Perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang Irradiasi ...phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2019/04/ITP506-Issues-on... · • Radiasi = pancaran gelombang ... – Penetrasi dalam

Catatan Kuliah ITP506

• Issues on Equivalencies of Alternative Food Processing Technology – Irradiation

Purwiyatno Hariyadi/Isu Mutakhir Industri Pangan- Irradiasi Panganphariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.idMPTP – IPB

Perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang Irradiasi Pangan

Purwiyatno HariyadiDepartemen Ilmu & Teknologi PanganFateta IPB

phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id









• Radiasi = pancaran gelombang (energi)• Semua gelombang dapat dikarakterisasi dengan frekuensi

(f) dan panjang gelombangnya (λ).• Kecepatan rambat gelombang tidak dipengaruhi oleh

frekuensinyaf = c/ λ

dimana , c = kecpt. cahaya (3 x 1010 cm/sec) dlm hampa. f = frekuensi (sec-1) λ = panjang gelombang (cm)

• Energy (E) = h f h = Kontanta Plank (6.626 x 10-27 ergs sec)

Irradiasi


• Makin pendek λ = makin tinggi energi

• Cahaya, gel radio, gel mikro (microwave), gel televisi = λpanjang, energi rendah tidak bisa mempunyai pengaruh pada atom

Irradiasi Pengion = Ionizing Radiation






• Panjang gelombang (λ) yang semakin pendek

energi yang main tinggi

cukup untuk memukul elektron pada struktur atom

ionisasi (radikal bebas)

killing effect (terhadap DNA)

• Energi tidak cukup tinggi untuk “memecah” inti atom

tidak menyebabkan “radioaktif”





• Iradiasi pengion : M → M+ + e-

dimana, M = atom atau molekul

• Gelombang elektromagnet yang bersifat pengion : • Sinar-x, • Pancaran elektron (electron beams), • sinar katoda (cathode rays), • Sinar-β, dan • Sinar-γ.

• Tipe iradiasi lainnya: Neutron, Deuteron dan partikel-α menyebabkan kerusakan bahan pangan.

Irradiasi


Purwiyatno hariyadi/TPG/Fateta/IPB

Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion

??Penetration : Depth of absorber of unit density (water)

required to reduce radiation intensity by a factor of 1000




• Sinar Gamma– Radiasi

elektromagnet yang dipancarkann oleh Co-60 dan Cs-137

– Penetrasi dalam dan seragam ke segala arah

Irradiasi : Sifat-sifat beberapa radiasi pengion


• Pemaparan bahan pangan oleh radiasi untuk keperluan “mengawetkan”

• Telah lama diteliti dan dipelajari

• Aplikasi pada industri terbatas = dibatasi oleh persepsi konsumen

• Saat ini; konsumen dunia mulai menunjukkan “ketertarikan”nya terhadap teknologi irradiasi

Irradiasi Pangan




• Menyebabkan “gangguan” metabolisme internal sel karena ternjadinya kerusakan ikatan-ikatan kimia

• Kerusakan DNA menyebabkan sel kehilangan kemampuan reproduksinya

• “radikal bebas” dibentuk ketika terjadi kontak dengan bahan pangan yang mengandung air

• Radikal bebas berreaksi dengan DNA menyebabkan kematian

• DNA merupakan bagian sel yang “radiation sensitive”

Irradiasi Pangan


• Dikendalikan oleh “the International Commission on Radiological Units” Rad

• 1 Rad = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 g bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 100 erg (1 Rad = 100 erg/g)

• Satuan umum “Grey“ • 1 Grey = jumlah irradiasi yang menyebabkan 1 kg

bahan yang diirradiasi akan menyerap energi sebesar 1 joule;

• 1,000 Grey = 1 kGy.• 100 Rad = 1 Gy

Dosis Irradiasi




Dosis Irradiasi


• Cloud chamber or darkening of photographic films• Detection and visualization of tracks of individual

radioactive particles. • Not much relevance to foods but could be used for safety of

personnel.

• Ionization Chamber - This is also used in Geiger-Mueller counter.

