuli procesi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze

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napovni mravalricxovani Zeglebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom qarTveli xalxis winaprebma Tanmimdevrulad gaia-res teqnikis ganviTarebis yvela istoriuli safexuri. paleoliTs mohyva neoliTi, mas eneoliTi, Semdeg brin-

jaოs adrindeli, saSualo da gviani periodebi, Semdgom rkinis damuSaveba da sxv. kulturis aseTi mimdevroba da ganuwyvetloba am teritoriaze imis mauwyebelia, rom aq yovelTvis erTi da igive tomi cxovrobda da rom maTi kultura uZvelesi droidan TviTmyofadia.

paleoliTi (Zveli qvis xana) — dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia paleoliTis erT-erTi adreuli epoqis — aSeluri periodis sakmaod mravalricxovani Zegli, magaliTad kaJis iaraRebi, rac aqauri dasaxlebis udides geologiur siZveleze miuTi-Tebs [1].

neoliTi (axali qvis xana) — erT-erTi mniSvnelovani etapia kacobriobis istoriaSi. paleoliTTan SedarebiT icvleba qvis iaraRebis damzadebis teqnika. am dros iw-yeba miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis Casaxva-ganvi-Tareba, Cndeba mTeli rigi teqnikuri siaxle (keramika, sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebi). es didi mniSvnelobis sa-meurneo Zvrebi da teqnikuri progresi kacobriobis is-toriaSi cnobilia “neoliTuri revoluciis” saxeliT [2]. neoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi mravladaa aRmoCeni-li dasavleT saqarTveloSi (mravalferovani samiwaT-moqmedo iaraRebi, keramika), rac miwaTmoqmedebis ganvi-Tarebaze miuTiTebs.

teqnikuri progresis mniSvnelovan moments warmo-

adgenda meTuneoba. Tixis gamowvis gamogonebam adamians saSualeba misca, sakvebi kerZi daemzadebina da Seenaxa. sayuradReboa, rom meTuneobas ukve Zv.w. VI aTaswleul-Si icnobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mo-saxle neoliTuri tomebi [3].

VI saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde berZnul war-werebSi moixsenieba kolxi meWurWle. sainteresoa, rom

200

meTuneoba moiTxovs masalaTa, kerZod, Tixis fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis codnas. saqarTvelos teritoriaze (kaxeTi, qarTli, imereTi, Zv.w. III aTasweuli) napovni ke-ramikuli sagnebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTveli xalxis winaprebma Soreul warsulSi daiwyes fizikur-qimiuri procesebis gamoyeneba [4].

eneoliTis (spilenZis da misi damuSavebis) xana — arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis mixedviT, eneoliTis perio-dis dasawyiss saqarTvelos teritoriaze miakuTvneben Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebs [5]. amas adasturebs dRevandeli

afxazeTis da, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri monapovrebi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni spilenZis sag-nebi Tavisufali WedviT aris damuSavebuli. rogorc vxedavT, adamianma Seicno spilenZis plastikuri Tvise-bebi, plastikuri deformacia da daiwyo misi gamoyeneba — civi damuSaveba.

nivTierebis (kerZod, spilenZis) fizikuri Tvisebe-bis (deformaciis, sirbilis) Secnoba da maTi praqtiku-li gamoyeneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos fizikur codnaTa elementebis Casaxvad Zvel qarTvel xalxSi [4].

saqarTvelo iTvleba metalurgiuli kulturis uZ-

veles კerad. saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebუlma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra faqtiuri masala da axali TvalsazrisiT gaaSuqa meta-lurgiis warmoSobis sakiTxi. saCxeris da afxazeTis ar-qeologiuri monapovrebi ekuTvnis metalurgiuli kul-turis adreul periods — eneoliTs. udavoa saqarTve-loSi liTonis kulturis xangrZlivi periodis arsebo-ba, romlis dasawyisi unda mieweros Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleu-lebs. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma TrialeTSi mTlianad daadastura am debulebis siswore [6].

brinjaos xana — brinjaos adrindeli periodis ar-qeologiuri monapovrebi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli — saCxere, qarTli, afxazeTi) TvalsaCinod mowmobs Zvel saqarTve-

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loSi liTonis damuSavebis maRal donesa da metalurgi-is dawinaurebas saerTod. adrindeli brinjao spilenZis garda Seicavda mcire raodenobiT stibiums, tyvias, ka-las, dariSxans. am dros gamoiyeneboda ara TviTmyofa-di, aramed metalis Jangeulebidan aRdgenili spilenZi, e.i. Zveli qarTveli xalxi ukve kargad icnobda siTbur

procesebს, flobda bunebrivi madnebisgan liTonis ga-

modnobis xeლovnebas [7]. saqarTveloSi adrindeli brinjaos damuSavebas xe-

li Seuwyo am teritoriaze spilenZis madnebis arsebo-bam. am periodSi ukve xdeba liTonis Wedva cxel mdgoma-reobaSi.

brinjaos saSualo periodSi anu TrialeTis kul-turis periodSi (Zv.w. II naxevari) gaumjobesda teqnolo-

gia, gaიzarda SenadnobSi kalis raodenoba 14%-mde, sti-

biumis – 24%-mde (samaCablos xanjlebi), dariSxanis — 19%-mde (afxazuri samkaulebi).

gviandeli brinjaos periodis, e.i. kolxidis kul-turis periodis dasawyisis (Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I s) arqe-

ologiur monapovrebSi (afxazeTi, rაWa, mcxeTa) kalis raodenoba gazrdilia 23%-mde.

qimiis TvalsazrisiT, brinjaos periodSi sayurad-Reboa minarevebis proporcia brinjaos Tvisebebis gaum-jobesebisaTvis. am dros dadginda minarevTa (kala, sti-biumi, tyvia) garkveuli proporciebi, SemuSavda Tavise-buri recepti da reJimi Senandobis misaRebad.

g. Citaias da m. Citaias azriT [4], mecnierebis Tval-sazrisiT brinjaos periodSi sainteresoa Semdegi:

1. liTonis dnoba-gamyarebis, e.i. siTburi procese-bis gamoyeneba.

2. dakvirvebas awarmoeben dnobis temperaturaze da mis dawevaze minarevebis gamoyenebiT.

3. minarevebis saSualebiT izrdeba Txieri liTonis denadoba.

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4. sayuradReboa minarevebis proporcia brinjaos Tvisebebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

adamianis azrovneba mivida im zRurblTan, roca damokidebulebebi, proporciebi unda gamoxatuliyo ma-Tematikuri formulebiT, e.i. kanonebis saxiT.

rkinis xana — sayovelTaod cnobilia qarTveli to-mebis roli metalurgiuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi da, kerZod, rkinis damuSavebis saqmeSi [8]. rkinis damuSa-

vebაs saqarTveloSi xeli Seuwyo axlandeli saqarTve-los teritoriaze rkinis madnebis arsebobam.

Zvel qarTvel tomebSi rkinis damuSaveba gamowveu-li iyo imiT, rom rkinis iaraRebi warmatebiT gamoiyene-boda soflis meurneobaSi da rkinisgan damzadebuli ia-raRebi aZlierebda qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobas.

samwuxarod, zogierT ucxour literaturaSi uZve-les saxelmwifoebs Soris, sadac ganviTarda liTonTa damuSavebis teqnika, saqarTvelo ar ixsenieba. maTi az-riT metalurgiuli teqnikis ganviTarebas safuZveli Caeyara Tanamedrove somxeTis da anatoliis teritori-aze [9,10]. atCisons Tavis cnobil ortomeulSi liTonTa istoriis Sesaxeb mohyavs liTonTa da SenadnobTa war-moebis dasawyisis SesaZlebeli TariRebi im geografiu-li raionebis miTiTebiT, sadac warmoiSva es warmoeba da vaWroba Sesabamisi liTonebiT [10].

liToni aRmoCenis

TariRi, Zv.w. wlebi

damuSavebis dasawyisi ad-

gili

atCisonis wignis gver-debi (damow-

meba) oqro

5000 w-ze uf-ro adre

somxeTi—ana-tolia

11

eleqtroni 3800 — 45 TviTnabadi spi-lenZi

5000 w-ze uf-ro adre

azia 19—20

madnidan gamod-nobili spilenZi

4300 somxeTi—ana-tolia

36

203

brinjao

4300

somxeTi—ana-tolia

61—62

tyvia 3500 — 43—45 vercxli (oqros-gan Tavisufali)

2500 mcire azia (?)

56—57

kala 1800—1600 Crdilo-dasav-leTi sparseTi

78—79

rkina 1400 anatolia 100—101

qimiis istorikosi n. figurovski aRniSnavs: „fola-dis warmoebis samSoblod, rogorc Cans, unda CaiTvalos Tanamedrove somxeTis teritoria, sadac uZvelesi dro-idan rkinas adnobdnen madnidan. Cvens welTaRricxvamde daaxloebiT 1000 wels am raionSi dasaxldnen xalibebi, romlebmac daipyres somxebi. maT mniSvnelovnad gaaum-jobeses rkinis da foladis warmoeba“ [11]. avtori, Tavis mxriv, eyrdnoba mulThaufis da atCisonis wignebs, ro-melTa Tanaxmad, metalurgiuli teqnika warmoiSva Tana-medrove somxeTis teritoriaze.

Cveni azriT, aq ori saxis principul uzustobas aqvs adgili.

jer erTi, saqarTvelos arqeologia da misi uZve-lesi xelovneba aris uZvelesi xanis kavkasiis xelovne-bisa da arqeologiis uZvelesi dargi [12]. amas mowmobs isic, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri Zi-ebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala da SemTxveviT napovni nivTebi metad enaTesaveba amierkavkasiis sxva raionebSi mopovebul siZveleebs.

meorec, vin arian xalibebi, romlebmac n.figurov-skis Tanaxmad, TiTqos somxebis dapyrobis Semdgom gana-viTares somxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli rkinisa da foladis warmoeba? (adre ki TiTqos ar icnobdnen). ga-davxedoT istorias. esqile, qsenofonte, apolon rodo-seli, fsevdo aristotele, straboni, amiane marcelini da sxv. [13] rkinas Tvlidnen qarTvelTa tomis — xalibe-bis nawarmoebad. rogorc Cans, berZnebma maTgan gadai-

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Res maRalxarisxovani rkinis damzadebis xerxi. Zveli berZnebi folads uwodebdnen xalipss — qarTveli tomis saxels [14]. herodotes gadmocemiT, argonavtebis miTSi aRwerilia xalibebis saqmianoba: “isini ar xnaven miwas, ar rgaven nayofmsxmoiare xeebs, ar mwyemsaven farebs mdeloebze; isini moipoveben madansa da rkinas daumuSa-vebeli miwisgan da cvlian sakvebze. maTi dRe iwyeba mZi-me SromaSi, Ramis wyvdiadSi da sqel kvamlSi atareben mTel dRes SromaSi”. aristotele axsenebs xalibebis mi-er foladis miRebis xerxs: isini ramdenjerme recxav-dnen maTi mdinaris qviSas (am process amJamad flotaci-as uwodeben), gamoyofdnen madnidan rkinis Semcvel fraqcias, umatebdnen raRac cecxlgamZle nivTierebas da alRobdnen RumelSi. am dros miiReboda movercxlis-fro uJangavi metali. nedleulad iyenebdnen magneti-tur qviSas (romelic axlac gavrcelebulia q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze — malTayvaSi, magnetitSi, gri-goleTSi, natanebSi da sxv.). amgvarad, xalibebma safuZ-veli Cauyares metalurgiis ganviTarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom xalibebi liTonTa damuSavebas primitiuli xerxiT eweodnen, maTi metalurgiuli xelovneba dResac gaocebas iwvevs.

cnobilia, rom liTonTa saxelwodebebi liTonTa damuSavebiT ganTqmuli tomebis da adgilTa saxelebTa-naa dakavSirebuli [15]. ase, magaliTad, evropaSi spilen-Zis metad gavrcelebuli saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia kunZul kviprosis saxelTan. “kala” mraval sxvadasxva enaSi (maT Soris qarTulSic) qalaq kalas saxelidanaa nawarmoebi. Sua saukuneebSi qarTulSi foladis aRmniS-vneli sityva “basri” cnobil qalaq basras saxelidanaa nawarmoebi. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT “foladi sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad basri hqvan” [16].

n. maris azriT, qarTuli termini rkina an kina, war-moadgens lazebisa da Wanebis tomobriv saxelwodebas, rac agreTve dasturdeba bibliuri tomobrivi saxelwo-

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debiT “Tubalkaini”, romelic “iyo kveriT xuroi mWede-li rvalisa da rkinisa” (dabadeba, IV, 22).

rkinas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli modgmis tomebis materialuri kulturis istoriaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, kosmiur warmodgenaTa Camoyalibebis sfe-roSi. lazebisa da Wanebis enobrivi masalebis mixedviT qarTuli termini “rkina” (lazuri — rkina, kina, Wanuri — erkina) niSnavs cas. samSabaTs Wanur enaze ewodeba cis dRe (erkin-aSxa). rkinas Zvel somxurad ewodeba erkati (“cidan Camovardnili”), xolo cis somxuri saxelwodeba “erkin” emTxveva zemomoyvanil enobriv monacemebs [17].

kacobriobis kulturis istoriam icis kosmogoniis is sistema, romelic gomoimuSava mesapotamiis samxreT nawilis uZvelesma mosaxleobam — Sumerebma da asurel-babilonelebma. igi genetikurad ukavSirdeba “dabade-bis” moZRvrebas samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

warmodgena samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb qarTvel tomebs sxva pirobebSi SeuqmniaT. qarTveli tomebisTvis metalebis, gansakuTrebiT, rkinis damuSaveba sameurneo cxovrebis safuZvels Seadgenda: am tomebis religiur-magiuri wesebis Seswavla, romlebic dakavSirebulia samWedlo saqmesTan, gviCvenebs, rom, Tanaxmad uZvelesi xanis metalurgebis rwmenisa, samyaro Seqmnili iyo im uzenaesi RvTaebis mier, romelmac rkinis kveriT gamo-Weda rkinis zeca. misi atributebi unda iyos samWedlo kveri da mexi, romelic, xalxuri warmodgeniT, gavarva-rebuli rkinis laxvaria. uneblieT gvagondeba cisa da sinaTlis, quxilisa da elvis, gamanayofierebeli wvimis mcire aziis RvTaeba TeSub-TeSufi, romelic warmoad-gens bunebis stiqiuri Zalebis gansaxierebas da maRali mTebis mwvervalebze binadrobs. am RvTaebas mesopota-miis panTeonSi Seesabameba adadi; misi kulti Suamdina-reTSi SeiWra dasavleTidan, e.i. im qveynidan, romelic uZvelesi droidan xeTebs ekuTvnoda. TeSub-TeSufi xSi-rad kldis mwvervalze Semomdgari gamoisaxeba.

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arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros babilonSi aRmoaCi-nes TuSubis religiuri figura, romelic, udavoa, Camo-tanilia babilonebis mier mcire aziidan samxedro na-davlis saxiT. axla es qandakeba inaxeba britaneTis mu-zeumSi (londoni). RvTaeba warmodgenilia profilSi, marcxena xelSi mas upyria boZali, romelic mexs gamoxa-tavs, marjvenaSi — kveri. Tavze maRali, ormagi muzaradi xuravs, welze aqvs farTo sartyeli da mokle maxvili; fexebze acvia e.w. xeTuri tipis fexsacmeli. am RvTaebis atributebi adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom misi kulti warmoiSva mTian qveyanaSi, sadac mosaxleobis mTavar saqmianobas Seadgenda madnis amoReba-gamodnoba da ag-reTve liTonis iaraRisa da samkaulebis damzadeba. Te-Sub-TeSufis kulti albaT gavrcelebuli iyo qarTvel tomebSi. Cerqezebi rkinisa da iaraRebis mfarvel RvTae-bas uwodeben tlebS, rac fonetikurad enaTesaveba sit-yvas TeSub-TeSufi.

afxazur enaze samWedlos ewodeba — aJra, mWedels — aJru, sityva aJan ki niSnavs cas. am magaliTze naTlad Cans is mWidro kavSiri, romelic qarTveli tomebisa da maTi monaTesave tomis warmodgenaSi arsebobda rkinisa da cis cnebaTa Soris [10].

rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. VI saukunisaTvis dRevande-li dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze yalibdeba Zlie-ri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, mTel antikur samyaroSi farTod cnobili kolxeTis samefo [18]. misi sazRvrebi iyo “dioskuriidan anu sebastopolisidan mokidebuli, vidre afsarosamde”, sadac “cxovrobda xalxi, romelic kolxebad iwodeboda, xol Semdeg lazebad” (ax. w. V sauku-nis anonimi berZeni geografosis cnoba). kolxeTis, ro-gorc Zlieri saxelmwifos, Sesaxeb mowmobs ax. w. VI s. bi-zantieli mwerlis agaTis cnoba: “lazebi mravalricxova-ni da meomari xalxia. isini batonoben sxva mraval tomze. lazebi amayoben kolxeTis Zveli saxeliT da zomaze me-tad moaqvT Tavi, SesaZloa, arc Tu ise usafuZvlod” [3].

