Pengolahan Sampah Intro

Pengolahan SampahIntroJurusan Teknik LingkunganFakultas TeknikUniversitas Diponegoro

SampahSudah jelas!Contoh Visual Sampah

Dampak Sampah OrganikDampak terhadap KesehatanPenyakit diare, kolera, tifus menyebar dengan cepat, karena virus yang berasal dari sampah dengan pengelolaan tidak tepat dapat bercampur air minum. Penyakit demam berdarah (haemorhagic fever) dapat juga meningkat dengan cepat di daerah yang pengelolaan sampahnya kurang memadai.Penyakit jamur dapat juga menyebar (misalnya jamur kulit).Penyakit yang dapat menyebar melalui rantai makanan. Salah satu contohnya adalah suatu penyakit yang dijangkitkan oleh cacing pita (taenia). Cacing ini sebelumnya masuk ke dalam pencernaan binatang ternak melalui makanannya yang berupa sisa makanan/sampah.Sampah beracun: Telah dilaporkan bahwa di Jepang kira-kira 40.000 orang meninggal akibat mengkonsumsi ikan yang telah terkontaminasi oleh raksa (Hg). Raksa ini berasal dari sampah yang dibuang ke laut oleh pabrik yang memproduksi baterai dan akumulator.

Dampak terhadap LingkunganCairan rembesan sampah/lindi yang masuk ke dalam drainase atau sungai akan mencemari air. Berbagai organisme termasuk ikan dapat mati sehingga beberapa spesies akan lenyap, hal ini mengakibatkan berubahnya ekosistem perairan biologis.Penguraian sampah yang dibuang ke dalam air akan menghasilkan asam organik dan gas-cair organik, seperti metana. Selain berbau kurang sedap, gas ini dalam konsentrasi tinggi dapat meledak.

www.buletinbelantara.com/2012/05/sampah-organik-dan-anorganik.html4Contoh Visual Dampak Sampah Organik

dll.Dampak Sampah An-OrganikGangguan KesehatanTimbulan sampah dapat menjadi tempat pembiakan lalat yang dapat mendorong penularan infeksi;Timbulan sampah dapat menimbulkan penyakit yang terkait dengan tikus;

Menurunnya kualitas lingkungan

Menurunnya estetika lingkunganTimbulan sampah yang bau, kotor dan berserakan akan menjadikan lingkungan tidak indah untuk dipandang mata;

Terhambatnya pembangunan negaraDengan menurunnya kualitas dan estetika lingkungan, mengakibatkan pengunjung atau wisatawan enggan untuk mengunjungi daerah wisata tersebut karena merasa tidak nyaman, dan daerah wisata tersebut menjadi tidak menarik untuk dikunjungi. Akibatnya jumlah kunjungan wisatawan menurun, yang berarti devisa negara juga menurun.

www.buletinbelantara.com/2012/05/sampah-organik-dan-anorganik.htmlContoh Visual Dampak Sampah An-Organik

Perlu Dikelola dan DiolahPoin PentingB3 Solid WasteNon-B3 Solid WasteMata Kuliah B3Fokus di Mata Kuliah Pengolahan SampahSumber SampahDomestikNon-domestikB3&Non-B3B3&Non-B3Pengolahan Limbah B3

Pengelolaan Sampah Eksisting

Prinsip Pengolahan SampahKnowing the composition of solid wastesThe key is material balance of solid waste management!Material balance:60 % is organic material40 % is an-organic material3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)How? (the answer is separate it by its composition)Organic Material3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)The most used is composting/recycle (conventional)The others are:Anaerobic Digestion/recycleMechanical-biological (MB) treatment/recycle and reuseCombustionComposting/Recycle

Composting is an aerobic process and a large fraction of the degradable organic carbon (DOC) in the wastematerial is converted into carbon dioxide (CO2). CH4 is formed in anaerobic sections of the compost, but it isoxidised to a large extent in the aerobic sections of the compost. The estimated CH4 released into the atmosphere ranges from less than 1 percent to a few percent of the initial carbon content in the material (Beck-Friis, 2001; Detzel et al., 2003; Arnold, 2005).

Composting can also produce emissions of N2O. The range of the estimated emissions varies from less than 0.5 percent to 5 percent of the initial nitrogen content of the material (Petersen et al., 1998; Hellebrand 1998; Vesterinen, 1996; Beck-Friis, 2001; Detzel et al., 2003).

Poorly working composts are likely to produce moreboth of CH4 and N2O (e.g., Vesterinen, 1996).