• The chamber is filled with a gas and an electric field is established between two electrodes.

• The ions are collected on electrodes and radiation is measured as pulse intensity.

Dosis Irradiasi- Metoda pengukuran iradiasi




• Radiation absorbed by food is measured by chemical dosimeter.

• The standard used is often a calorimetric technique.

• The amount of heat produced by 10 kGy radiation absorbed by 1 g of water will produce 2.68C temperature increase.

• Oxidation-reduction of metals or organic ions has been used as indicators.

Dosis Irradiasi- Metoda pengukuran iradiasi


1. Pengaruhnya thd Air"radiolisis“

air tereksitasi (H2O)*

radikal bebas OH· dan H·air terionisasi (H2O)+

elektron terhidrasi (e-aq)

PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN

gas hydrogen (H2)hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)air (H2O) ion hidronium (H3O+)ion Hidroxksida (OH-)

Komponen Bahan

Pangan(lemak, kh, protein, dll)




2. Pengaruhnya thd senyawa non-akueus

• Rantai hidrokarbon (lipid, atau polimer bahan pengemas).

• - (CH2) → - (CH·) - + H·• Senyawa aromatik → stabil• Pati dan pektin cukup sensitif • Protein – asam-asam amino tertentu (histidine, asam

amino bersulfur, fenilalanin, dan tirosin) sangat sensitif.

• Lemak. “ketengikan oksidatif“• Karbohidrat pencoklatan non-enzimatis

PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN


PENGARUH IRRADIASI PADA MIKROBA

- memproduksi radikal bebas

- radikal bebas bereraksi dengan protein

dan DNA

- sel mati




D10 : dosis irradiasi yang menyebabkan pengurangan jumlah mikroba dengan faktor 10

D10 dose


D10,veg bacterium

D10,yeast


Model inaktivasi mikroba oleh irradiasi bisa juga dinyatakan sbb :

0D

D

eN0N−

=

dimana, N = jumlah mo setelah iradiasi, N0 = jumlah mo awal (sebelum iradiasi), D = Dosis radiasi yang diterima, danD0 = konstanta; tgt jenis mo dan kondisi lingkunganKonstanta D0 = dosis radiasi yang menyebabkan kematian mikroba sebanyak 63% populasi.





_______________________________________________________organisme medium in D10 (Rad)

which irradiated_______________________________________________________Bacterial sporeC botulinum A36 buffer 0.33 106

B53 buffer 0.33 106

B57 canned chicken 0.37 106

C. sprogenes 367 water 0.22 106

Veg bacteriaSal typhimrium buffer 2.0 104

egg yolk 8.0 104

E coli buffer 9.0 103

YeastSacc cerevisiae saline 5.0 104

MoldAsp niger saline 4.7 104




Organism Dvalue Resistance




StrilisasiDosis tinggi ( > 10 kGy)

Mengurangi risiko patogen dan meningkatkan masa simpan (keawetan)

Dosis medium (1-10 kGy)

Menghambat perkecambahan

Menunda pematangan buah

Irradiasi dosis rendah (sampai 1 kGy)

(1 Gy = 1 Joule/Kg)

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN








Sterilization of foods (radappertizing) in hermetically sealed containersrequires 2 - 4 x 106 rad for room temperature storagedoses around 105 rad can be used for pasteurization of refrigerated foods.

• Waste treatment • De-infestation of grain, dried foods, spices etc., 25,000 rad • Sprout inhibitor in potatoes, carrots, onions 15,000 rads • Accelerated aging of whisky





Sumber Irradiasi

• Cobalt 60• Waktu paruh ~ 5 tahun• Penetrasi lebih dalam daripada elektron• Lebih murah


Sumber Irradiasi

1. Cobalt - 60Produced by irradiation of Co-59 in a nuclear

reactor. This has a half-life of 5.27 yr and emits two γ -rays per disintegration with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. The metal is formed as strips and contains more than 100,000 cu per strip.

The food product is irradiated from two sides to provide uniform dose throughout the container. The dose of irradiation is such that it does not cause radioactivity in the food.