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ukanasknel wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-riaze Catarebulma arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebam gamo-avlina Zv. w. VI-IV ss. umdidresi masala nivTieri kultu-ris iseTi dargebis dasaxasiaTeblad, rogorebicaa ke-ramikuli warmoeba, rkinis damuSaveba da oqromWedloba [3]. berZeni mwerlebi mogviTxroben kolxeTSi oqros mo-povebisa da damuSavebis Sesaxeb da mas oqros sawmisis Se-saxeb legendas ukavSireben. strabonis cnobiT, “kol-xeTSi mdinareebs CamoaqvT oqro, rasac barbarosebi daxvretili varclebiTa da tyavebiT agroveben. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian tyavze”, xolo ax. w. II s. mweral ipianes cnobiT, “kavkasionidan gamomdinare mraval nakaduls oqros qviSa Camoaqvs. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi mdinareSi sqelmatyliani cxvris tyavebs deben da agroveben qviSas, romelic am tyavze rCeba. al-baT, amgvarive iyo aietis oqros sawmisic” [3].

oqros mopovebis zemoaRwerili wesi TiTqmis uka-nasknel dromde Semonaxuli iyo svaneTSi, e.i. istoriu-li kolxeTis mTian raionebSi. oqros mopovebas svanebi cxvris tyavis daxmarebiT axerxebdnen. ficarze gaWi-mulsa Tu sxvagvari xerxiT gaSlil cxvris tyavs saTana-dod daamagrebdnen, rom wyals ar moetaca, tyavis bewvi-ani mxare zemoT yofiliyo moqceuli. bewvi oqros dai-Werda da wyali ki gaivlida. sveli tyavi oqros kenWebs miiwebebda; radgan oqro ufro mZimea, vidre sila, ami-tom qviSa zeviT rCeba da oqro Zirs Cadis. gansazRvru-li drois Semdeg tyavs amoiRebdnen, gasaSrobad gaS-lidnen. gamSral tyavs dabertyavdnen da “oqros ken-Webs” gadmohyridnen. straboni irwmuneboda: “aqauri qveynis (kolxeTis) simdidre oqroTi, vercxliT, rkini-Ta da spilenZiT gvixsnis laSqrobis swor sababs” [3]. Zne-lia moiZebnos sxva ufro mWevrmetyveli dadastureba kolxeTis Sesaxeb Zvel berZen mweralTa cnobebisa, rom-lebic cdilobdnen aexsnaT oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb miTis warmoSoba.

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argonavtebis miTi uZvelesia — win uswrebs troas Tqmulebas (II aTaswleulis I naxevari). dRes ukve arse-bobs monacemebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, “argonavtebis” mogzauroba ar yofila ganxorcielebuli mxolod erTi gemiT, romelsac TiTqos “argo” ewodeboda. cnobilia, rom kolxeTis sanapiros fazisis (axlandeli rionis) Se-sarTavTan moadga gemebis floti. saxelwodeba “argo-navtebi” qveyana “arg”-eTSi mogzaur mezRvaurebs niSnav-da. am qveynis mcxovrebni me-argalni (Sdr. egvipte, me-gviptelni da sxv.). aseTive SeiZleboda yofiliyo sityva “indonavtebi”, indoeTSi mogzauri mezRvaurni da sxv. maSasadame, argi, argeTi, sa-marg-elo (saqarTvelo) qve-yanaa, saiTac miemgzavrebodnen da ara gemi, romliTac miemgzavrebodnen.

Semonaxulia monacemebi, romlebic adasturebs, rom Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTis sanapiro mdidari iyo madnebiT. Zveli SemorCenili cnobebi liTonisa da misi damuSavebis Sesaxeb exeba erTsa da imave adgils da erTsa da imave tomebs, romelTac es adgilebi ekavaT. ufro metic, am cnobebSi laparakia adgilobriv mcxov-rebTa ostatobis Sesaxeb liTonis iaraRebis damzadebis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia maTSi gadmocemuli dasamuSavebeli obieqtebis istoriuli Tanmimdevroba: brinjao, rkina, oqro — rogorc warmoebis ganviTarebis safexurebi, rac naTels hfens msoflio kulturis sa-kiTxs.

udavoa, rom kolxeTi mdidari yofila oqros saba-doebiT. berZnul-antikur literaturaSi kolxeTi mo-ixsenieba oqroTi mdidar (“oqromraval”) qveynad. SeiZ-leba damtkicebulad CavTvaloT isic, rom oqros damu-Saveba xdeboda adgilobrivad. ase magaliTad, vanSi na-povni Zv. w. V-VI ss. kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli e.w. burTu-lebiani oqros sayureebi da sasafeTqle rgolebi dama-xasiaTebelia mxolod kolxeTisaTvis da ar gvxvdeba Zveli saqarTvelos farglebs gareT [3].

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1907 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili werda: “oqros nivTe-bi, romelnic aq ipovebian, Cvenis azriT, umetes SemTxve-vaSi Soridan motanilni ar arian, aramed aq nakeTebi. arc maTi sakeTebeli oqroa Soridan motanili. Zveli va-nis niadags yovelgan emCneva oqros sila, metadre Rele saqvabiaSi, romelic CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT uv-lis goraks. xSirad aq karga mozrdili marcvlebic Seg-xvdebaT oqrosi. qalebi da bavSvebi zogjer TiTo mis-xalsac agroveben aq oqros silas. Tu Tqven Rele saqva-biis nawils ayvebiT, qarxnebis naSTebidan, gvirabebidan, qvebidan da zogjer napovn tyviis daurjakebidan advi-lad darwmundebiT, rom am ReleSi oqros sila ucriaT da urecxiaT” [19].

axla uaxloesi aRmoCenebis safuZvelze SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zv. w. V-IV ss. kolxeTSi arsebobda pro-fesional xelosanTa Zlieri skola, romelic urTulesi teqnikuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT (kverva-Wedva, rCilva, gavarsi, tvifrva) saukuneebis manZilze qmnida mxatvru-li oqromWedlobis ubrwyinvales nimuSebs” [3].

aris mosazreba, rom kolxeTi eweoda rkinisa da oq-ros eqsports. kolxeTSi cnobili yofila agreTve mra-vali bunebrivi nedleuli. antikur epoqis mweral stra-bonis cnobiT, kolxeTSi “mravlad amuSaveben sels, ka-nafs, cvilsa da fiss”. antikuri xanis kolxeTis ekono-mikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira selis eqsportsac [3].

kolxeTSi didi raodenobiT mzaddeboda agreTve selis zeTi, romelsac samkurnalo daniSnuleba hqonda [20]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kolxeTi mTel antikur samyaroSi cnobili iyo samkurnal wamlebis damzadebis mxrivac. amaze metyvelebs legenda kolxTa mefis aietis asul medeaze, rogorc jadosnur wamalTa damzadebis didostatze.

qarTveli da germaneli mecnierebis mier Catarebu-li kvlevebis monacemebiT bolnisSi, sofel kazreTTan, saydrisis mTis ferdobebze aRmoCenili oqros unikalu-

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ri maRaro uZvelesia msoflioSi. igi Zveli welTaRric-xviT IV aTaswleuliT aris daTariRebuli da 5400 wli-saa. iqve aRmoCnda xis naxSiri namarxebSi, romlis asaki aseve aRmoCnda IV aTaswleuli Cvens welTaRricxvamde.

aseTi unikaluri eqsponatebi egvipteSic ki ar aris aRmoCenili. bolnisis teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxi flobda miwis qveS arsebuli oqros adgilmdebareobis mikvlevisa da mopovebis urTules teqnologiebs, maSin rodesac egviptelebi oqros mdinare nilosSi recxvis gziT moipovebdnen. aseTi teqnologia afrikaSi 500 wlis Semdeg gaxda cnobili, xolo saberZneTSi — 1000 wlis Semdeg.

axlaxan frangma fizikosebma saydrisis oqros da brinjaos xanis (3500-4500ww) 25 oqros nakeToba saqar-Tvelos muzeumidan Seadares mezobeli qveynebis nimu-Sebs oqros mikroelementuri SedgenilobiT. amisTvis axdendnen nakeTobis zedapiridan uwvrilesi fenis aor-Tqlebas lazeriT da amofrqveul ionebs atarebdnen mas-speqtrometrSi. tyviis, osmiumis da stibiumis Sem-cveloba daemTxva qarTul oqros. aris eWvi, rom oqros nakeTobani mikenis zogierT namarxSi saberZneTis teri-toriaze (3400 wlis winaT) moxvda saqarTvelodan [21]. magram amis dasadastureblad saWiroa Semdgomi anali-zebi. dResac aRfrTovanebas iwvevs Zvel ostatTa xe-lovneba, romlebic srulyofilad flobdnen liTonTa miRebisa da damuSavebis teqnikas. istoriuli Triale-Tis teritoriaze (qvemo qarTli) aRmoCenilia maRali xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli oqros Tasi (Zv.w. aR. XIX-XVIII ss.), maSin roca egviptis faraon tutanxamonis sarkofa-gi miekuTvneba Zv.w. aR. XIV saukunes.

geologebis monacemebiT, saydrisis teritoriaze kompaniebis mier oqros mopovebis procesSi ganadgurda samTo warmoebis uamravi uZvelesi adgili. kompaniebi bolnisis raionis mraval aTeul sabadoze wiaRiT sar-geblobis licenzias flobs. mxolod 2009 wels sazRvar-

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gareT gayiduli oqros Rirebulebam 116 189 000 aSS do-lari Seadgina.

oqros warmoebis da metalurgiis ganviTareba SeuZ-lebeli iqneboda azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebis maRali donis gareSe, romelic bevrad mniSvnelovania, vidre ma-terialuri Zeglebis saxiT SemorCenili warmoebis nar-Cenebi, rac, TavisTavad, udidesi wvlilia msoflio ci-vilizaciis istoriaSi. “uZvelesi Zeglebi qarTvel wina-parTa azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebisa Seicavs zogierT samzadis elements Semdgomi ufro maRali saazrovno formebisaTvis da amiT mopovebuli aqvT sruli ufleba Setanil iqnen filosofiamdeli azrovnebis istoriaSi rogorc samzadisi periodis gamoxatuleba ara marto qarTuli filosofiisaTvis” — wers Salva nucubiZe.

Salva nucubiZes didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriis da masTan dakavSi-rebul “aRmosavleTis renesansis” SeswavlaSi. mas ekuT-vnis dRes farTod aRiarebuli Teoria aRmosavluri re-nesansis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, XII saukunis saqar-TveloSi daiwyo aRorZineba anu renesansi. S. nucubiZem pirvelma cxadyo, rom renesansuli ideebi dasavleT ev-ropaSi aRmosavleTidan SeiWra. man gviCvena, rom qar-TvelTa winaparTa saazrovno warmodgenaTa istoria Za-lian adrindeli xanidan iwyeba da wina aziis xalxebis sa-erTo ganviTarebis kanonzomierebasTanaa dakavSirebu-li. aRmosavleTis azrovnebis ganviTarebis msoflio is-toriuli mniSvneloba isic aris, rom man dasavleTis az-rovnebazec moaxdina gavlena [22].

“filosofia daibada ara saberZneTSi, — wers S. nu-cubiZe, — rogorc Cven amaSi gvarwmunebs burJuaziuli mecniereba dasavleTisa — es erTi ZiriTadi amosavalia burJuaziuli evropocentrizmisa... filosofia, ro-gorc garkveuli sawarmoo niadagze SemuSavebuli gage-ba, daibada Tavisufali azris CasaxvasTan erTad.

winaaziis tomebis da, kerZod, qarTveli tomis wina-

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parTa saazrovno saqmianobaSi es gadasvla, rogorc et-yoba, xangrZliv process warmoadgenda. pirveli misi niS-nebi unda iyos moTavsebuli brinjaosa da rkinis xanis mijnaze. rogorc cnobilia, brinjaos sawarmoo iaraRebi TandaTan adgils uTmoben rkinisas. rkinis damuSaveba Tavdapirvelad primitiuli saSualebiT xdeboda. meore aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde, Cans, pirvelad iwyeba rkinis iaraRis ufro martivi, e.i. civi naWedobis, dabadeba, vid-re mas Secvlis damzadebis axali saSualeba. es axali dam-zadebis saSualeba unda iyos wrToba. ukanaskneli moiT-xovda cecxlis gamoyenebas warmoebaSi, rac, TavisTavad cxadia, drois mixedviT revolucia unda yofiliyo sa-warmoo ZalTa ganviTarebaSi... cecxlis aRmoCenas unda moexdina gadatrialeba rogorc yofaSi, ise cnobiereba-Si. ukanaskneli ki unda gamoxatuliyo miTologiuri Se-moqmedebis axali safexuriT, riTac is niadags umzadebda miTologiuri epoqis Seqmnas... qarTvel tomTa winaprebi udavod erTgvar sawarmoo da SemoqmedebiT urTierTo-baSi iyvnen xeTebsa da SumerebTan, romlebic mesame aTas-wleulSi Cvens eramde kulturis garkveul safexurs aR-weven... ukanaskneli garemoeba ganamtkicebs gardasvlas azrovnebis axal safexurze... warmoebis revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamowveul iqna cecxlis gamoyenebiT iaraRebis damzadebisaTvis, SumerTa es Zveli memkvidre-oba qarTul ZeglSi ufro garkveuli msoflgagebis axa-li saxiT gamovlinda. naTqvami exeba miTologiuri xasia-Tis qarTuli kulturis Zegls: laparakia qarTul miTo-logiur poema “amiranze”... qarTvel tomTa winaprebma, sa-fiqrebelia, es ideebi Sumerebis mier Seqmnil “gilgame-Sianisgan” gadmoiRes, gadaamuSaves da gadasces STamomav-lobas, romlebmac ganicada transformacia sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis Semdgom safexurze qarTuli miTo-logiuri Zeglis “amiranianis” saxiT” [22].

amiranis saxe mosCans Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT daTari-Rebul arqeologiur ZeglebSi (mcxeTis brinjaos sar-

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tyeli, yazbegis ganZi, TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi). “ami-raniani” daaxloebiT 3500 wlis winaT unda iyos Seqmni-li. “amiraniani” liTonis warmoebis eposia, rkinis iara-Ris epoqis Zeglia, ufro swored, im periodisa, roca warmoebaSi cecxlis gamoyenebiT moxda revolucia da daiwyes cecxlis saSualebiT rkinis damuSaveba (wrTo-ba). am revoluciam udidesi gavlena iqonia adamianis yo-fa-cxovrebaze da mis Segnebaze, rac Semogvinaxa miTo-logiam.

“gilgameSiani” adrindeli miTologiuri poemaa, xolo “amiraniani” ufro gviandeli sawarmoo safexuris amsaxveli qarTuli Zeglia. gansxvaveba exeba damokide-bulebas bunebis iseT stiqionTan, rogoricaa cecxli. Tu poema “gilgameSianSi” adamianebi sZleven cecxls, amarcxeben cecxlovan xars, magram ar moaqvT cecxli mi-waze. “amiraniani” ki ufro Sors midis. amirani itacebs cecxlovan RmerTqals yamars da moyavs igi miwaze, rac sakacobriobo interesebis gamomxatvelia. “gilgameSia-nis” dawyebul saqmes amTavrebs “amiraniani”.

“miTologia warmoadgenda adamianis miswrafebas bunebaze warmosaxvaSi batonobisadmi” (S. nucubiZe). qarTuli miTologia mivida msoflios ZiriTadi elemen-tebis cnebamde. “amiranianSi” msoflio wesrigi damyare-bulia e.w. jamebis dawyobaze, rac warmoadgens zeciur mnaTobTa dasayrdens.

“amiranianSi” aRwerili jamebi svelia, riTac mtkicdeba maTi kavSiri wyalTan. Semdeg isini Srebian, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. hesiode, ro-melmac pirvelad moixsenia promeTe (amirani), romelic kolxidis (qarTul) samefo gvars okeanesTan (wyalTan) anaTesavebs. qveynis sawyisi, “amiranianis” mixedviT, aris wyali, romelic gaigivebulia wylis RmerT igrisTan. berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, okeane wylis stiqio-nia, romlisgan warmoiSoba RmerTebi da maTi saSuale-biT adamianebi. homerosi da hesiode miTologiur poe-

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mebSi, kolxidis aRweris dros, adgilobrivi warmodge-nebis mixedviT, axseneben mdinares, romelic Tavis sa-xelwodebiT dakavSirebuli iyo wylis RmerT igrisTan. rogorc cnobilia, kolxidaSi arsebobda mdinare i(n)gi-ri, romlis saxelwodebidan warmoiSva wylis RmerTis saxeli. es pirveli nabijia atomebis aRmoCenisaken. Tum-ca aTasi wlis Semdegac berZnulma filosofiam mainc ver SeZlo atomis aRmoCenamde mosvla.

