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daripersian
reading booklet
PIMSLEURSIMON & SCHUSTER’S
®
Graphic Design: Maia Kennedy
© and ‰ Recorded Program 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc.
© Reading Booklet 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc.Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA.
All rights reserved.
Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad.
iii
Dari Persian
Voices
English-Speaking Instructor ...................... Ray BrownDari-Speaking Instructor .................. Jalil Abdul KarimFemale Dari Speaker ............................... Zala IbrahimiMale Dari Speaker ................................ Javed Rezayee
course Writers
Mirza Amiri ♦ Joan Schoellner
editors
Delaram Soltani ♦ Beverly D. Heinle
reVieWer
Adela Raz
executiVe Producer
Beverly D. Heinle
Producer & director
Sarah H. McInnis
recording engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux
Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA
acknowleDgments
For more information, call 1-800-831-5497 or visit us at
www.Pimsleur.com
v
lesson one
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
reading lessons
The Dari Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Written Dari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Reading Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lesson One. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Lesson Eighteen (without diacritical marks) . . . . . . 33Lesson Eighteen (with diacritical marks) . . . . . . . . 34
taBle oF contents
Dari Persian
lesson 1
Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, and it’s the native tongue of about half of the population. The other official language is Pashto, spoken by about 35 percent. In addition, about 11 percent of Afghans speak a Turkic language (either Uzbek or Turkmen) and there are numerous other languages as well, such as Baluchi, Pashai, and Nuristani. Many Afghans are bilingual, often speaking more than one language as well as several dialects of those languages.
Although both Dari and Pashto are official languages, Dari is the primary means of communication. It’s taught in schools and heard on national radio, and it serves as the language of business and higher education. Because of its long and venerable literary tradition and its historical prestige, it has a higher social status than Pashto. Dari is also spoken by some two and a half million people in Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring regions. As well as the official form (the form taught in this course, formerly called “Kabuli Dari”), it has a number of variants.
the Dari language
2
Dari Persian
the Dari language (continued)
Also called “Dari Persian” or “Eastern Persian,” Dari is one of the three major Persian dialects; Modern Persian or Farsi (spoken in Iran) is another, and Tajik (spoken in Tajikistan) is the third. Dari and Tajik are considered a purer form of Persian – that is, they show less Arab influence – but all three dialects are more or less mutually intelligible. All belong to the Indo-Iranian group of languages, which is a sub-family of the Indo-European languages.
Old Persian dates back to at least 500 BC; over time, it gradually evolved to Middle Persian, or Dari Persian. During the reign of the Sassanids, who ruled over the eastern regions of Persia from 224-651 AD, it became the official court language. In fact, the name “Dari” most likely stems from the Persian word darbar, meaning “court.” As the prestige dialect, it spread to other regions as well.
After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the middle of the seventh century, Arabic replaced Dari as the official language of the Persians. This period lasted approximately two hundred years. During this time, Dari continued to evolve; it was influenced by Parthian (a middle Iranian language) and Arabic, and it was written with the Arabic script.
3
Dari Persian
the Dari language (continued)
Scholars consider this linguistic amalgamation to be the mother of both present-day Dari and Modern Persian / Farsi.
The differences between Dari Persian and Modern Persian / Farsi developed over time. Largely because of its mountainous geography, the people of the eastern region (including Afghanistan) had less contact and interaction with other foreign languages than those of the western region. Modern Persian continued to be influenced by Arabic, as well as by some European languages, especially French. Dari Persian, on the other hand, remained “purer” and more classical, preserving its original language style and expressions. Today, Farsi Persian and Dari Persian are considered two different dialects.
4
Dari Persian
written Dari
Dari uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with thirty-two letters as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. Dari does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Dari has the following characteristics:
• Itisreadfromrighttoleft,exceptfornumbers,which go from left to right.
• Dari lettersaredistinguishedbyone, two,orthree dots, which are placed above or below the letter – or, in some cases, by the lack of dots.
• As in English handwriting, most Dari lettersconnect to those that follow them. However, seven letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them.
• Whenlettersconnecttoaprecedingletter,theyoften modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together.