Cobalt 60

2.5-6 Mrad

Irradiasi

• Cobalt 60 (Gamma Radiation)


2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin

• Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi non-pangan (plastik, obat, dan cat).

• Kelemahan?: penetrasi rendah. • Teknologi baru : banyak dioperasikan secara

komersial.

Sumber Irradiasi




• Masalah off-flavor pada daging, ikan & unggas (oksidasi lemak dan degradasi protein) :

• Daging (beef) paling sensitif (pork & poultry lebih stabil). • Perubahan warna :

daging mentah → coklatdaging masak → pinkish

• Buah/sayuran segar : .......> kerusakan tekstur & off-flavor @ > 105 rad

• Produk Dairy : off-flavor pada susu @ 104 - 5 x 104 rad • Coklat : off-flavor @ 5,000 rad

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU :

Efek samping negatif off flavor, tekstur dan penampakan.


1. Gunakan dosis iradiasi rendah2. Kombinasikan iradiasi dengan panas, atau

perlakuan kimia3. Iradiasi pada kondisi beku4. Iradiasi pada kondisi atmosfer yang inert5. Tambahkan free-radical scavengers, seperti asam

askorbat.

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI IRRADIASI PADA BAHAN PANGAN TERTENTU :

Minimisasi Efek samping negatif




CONTOH APLIKASI IRRADIASI








Spices and Dried Vegetable Seasonings

Irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been retail marketed in South Africa over the past 10 years and the volume is increasing. In fact, irradiation is used so routinely by the spice trade in South Africa that it would be difficult to find spices treated by some other means (fumigation, heat) in the country. A variety of processed food (for example, sauces, salad dressings, sandwich spread) also incorporate irradiated spices and vegetable seasonings. All irradiated products have to be labelled with an irradiation logo plus the word ‘Radurised’. Since 1995, irradiated spices and dried vegetable seasonings have been marketed at retail levels in Belgium. Irradiated spices, condiments and seasonings are also available in China.





Frog Legs

Because of strict microbiological specifications in France, most, if not all, frog legs marketed in the country have been treated by irradiation to ensure their hygienic quality. The product has to be labelled ‘treated by ionization’ and can be purchased in most French food markets.



Onions, GarlicVidalia onions have been irradiated in Florida, to prevent sprouting, and marketed at retail level in Chicago since 1992. Irradiated garlic has been sold in increasing quantities in several cities in China since the early 1990s. During 1995-98, about 166,000 tonnes of garlic were irradiated and marketed across China. All products are labelled to indicate the treatment.

ChickenFollowing the approval of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the quality control programme for irradiated poultry in 1993, small quantities of irradiated chicken have been offered for sale in some retail outlets in Florida, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas with success.





Fermented Pork SausagesIrradiated fermented pork sausages (Nham, a local delicacy in Thailand, which is almost always consumed raw) treated for controlling pathogenic microorganisms and parasites, are gaining popularity since their first market trial in 1986. During 1997, about 80 tonnes of Nham were irradiated in Thailand. Increasing quantities of this irradiated product are being supplied to supermarkets in Bangkok. In addition to marketing in Bangkok, the producers have developed new markets in the north and northwest of Thailand where Nham is a staple part of the diet. There is a widespread demand for this irradiated product as the risk from infection by Salmonella and Trichinella spiralis has been removed. The irradiation logo and a statement indicating irradiation treatment are required on the label.



Other Food ProductsSince a semi-commercial irradiator in Chittagong, Bangladesh went into operation in 1993, small quantities of irradiated dried fish (for insect control) have been available in the market in Chittagong and other cities in Shelf-stable, ready-to-eat meals are commercially available in South Africa. At present, 12 such meals are in existence, including beef curry, beef stroganoff, chicken curry, lasagna and a Malaysian dish called bobotie. These meals are labelled as irradiated and have a shelf-life of greater than two years, making them ideal for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, yachting, safaris and mountaineering. Successful market trials of other irradiated foods such as rice, mungbeans, potatoes and onions in several countries in recent years will likely lead to further commercialization of irradiated food in the near future. The actual sale of irradiated food in the market in several countries has clearly demonstrated that consumers will accept irradiated food if they have the choice.