S. nucubiZis azriT, filosofiamdeli qarTuli mi-Tologia (miTologiur-poetur warmodgenaTa saSuale-biT) pirveli mivida msoflios ZiriTadi elementebis cnebamde. berZnul filosofias atomis warmodgenis aR-moCenamde dasWirda gaeara empedokles safexuri misi moZRvrebiT oTxi elementis Sesaxeb. “poema “amiranian-Si” oTxive stiqioni Setanilia msoflios suraTis aRna-gobaSi. wyali aRiarebuli iyo sicocxlis sawyisad, hae-ri ki iyo sfero, sadac brunavda jam-elementebi. cec-xli iyo ZiriTadi zeciuri stiqioni, romelic amiranma gamotaca RmerTebs. miwa ki “amiranianSi” upirispirdeba zecas, radgan amirani TviTon aris miwasTan dakavSire-buli, rogorc bunebis da yovelives gansaxiereba, rac cocxlobs dedamiwaze.

am ganlagebis wesis darRveva did qariSxals iwvevs. trialeben ra sivrceSi, isini iwveven saerTo aRSfoTe-bas sivrceSi da maTi moZraoba mTel msoflioSi vrcel-deba. es pirveli Canasaxia atomTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebisa. jam-elementebi yvela erTia, maT Soris ar aris Tviseb-rivi gansxvaveba. es Sexeduleba ufro axloa levkipossa da demokritesTan, vidre empedoklesTan. yoveli jami-elementi meorisgan gansxvavdeba mxolod adgilmdeba-reobiT, romelic mas saerTo wyobaSi uWiravs. is, rasac gveubneba demokrite, rom msoflioSi aris “diadi wesri-gi”, “amiranianSi” mocemulia miTologiuri saxiT da “fi-losofiamdeli azri aq ikvlevs gzas “sawyisis” warmod-genidan arsebobis ZiriTadi elementebisaken, im siZne-

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leebis gadalaxviT, rac berZnul filosofiur azrovne-basac dasWirda TalesiT dawyebuli, vidre levkopossa da demokritemde”.

“gilgameSianisgan” gansxvavebiT “amiraniani” gamo-xatavs bunebis spiralurad ganviTarebis wess. “gilgame-Sianis” miRweva is aris, rom masSi asaxulia usasrulobi-sa da maradiulobis idea RvTaebrivi cxovrebis saxiT. “amiranianSi” Savi veSapis mier amiranis Caylapva, misi ga-mosvla am urCxulis muclidan da sicocxlis yvela niS-nis aRdgena moaswavebda axali cxovrebis aRorZinebas. amgvarad, “amiranianSi” sicocxlis maradiuloba, “gil-gameSianisgan” gansxvavebiT, warmoadgens spiralur gan-viTarebas. “gilgameSiani” da “amiraniani” warmoebis mTliani ganviTarebis safexurebis anareklia. samar-Tlianad aRniSnavs S. nucubiZe, rom “brinjaos iaraRi da naWedi rkina iseve win uswrebs nawrTobi rkinis iaraRs, rogorc “gilgameSiani” “amiranians”.

ramdenadac berZnebi dainteresebulni iyvnen kol-xidiT (Zveli saqarTveloTi) ara marto liTonebis da-muSavebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed kulturis sakiTxebi-Tac, qarTul-berZnuli urTierTobani Zalian adre Ca-moyalibda. “argonavtebis” mogzaurobis droisaTvis berZnebi ukve icnobdnen Tqmulebas “amiran-promeTes” Sesaxeb. hesiodesTan vkiTxulobT argonavtebis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos im nawilze, romelic kolxidis saxel-wodebiT iyo cnobili. Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukunis mwerali herodote herakleeli adasturebs promeTes miTis araberZnul warmoSobas. S. nucubiZis azriT, “qar-Tulma azrovnebam garkveuli gavlena moaxdina berZnu-li filosofiuri azrovnebis dasawyisze. igi ara marto ekonomikur, aramed liTonis nawarmTan erTad, kultu-rul urTierTobaSi Sevida berZnul samyarosTan. Cans, berZnebs kulturuli, kerZod, naazrevis miRwevanic ga-utaniaT, rac berZnuli azrovnebis miTologiidan fi-losofiaze gadasvlis moments daemTxva. berZnebma, ro-

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gorc ufro gvian mosulma xalxma, adrindeli, gardama-vali safexuri gamoricxes da mxolod ori asaxes — cec-xlis gamoyenebisa iaraRebis damzadebaSi da oqros mo-poveba-damuSavebis momenti. pirveli ki e.i. rvalidan na-Wed rkinaze gadasvlis epoqa, berZnebisaTvis Zalze ad-rindelobis gamo, mxolod gardamavalis saxiT SerCeni-li qarTulSic, miuwvdomeli darCa. amrigad, ukanaskne-li safexurebi adrindel qarTvelTa azrovnebisa xasi-aTdeba berZnul filosofiasTan erTgvar SexebaSi mos-vliT. araa gamoricxuli, rom Sexeduleba, romelsac jer kidev miTologiuri forma hqonda garemoculi, sa-xeldobr, sicocxlisa da yovelgvari cecxlis sawyisis Sesaxeb, berZnulma filosofiam, zogierTi monacemebis mixedviT, qarTuli miTologiidan SeiTvisa.

berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, axali eris dasawyis-Si qarTveli tomebis erTi nawili miwaTmoqmedebas eweo-da, ris gamoc berZnul enaze maT “ge(miwa)-orgebs”, e.i. miwaze anu miwis mosaqmeT dammuSavebelT uwodebdnen. warmoebidan aRebuli saxeli istoriulad SeunarCunda qarTvel tomebs da, saerTod, saqarTvelos saxelwode-bad gadaiqca. aqedan saxelwodeba “georgia”, romelic sxvadasxva erebis enaze sxvadasxva variaciiT gamoiT-qmis.

is garemoeba, rom saxelwodeba “georgia” Tavdapir-velad aRmosavleTis qarTvel modgmebs exeboda, migvi-TiTebs im garemoebaze, rom dasavleTiT mosaxle qar-Tveli tomebi Tavisi xelobis mixedviT xelosnebs war-moadgendnen, dakavSirebiT loTonisa da madneulobis damuSavebasTan. Cans, Zveli tradicia liTonze ostato-bisa didxans SerCa dasavleT saqarTvelos da ori sxva-dasxva formis berZnul saxelwodebas: “demiurgebisa” da “georgebis” ganawilebas safuZvlad daedo (e.i. miwaT-moqmedni da xelosnebi).

cnobebi, romlebic Cven Semogvinaxa berZnulma wya-roebma, migviTiTebs, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi yofila

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cnobili filosofiuri centri. es centri, rogorc mo-salodneli iyo, ganekuTvneboda Zveli saqarTvelos im nawils, romelic ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebuli iyo. aseTi iyo ara georgebis, aramed demiurgebis saqar-Tvelo, e.i. dasavleTi, anu maSindeli kolxeTi berZnuli cnobiT. am cnobis mixedviT mesame-meoTxe saukunis mij-naze arsebobda umaRlesi ritorikuli skola. akademia unda daarsebuliyo gacilebiT ufro adre, meoTxe sau-kunemde Cveni welTaRricxvisa. miTiTeba berZen filo-sofosTa mTel Taobaze, romlebmac am akademiaSi miiRes ganswavla, naTelhyofs, rom filosofiuri kultura sa-qarTveloSi unda arsebuliyo gacilebiT ufro adre, raTa mas moemzadebina niadagi da SesaZlebeli gaexada umaRlesi ganaTlebis centris daarseba, umTavresad, filosofiis Sesaswavlad.”

rogorc cnobilia, qimia erT-erTi uZvelesi mecni-erebaa. man aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi udidesi gavle-na iqonia civilizaciis ganviTarebaze. qimiis gareSe cxovreba warmoudgenelia. dRemde mecnierTa Soris ar arsebobs erTiani azri sityva “qimiis” warmoSobis Sesa-xeb. arsebobs mravali versia.

pirvelad saxelwodeba “xemeia” literaturaSi gvxvdeba ZvelberZnul enaze Cveni welTaRricxvis IV sa-ukuneSi. mas axseneben aleqsandrieli avtorebi, magali-Tad, zosime, romelic cdilobda es saxelwodeba daekav-Sirebina winaswarmetyvel xemis saxelTan. ZvelberZnul enaSi arsebobs ramdenime sityva, romelTac qimias ukav-Sirebdnen. magaliTad, sityva ximosi niSnavs “wvens”, xo-lo sityva xima niSnavs “Camosxmas” da a.S.

radgan Zvel egvipteSi iswavles oqros, spilenZis da sxva liTonebis gamodnoba da gamoyeneba, mravali mecnieri Tvlis, rom saxelwodeba “qimia” warmodgeba sityva “qemisgan” an “qamesgan”, rac “Sav miwas” niSnavs da dakavSirebulia Sav magiasTan. SedarebiT gvian Semovida saxelwodeba “alqimia”. arsebiTi biZgi qimiis ganviTare-

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bas misca metalurgiisa da medicinis miRwevebma XVI sau-kuneSi. XVI saukunis miwuruls qimia zusti mecniereba xdeba.

arsebobs saxelwodeba “qimiis” warmoSobis sxva mo-sazrebebic. magaliTad, ZvelCinurad sityva “kim” niS-navs oqros (Tanamedrove “Zin”).

Cven migvaCnia, rom arsebobs termin “qimiis” warmo-Sobis sxva savaraudo versiac.

II-III saukuneebis mweral xaraqs pergamonelis mtki-cebiT, oqros sawmisi aris etratebze aRnusxuli xerxi oqrodamwerlobisa (“qrizografia”), romlis gamoc, ro-gorc Rirssarwmunoa, moewyo “argos” laSqroba. berZnu-li adrindeli cnobis mixedviT xaraqs pergamonelis mi-er naxseneb termins “qrizografia”, rogorc qarTuli ostatobis nimuSi, warmoadgenda cxvris tyavze daweril raRac mecnierebis aRweras. es codna am wyaros mixedviT “qimeadac” ki aris wodebuli. gamodis, rom uZveles sa-qarTveloSi liTonis damuSavebis xelovneba efuZnebo-da specialur mecnierebas — “qimeas”.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, qimi-uri codnis Casaxva moxda uZveles droSi, ramdenime aTa-si wlis win Zvel saqarTveloSi, maSin roca sxva qveyneb-Si qimiis xsenebac ki ar iyo. kolxur enaze sityva “qimi-nua” niSnavs qmnas, keTebas. ris qmnas? pirvel rigSi, li-Tonebis (metalebis) gadadnobas. niko CubinaSvilis mi-xedviT, qimia aris “swavla gardadnobisa metalTasa da egreviTarTa”.

aseve savaraudoa, rom termini “keramikac” (gamom-wvari Tixisgan damzadebuli nakeTobebi) msoflios enebSi gavrcelda qarTuli sityva “keradan”. kera — cen-traluri adgilia saxlisa, sadac anTia cecxli da rom-lis garSemo Tavs iyrian ojaxis wevrebi, raTa yoveldRe am cecxlze moxarSuli Tu Semwvari saWmeli Wamon, zam-Tris siciveSi sxeuli gaiTbon. pirveli ojaxi, axlande-li gagebiT, gaCenilia keraze danTebuli cecxlis gar-

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Semo. uSuacecxlod, ukerod Zveleburi ojaxi warmoud-geneli iyo. qarTulSi swored amitom gadaiqca kera si-nonimad col-Svilisa, saxlisa, Sinaurobisa (Tedo saxo-kia. qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani). arqeologiuri monacemebiT Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulSi, ganviTarebuli ne-oliTis xanaSi saqarTveloSi amzadebdnen cecxlze ga-momwvar wiTeli Tixis WurWels, rasac adasturebs odi-Sis, anaseulisa da sxva arqeologiuri eqsponatebi.

amgvarad, qimiis istoriisTvis angariSgasawevia ad-rindeli berZnuli cnoba erTgvari mecnieruli codnis Sesaxeb, romelsac Seicavda cxvris tyavze dawerili wigni. es codna am wyaros mixedviT “qimead” aris moxse-nebuli.

didi albaTobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi liTonis damuSavebis xelovneba efuZneboda codnis specialur sistemas (mecniere-bas), romelsac qimia Searqves.

Zalzed sayuradReboa S. nucubiZis mosazreba aR-mosavluri da dasavluri kulturis gayofis Sesaxeb, romelic idealisturi burJuaziuli filosofiis nia-dagze Caisaxa. aRmosavleTi dabal safexurze dgomas mo-aswavebda, xolo dasavleTs erTgvari upiratesoba hqon-da da maRal safexurze dgomas aRniSnavda. misi azriT, qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis are aRmosavleTs ekuTvnis mdebareobiTa da istoriul-kulturuli garemocviT [22]. hegeli aRiarebda, rom aR-mosavlurma civilizaciam warmoSva antikuri civiliza-cia da dRevandeli dasavluri civilizacia misi mem-kvidrea. Tumca, Tvlida, rom aRmosavleTis kultura dabal safexurze darCa da igi kulturis miRwevebs ev-ropocentrulad Tvlida [23].

axla yovelive zemoTqmuli davukavSiroT dRevan-del realobas. ratom ebrZvis mteri ase gulmodginebiT uZvelesi qarTuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebs, ra-sac mivyavarT medicinis, teqnikis da sxva praqtikuli

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moRvaweobis CasaxvasTan? ratom ebrZvian ase gaSmagebiT saydrisis oqros maRaros? saqarTvelo metalurgiis da oqros warmoebis, vazis kulturis da xorblis, medici-nis da polifoniuri musikis uZvelesi keraa. erTia, rom igi uZvelesia, magram mTavari ki is aris, rom am SemTxve-vaSi saqarTvelo, evropocentrizmisgan gansxvavebiT, gamodis “azrovnebis, rogorc azris materialuri mata-rebeli” (S. nucubiZe). adrindel qarTvelTa ekonomi-kurma, sazogadoebrivma da saazrovno Semoqmedebis gan-viTarebam asaxva pova danarCen msoflioze.

jorjiis universitetis (aSS) geologiis departa-mentSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze profe-sorma hari milsma (romelic CemTan da prof. a. RonRa-ZesTan erTad xelmZRvanelobs g. avqofaSvilis sadoq-toro disertacias), 2014 wlis 25 aprils Semdegi ofici-aluri werili gaugzavna kulturisa da ekonomikis sami-nistroebs: `bolo xanebSi Cveni yuradReba miipyro sa-qarTvelos mTavrobis mier saydrisis oqros uZvelesi maRarosaTvis damcavi statusis moxsnam. amas Sedegad mohyveba didi arqeologiuri Rirebulbis mqone isto-riuli obieqtis ganadgureba. es aramxolod qarTveli xalxis, aramed msoflio arqeolog-mecnierTa sazoga-doebis didi danakargi iqneba. Ria karieruli wesiT mo-poveba gaanadgurebs qarTuli kulturis SemorCenil, aRmouCenel artefaqtebs da samudamod SeuZlebels gax-dis momaval samecniero aRmoCenebs. movuwodebT qar-Tvel xelisufalT, rom SeaCeron mopovebiTi samuSaoe-bi, vidre ar SemuSavdeba gegma, romelic oqros mopove-bas SesaZlebels gaxdis uZvelesi artefaqtebisa da ma-Raros kulturuli Rirebulebis sruli ganadgurebis gareSe. msgavsi gadavadebis SemTxvevaSi oqro arsad dai-kargeba. ganviTarebuli teqnologiebisa da frTxili gegmis wyalobiT ki SesaZlebeli gaxdeba oqros amoReba qarTveli da msoflio xalxebisTvis kulturuli da ar-

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qeologiuri Rirebulebis mqone obieqtis SenarCunebis pirobebSi. madlobas gixdiT yuradRebisaTvis~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saydrisSi, oqros sabados te-ritoriaze sagangaSo ekologiuri mdgomareobaa. gare-mos toqsikuri liTonebiT intensiuri gabinZureba saba-dos damuSavebis gardauvali procesia. gabinZurebul niadagze moweuli produqtebi safrTxes uqmnis adamia-nis janmrTelobas, rac imas niSnavs, rom es niadagi praq-tikulad gamousadegaria soflis meurneobisaTvis. mad-neulis rogorc spilenZSemcveli (sulfiduri), ise oq-ros Semcveli sabado, romelic Ria karieruli wesiT mu-Savdeba, miekuTvneba im mniSvnelovan teqnogenur wya-ros, saidanac garemoSi xvdeba mZime liTonebis gavrce-leba. daaxloebiT 150 heqtari farTobi Zalze gabinZu-rebulia spilenZiT, kadmiumiT, TuTiiT, kobaltiT, man-ganumiT da sxva mZime liTonebiT.