• Somelettersalsomodifytheirshapeaccordingto their position in a word – depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position.
5
Dari Persian
written Dari (continued)
• In standard written Dari, the so-called“short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however --- often appearing in transliteration as “aa,” “oo,” and “ee” --- are separate letters and are written.
• The appearance of some letters may vary,depending on the choice of font.
A complete listing of the Dari alphabet and the diacriticals follows. The alphabet is listed as a two-page spread. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio.
6
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected) Medial Initial
aa / ’ ا / ا ا / ا ا
b ب ب ب
p پ پ پـ
t ت ت ت
s ث ث ث
j ج ج ج
ch چ چ چ
h ح ح ح
kh خ خ خ
d د د د
z ذ ذ ذ
r ر ر ر
Dari alphabet chart
7
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Name Name in Transliteration Letter
الف alef ا
ه ـ ب be ب
په pe پ
ته te ت
ثه se ث
جـیم jeem ج
چه che چ
حه حلوا he halwa ح
ـه خ kheh خ
دال daal د
ذال zaal ذ
رہ re ر
Dari alphabet chart
8
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected) Medial Initial
z ز ز ز
zh ژ ژ ژ
s س س س
sh ش ش ش
s ص ص ص
z ض ض ض
t ط ط ط
z ظ ظ ظ
‘(glottal stop)
ع ع ع
gh غ غ غ
f ف ف ف
q ق ق ق
Dari alphabet chart (continued)
9
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Name Name in Transliteration Letter
زہ ze ز
ژہ zhe ژ
سـین seen س
شـین sheen ش
صـاد saad ص
ضـاد zaad ض
طوی toi ط
ظوی zoi ظ
عـین ayn ع
غـین ghayn غ
ـه ف fe ف
قـاف qaaf ق
Dari alphabet chart (continued)
10
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Dari alphabet chart (continued)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial Initial
k ک ک ک
g گ گ گ
l ل ل ل
m م م م
n ن ن ن
w / oo و و و
h ه ه ه
ee / y ي ي ی
11
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Dari alphabet chart (continued)
Name Name in Transliteration Letter
کـاف kaaf ک
گـاف gaaf گ
الم laam ل
مـیم meem م
noon نـون ن
واو waw و
هی دو چشمه he do cheshma ه
یا yaa ى
12
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
Dari alphabet chart (continued)
Name in Transliteration Diacritical Sound
fat’ha / zabar ا / a / as in hat
kasra / zir ا / e / as in shell
zama / pish ا / o / as in home
mad آ/ aa / as in
father or awe
In Dari there is a special letter combination, ال, called lam alef la, which represents the letter lam followed by alef.
In addition, there is another letter, Arabic in origin, that functions both as a letter and as a diacritical. It is the hamza (ء). Like the diacriticals, it sits above the line of writing. When used as a letter, it can appear anywhere in the word, and it indicates a glottal stop. When used as a diacritical, it makes some words that end in a vowel possessive; in this case it appears over the final vowel and has a / ye / sound. In either case, the hamza is rarely used and is omitted from modern keyboards.
13
Dari Persian
the reading lessons
There are eighteen Dari reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the units, after every other unit or so, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Dari alphabet and the sounds it represents.
Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but most are not, and --- especially in the early lessons --- a number of them are simply syllables rather than actual words. Actual words are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases, and by Lesson Eighteen you will be reading for meaning.
15
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
lesson one
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
زازا
آد
آز
آدا
آداز
آزا
ا
دا
داد
دادا
زا
داز
زاد
دازا
زادا
زاز
16
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
ساز
آسار
آدزار
دازار
زاسا
سادزار
lesson two
آزاد
را
راز
زا
راد
دار
زار
رازاد
سا
سارا
17
Dari Persian
(Read from right to left.)