Anaerobic Digestion/RecycleAnaerobic digestion of organic waste expedites the natural decomposition of organic material without oxygen by maintaining the temperature, moisture content and pH close to their optimum values. Generated CH4 can be used to produce heat and/or electricity, wherefore reporting of emissions from the process is usually done in the Energy Sector. The CO2 emissions are of biogenic origin, and should be reported only as an information item in the Energy Sector. Emissions of CH4 from such facilities due to unintentional leakages during process disturbances or other unexpected events will generally be between 0 and 10 percent of the amount of CH4 generated. In the absence of further information, use 5 percent as a default value for the CH4 emissions. Where technical standards for biogas plants ensure that unintentional CH4 emissions are flared, CH4 emissions are likely to be close to zero. N2O emissions from the process are assumed to be negligible, however, the data on these emissions are very scarce.Riitta Pipatt, 2006

Mechanical-Biological (MB) Treatment/Recycle and ReuseMechanical-biological (MB) treatment of waste is becoming popular in Europe. In MB treatment, the waste material undergoes a series of mechanical and biological operations that aim to reduce the volume of the wasteas well as stabilise it to reduce emissions from final disposal. The operations vary by application. Typically, the mechanical operations separate the waste material into fractions that will under go further treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion, combustion, recycling). These may include separation, shredding and crushing of the material. The biological operations include composting and anaerobic digestion. The composting can take place in heaps or in composting facilities with optimisation of the conditions of the process as well as filtering of the produced gas. The possibilities to reduce the amount of organic material to be disposed at landfills are large, 40 - 60 percent (Kaartinen, 2004). Due to the reduced amount in material, organic content and biological activity, the MB-treated waste will produce up to 95 percent less CH4 than untreated waste when disposed in SWDS. The practical reductions have been smaller and depend on the type and duration of MB treatments in question (see e.g., Binner, 2002). CH4 and N2O emissions during the different phases of the MB treatment depend on the specific operations and the duration of the biological treatment.Riitta Pipatt, 2006

CombustionIncineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration#cite_note-0)

The most publicized concerns from environmentalists about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration#cite_note-14) Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards.

Combustion

Inspirasi Penelitianhttp://www.maxpelltechnology.com/incineratorsampah.php

Metode Pengolahan Sampah OrganikAerobKomposting/Aerobic Digestion/Fermentasi AerobikVermicomposting/Aerobic Digestion/Fermentasi AerobikCombustion/Gasifikasi

An-AerobAn-aerobik Digestion/Fermentasi An-aerobikSanitary LandfillBioreaktor Landfill

Fakultatif?

An-Organic Material3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse)The most used is recycle and reuse (conventional)The others are:CombustionetcRecyclePrinsip:Merubah raw material menjadi bentuk material baru

ReusePrinsip:Menggunakan raw material tanpa mengubah struktur material atau alih fungsi/fungsi berbeda atau fungsi sama

Contoh Visual Recycle Kaleng

http://fadhilahfebriani.blogspot.com/2012/01/sampah-anorganik-yaitu-sampah-yang.htmlContoh Visual Recycle Plastik

http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=diagram+recycle+plastik&um=1&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=y-ydn09bo3i7UM:&imgrefurl=http://shredder-granulator.ready-online.com/&docid=apAOAkW-IZsBtM&imgurl=http://shredder-granulator.ready-online.com/images/flow-chart-film-plastic-recycling.jpg&w=650&h=420&ei=ruhQUOaFJMTirAeqywE&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=693&vpy=154&dur=9318&hovh=180&hovw=279&tx=140&ty=89&sig=107322905414756309688&page=1&tbnh=114&tbnw=177&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:76Contoh Visual Reuse

http://fadhilahfebriani.blogspot.com/2012/01/sampah-anorganik-yaitu-sampah-yang.htmlNext IdeaNano-briquetNano-separationProducing Bioetanol or Biosolar using Organic Solid Waste Material (OSWM)Producing Bioetanol or Biosolar using An-Organic Solid Waste Material (AoSWM)Incinerator portable for householdWhat are your ideas?TugasUpdate metode pengolahan sampah organik dan an-organik yang ada di dunia melalui international journal dan jurnal nasional.Buat tabulasi hasil risetnya dan sebutkan faktor-faktor teknis (butuh energi besar/kecil, butuh peralatan lengkap, lahan luas, dll.) dan non-teknis (mudah, murah, ramah lingkungan, dll.). Dibahas secara singkat.Setiap identifikasi hasil risetnya, cantumkan referensinya.Sifat individual dengan tugas sebanyak 3 referensi tiap individu dan diharuskan berbeda-beda hasil riset serta pembahasannya.Dikumpulkan dalam bentuk softfile, jam 12.00 WIB tanggal 20 September 2012 di kormat PengSam. Kormat kirim file via email pengampu jam 13.00 WIB.Be Creative and Honest!