CvenTan madnis mopoveba, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-tebisgan gansxvavebiT, Ria wesiT warmoebs. marTalia, sa-bados damuSavebis Ria karieruli meTodi iafi da momge-biania, magram igi metad mZimed moqmedebs garemos eko-logiur mdgomareobaze. droTa ganmavlobaSi, klimatu-ri pirobebis Sedegad, maTSi warmoiqmneba gubeebi, sadac sulfidebi atmosferuli JangbadiT iJangeba da grov-deba wyalSi xsnadi mZime liTonTa sulfatebi. es xsnari gadaitumbeba karieris mimdebare teritoriaze, e.w. dam-baSi, sadac xdeba misi dagroveba da Semdeg madneulis fabrikaSi. mZime liTonebis Semcveli xsnaridan spilen-Zis amoReba da gasufTaveba. danarCeni liTonebis amo-Reba ar mimdinareobs da es toqsikuri xsnari Caedineba mdinare kazreTulaSi da iwvevs qimiur gabinZurebas. mdinare kazreTula uerTdeba mdinare maSaveras da ma-sac abinZurebs. maSavera bolnisis raionis ZiriTadi sarwyavi obieqtia. am wyliT irwyveba ratevnis, bolni-sis, raWis ubnis, mwyneTis, xidisyuris, naxiduris da sxva soflebis savargulebi, rac abinZurebs am soflebis nia-

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dagebs. aq moweul sasoflo-sameurneo produqts moix-mars ara marto adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, aramed igi ga-dis sarealizaciod saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebze.

sabados intensiuri afeTqebis Sedegad haerSi ga-moiyofa momwamlavi nivTierebebi, romlebic ifanteba garemoSi, Semdeg ileqeba niadagebSi, saidanac xvdeba jer mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi, Semdeg adamianis orga-nizmSi.

qarTvelma da germanelma mecnierebma Caatares kvleva: “mdinare maSaveras xeobaSi niadagebisa da sasof-lo-sameurneo naTesebis gabinZureba mZime liTonebiT”. kvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, mdinare maSaveras xeobis niadagSi spilenZis raodenoba 49-jer aRemateba germaniaSi moqmed zRvrulad dasaSveb normas, TuTiisa — 18-jer, xolo kadmiumisa — 12-jer. mZime liTonebi niadagidan sakveb jaWvSi gadadis da ase-Ti sakvebis xangrZlivma moxmarebam, SesaZloa, adamianis organizmSi mTeli rigi paTologiuri cvlilebebi (ner-vuli sistemis dazianeba, avTvisebiani simsivneebi, sis-xlnakleboba, zrdis SeCereba, uSviloba) gamoiwvios. adamianis mZime intoqsikacia SeiZleba aseve gamoiwvios gabinZurebul wyalSi daWerili Tevzis moxmarebam. ad-gilobriv mosaxleobas unda miewodos zusti informa-cia regionis gabinZurebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, raTa kidev ufro ar gaizardos maTi janmrTelobis da sicoc-xlis riskebi.

oqros miRebis erTaderT mniSvnelovan meTods warmoadgens cianiduri, e.w. bagrationis xerxi, rome-lic madnidan oqros gamoyofis saSualebas iZleva. gamo-Cenilma mecnierma da generalma petre bagrationma pir-velma aRmoaCina oqros, vercxlis da spilenZis xsnadoba tute liTonTa cianidebis wyalxsnarebSi. am aRmoCenas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan igi gamoiyeneba oqros Semcveli madnebisgan oqros mTlianad gamosayofad. magram cianidebi uZlieresi Sxamebia, romlebic madnis

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gadamuSavebis Sedegad (koncentrirebul mJavebTan da tuteebTan erTad) didi raodenobiT xvdeba atmosfero-Si, miwisqveSa da zedapirul wylebSi da did saSiSroebas warmoadgens garemosTvis da adamianis janmrTelobis-Tvis. adamianis organizmSi moxvedrisas cianidebi iwvevs sunTqvis procesSi monawile fermentebis inhibirebas da adamianis sikvdils.

ekologiuri problemebi, romelTac adre lokalu-ri xasiaTi hqonda, dRes msoflios momcvel globalur problemebad iqca. ekologiuri informaciis naklebo-bas didi zianis miyeneba SeuZlia. sazogadoebam unda icodes garemos namdvili suraTi. bunebis dacvis sfe-roSi saidumlo ar unda arsebobdes. bunebis dacva — Ti-Toeulis valia [24].

Tanamedrove ekologiuri problemebis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia garemoSi moxvedrili mZime liTonebis detoqsikacia. am mizniT, ZiriTadad iyeneben sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebs, magram isini SerCeviTad moqmedeben da ara aqvT zogierTi Zlier saSiSi mZime li-Tonisgan (magaliTad, kadmiumi) niadagis gasufTavebis unari. rac Seexeba mcenareebs, isinic SerCeviTad akumu-lireben garemoSi arsebul mZime liTonebs. amasTanave mZime liTonebis koncentracia maT qsovilebSi mniSvne-lovnad izrdeba [25]. q. dubnis (ruseTi) birTvuli kvle-vebis gaerTianebul institutSi uaxlesi teqnikis gamo-yenebiT, daadgines [26], rom Cven mier damuSavebuli axa-li agrobioorganuli teqnologia gabinZurebul nada-gebzec ki ekologiurad sufTa mosavlis miRebis saSua-lebas iZleva. nayofSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba nitra-tebis, pesticidebis, mZime liTonebis, radionuklidebis Semcveloba [27-31]. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bioorganuli teqnologie-bis institutSi, e. andronikaSvilis saxelobis fizikis institutTan da teqnikur universitetTan erTad, mu-Savdeba mZime liTonebiT gabinZurebuli niadagis gaw-

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mendis iafi teqnologia, rac xels Seuwyobs bolnisis raionSi, kerZod, kazreTis madniani zonis farTobebze ekologiurad sufTa sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvanas da, zogadad, agroterorizmis Tavidan acile-bas.

RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE

The Prephilosophical Thinking of Georgian Ancestors – the Basis of Metallurgy and Gold Production

Abstract

Thanks to region’s rich natural resources and its geographical

location, Georgia developed metallurgical traditions which go back to the Early Bronze Age, namely the fourth millennium BC. Unearthed artifacts from this period already demonstrate the advanced skills both in bronze metallurgy and in working with precious metals of Georgian artisans. Tools and jewellery, pins, rings and temple pendants, as well as striking ornamental gold brooch show an unusually high level of workmanship.

In 2004 German archaecologists from Ruhr-University Bochum discovered the gold mine in Sakdrisi. Dated to the third millennium BC, it is one of the oldest known gold mines in the world and that such unique exhibits have not been discovered even in Egypt. The 5000 years old gold mine of Sakdrisi in Georgia lies 50 km southwest of Tbilisi. Archeologists assert that these are the eldest mines in the world. This should have been a sensational find for Georgia, as previously it was believed that gold was recovered only from alluvial deposits in rivers.

The Georgians were the first in the world to begin working on iron and steel and contributed to mankind history that way as well. In Georgia the oldest monuments of human civilization were discovered and is considered a place of origin of metallurgy. The Georgian region

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is well known for its gold and has been a source of the precious metal for millennia. The gold of Colchis, for example, was made famous in the Greek legend of Jason and the Golden Fleece.

As it is known, chemistry is one of the oldest sciences. It for thousands years had a huge impact on the civilization development. In the history of science, the etymology of the word chemistry is a debatable issue.

The Greek word “chemeia” first appears in about the fourth century and was used to designate the art of metal-working, especially the possible of base metals into gold and silver. The Arabs latter prefixed the article “al” and the words “chemistry” and “alchemy” were practically interchangeable.

The second explanation is related to the Egyptian hieroglyph "khmi", which means black (fertile) land. There are other considerations about the origin of the name of “chemistry”. For example, the ancient Chinese name "kim" means gold.

We assume that there is another version of the probable origin of the term “chemistry”. Based on historical sources chemical knowledge originated thousands years ago in the old Georgia, and the name "chemistry", as well as the name of "ceramics", derives from Colchian (old Georgian) language.

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warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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sergi avaliani

(Tbilisi) sergi avaliani — filosofiur mecniere-baTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTve-los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-miis akademikosi, mecnierebis damsaxu-rebuli moRvawe, erovnuli premiis la-ureati; avtori mravali naSromisa Teo-riuli filosofiis, bunebismecniere-

bis filosofiis, qarTuli filosofiis istoriis dargSi qarTul, rusul, inglisursa da ukrainul enebze.

karl poperis filosofiis

kritikuli analizi

karl raimund poperi {1902-1994} msoflioSi cnobi-

li filosofosia, Tumca filosofiuri ideebis siRrmiT igi mainca da mainc ar gamoirCeva. poperis filosofiuri ideebis kritika ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moce-

mulia Cvens adrindel naSromebSic.∗ am statiaSi ki es kritika ara marto integrirebulia, aramed agreTve da-matebiTi argumentebiTac aris Sevsebuli. aqve minda aR-vniSno, rom poperis filosofiis yvela mxare erT stati-aSi, cxadia, ver moTavsdeba, miT umetes kritikulad gaa-nalizebuli. magram, vfiqrobT esec kmara poperis filo-sofiis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxarebis warmosaCenad.

∗ s.avaliani, karl poperis “codnis zrdis” Teoriis kritiku-li analizi. ix. “filosofiuri Ziebani” VIII, 2004; s. avaliani, determinizmisa da indeterminizmis poperiseuli koncefcia, “filosofiuri Ziebani”, XII, 2008; s. avaliani, dialeqtikis Te-oriisa da aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kano-nis Tavsebadobis problema (ix. “filosofiuri Ziebani”, XVIII, 2014).

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karl poperi dasawyisSi “venis wris” pozitivistu-ri filosofiuri jgufis wevri iyo da, bunebrivia, izia-rebda am wris yvela {empiriuli verifikaciis principi, induqcia, albaToba, metafizika} ZiriTad ideas. magram male Camoscilda avstriel pozitivistebs, uaryo yvela zemodasaxelebuli principi, SeimuSava alternatiuli ideebi da daupirispirda “venis wris” pozitivistur msoflmxedvelobas.

pozitivizmis amosavals warmoadgens empiriuli ve-rifikaciis prinipi, rogorc sazrisiani da usazriso de-bulebebis sademarkacio principi. pozitivistebi Tvli-an, rom sazrisiania is debuleba, romelic analizis gziT SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas uSualo grZnobad monace-mebze. mecnieruli codna swored aseTi debulebebisagan Sedgeba. sazrisiani debuleba SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs codnasTan. xo-lo is, rac empiriuli verifikaciis princips ar eqvemde-bareba, arc sazrisiania da arc codnas warmoadgens.

popers ar akmayofilebs empiriuli verifikaciis principi, rogorc sademarkacio kriteriumi, vinaidan mas induqciasa da albaTobamde mivyavarT. induqciuri daskvnebis Semowmeba, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba, vinaidan “yvela” ar SeiZleba uSualo cdaSi gvqondes mocemuli. induqciuri da albaTuri daskvnebi, poperis azriT, mec-nirebas ar gamoadgeba, vinaidan mecnierebas universa-luri daskvnebi esaWiroeba. amitom induqcia mecnieru-li meTodi ar aris. “induqcia saerTod ar arsebobs” ka-tegoriulad brZanebs poperi.

uaryofs ra verifikaciis princips, popers Semo-aqvs alternatiuli principi falsifikacia, romlis upiratesobas igi imaSi xedavs, rom “yvelas” Semowmeba SeuZlebelia usasrulobis gamo, magram erTis falsifi-kacia sruliad SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, debulebas “yvela liToni eleqtrobis gamtaria” induqciis wesiT ver davasabuTebT, vinaidan “yvela” liTonis Semowmeba

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SeuZlebelia. samagierod, Tuki vipovniT Tundac erT liTons, romelic eleqtrobas ar atarebs, maSin pirveli zogadi debuleba uaryofili iqneba. amaSi xedavs poperi falsifikaciis meTodis upiratesobas.

vidre poperis ideebis gadmocemas ganvagrZobdeT, saWirod migvaCnia gamovTqvaT ramdenime kritikuli Se-niSvna falsifikaciis meTodTan dakavSirebiT.

pirveli. falsifikaciis meTodi {Tu principi} uaryofiTia; mas zogadi debulebis uaryofa SeuZlia, damtkicebiT ki verafers ver amtkicebs {Tu zogadi de-bulebis uaryofas damtkicebad ar CavTvliT}. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi rogor SeZlebs igi “codnis zrdis” uzrunvel-yofas? codnas zrdis ara imdenad uaryofiTi, aramed dadebiTi msjelobebi.

meore. zogadi debulebis falsificireba ioli ro-dia. igi aTasSi erTi SeiZleba moxdes. codnis zrdisaT-vis ki es ar kmara. Tu falsificirebadobis SesaZleblo-bas “codnis zrdis” kriteriumad CavTvliT, maSin “cod-nis zrda” SeiZleba dabrkoldes.

mesame. poperi Tvlis, rom yvela induqciuri zoga-di debuleba falsificirebadia; Tu es asea, maSin TviTon es zogadi debulebac falsificirebadi iqneba. maSin sad aris gamosavali? falsificirebadi debuleba sxva zoga-di debulebis falsificirebadobas rogor moaxdens? miT umetes SeuZlebelia, rom falsificirebadobis prin-cipma Tavisi Tavis falsificireba moaxdinos.

meoTxe. poperi gveubneba, rom bunebis kanonebi falsificirebadiao. saidan viciT, rom es asea? bunebis erTi romelime kanonis falsificirebadoba yvela kano-nis falsificirebadobas rogor daasabuTebs? aq isev induqcias xom ar mivmarTavT? erTidan yvelas Sesaxeb gakeTebuli daskvna gana is ar aris, rasac poperi eb-rZvis? rogor aviciloT Tavidan es winaaRmdegoba?

mexuTe. poperi gveubneba,rom “induqcia saerTod ar arsebobs”, magram, meore mxriv, igi amtkicebs, rom “mecni-

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erebis kanonebi hipoTezuri da albaTuriao”. xom ara gvaqvs logikuri winaaRmdegoba? hipoTezuri da albaTu-ri induqciuri daskvnebia, xolo Tu induqcia ar arse-bobs, maSin saidan gaCnda mecnierebis kanonebis hipoTe-turoba da albaTuroba? garda amisa, Tu mecnierebis ka-nonebi hipoTezuri da albaTuria, maSin induqcia arsebu-la. erTi sityviT, es ori ram erTmaneTs ver uTavsdeba.

falsifikaciis Sesaxeb msjelobis dasasruls aR-vniSnavT, rom arc aristotele Tvlida induqcias mecni-erul meTodad, vinaidan igi WeSmaritebad mxolod abso-lutur WeSmaritebas Tvlida. j.s. milma scada bunebis erTgvarobis kanonis safuZvelze induqciuri WeSmari-tebidan “yvelas” gamoricxva. magram axal droSi aRmoC-nda bunebis erTgvarobis kanonis daSvebis SeuZlebloba. buneba ar aris erTgvarovani; mis struqturul elemen-tebs Soris didi sxvaobaa.

poperi Tvlis, rom falsifikaciis meTodTan mWid-ro kavSirSia “codnis zrdis” Teoria. igi ebrZvis pozi-tivistebis mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis Teorias, romelsac, misi azriT, kumulaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, WeSma-ritebis dagrovebas amtkicebs. codnis kumulaciuri Teoria, ambobs poperi, Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasas-ruls niSnavs. amitom igi cdilobs “codnis zrdis” iseTi Teoriis SemuSavebas, sadac kumulacias adgili ar eqne-ba. “codnis zrda”, misi azriT, organizmis zrdas hgavs, sadac zrdis Sedegebi calke ki ar grovdeba, aramed mTel organizms erTvis.