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson three
باد
بادساز
سبز
سرشار
سر شر
دبرا
رار
سازا
شاد
شارد \ سارد
زاشار
ز
در
زرد
سرد
سز
18
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson Four
دازشبذ
ا
اسب
اسرار
سبر
ارساب
شارسار
سردار
زاداشا
بربر
برادر
سرداب
شراب
ذار
زرد \ ذرد
ذار \ دار
19
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson Five
راز \ راژ
رژاش
اسرار
ابراز
سراس
بس \ بش
آژا
ازدا
ازاذ
باب
آبشار
راش
براش
شاباش
د
دزا
ز بر
ژاسا
20
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson six
آسداش
ازدارژ
آشاذ
ارظاب
بژار
دراش
شباب
شازب
سژا
رشداش
ادار
اشا
ظرد
آظر \ آذر \ آزر
ابراظ
رباس
آژاب
شبراظ
21
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson seven
تژاجز
بجز
آتراژب
راجد
برج
اتر
تشت
جدا
آسبد
آذازاظ
تر
برتر
رت
د
سرب
ترش
آبظرب
جا
22
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson eight
سرب \ صرب
جردن
آصان
صرات
نص
اساص
ساصان
سص
جز
شدت
تراز
نزد
نبرد
زرد \ نرد
سانس
شارج
سات
صند
23
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson nine
قـا
قرن
قران
شیک
ذاق
برق
قند
ایش
درج
ژانت
صاد
شیر
اینجا
جیب
ایشان
دارین
کتاب
کران
24
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson ten
میرم
داریم
باید
شایان
یانکى
کمى
مین
شاید
یـم
درى یاد دارین؟
دربند
قیر
تاک
مشت
ماش \ صاش
سمت
بیکران
درى
کرمى
ایرابى
25
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson eleven
زاغ
باغ
برغ \ برق
بکغ
فرار
فارغ
غربان
برف
غرف
ظفر
آمریکا
تکسى
قاجار
شام
یک
آقای تاج
برای کى؟
غاز
غریق
غند \ قند
26
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson twelve
خدا
رخ
سیخ
خان
قرض
مریض
باخ
براى شما
خریداری
باید برم خریداری.
جرم
شرغى
زاف
غذای افغانی
ضرب
آضرى \ آذرى
مزار
مرض
خام
خم \جم
27
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson thirteen
برو
پاپا
پر \ بر
پنیر
پسر
رپ
پاپ
خون - وادم \ خونوادم
پروان
خوب نیست.
میبخشین
ضاب
وفا
وقت
آوا
نانوا
ودا
خوب
دود
روز
28
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson Fourteen
لیوان
الو
الش
دالر
االن
سالم
دال
پول
تخت رستم
خالص
خیابون
جوید
پیام
چپ
چیپ \ جیپ
چرا
پیچ
راچ
چاى
لوس
29
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson Fifteen
ملیح
صبح
تعجب
بعد
تعجیل
بیع
بلع
فرع
حمام
ساعت چند اس؟
پامچال
الال
چقدر
حال
حال شما
حرف
عد
غر \ عر
عرب
فرح
30
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
lesson sixteen
خاث
طب
طاب \ ظاب
لیطر
بط
شثط
طریق
ثابت
لباث
بفرماین.
تعمیر
زحمت
غایب
ترجیح
مرتع
ثم
ثاب \تاب
ثام \ سام \ صام
کثیف
پاث
31
Dari Persian
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson seventeen
ثبر
عدث
رابط
هاها
هدا
نهصد
بهار
گرون
گوش
(continued on page 32)سیگار
32
Dari Persian
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
شوهر
خوبه
خانه
هوتل ستاره
بزرگ
چى گفتین؟
اوالد دارین؟
چند میشه؟
کجاست؟
غذاى افغانى خوب اس.
lesson seventeen (continued)
33
Dari Persian
lesson 18 (without diacriticals)
سالم.
چطورهستین؟
خوب هستم، تشکر.
میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟
پنج اس.
چاى میخواین؟
زحمت نکشین.
میبخشین، حالی مه باید برم.
مى خایم بازار برم.
درست اس، خداحافظ.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
34
Dari Persian
سالم.
چطورهستین؟
خوب هستم، تشکر.
میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟
پنج اس.
چاى میخواین؟
زحمت نکشین.
میبخشین، حالی مه باید برم.
مى خایم بازار برم.
درست اس، خداحافظ.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
lesson 18