FASILITAS IRRADIASI


FASILITAS IRRADIASI





Iradiasi Pangan

• Identified by the FDA and World Health Organization (WHO) as having significant strategic importance for the future of food safety worldwide

• Non-thermal technology for pasteurization of solid food

• Improves food Safety and shelf-life economically• Can kill Salmonella and E. coli




pertanyaan/persepsi konsumen

Apakah produk pangan yang diiradiasi menjadi radioaktif?Bagaimana keamanan personalia/operator fasilitas irradiasi? Bagaimana potensi bahaya dari mikroba yang bertahan (surviving microflora)? Kehilangan nutrisi?Perubahan kimia? Beracun? Karsinogenik? Irradiasi : Pro dan Kontra

ISU IRRADIASI


ISU IRRADIASI pelabelan




Bio-Terrorist?

Sejak 9/11 …….… berubah???

PERSEPSI IRADIASI??


Penggunaan teknologi iradiasi menggunakan mesin berkas elektron untuk proses dekontaminasi surat

Sejak 9/11 …….… berubah???

PERSEPSI IRADIASI??




E-beam accelerator

E- E-E-E- E- E-E- E- E-

3MeV-12 MeV

2. Dengan menggunakan Mesin Berkas Elektron (E-beam)


• Akselerator elektron : mulai untuk aplikasi non-pangan (plastik, obat, dan cat).

• Low-energy accelerators (150 keV - 2.0 MeV). • Medium-energy accelerators (2.5 - 8.0 MeV). • High-energy accelerators (> 9.0 MeV).





☺☺ ☺☺

☺ Degradasi beberapa polimer minimal (paparan lebih singkat)

☺ Tanpa residu☺ On/Off terkendali☺ “persepsi lebih aman”



Batasan legal ?(food authority)

Tantangan dari segi engineering solved!Daya penetrasi rendah“cold pasteurization”???“electronic pasteurization”???







2. Aplikasi Mesin Berkas Elektron (E-beam)












Orange irradiation type: one side, two side or rotation?

3


Two Side Orange Irradiation




Main requirements:• purpose is orange pasteurization and disinfestation• electron energy up to 10 MeV• system includes two modules• beam power of each module up to 10 kW• orange diameter 7 cm• orange weight 170 g • orange irradiation depth whole volume• irradiation dose up to 300 Gy

2




Depth dose distribution for 10 MeV

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8

Density*depth, g/ccm*cm

Rela

tive

dose

, %

one-side irradiationsecond-side irradiationdouble-side irradiation

• Product thickness at 10 MeV and 1 g/cm3 bulk density:

- 2.8 cm at one side irradiation,- 8.0 cm at two side irradiation.

• Optimal electron energy for two side irradiation of 7 cm diameter orange is 8.8 MeV.

• Dose non-uniformity at one side irradiation is 100 % -unacceptable.

• Dose non-uniformity at two side irradiation is 25 %.

4






There are two independent irradiation 10 kW systems irradiated one conveyor. Oranges go by rows with 7 oranges in each row without rotation. 300 Gy required dose.V=1 m/sec conveyor speed.Scanning frequency 140 Hz.Scanning width is 50 cm.Total throughput is 1 T/min.





Francisco J. Bueso(AGEN 689, Texas A &M

University)




Kesimpulan• Irradiasi Pangan- berpotensi menjadi bagian

penting dari pemecahan masalah keamanan pangan

• Mesin Berkas Elektron : mempunyai potensi memenangkan “hati” konsumen

• Perlu analisis risiko komunikasi risiko yang efektif.


Detection Methods for Irradiated Food




ISU IRRADIASI pelabelan






Terimakasih .....phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Perkembangan teknologi dan isu mutakhir tentang Irradiasi ...phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2019/04/ITP506-Issues-on... · • Radiasi = pancaran gelombang ... – Penetrasi dalam