“codnis zrdis” poperiseuli koncefcia absolu-turi WeSmaritebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas gamoric-xavs. poperi amtkicebs, rom absoluturi WeSmariteba rom Semecnebadi iyos, maSin Semecneba adre Tu gvian das-ruldeboda; WeSmariteba absoluturia; Tumca igi ada-mians arasodes ar eZleva; misi Semecneba SeuZlebelia. sxvagvari WeSmariteba ki ar arsebobs. absoluturoba am

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SemTxvevaSi mis usasrulobas niSnavs, xolo usasrulo imitom aris usasrulo, rom misi wvdoma SeuZlebelia.

magram Tu absoluturi WeSmariteba usasruloba-Sia, maSin “codnis zrdis” kriteriums ra warmoadgens? saidan unda gavigoT, rom codna gaizarda, Tu kriteriu-mi ara gvaqvs? am problemis gadawyvetas poperi WeSmari-tebismagvarobis {verisimilitude} cnebis SemotaniT cdi-lobs. WeSmaritebismagvaroba ar aris WeSmariteba, mag-ram igi “hgavs” mas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs “codnis zrda” aRmovaCinoT. magram WeSmaritebismagvarobis cne-bas kidev ufro didi sirTuleebi axlavs. ras niSnavs WeSmaritebismagvarobis msgavseba WeSmaritebasTan? sai-dan viciT maTi msgavseba, roca absoluturi WeSmarite-ba CvenTvis ucnobia? Turme “codnis zrdis” msgavseba WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebas niSnavs. magram jer is ar vi-ciT, Tu rogor xdeba WeSmaritebismagvarobis miaxloeba WeSmaritebasTan, amitom WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebis cnebis SemotaniT kidev ufro Rrmad veflobiT gaugeb-robis ufskrulSi. raimesTan miaxloeba imas niSnavs, rom mas adre Tu gvian mivwvdebiT, xolo is, rac usasrulo-baSi imyofeba, mas verc vuaxlovdebiT da verc vwvdebiT. aseT urTules winaaRmdegobaSi gaixlarTa poperis “codnis zrdis” Teoria.

ufro sainteresoa poperis koncefcia codnis obi-eqturobis Sesaxeb. codnis obieqturoba cnobili amba-via; subieqturi codna ar arsebobs. magram poperma cod-nis obieqturoba gaigo rogorc damoukidebloba subieq-tisagan anu misi ontologiuroba, rac uTuod axali sit-yvaa gnoseologiis {Semecnebis Teoriis} istoriaSi. po-peri erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sam samyaros: materia-luri samyaro, romelic Semecnebis obieqts warmoadgens, subieqturi samyaro {cnobierebis Sinaarsi, mentaluri obieqtebi}, romelic imecnebs pirvel samyaros da qmnis codnas, xolo mesame samyaros warmoadgens mopovebuli codnis sferos. codna mopovebis Semdeg damoukideblo-

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bas iZens imisagan, vinc is moipova. igi aris codna Semmec-nebeli subieqtis gareSe. mesame samyaro codnis, ideebis samyaroa, romelic yvelafrisgan damoukidebelia. igi damoukideblobis mixedviT platonis ideebis samyaros hgavs, Tumca maT Soris gansxvavebaa. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom platonis ideebi RvTaebrivi bunebisaa. poperis mesa-me samyaro ki adamianuri warmomavlobisaa. igi pirveli samyaros Semecnebis Sedegia da wignebsa da JurnalebSi Tavsdeba. kantis Teoriuli ideebi moTavseulia wignSi “wminda gonebis kritika”, romelic misi avtorisagan da-moukidebelia. avtori gardaicvala, magram misi ideebi, romlebic gadmocemulia mis wignebSi, cocxlobs da mo-mavalSic icocxlebs, Tu mas ar daxeven an ar dawvaven. po-peri kidev ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom wigni ma-inc wignia, Tundac igi waukiTxavi da waukiTxvadi iyos. nuTu ar aris gansxvaveba, gvekiTxeba igi, cariel fur-clebsa da waukiTxvad wignebs Soris? qva, romelzec ra-Rac weria, magram misi wakiTxva SeuZlebelia da Cveuleb-rivi qva, romelzec araferi ar weria, erTmaneTisagan ganxvavebulia. poperi am ideas biologiur organizmzec avrcelebs {amitom hqvia mis wigns “obieqturi codna. bi-ologiuri midgoma”.} igi gveubneba, rom Citis an krazanis bude, romelic mitovebulia, mainc budea. carieli bude iseTive budea, rogorc savse. aseve mitovebuli saxli ma-inc saxlia. mesame samyaros binadarni, marTalia, fiziku-ri da materialuri ar aris, riTac igi pirveli samyaros binadarTagan gansxvavdeba, magram obieqturobis niSnis mixedviT isini erTmaneTs hgvanan. maTi msgavseba damou-kideblobaSia. damoukidebloba xom obieqturobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania.

aq ar SeiZleba kritikuli analizis gareSe davto-voT poperis moZRvreba obieqturi codnis Sesaxeb. pope-ris am koncefcias aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofi-Ti mxareebi. dadebiTi mxarea codnis obieqturobis axa-li aspeqtis warmoCena. uaryofiTi mxare ki imaSi mdgoma-

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reobs, rom poperi erTmaneTisagan ar arCevs cnebis {am SemTxvevaSi obieqturobis} substratulsa da funqciur gansazRvrebebs. amis gareSe ki gaugebrobas Tavidan ver avicilebT. popers yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi aqvs sub-stratuli mxare, xolo funqciur mxares mxedvelobis gareSe tovebs. amave dros funqciuroba aranakleb mniS-vnelovnia, vidre substratuli. orive maTgani erTi da igive sinamdvilis sxvadasxva mxares warmoadgens. maga-liTad, carieli saxli an mitovebuli Citis bude sub-stratulad budea, funqciurad ki ara. saxlsac da bude-sac orive mxare gaaCnia. mitovebuli saxli substratu-lad mainc saxlia, Tumca masSi adamianebi aRar cxovro-ben, amitom funqcia ar gaaCnia. magram Tu masSi adamiane-bi Casaxldebian, maSin igi funqcias SeiZens da iqneba sax-li substratuladac da funqciuradac. substratulo-bis upiratesoba imaSia, rom Tu substrati ar arsebobs, maSin funqciurobaze laparaki zedmetia, xolo sub-strats ki SeuZlia funqciis gareSe arseboba. aqedan daskvna: funqciurobis uaryofa ar SeiZleba, Tumca igi SeiZleba substrats Tan ar axldes. poperi ki mxolod substratze msjelobs.

axla unda ganvixiloT poperis Tvalsazrisi dia-leqtikuri winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb da vnaxoT Tu rogor esmis mas es problema.

gasuli saukunis Sua wlebSi yofili sabWoTa kavSi-ris filosofosebs Soris {rogorc Semdeg gairkva, ara marto maT Soris} gacxarebuli brZola warmoebda dia-leqtikisa da logikis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. am brZolis saTave, mizezi jer kidev hegelis filosofiaSi iyo, ro-melmac gamoTqva debuleba dialeqtikisa da logikis igiveobis Sesaxeb. es debuleba ratomRac jer kidev mar-qsma da engelsma aitaces, xolo maTgan sabWoTa filoso-fiaSi damkvidrda. am filosofiuri disciplinebis igi-veobis ideam sabWoTa kavSirSi dialeqtikuri logikis SesaZleblobis saxe miiRo. v.i. lenini “filosofiur

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rveulebSi” kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom ar aris saWi-ro sami sityva; dialeqtika, logika da Semecnebis Teo-ria erTi da igivea. magram rogor? amaze pasuxi ar Canda. hegelTan es gasagebi iyo, vinaidan misi filosofia arsi-sa da azris igiveobidan amodioda. marqsTan da engel-sTan saqme sul sxvagvarad idga. maT materialisturi Tezisi gaabatones da azri arsis asaxvad warmoadgines anu materialuris pirveladobis Tezisi daicves. aseT viTarebaSi ki dialeqtikisa da logikis urTierTobis gageba SeuZlebeli gaxda.

marqsistuli filosofia laparakobda orgvar dia-leqtikaze: obieqtursa da subieqturze. amasTanave su-bieqturi dialeqtika gagebuli iyo rogorc obieqturi, materialuri samyaros asaxva; amis safuZvelze erTi wye-ba moazrovneebisa Tvlida, rom materialur samyaroSi arsebuli dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba ar SeiZleba az-rSi iqnas gadatanili. logika unda iyos ara winaaRmde-gobrivi, aradialeqtikuri anu aristoteles mier Seq-mnili formaluri logika. meore jgufi moazrovneebisa Tlida, rom adamianis azrovneba asaxavs obieqtur sinam-dvileSi arsebul dialeqtikur winaaRmdegobas da, maSa-sadame, arsebobs dialeqtikuri logika.

es brZola da es problemebi sisruliT iyo warmod-genili qarTul filosofiaSi. dialeqtikuri logikis Se-saZleblobas ZiriTadad formaluri logikis {gansakuT-rebiT maTematikuri logikis} damcvelebi uaryofdnen. isini uSvebdnen obieqturi kanonzomierebis asaxvas ada-mianis azrovnebaSi, magram Tvlidnen, rom materialuri arsis yvela Tviseba azrovnebaSi ar aisaxeba. magaliTad, adamianis goneba asaxavs wiTel vards, magram azri vardis Sesaxeb wiTeli rodia. aseve adamiani asaxavs sicives, mag-ram sicivis amsaxveli azri civi rodia. asevea dialeqti-kuri winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSic. obieqturi dialeqti-ka obieqtur winaaRmdegobazea agebuli, magram mis amsax-

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vel azrSi ar SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba iyos. es niSnavs dia-leqtikuri logikis SesaZleblobis uaryofas.

dialeqtikuri logikis damcvelebi, kerZod, maTi qarTveli lideri, didi qarTveli logikosi savle were-Teli, romelmac mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba dialeqtikuri logikis problemebis damuSavebas Seswi-ra, aseT arguments gamoTqvamda: dialeqtikuri winaaR-mdegoba aris materialuri sinamdvilis yvelaze ZiriTa-di kanonzomiereba; Tu vityviT, rom adamianis goneba ver asaxavs mas, maSin saqme gveqneba agnosticizmTan, rac Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas niSnavs. magram Tu, piriqiT, obieqtur sinamdvileSi arsebuli winaaRmdego-bis asaxvas davuSvebT adamianis gonebaSi, maSin dialeq-tikuri logikis aRiarebas ver avcdebiT.

Cven amJamad ar vapirebT am urTierTdapirispire-buli Tvalsazrisebidan erT-erTis dacvas Tundac imi-tom, rom am dargis specialisti ar gaxlavarT. magram is ki unda vTqvaT, rom vinc gabedavs am brZolaSi Cabmas, man uTuod Rrmad unda gaaanalizos is argumentebi, ro-melic kritikis obieqts gaaCnia da ara marto zogadi frazebiTa da deklarirebiT dakmayofildes. winaaR-mdeg SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba ara mecnierul kamaTTan, aramed diletantizmTan. rasac zogierTi da, maT Soris, magaliTad, prof, l. jaxaia akeTebs misi Txzulebebis meore tomSi.

dialeqtikuri logikis problemebiT dainterese-buli iyo k.poperic, romelmac wignSi “varaudebi da darRvevebi” scada logikaSi dialeqtikuri winaaRmde-gobis garkveva, magram, samwuxarod, iseTi primitiuli da gulubryvilo Secdomebi dauSva, rom aseTi ram TviT filosofiis dargis studentsac ki ar epatieba. k. pope-ri — msoflioSi cnobili filosofosi — bevrs werda da masTan erTad bevr Secdomebsac uSvebda. es poperis fi-losofiis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo. es Tavisebureba erTxel kidev aSkarad gamovlinda dialeqtikur logi-

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kaze msjelobis dros. icnobs ra dialeqtikuri logikis warmomavlobas, igi — ambiciebis tyveobaSi myofi — sa-lanZRav sityvebs ar iSurebs maT mimarT, vinc es cneba Semoitana. igi gveubneba, rom “hegelis dialeqtika bun-dovania”, dialeqtikaSi “yvelaze seriozuli gaugebroba da bundovanebaa”, ”didi sifrTxilea saWiro termini “dialeqtikis” xmarebisas; iqneb ukeTesi iyos, rom sul ar vixmaroT.” hegelis logika Turme “ara marto dro-moWmulia”, aramed “damaxasiaTebelia azrovnebis mecni-erebamdeli da logikamdeli wesisaTvis”. hegeli iyo “marqsis daumsaxurebeli saxelganTqmuli maswavlebe-li”, “dialeqtika aramecnierulia; is metafizikuria”. da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi poperi ver xvdeba, rom iseT genioss, rogoric iyo hegeli, poperisagan aseTi ram ar ekadreba.

axla vnaxoT, Tu ras fiqrobs poperi daleqtikuri

logikis Sesaxeb. winaswar vityviT, rom, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mas TiTqmis araviTari warmodgena ara aqvs am problemaze, Tumca masze igi didi TviTdajerebiT msje-lobs. logikuris dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba mas warmoudgenia, rogorc logikuri winaaRmdegoba. vfiq-robT, rom amaze meti uazroba aravis ar uTqvams am problemasTan dakavSirebiT. igi gvimtkicebs, rom “ar SeiZleba avitanoT winaaRmdegoba Cvens TeoriebSi”. “Tu TeoriaSi aris winaaRmdegoba, maSin misgan gamomdinare-obs yvelaferi da realurad araferi”. “Teoria, romel-Sic aris winaaRmdegoba, mTlianad uvargisia, rogorc Teoria”. erTi sityviT, popers hgonia, rom TiTqos dia-leqtika mecnierul TeoriebSi logikuri winaaRmdego-bebis arsebobas uSvebs. es sruli absurdia, dialeqtiku-ri winaaRmdegobis sruli gaugebrobaa.

logikuri winaaRmdegoba niSnavs gamoTqmuli azre-bis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas an iseT SemTxvevas, roca erTi azri wina azrisagan ar gamomdinareobs, an mas ewi-naaRmdegeba, ar aris daculi logikuri kanonebis moT-

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xovnebi. erTi sityviT, saqme gvaqvs ara mwyobr, logiku-ri aucileblobiT gamomdinare azrebTan, aramed srul bundovanebasa da gaugebrobasTan, sadac daculi ar aris logikuri azrovnebis wesebi da kanonebi iq mxolod da mxolod bundovaneba sufevs

dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba logikur azrovneba-Si niSnavs erTsa da imave azrSi Sinagani winaaRmdegobis aRmoCenas, sawinaaRmdego azris uaryofasa da am uaryo-fis gziT dasabuTebas. magaliTad WeSmariteba erTia, magram igi dapirispirebul momentebs Seicavs; arsebobs absoluturi, relatiuri, obieqturi WeSmriteba, rom-lebic erTmaneTs kidec upirispirdeba da kidec asabu-Tebs urTierTarsebobas. WeSmariteba konkretulia da ara abstraqtuli. mis konkretulobas swored masSi ar-sebuli dapirispireba qmnis. amas niSnavs logikuris dia-leqtikuri buneba. aRarafers vambobT winaaRmdegobis gziT dasabuTebaze {“ar arsebobs WeSmariteba” niSnavs imas, rom “arsebobs WeSmariteba”}. aseve iTqmis im kate-goriebze, romelTac s.wereTelma “logikuris katego-riebi” uwoda. rogorc vxedavT, aq laparakia ara logi-kur winaaRmdegobaze, aramed dialeqtikur winaaRmde-gobaze, romelTac k.poperi erTmaneTSi urevs.

SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros, rom logikuri winaaRmde-goba {da ara logikuris dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba} uaryofiT dialeqtikas warmoadgens. amgvari mosazreba Secdomaa. uaryofiTi dialeqtika winaaRmdegobriv mxa-reebs erTmaneTs upirispirebs, magram TavianT sferoSi mocemuli Tezisi mkacri logikuri aucileblobiT sa-buTdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, kantis antinomiebi. mesame antinomiis Tezisi Tavisuflebis aucileblobas amtki-cebs, antiTezisi ki Tavisuflebis aucileblobas uar-yofs. orive maTgani mkacri logikuri aucileblobiT sa-buTdeba. logikuri winaaRmdegobis arsebobis pirobebSi ki araviTari logikuri dasabuTeba ara gvaqvs, radganac darRveulia logikuri azrovnebis wesebi da kanonebi. es

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ukve imas niSnavs, rom logikur winaaRmdegobasa da uar-yofiT dialeqtikas Soris araviTari msgavseba ar aris.

am sakiTxze damatebiTi msjelobisagan Tavs Sevika-vebT da gadavalT Cveni kvlevis ukanasknel obieqtze. es aris determinizmisa da indeterminizmis urTierTobis problema.

koncefcia determinizmis Sesaxeb k. popers gamoT-qmuli aqvs or wignSi: `Ria sazogadoeba, indeterminiz-mis argumenti~ da ìstoricizmis siRatake~. am statiaSi ar xerxdeba, rom vrclad gavaanalizoT poperis Sexedu-lebani determinizmisa da indeterminizmis Sesaxeb, ami-tom amjerad mxolod ZiriTadi mosazrebebiT davkmayo-fildebiT. ufro vrclad ki gadmocemulia Cems recen-ziaSi “determinizmisa da indeterminizmis poperiseuli koncefcia” {ix. “filosofiuri Ziebani”, XII. 2008}.

k.poperi imTaviTve acxadebs, rom Cemi ZiriTadi problema “mecnieruli determinizmis argumentebis sa-fuZvlianobis Semowmebaa.” determinizmis cnebis qveS ki mas klasikuri {laplasis} determinizmi esmis. marTalia, poperi determinizmis sam saxes ganasxvavebs {religiuri, mecnieruli da metafizikuri}, magram misi brZolis sa-miznes mxolod da mxolod mecnieruli determinizmi warmoadgens. igi uaryofs determinizmis safuZvelze wi-naswarxedvis anu winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas. winaswarmetyvelebis cnebis qveS ki absoluturad zusti winaswarmetyveleba esmis, romlis SesaZleblobas igi ga-moricxavs. poperma icis, rom astronomiaSi ciur movle-nebs TiTqmis absoluturi sizustiT winaswarmetyvele-ben. swored amitom igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs winas-warmetyvelebadsa da arawinaswarmetyvelebad movle-nebs. winaswarmetyvelebadad astronomiul movlenebs Tvlis, magram es garemoeba, misi azriT, ar amtkicebs, rom yvelafris winaswarmetyveleba SesaZlebelia.

arawinaswametyvelebad movlenebs igi “codnis zrdis” sferoSi eZebs. igi gveubneba, rom arc erT mecni-

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ers ar SeuZlia iwinsawarmetyvelos, rom xval amasa da amas aRmoaCens. “codnis zrda”arawinaswarmetyvelebadia.

