PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (1)

Perception is the process throughwhich people

select, receive, organize, & interpretinformation from their environment

(Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn)

PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (2)

• Situasi yang sama bisa dipersepsikan secara berbedaoleh orang yang berlainan.

• Setiap individu memiliki pandangan yang berbedatentang dunia nyata.

• Informasi yang diperoleh dianalisa dan yang tidakberharga dibuang, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwapersepsi adalah akar dari perilaku organisasi, karenaberbagai situasi dapat dianalisa dalam terminologi ataukonotasi berbeda.

PERSEPSI

Manajer

Memiliki persepsi tentang realitas & adanya perbedaan persepsi

diantara individu yang dapat menyebabkan

timbulnya masalah dalam organisasi.

PERSEPSI• Faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi:

– Situation Context: physical setting, social setting, organinazional setting

– Characteristics of the Perceived: appearence, behavior

– Characteristics of the Perceiver: needs, experience, values, attitudes, personality.

PERSEPSI

K O N T E K S S I T U A S I

S I T U A S I F I S I KS I T U A S I S O S I A L

S I T U A S I O R G A N I S A S I

K A R A K T E R I S T I K D A R IO R A N G Y A N G

M E L A K U K A N P E S E P S I

S I T U A S I F I S I KS I T U A S I S O S I A L

S I T U A S I O R G A N I S A S I

K A R A K T E R I S T I K D A R IO B J E K P E S E P S I

P E N A M P I L A NP E R I L A K U

D E F I N I S I I N D I V I D UT E R H A D A P S I T U A S I

F A K T O R - F A K T O R Y A N G M E M P E N G A R U H I P E R S E P S I

PERSEPSI

PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (1)

• A. External Attention Factors:

– Intensity– Size– Contrast– Repetition– Motion– Novelty & Familiarity

PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (2)

• B. Internal set Factors:

– Learning & Perception– Motivation & Perception– Personality & Perception

PERSEPSI (Organizing Perceptual Data)

• 1. Figure – Ground• 2. Perceptual Grouping:

– Closure (Gestalt)– Continuity– Proximity– Similarity

• 3. Perceptual Constancy• 4. Perceptual Context• 5. Perceptual Defense:

bila dihadapkan pada fakta yang tidak konsistendengan gagasan/pikiran/ide yang sudah dimilikinya

PERSEPSI (Organizing Perceptual Data)

A . C l o s u r e ( G e s t a l t )

B . C o n t o n u i t y

C . P r o x i m i t y

D . S i m i l a r i t y. . . . . - - - - - - x x x

- - - - x x x x. . . . . - - - - - x. . . . .. . . . . . . . - - - - x x

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (1)

• Stereotypes: Generating attributes of a group to an individual group member.

– Sex-role stereotypes: secretary vs boss– Age stereotypes: resistant to change, lack

creativity, risk avoider, cautions, weak (declinedphysical strength)

• Hallo-effects: Using one trait to create a total evaluation of the individual/situation

– Attendance record: responsibility, intelligence

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (2)

• Selective Perception: The tendency to single out for attention those aspects of a situation or person which reinforce (consistent) with the existingbeliefs, values and needs.

– Marketing Manager vs Production Manager

• Projection: The assignment of personal attributesto their individuals.

– Manager’s needs vs subordinate’s needs (dapatdiatasi dengan empaty)

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (3)

• Expenctancy: Anticipating the presence of something and then creating it by a self-fulfillingprophecy.

– Sebaiknya Manager mendekati bawahansecara optimistic (positive).

PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (1)

Atribusi: • Merupakan suatu elemen dari proses persepsi yang

bisa sangat mempengaruhi sikap/tingkah lakuseseorang (menduga penyebab).

• Suatu elemen persepsi yang dapat diartikan sebagaisuatu proses bagaimana seseorang mencarikejelasan terhadap sebab akibat dari perilakuorang lain.

• Event Attribution of Causality Response

PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (2)

PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (3)

• I received a promotion … because I developed special relatinship with the «boss»

I will continue to seek out « special »relationships with higher level persons.

• I received a promotion … because I am a high performer I will continue to work hard.

Managing the Perception Process (1)

• Have a high level of self-awareness.

• Seek information from various sources toconfirm (or discorfirm) personal impressionsof a decision situation.

• Be empathetic – that is be able to see a situation as it perceived by other people.

Managing the Perception Process (2)

• Influence the perceptions of other peoplewhen they are drawing incorrects or incompleteimpressions of events in the work setting.

• Avoid common perceptual distortions thatbias our views of people and situation.

• Avoid in-appropriate atributions.