determinizmis uaryofaSi k. poperi indeterminiz-mis dasabuTebas xedavs. erTgan igi acxadebs, rom “me var indeterministi.” amasTanave dasaSvebad miaCnia empiriu-li winaswarxedva, romelac adamiani yoveldRiurad mi-marTavs: “xval or leqcias wavikiTxav”, “waval TeatrSi” da a. S.

determinizmis uaryofisa da indeterminizmis dac-vis procesSi igi iyenebs cnebebs: “Ria samyaro” da “daxu-ruli samyaro”, romelTac igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs.

ramdenad marTebulia poperis es sociologiuri koncefcia? uwinares yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom deter-minizmi sruliadac ar aris moZRvreba mxolod absolu-turi aucileblobis Sesaxeb. absoluturi aucilebloba SeuZlebelia; aseve da amave safuZvelze SeuZlebelia ab-soluturi winaswarxedva. rogorc frangi maTematikosi e.boreli asabuTebs, absoluturi winaswarxedva saer-Tod SeuZlebelia. TviT `jinsis saswaulic” ki ar SeiZ-leba absoluturad CaiTvaloT, raki usasrulos “gav-la” adamians ar SeuZlia. rarig xangrZlivad ar unda icocxlos adamianma gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli wylis gayinvas ver naxavs. magram Teoriulad misi gamo-ricxva SeuZlebelia. Zveli berZnebi laparakobdnen ab-soluturi aucileblobis Sesaxeb, magram es iyo fata-lizmi {sofokles “oidipos mefe”} da ara mecnieruli determinizmi.

mecnieruli determinizmis uaryofa TviTon mecni-erebis uaryofas niSnavs. Tu codna aucileblobas saer-Tod ar Seicavs, maSin igi ara marto mecnieruli ar aris, aramed saerTod ar aris codna. TviTon saR azrSic, ro-melic codnis erT-erT sferos warmoadgens, aucileb-lobis raRac {Tundac umcires} aucileblobas Seicavs. realobas sizmarSic aRviqvamT, magram igi sizmaria da ara codna, vinaidan mas araviTari aucilebloba ar ax-

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lavs. ai, raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs determinizms codnaSi saerTod, miT umetes — mecnierul codnaSi. po-peri ki dabejiTebiT uaryofs mecnierul determinizms.

albaToba arasodes ar uaryofs mecnierebas. Tu ab-soluturi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia, maSin yvela mec-nieruli debuleba sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT albaTu-ri iqneba. am azriT gaugebaria poperis mtkiceba alba-Tobisa da mecnierebis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb.

materialur samyaroSi albaTobisa da aucileblo-bis polusebi ar arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs absoluturad aucilebeli an absoluturad SemTxvevi-Ti movlenebi. absoluturi aucilebloba rom arsebob-des, maSin moZraoba da cvalebadoba SeuZlebeli iqnebo-da, vinaidan absoluturi aucilebloba yovelgvar moZ-raobasa da cvalebadobas gamoricxavs, xolo Tu abso-luturi SemTxveviToba arsebobdes, maSin veraferi SeZ-lebda arsebobas; ar iarsebebda mdgradoba, da, maSasada-me, garkveuloba. yovelgvari arsebuli aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis sxvadasxva donis narevia.

Znelia daveTanxmoT popers determinizmisa da wi-naswarmetyvelebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi momavlis winaswarxedvis SeuZleblobas klasikuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg argumentad Tvlis, xolo winaswarmetyvele-bis SeuZleblobas “codnis zrdis” winaswarmetyvelebis SeuZleblobiT asabuTebs. niutoni ver iwinaswarmetyve-lebda ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis warmoSobas, iseve rogorc galilei ver iwinaswarmetyvelebda, rom mis mier teleskopiT pirvelad damzeril mTvareze odesme adamiani fexs daadgamda.

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom poperi uaryofs iseT de-terminizms da iseT winaswarmetyvelebas, romelic “cod-nis zrdasTan” aris dakavSirebuli, magram sxva mxriv wi-naswarmetyveleba misTvis misaRebia. am ori tipis winas-warmetyvelebas Soris moCvnebiTi gansxvavebaa. sad, ro-dis yofila, rom mecniers eTqvas xval ama da am planetas

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aRmovaCeno? an momaval kviraSi mecnierul Teorias Sev-qmnio. mecnieri, cxadia, ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs, Tu ras aRmoaCens xval an erT-or kviraSi. amas poperic aRirebs. Tu es asea, maSin “codnis zrda” sruliad usafuZvlo aR-moCndeba. es, cxadia, ar niSnavs mecnieruli winaswarxevis uaryofas saerTod. mecnieruli winaswarxedva arsebobs awmyos parametrebis safuZvelze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es parametrebi SenarCunda ramdenime drois manZilze. ase iwinaswarmetyvela leveriem planeta neptunis arsebo-ba,aseve iTqmis mendeleevis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.

es niSnavs, rom codna, cxadia, izrdeba, magram misi winaswarxedva gamoricxuli ar aris.

codnas Sinagani logika gansazRvravs da amdenad igi determinirebulia, Tumca misi winaswarxedva SeuZ-lebelia winaswari parametrebis arsebobis gareSe, ro-gorc es leveries aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT moxda. isic unda vTqvaT, rom ar arsebobs principuli gansxva-veba mecnierul winaswarxedvasa da yoveldRiur winas-warxedvas Soris. roca vambob, rom xval or leqcias wa-vikiTxav, winaswar vgulisxmob, rom es moxdeba maSin, Tu janmrTelad viqnebi, Tu raime totaluri katastrofa ar moxda, an Tu studentebi movlen leqciis mosasmenad da a.S. amrigad, poperi amaod fiqrobs, rom TiTqos de-terminizmis es forma wina formebisagan principulad gansxvavdeba.

sruliad gaugebaria indeterminizmis cneba poper-Tan; igi indeterminizms uwodebs yvelafers, rac klasi-kur determinizms ar icavs. Tu es asea, maSin Cven yvelani indeterministebi vyofilvarT, raki rkiniseburi auci-leblobis cnebas aravin ar aRiarebs.

poperi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kanonsa da ten-

dencias, magram cdeba maSin, roca maT erTmaneTisagan wyvets. kanoni movlenaTa msvlelobis tendencias aCve-

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nebs. am azriT amboben, rom kanoni aris gabatonebuli tendencia.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom karl poperis filoso-fiuri msoflmxedveloba uTuod sainteresoa gasuli saukunis filosofiuri azris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, magram igi imdenad ambiciuria, imdenad endoba Tavis Tavs, rom xSirad zereled msjelobs da arc Secdomebs erideba.

SERGI AVALIANI

CRITICAL ANALYSIS K.POPPER’S MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS

ABSTRACT

In this article K.Popper’s almost all main philosophical

conceptions critically analysed. According to us, science without induction is impossible. The falsification can’t be used as demarcationcriterion between science and nonscience. K. Popper does not understand essential difference of logical contradiction from dialectical contradition. And, at last, the falsification does not provide the growth of knowledge

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis gan-yofilebam.

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nana guliaSvili

(Tbilisi)

nana guliaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxel-mwifo universitetis asistent—profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis filosofiis, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriis prob-

lemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statiebi da wigni: ,,arCil jorjaZis filosofiur — esTetikuri naazrevi“ (Tb. 2012w.).

erovnuli sakiTxi

arCil jorjaZis naazrevSi

sicocxlis arsis filosofiur analizs a. jorjaZe

XX saukunis dasawyisis biologiaSi gavrcelebuli Sexe-dulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da maTi kritikuli ganxil-

viT awarmoebs. sicocxlis Temas agrZelebs da akonkretebs qar-

Tveli moazrovne maSinac, roca igi ganixilavs erovnul sakiTxs. saqme imaSia, rom imis gamorkvevis Semdeg, Tu ras warmoadgens eri rogorc sicocxlis socialuri forma da rogorc adamianTa socialuri erTobis uarse-biTesi gamovlena, aucilebeli xdeba pasuxis gacema kiT-xvaze eris, rogorc aseTis, momavalTan dakavSirebiT: ra moelis erebs, gaagrZeleben isini sicocxles Tu Sew-yveten? sabolood ki sakiTxis dakonkretebis procesSi

a. jorjaZe CaerTვeba qarTveli eris bedze, ,,yofna-ar-yofnis” gamapirobebeli faqtorebis gansazRvra-gamor-kvevaze.

a. jorjaZisTvis, rogorc socialist-federalis-tTa liderisa da TeoretikosisaTvis, sakiTxis ase Se-mobruneba imis momaswavebeli unda yofiliyo, rom igi kargavs akademiur xasiaTs da uaRresad saWirboroto praqtikul problemad warmodgeba. aseT praqtikul

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problemad warmosdgeba aRniSnuli sakiTxi yvela imaT-Tvis, vinc sakuTari cxovrebis azrsa da mowodebas Tavi-si eris samsaxurSi xedavs. a. jorjaZe ki am mxriv Tavisi didi maswavleblis ilia WavWavaZis Rirseuli mowafe iyo.

cnobilia, rom jer kidev didi ilia ebrZoda nihi-lizmis yovelgvar gamovlenas erovnul sakiTxSi. gavix-senoT, Tundac misi (agreTve akaki wereTlisa da vaJa-fSavelas) mwvave polemika revolucioner-xalxosan iva-ne jabadarTan, romelic qarTveli eris momavals pesi-misturad uyurebda im ,,mecnieruli~ motiviT, TiTqos mis istoriul cxovrebaSi ukve dadga moxucebulobis periodi, rasac gardauvlad mohyveba sikvdilio. iliam, rom ityvian, qva qvaze aRar datova jon uiliam dreperi-dan momdinare da jabadaris mier gaziarebuli im Teori-idan, romlis mixedviT, erebi TavianT cxovreba-ganviTa-rebaSi igive stadiebs gadian, rasac calkeuli individe-bi. albaT amis gamocaa, rom a. jorjaZis nawerebSi ukve aRarc gvxvdeba am erovnuli nihilistis saxeli.

samagierod, socialist-federalistTa lidersa da Teoretikoss brZola uxdeba erovnul nihilistTa sxva pleadasTan, romlebic gacilebiT saSiSi iyvnen qarTve-li erisaTvis, vidre jabadaris msgavsi nihilistebi. ese-ni iyvnen social-demokratebi, romelTagan TviTon a. jorjaZe yvelaze xSirad noe Jordaniasa da filipe maxa-

raZes ასახელებს xolme. saqme imaSia, rom qarTveli social-demokratebi —

menSevikebic da bolSevikebic, — warmoadgenen ra muSaTa klasis interesTa gamomxatvel partias, gaerTianebul-ni iyvnen ruseTis imperiis mTels social-demokratias-Tan (,,ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia”, igive ,,rsdmp”) da TavianT upirveles movaleobad miiC-nevdnen kosmopoliturad gagebuli internacionaliz-mis principisa da partiuli disciplinis ganuxrel dac-vas. swored aman ganapiroba is ambavi, rom qarTveli eris

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interesTa sazianod TavianTi partiis meore yrilobis Semdeg, — rogorc a. jorjaZe aRniSnavs, — ìsini iseTis TavgamodebiT icaven centralizms, rom am Tavgamode-biT gadaaciles yovelgvar zomas da azrs”.. (a. jorjaZe, SeTanxmebis imedi, Txzulebani. wigni pirveli. tf., 1911. gv. 207).

qarTveli social-demokratebis erovnuli nihi-lizmi, — òrnairad gamovlinda: jer-erTi, sazogadoeb-rivi cxovrebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalad klasTa brZolis gamocxadebiT iCrdileboda da ufasurdeboda erisa da erovnuli moZraobis socialuri mniSvneloba; meore — aRiarebuli iyo aseve marqsistuli Tezisi eris warmoSobis kapitalisturi warmoebis wesTan aucilebe-li kavSiris Sesaxeb, saidanac martivad keTdeboda das-kvna eris istoriuli gardamavlobis, komunistur sazo-gadoebaSi erebisa da enebis SerwymiT eris aRsasrulis

Sesaxeb~.. (m. WeლiZe, arCil jorjaZis erovnuli koncef-ciis filosofiuri safuZvlebi, J. `saqarTvelos komu-nisti~, 1990 w., #10, gv. 58).

amgvar erovnul nihilizms mTeli principulobiT ebrZvis qarTvel socialist-federalistTa lideri misTvis damaxasiaTebeli publicisturi paTosiTa da mecnieruli argumentaciiT, specialurad ganixilavs ra erovnul problemas filosofiuri da, kidev ufro me-tad, sociologiuri TvalTaxedviT. misi azriT, “socia-luri mecnierebis obieqtad kacobrioba ki ar unda dav-saxoT, aramed misi organuli Semadgeneli elementi — eri. eri konkretulis sazogadoebaa da am konkretuli erTeulis Seswavlidan unda gamomdinareobdes rogorc Teoriuli kvlevis debulebani, ise praqtikuli politi-kis moqmedebani”.. (a. jorjaZe, cnobis furceli, 1901 w. #1510).

im xanebSi gavrcelebuli definiciebis sapirispi-rod a. jorjaZe winaaRmdegia imisa, rom eris buneba er-Ti viwro da mSrali, Tumca erTi SexedviT “cxadi” for-

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mulis meSveobiT iyos warmodgenili. man kargad icis, rom erovnuli yofis arsis gansazRvrisas is saSualebe-bi ar gamodgeba, romelTac sxva Taviseburad gansxvave-bul movlenebs miuyeneben xolme. eris arsis warmoCine-bisas a. jorjaZe ufro misi konturebis moxazvas cdi-lobs, vidre “zust CarCoebSi” moqcevasa da gansaz-Rvras.

xalxis erad yofnis or uniSvnelovanes faqtorad qarTveli moazrovne saerTo teritoriasa da enas miiC-nevs: “miwa da ena — ori ZiriTadi faqtori Cveni erovne-bisa — miwa da misi nawarmoebi cxovrebis ekonomikuri sa-fuZvelia; ena da yoveli is, rac enis saSualebiT gamoi-saxeba (literatura, azrovneba da sxv.), cxovrebis su-lier anu fsixiur safuZvlad iTvleba”.. (a. jorjaZe, eri da kacobrioba, Txzulebani, wigni meoTxe, gv. 52).

a. jorjaZis ganmartebiT, eri TviTcnobierebiT aR-Wurvili “Semmecnebeli xalxia”, romelsac gaucnobiere-bia Tavisi sulieri da materialuri kavSirebis mniSvne-loba sakuTari enis, teritoriisa da mecnierebis dasa-cavad. misi azriT, erovnulobis arsebiTi niSani fsiqi-kuri erTobaa, saxelmwifoebriobiT SeZenili da gan-mtkicebuli. erovnuli fsiqika ar irRveva socialuri koliziebis, antagonizmebis pirobebSic ki. a. jorjaZe winaaRmdegia imisa, rom erovnuli TviTcnobiereba, erovnuli fsiqika, erovnuli moZraoba daeqvemdebaros eris SigniT arsebuli antagonizmisa da socialuri usa-marTlobis daZlevisaTvis warmoebuli brZolis amoca-nebs.

qarTveli moazrovne ganmartavs, rom eri “ar aRmo-cenebula Tanabaruflebiani sazogadoebis niadagze”, igi socialuri uTanasworobis produqtia, iseve, ro-gorc saxelmwifo. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavadac socia-luri uTanasworobis produqtia da am uTanasworobas icavs. swored saxelmwifo qmnis erovnuli fsiqikis Ca-moyalibebis pirobebs. mis gamo ki erovnuli fsiqika arc

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feodaluri fsiqikaa da arc burJuaziuli. am debulebas a. jorjaZe ufro akonkretebs, roca ambobs, rom “mudmi-vi praqtika, erTis mxriv, batonobisa da “mfarvelobisa” da, meores mxriv, morCilebisa, batonSiac da morCilSi-

ac qmnis erTgvar “fsixiur” ganwyobilეbas, romelsac “Zaladobis” niSanwyali TiTqos ekargeba da nebayoflo-biTi da soliduri xasiaTi eZleva”.. (a. jorjaZe, masale-bi erovnebis warmoSobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. Txzu-lebani, wigni pirveli, gv. 31).

a. jorjaZis koncefcia eris warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rogorc TviTon ambobs, emyareba sazogadoebis istori-is “ori didi formis” aRiarebas. erTi aris gvarovnul-Temuri wyobileba, xolo meore — “politikuri sazoga-doeba”, igive saxelmwifo. pirveli maTganis dros eri jer kidev ar arsebobs. ers qmnis saxelmwifo. sanam arse-bobs saxelmwifo, aris eric, xolo roca xalxi Tavis sa-xelmwifoebriobas hkargavs, amiT igi erovnuli gadagva-rebis gzas adgeba. gamomdinare aqedan, cxadi unda iyos is faqti, rom yoveli eri eswrafvis SeinarCunos saxel-mwifoebrioba, xolo Tu dahkarga, cdilobs kvlav moi-povos igi. am Teoriuli da faqtologiuri wanamZRvrebi-dan a. jorjaZe akeTebs konkretul daskvnas qarTveli eris saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis aucileblobis Sesa-xeb.

a.jorjaZem kargad icis, rom yoveli eri Sinaganad diferencirebulia. amis gamoa, rom masSi sxvadasxva so-cialur fenebsa da klasebs Soris uTanxmoebasa da brZolas aqvs adgili. miuxedavad amisa, igi kategoriu-li winaaRmdegia erovnuli yofierebis ganmsazRvrel, mTavar faqtorad klasTa brZolis miCnevisa. aseTi gage-ba, misi azriT, qarTvel ers daRupvamde miiyvans.

klasobrivze erovnulis primats a. jorjaZe saqar-Tvelos istoriis mravalricxovan faqtebSi xedavs. ba-toni da yma, mefe da glexi, beri da eri erTad ilaSqreb-dnen momxduri mtris winaaRmdeg. es ki, a. jorjaZis az-

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riT, imitom xdeboda, rom: “Cveni glexi raRaciTac da-kavSirebuli iyo sxva wodebebTan da Tavisi Sinauri mo-noba erCivna gareSe Zalis monobas. es “raRac” — ena, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tradicia da sxva — iyo is, rasac mecnierebi cxovrebis fsixiur faqtors uwodeben. maSasadame, Cveni xalxi Tavis Tavs icavda, icavda Tavis miwas, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela amis dac-va mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da gareSe mters igi uyurebda rogorc imis sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis da-mamxobels. ase rom, Zvel droSi erovnuli kiTxva qar-Tveli xalxis “sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis” kiTxva iyo. “sicocxle da Tavisufleba” xom xalxs Taviseburad es-moda. sicocxle gamravlebis da bednierebis uflebaa, Tavisufleba ki am uflebis xelisufleba, Seuryevlo-ba”.. (a. jorjaZe, eri da kacobrioba, Txzulebani, wigni meoTxe, gv. 54).

a. jorjaZis azriT, saqarTveloSi erovnulisa da klasobrivis urTierTmimarTeba sruliad sxva models saWiroebs, vidre dasavleTis modelia. igi kategoriu-lad acxadebs, rom didad cdebodnen qarTveli social-demokratebi, roca dasavleT evropis modeli saqarTve-loSi gadmohqondaT da masze argebdnen qarTul sinam-dviles. maT gauTvaliswinebeli rCebodaT, rom Cveni mimdinare socialuri procesi sulac araa mimarTuli dasavleTis msgavsad kapitalis centralizaciisaken da proletariatis internacionalizaciisaken. saqarTve-loSi kapitalizmi viTardeboda kapitalis decentrali-zaciis gziT, ris gamoc klasTa brZolac erovnul inte-resebs unda daeqvemdebaros.

am Teoriuli wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, a. jor-jaZe mouwodebs saqarTveloSi yvela klassa da partias monaxon is “saerTo niadagi”, is saerTo interesi, rom-lis gaTavisebiTac Camoyalibdeba erovnuli TviTcno-bierebis maRali done. es ki qarTvel xalxs saSualebas miscems imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi brZola da am brZo-

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lis yvela forma dauqvemdebaros erovnuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis amocanas. saqarTvelo, a. jorjaZis mixed-viT, im istoriul xanaSi Sevida, roca eris dayofa da da-qucmaceba ki ar gvesaWiroeba, aramed misi gamrTeleba da gaerTianeba.

erovnuli problemis aseTi Teoriuli da praqti-kuli gadawyveta aCvenebs, rom a. jorjaZe Tavisi msof-lmxedvelobiT optimistia. qarTveli moazrovnisa da moRvawis es optimizmi TiTqosda paradoqsuladac ki ga-moiyureboda iseT istoriul viTarebaSi, roca social-demokratebis propagandistuli xrikebiT dezorienti-rebuli umravlesoba qarTveli xalxisa mas da mis parti-as ar mihyveboda. a. jorjaZis am optimizmis safuZvlia-noba naTlad gamoCnda misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, roca socialuri kataklizmebis dinamikis logikam mTeli qar-Tveli xalxis erovnuli energia swori gziT warmarTa da ramdenime wliT — vidre gareSe uxeSi Zala ar Caereo-da — saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobamdec ki miiyvana.

NANA GULIASHVILI

NATIONAL ISSUE IN A.JORJADZE’S WORKS

ABSTRACT According to A.Jorjadze, a nation can be explained as “self-

cognizing people” characterized by self-consciousness and realization of the importance of its spiritual and material ties while defending its own language, territory and science. He thinks that the essential feature of nation is psychological unity acquired and strengthened through and thanks to statehood. Social psychics is not destroyed by social collisions and antagonism. A.Jorjadze does not share the position according to which social self-consciousness, national psychics, national movement should subject to the aims of struggle against antagonism within the nation and overcoming of social injustice.

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literatura

1. arCil jorjaZe — samSoblo da mamuSviloba, e. kodu-

as redaqciiT, Tb., 1990; 2. WeliZe m., a. jorjaZis erovnuli koncefciis filo-

sofiuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. ~saqarTvelos komunis-ti~, #10, 1990;

3. jorjaZe a., Txzulebani, wigni pirveli, tfilisi, 1911;

4. jorjaZe a., Txzulebani, wigni meore, tfilisi, 1909; 5. jorjaZe a., Txzulebani, wigni mesame, tfilisi, 1911.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis gan-yofilebam

252

recenzia da replika

REVIEW AND REMARK

253

daviT zaqaraia

(Tbilisi) daviT zaqaraia — filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fa-kultetis politikis mecnie-rebis mimarTulebis asistent-profesori. muSaobs poltiki-

sa da socialuri filosofiis problemebze. aris sami wignisa da 30 samecniero naSromis avtori. eweva aqtiur samoqalaqo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas.

saxelmZRvanelo ,,momavlis Taobis“ aRzrdasa

da formirebaze

(recenzia profesor kaxa qecbaias wignze ,,ganaTlebis sociologia“)

mesame aTaswleulSi kacobriobam Seabija sazoga-

doebrivi cxovrebis wesis Zirfesviani transformaciiT. rogorc axali, aseve Zveli problemebis daZlevis ime-diT da rwmeniT. amerikeli sociologis e.tofleris sityvebiT esaa adamianTa sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovre-bis wesis gardaqmnis mesame talRa, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens informacia (pirveli iyo neoliTuri revo-lucia, meore — industrializacia). am axali sazogado-ebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis mTavari faqtore-bia: informaciul-qseluri ekonomika, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis donis swrafi zrda, romlis politikuri ga-formeba xdeba Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiisa da globalizaciis saxiT. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis we-sis am mimarTulebiT ganviTareba informaciul-teqno-logiuri progresis fonze ki ar Trgunavs adamianis Se-moqmedebiT unars, romelic mudam winmswrebia teqno-

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logiur revoluciaze, aramed emyareba inteleqts, ro-melic, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs uwyvet swavlasa da ganaT-lebas; pedagogikuri meTod-xerxebis sociologiuri mecnierebis novaciebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas. swo-red am problemas exmaureba Tbilisis iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetisa da soxumis sa-xelmwifo universitetis profesoris kaxa qecbaias wi-namdebare sarecenzio wigni ,,ganaTlebis sociologia“. (gamomcemloba ,,universali“, Tb.2014 weli).

Cvens qveyanaSi demokratiul principebze agebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis formirebis procesi-saTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba marqsistul-leni-nur Teoriebze agebuli sabWouri pedagogiuri sistemis srul demontaJs ara marto struqturulad, aramed Se-mecnebis donezec da mis adgilas sociologiis mecnie-ruli Teoriis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli gamarTuli saganmanaTleblo Teoriisa da praqtikis danergvas. am miznis miRwevisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ga-naTlebis sociologiis sagans, rogorc erT-erT umniS-vnelovanes rgols swavla-ganaTlebis demokratiuli sistemis formirebis sakiTxSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove formirebadi socialuri sistemisaTvis erT-erT gan-msazRvrel faqtorsa da stratifikaciis ZiriTad prin-cips pirovnebis ganaTlebis done da am ganaTlebis Sesa-bamisi garemos Seqmna warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT, e.w. momavlis sazogadoebis formirebisaTvis aucilebelia gamarTuli saganmanaTleblo TeoriebiTa da swavlebis praqtikisTvis aucilebeli meTod-xerxebiT aRWurvili samecniero Sromebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia ,,momavlis sazogadoe-bis“ saTanado kadrebiT uzrunvelyofa. albaT sworia Teza: momavlis konturebis warmosaxviT unda vimoqme-doT awmyoSi. am TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT kaxa qecbai-as aRniSnul wigns.

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avtori, gansazRvravs ra ganaTlebis sociologiis sagans, warmogvidgens mis sam ZiriTad komponents: sag-nis raoba, obieqti da TviT sagani. raoba — ganaTlebis sociologia dargobrivi disciplinaa, sociologiuri codnis sfero, romelic Seiswavlis ganaTlebas; obieq-ti — aris ganaTlebis sfero, sazogadoebrivi yofiere-bis erT-erTi mxare, sadac sistemurad unda iyos formi-rebuli momavali Taobis ganaTlebisa da yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli socialuri garemo, ro-gorc avtori wers, sadac mimdinareobs da funqcioni-rebs ganaTlebis procesi, moqmedeben garkveuli subieq-tebi da sxvadasxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi Tu organi-zaciebi (iqve, gv. 19). maSasadame, ganaTlebis sociologi-is obieqti, rogorc sistemuri erTeuli, savsebiT naT-ladaa gamokveTili;

rac Seexeba sagans — ,,sakiTxi ganaTlebis sociolo-giis sagnis Sesaxeb dResac sadavoa... SeiZleba iTqvas, im-deni Tvalsazrisia, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa“ (iqve). amde-nad, miuxedavad sistemurobisa, am dargobrivi mecniere-bis saganze erTxel da samudamod dadgenili warmodgena ar arsebobs.

ganaTlebis sociologiis sagnis sakiTxis dayenebi-danac naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad farTomasStabian da mudmivad ganaxlebad (cvalebad) problemas SesWidebia avtori. ara marto ganaTlebis sociologiis, aramed, sa-erTod, sociologiis uarmyofel, sabWouri pedagogiu-ri TeoriiTa da praqtikiT gajerebul postsocialis-tur sazogadoebaSi. es isedac rTuli problema Zalze saTuTi xdeba, roca saqme exeba saxelmZRvanelos — gan-kuTvnils studenti axalgazrdobisa da ganaTlebis so-ciologiis Teoriisa da praqtikis Seswavlis damwyeb-TaTvis.

problemis sirTule ara marto imaSia, rom, zoga-dad, ar arsebobs ganaTlebis sociologiis raRac mya-rad Camoyalibebuli safuZvlebi da tradiciebi (,,imde-

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ni Tvalsazrisia, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa“), aramed imaSic, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi dasangrevia komunistur ideo-logiaze agebuli saganmanaTleblo pedagogiuri siste-ma da zogadTeoriuli cnobiereba, romelTa yru gamoZa-xili dResac ismis ganaTlebis politikis SemmuSavebeli tribunebidan Tu uSualod saswavlo auditoriaSi. ami-tom, SeiZleba iTqvas, profesori kaxa qecbaia Cvens sa-ganmanaTleblo mecnierebaSi jerac gaukvalav gzas kva-lavs, ramdenadac sabWouri ideologizebuli saganma-naTleblo sistemis kraxis Sedegad qarTuli pedagogi-kuri azrovneba rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikis TvalsazrisiT vakuumSi aRmoCnda. Tu amas davumatebT Sidapolitikur procesebs, rusul intervencias, okupa-cias da.a.S., gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu ra donezea moSlili qarTuli ganaTlebis sistemis Teoria da praqtika. amas gulisxmobs avtori, roca miuTiTebs: ,,qveyanaSi ganaT-lebis hipertrofirebuli struqtura Camoyalibda, ro-melic eris sulier da materialur moTxovnilebebs ar Seesabameba,“ igi problemidan gamosvlis erT—erT auci-lebel pirobad marTebulad miiCnevs pedagogikasTan erTad im mecnierebis monawileobas, romelmac ukeT icis es problema. avtori wers: ,,Cveni azriT ki aseTi mecniereba ganaTlebis sociologia da ganaTlebis fi-losofiaa, saqarTveloSi ki es mecnierebebi lamis ugu-lebelyofilia“ (iqve, gv. 9). amitomac vambobT, Cvens pi-robebSi mecnieri ganaTlebis sociologiisa da filo-sofiis yamirs misdgomiao; Tumca is, rac CvenTvis yami-ria — ganaTlebis sociologia, dasavluri civilizacii-saTvis sakmaod kargad aTvisebuli sivrcea. amitom av-tori, rogorc es Sehferis horizontSeuzRudvel peda-gog-mecniers, ki ar iketeba qarTuli duxWiri ganaTle-bis sistemisa da mecnierebis e.w erovnul naWuWSi, ara-med cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti informacia miawodos student axalgazrdobas, saerTod, mkiTxvels ganaTle-bis sociologiis istoriaze, filosofiaze, zogadad,

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Teoriaze da warmoaCens mis umniSvnelovanes rols Tana-medrove — ,,codnis sazogadoebis“ formirebaSi, radgan ,,postindustriul sazogadoebaSi codna umTavresi sim-didre da Zalaa“ (iqve, gv. 6).

amdenad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze mTavar rols asrulebs inteligencia, vinaidan ara marto sulieri aspeqtiT, aramed materialuri ke-TildReobis TvalsazrisiTac wina planzea wamoweuli ganaTleba, mecniereba da kultura. avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs ,,wina planze wamoweulia menejerebi da maRa-li rangis specialistebi“ (iqve, gv. 6).

rogorac da ra donezedac ar unda aRiaro Tanamed-rove sazogadoebis yofierebis es moTxovnebi, win ver waiwev, Tu ar Seqmni mis Sesabamis Teoriul da praqti-kul baziss, Tu ar aRzrdi globalur moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisi codniT SeiaraRebul kadrebs; e.i. revolucia unda moxdes adamianTa gonebaSi, es ki SeuZlebelia ga-naTlebis Zvel meTodologiaze uaris Tqmis da axal so-ciologiurad gamarTul standartebze gadasvlis gare-Se. es ki moiTxovs ganaTlebis sociologiis, rogorc ga-naTlebis erTiani kompleqsis Semswavleli erT—erTi wamyvani mecnieruli dargis, maRal doneze ganviTare-bas. am TvalsazrisiT udidesi saganmanaTleblo—meTo-dologiuri da samecniero mniSvneloba aqvs profesor k.qecbaias winamdebare Sromas. rogorc zemoTac aRvniS-neT is gzamkvlevis rols Seasrulebs saqarTveloSi ga-naTlebis sociologiis mecnierulad Camoyalibebis procesSi.

wigni, rogorc anotaciaSia miTiTebuli, Sedgeni-lia Tbilisis iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis universitetis sociologiur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultet-ze ,,ganaTlebis sociologiaSi“ wakiTxuli leqciebis Zi-riTadi nawilis mixedviT, aRniSnuli fakultetis baka-lavriatis programis Sesabamisad, da gankuTvnilia ga-naTlebis sociologiis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sa-

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kiTxebis SemswavlelTaTvis. wignis am konkretul daniS-nulebas avtori TiTqosda unda SeezRuda mecnierul—siRrmiseuli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, magram igi, ro-gorc mecnieri xangrZlivi pedagogiuri gamocdilebiT, mSvenivrad uxamebs erTmaneTs saleqcio—saswavlo moT-xovnebsa da samecniero—kvleviT miznebs, Sesabamisad, dainteresebul mkiTxvels eZleva saSualeba gaecnos ga-naTlebis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis, Sesaxeb arse-bul sociologiur koncefciebs, ganaTlebisa da socia-luri garemos urTierTzemoqmedebis sakiTxebs, ganaT-lebis sferoSi dasavleTSi Catarebuli Tu mimdinare sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebs.

avtoris mier dasaxuli amocanis sirTule da misi mkiTxvelis (studentis) potenciuri SesaZlebloba gan-sazRvravs wignis arqiteqtonikas. is Sedgeba, Sesavlisa da oTxi Tavisagan. zedmiwevniT martivadaa ganxiluli ganaTlebis sociologiis sagnis raoba, misi funqcia da adgili sociologiis mecnierebaSi. axsnilia ganaTle-bis definicia, misi, rogorc sociologiuri problemis, kvlevis meTodebi. studentTa da mkiTxvelTa farTo sa-zogadoebisaTvis advilad aRsaqmeladaa gadmocemuli ganaTlebis sociologiis urTulesi Teoriuli prob-lemebi, romelTa Sesaxeb am bolo dromde cota rame Tu iyo cnobili Cvens samecniero—pedagogiur literatu-raSi, saerTodac, mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi; Tanamim-devruladaa gadmocemuli TanamedroveobisaTvis aqtu-aluri mTeli rigi problemebi.

wignis meore Tavi eTmoba ganaTlebis sociologia-Si Catarebuli Teoriuli kvlevebis ganxilvas. kerZod: postmodernistuli sociologiuri Teoriebi; eTno-kulturuli diskursi ganaTlebis sociologiaSi; p.burdies — ,,ganaTleba da kulturis kvlavwarmoeba“; j.diuis ganaTlebis pragmatistuli koncefcia da a.S.

avtori ganaTlebis am Teoriebs praqtikaSi ganxor-cielebis meTod-xerxebs, raRac gardauval normad ki ar

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miiCnevs, aramed mas ukavSirebs ama Tu im konkretul sa-zogadoebas, mis istoriul, kulturul Tu social-eko-nomikur formas da ganaTlebas ganixilavs, sazogadoe-bis tipologiis, socialuri stratifikaciis da ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis konteqstSi (Tavi V).

Cvens sinamdvileSi ganaTlebis axali sistemis Seq-mnis problemebs Soris erT-erTi urTulesi sakiTxia socialistur-koleqtivisturi Teoriebisa da meTodo-logiis Secvla konkurenciaze agebuli, pirovnebis ,,me“-sken mimarTuli demokratiuli saganmanaTleblo siste-miT, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli pragmatistuli koncefci-ebis amoqmedeba da maTi danergva ise, rom is rac SeiZle-ba nakleb winaaRmdegobaSi movides qarTuli erovnuli sulierebisa da kulturis ZiriTad normebTan, magram amasTan sruliad amoiZirkvos komunistur utopiaze agebuli koleqtiuri pedagogikidan momdinare rusis-tuli — velikoderJavuli azrovnebis, pedagogikis — ,,Savi Wiris“ gadmonaSTebi.

avtori saxelmZRvaneloSi am da sxva urTules sa-ganmanaTleblo problemebsa da novaciebs warmoadgens ,,sakiTxavi masalis“ formiT, Zaldautaneblad da Tan-mimdevrulad acnobs student axalgazrdobas socio-logiis urTules sakiTxebs; ganaTlebis pragmatistul daniSnulebasa da ganaTlebis sistemis demokratiulo-bas Soris kavSirs da a.S. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saxel-mZRvaneloSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia am e.w sa-kiTxav masalas, rac gamarTlebulia ara marto wignis, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos, daniSnulebidan gamomdina-re, aramed umTavresad imiT, rom is avsebs CvenSi ganaT-lebis sociologiis sferoSi arsebul im vakuums, rome-lic Seiqmna ganaTlebisa da swavlebis partiulobasa da ideologiurobaze uaris Tqmis Sedegad.

urTulesi konceptualuri sakiTxebis momcveli es mravalferovani masala SerCeulia saTanado mecnierul doneze, aSkarad igrZnoba mecnieris pedagogiuri alRo,

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rac ganaTlebis TeoriaSi jer kidev naklebad gacnobie-rebul mkiTxvels uadvilebs warmodgenis Seqmnas dasav-luri ganaTlebis sistemis sociokulturul arsze.

wignis arqiteqtonikaSi am sakiTxav masalasTan er-Tad organuladaa ,,Camjdari“ e.w. TvalsaCinoebani, sak-vanZo sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamotana yoveli parag-rafis dasawyisSi da TandarTuli ZiriTadi cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebani. am meTodebiT avtori srulyo-filad aRwevs Tavis mizans, mas mkiTxveli Sehyavs ganaT-lebis sociologiis ZiriTadi Teoriuli xedvebis samya-roSi da acnobs mas praqtikaSi maTi gamoyenebis gzebs.

amdenad, profesor k.qecbaias wignis ,,ganaTlebis sociologiis“ saxiT sociologiurma da pedagogiurma mecnierebam miiRo maRalpedagogiuri gemovnebiT Ses-rulebuli da mecnierulad gamarTuli Sroma. esaa sa-xelmZRvanelo adamianSi pirovnebis, ,,codnis sazogado-ebisTvis“ Sesaferisi srulfasovani moqalaqis aRzrdis demokratiul principebze, maTs meTod-xerxebze.

esaa mecnieruli Sroma, mimarTuli imisken, rom aR-zardos adamianSi adamiani. raTa modurobasa da Sous, hiperrealobas ayolili postTanamedrove, Sinagani Rirsebisa da WeSmaritebis wvdomas mowyvetili es tipi ,,hiperrealobidan“ realobisken moabrunos, ,,situaci-ebis Sesabamisi unar—Cvevebis amara darCenilT“ daubru-nos pirovnuli Rirseba da gamoumuSaos damoukideblad azrovnebisa da moqmedebis unari.

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dagvianebuli replika

Cvens respublikaSi da nawilobriv mis gareTac kar-

gad cnobilia saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia, romelic sul male daarsebidan or aTeul wels daiTvlis. specialistTa Soris aseve popularulia am akademiis yovelwliuri organo `filosofiuri Ziebani~, romlis XIX krebuls ukve mkiTxvels vTavazobT. samwuxa-rod, sul axlaxan didi dagvianebiT Sevityve, rom am kre-bulis saiubileo X welTan dakavSirebiT moskovis erT-erT solidur filosofiur JurnalSi `Философские науки~ rva wlis win daibeWda werili Cveni filosofiuri akade-miis daarsebis, misi saqmianobisa da perspeqtivebis Sesa-xeb. werilis avtoria amave akademiis yofili akademikosi, filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, mra-valdargovani swavluli, namdvili inteligenti leonide jaxaia. Cven, am akademiis mTel Semadgenlobas, miT umetes me, am akademiis prezidents, madlobis meti ra gveTqmis. magram, samwuxarod, am orgverdian werilSi iseTi Secdo-mebi, lafsusebi vipoveT, imdenad naTlad gamoCnda mecni-eruli zereloba, rom keTilganwyobil da obieqtur mkiTxvels ar SeiZleba guli ar etkinos. nu gamijavrdeba batoni leonide, romelsac sruliad gulwrfelad pa-tivs vcem {imsaxurebs kidec}, magram es zereloba, Sec-domebi da lafsusebi, samwuxarod, mis sxva naSromebSic blomad gvxvdeba, ramdenadac me maT vicnob.

daviwyoT imiT, rom werilis avtori, exeba ra am akademiis struqturas, rusulenovan mkiTxvels am-cnobs, rom garda filosofosebisa, am akademiis siste-maSi arian qimikosebi, iuristebi, fsiqologebi, istori-kosebi, eqimebi da a.S. yvela gvari mravlobiT ricxvSia naxmari. ucxo mkiTxvels, romelic am akademiis struq-turas ar icnobs, zemoTqmulidan advilad SesaZlebe-lia iseTi STabeWdileba Seeqmnas, rom es aris ara filo-sofiur mecnierebaTa akademia, aramed sxvadasxva dar-

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gis specialistebis konglomerati. am STabeWdilebas isic gaaZlierebs, rom akademiis wevrTagan mxolod er-Ti filosofosia dasaxelebuli. es aris TviTon statiis avtori leonide jaxaia. batoni leonide unda dagveTan-xmos, rom es arafilosofosi mecnierebi imitom ki ar arian arCeuli filosofiur akademiaSi, rom isini kargi qimikosebi, fsiqologebi da iuristebi arian, aramed imi-tom, rom isini ikvleven TavianTi specialobis filoso-fiur problemebs. Cveni arCevani rom swori iyo, amis sa-buTad erT magaliTs movitan: filosofiur mecniereba-Ta akademiis erT-erTma wevrma, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma farnaoz lomaSvilma dawera samtomiani wigni: ìstoriis filosofiis istoria~. vfiqrob, amiT yvelaferia naTqvami.

zemoT vTqviT, rom batoni leonide jaxaia filo-sofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrTagan mxolod saku-Tar Tavs axsenebs rogorc mecnierebis filosofiuri problemebis mkvlevars. araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom am akademiis farglebSi ikvleven iseT filosofiur dargebs, rogoricaa fenomenologia {m. doliZe}, filo-sofiuri anTropologia {a. bregaZe}, kulturis filo-sofia {i. kalandia, T. mTibelaSvili}, sociologia {k. qecbaia}, religiaTmcodneoba {T. fanjikiZe}, ontolo-gia, gnoseologia {s. avaliani, n. kvaracxelia, z. xasaia} da sxva aqtualur filosofiur problemebs. Tu yoveli-ve amaT gverds avuvliT, maSin am akademiis arseboba gau-marTlebeli gamoCndeba.

Cemi Semdegi SeniSvna isaa, rom Tu am werils davu-jerebT, mecnierebis filosofiis problemebs TiTqos mxolod batoni leonide ikvlevs da sxva aravin. mkiT-xvels vTxov trabaxad nu CamomarTmevs imis Tqmas, rom me aTiode wigni maqvs dawerili qarTulsa da rusul enebze mecnierebis filosofiis dargSi. maTi CamoT-vliT mkiTxvels ar SevawuxebT. Tu batoni leonide am dargSi CemTan gajibrebas Seecdeba, sastikad waagebs.

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garda amisa, gana mecnierebis filosofiis sferoSi ar muSaoben b-ni leonides mier dasaxelebuli specia-lur mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Cveni fi-losofiuri akademiis wevrebi arian? ratom unda davu-kargoT maT damsaxureba, raTa Cveni Tavi zedmetad war-movaCinoT? mecniers zedmeti ambiciebi ar ekadreba.

batoni leonide zemoxsnebul werilSi Cems Sesaxeb wers, rom me var ara filosofosi, aramed Teologi. sa-buTi? sabuTad dasaxelebulia is, rom me mwams RmerTi. mendeT, rom amaze ufro zerele msjeloba iSviaTad msmenia. Teologebi eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebas ewevian an Teologiur wignebs weren da ara saxlSi Tavis sawer magidasTan filosofiur wignebs kiTxuloben an weren. RmerTis rwmena rom Teologia iyos, maSin platoni, aristotele, dekarti, niutoni, hegeli da sxvebi Teo-logebi iqnebodnen da ara filosofosebi.

aranakleb Secdomas warmoadgens is, rom batoni leonide Cveni akademiis wevrs, prof. e. dvaliSvils hi-loZoistad miiCnevs. etyoba mas ara aqvs swori warmod-gena hiloZoizmis Sesaxeb. berZnuli enis codna aucile-beli ar aris, rom am sityvis mniSvneloba icode. `hile~ materias niSnavs, `Zoe~ — sicocxles. maSasadame, hilo-Zoizmi aris materiisaTvis sicocxlis niSnis miwera. sad, romel naSromSi laparakobs prof. e. dvaliSvili materialuri, fizikuri sxeulebis sicocxlis Sesaxeb? mas yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi aqvs organuli, cocxali sxeulebis àzrovneba~ da ara araorganuli materia. es ori ram sul sxvadasxvaa; maTi urTierTaRreva filoso-foss ar SeSvenis.

dasasrul, kidev erTxel minda davumtkico prof. l. jaxaias Cemi gulwrfeli pativiscema. am mcire repli-kis gamoqveyneba ki saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-baTa akademiis Selaxulma prestiJma maiZula.

sergi avaliani

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informaciebi

2014

INFORMATIONS

2014

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1. daibeWda “filosofiuri Ziebani”-is XVIII krebuli

2. daibeWda filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-mikosis sergi avalianis wignis “XX saukunis naturfi-losofia” meore gamocema.

3. filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosma ka-xa qecbaiam gamoaqveyna wigni: “ganaTlebis sociolo-gia”.

4. daibeWda filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-mikosis zurab zasaias wignebi: “Zveli msoflios fi-losofia”, saxelmZRvanelo: “filosofiis ZiriTadi cnebebi da problemebi”; “germaneli filosofosebi istoriis Sesaxeb”.

5. filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi ma-muka doliZe monawileobda “64-e fenomenologiuri kongresis” muSaobaSi, romelic gaimarTa milanSi.

6. filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosma leonide jaxaiam datova filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

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sarCevi

redaqtoris winasityvaoba ...................................................... 3

nawili I

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis cnobari ......................................................................... 5

nawili II

filosiuri Ziebani

ontologia

vaJa niblaZe — Salva nucubiZis “aleTologiuri realizmis”, rogorc substanciuri {metafizikuri} arsis, dafuZnebis mcdeloba ...................................................................... 9

gnoseologia

irakli gogiCaZe — gaucxoebis fenomeni .............................. 27 badri forCxiZe — sicruis sibrZnis pozitiuri da

negatiuri dialeqtika .............................................. 52

mecnierebis filosofia

irakli imedaZe — ganwyobis Teoria da uznaZis

filosofiuri Sexedulebani .................................. 78 guram naWyebia — “gadavardes” Tu ara iuristi

filosofiaSi? ............................................................. 91

eTika

mixeil xalvaSi — eTikis sagnis Sesaxeb................................. 109

267

filosofiuri anTropologia

aza ioseliani — Tanamedrove samyaros anTropologia... 126 fiqria didebaSvili — adamiani “racionalur

samyaroSi” ..................................................................... 144

religiis filosofia da religiaTmcodneoba

kaxa qecbaia — religia da ekonomika....................................... 162 Tamar xalvaSi — RmerTis rwmena Tavisuflebaa Tu

araTavisufleba?........................................................ 178

qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis istoria

ramaz gaxokiZe — qarTvel winaparTa filosofiamdeli

azrovneba - metalurgiisa da oqros warmoebis safuZveli ..................................................................... 198

sergi avaliani — karl poperis filosofiis kritikuli analizi .................................................... 228

nana guliaSvili — erovnuli sakiTxi arCil jorjaZis naazrevSi ................................................... 244

recenzia da replika

daviT zaqaraia — saxelmZRvanelo momavali Taobis

aRzrdisa da formirebis saqmeSi ........................... 253 sergi avaliani — dagvianebuli replika............................... 261

268

CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................. 3

FIRST PART Reference book of the Academy of philosophical sciences

of Georgia......................................................................... 5 Academicians of the Academy of philosophical sciences of Georgia ... 6

SECOND PART PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

ONTOLOGY Vaza Nibladze — Shalva Nutsubidze’s Alethological realism as

an attempt to found a substantive {metaphysical} essence.............................................................................. 9

GNOSEOLOGY

Irakli Gogichadze – Phenomenon of alienation ................................... 27 Badri Porchkidze — The positive and negative dialectics

of wisdom lies .................................................................. 52

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Irakli Imedadze — Set theory and Uznadze’s philosophical views ...... 78 Guram Nachkebia — “Whether the lawier should fall into

philosophy or not?” .......................................................... 91

ETHICS Mikheil Khalvashi – About the subject of ethics ................................. 109

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Aza Ioseliani – Anthropology of modern world ................................... 126 Pikria Didebashvili — Man in ”rational world”.................................... 144

269

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF RELIGION Kakha Ketsbaia — Religion and economics ......................................... 162 Tamar Khalvashi — Is rejection of God freedom of not?..................... 178

THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN PHILOSOPHY Ramaz Gakhokidze — The philosophical thinkivg of Georgian

ancestors and gold production .......................................... 198 Sergi Avaliani – Critical analysis K.Popper’s main philosophical

conceptions....................................................................... 228 Nana Guliashvili – National issue in Jorjadze’s works ........................ 244

REVIEW AND REMARK David Zakaraia – The book of Kakha Ketsbaia about sociology

of education ...................................................................... 253 Sergi Avaliani – Bacward Remark ....................................................... 261

270

avtorTa sayuradRebod!

1. seriaSi „filosofiuri Ziebani“ ibeWdeba mxolod mec-nieruli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi, originaluri Sinaar-

sis mqone statiebi, romlebic warmoadgens mecnierulad

dasabuTebul axal sityvas qarTul filosofiur az-rovnebaSi. popularuli, ganmanaTlebluri xasiaTis

statiebi dasabeWdad ar miiReba. 2. statia awyobili unda iyos kompiuterze da axldes Se-

sabamisi diski.

3. statiis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes or saavto-ro Tabaxs {80 000 sastambo niSani}.

4. „filosofiuri Ziebani“ sameurneo angariSze ibeWdeba; statiis avtori ixdis dabeWdvis Rirebulebas; Tu sare-

daqcio kolegia statias ar miiRebs, maSin Tanxa avtors

ubrundeba statiasTan erTad. 5. stamburi wesiT awyobil statiaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis

cvlilebebis Setana akrZalulia; aucilebel SemTxveva-

Si avtori gadaixdis damatebiT Rirebulebas. 6. statias Tan unda axldes avtoris fotosuraTi {4 X 5}

da mokle biografiuli cnobebi araumetes naxevari gverdisa.

7. statias Tan unda axldes agreTve reziume ucxo {sa-

survelia inglisur} enaze daaxloebiT 1700 sastambo niSnis {erTi gverdi} odenobiT, romelSic naCvenebi iq-

neba gamokvlevis Sedegebi. 8. literatura erTvis bolos miTiTebuli cifrebis mi-

xedviT.

9. dasabeWdi statiis warmodgenis bolo vadaa 1 dekembe-ri; am vadis Semdeg statia ar miiReba.

271

10. statia gamogzavnili unda iqnas saqarTvelos filo-sofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentis an swavlu-

li mdivnis saxelze.

„filosofiuri Ziebani“-s saredaqcio kolegia

272

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS NINETEENTH COLLECTED …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/136138/1/Filosofiuri_Dziebani_2015_N19.pdf · uli metafizika, rogorc “pirveli filosofia”