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Organizational Culture, Socialization, & Mentoring
Organizational Culture: Definition and ContextDynamics of Organizational Culture
Developing High-Performance CulturesThe Organizational Socialization Process
Embedding Organizational Culture through Mentoring
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Organizational Culture
Shared values and beliefs that underlie a company’s identityWhat types of organizational culture’s have you worked in?How does the organization’s culture manifest itself?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Understanding Organizational Culture
Antecedents
• Founder’s values
• Industry & business environment• National culture• Senior leaders’ vision and behavior
Organizational Structure &
Practices
• Reward systems
• Organizational
design
Organizational Culture
• Observable artifacts
• Espoused values
• Basic assumptions
Group & Social Processes
• Socialization
• Mentoring• Decision making
• Group dynamics• Communication
• Influence & empowerment• Leadership
Organizational Outcomes
• Effectiveness
• Innovation & stress
Collective Attitudes &
Behavior
• Work attitudes
• Job satisfaction
• Motivation
Figure 3-1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Layers of Organizational Culture
Observable artifacts•Examples?
Values – enduring belief in a mode or conduct or end-state•Difference between espoused and enacted?
Basic Assumptions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Four Functions of Organizational Culture
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Three Types of Cultures
ConstructivePassive-defensiveAggressive-defensive
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Constructive Culture
Constructive Culture employees are encouraged to interact with others and to work on tasks and projects that will assist in satisfying their needs to grow and develop
High priority on constructive interpersonal relationships, and focus on work group satisfaction
Affiliative
Participative, employeecentered, and supportive
Humanistic-encouraging
Value self-development and creativity
Self-actualizing
Goal and achievement oriented
Achievement
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Table 3-1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Passive-Defensive Culture
Passive- Defensive Culture overriding belief that employees must interact with others in ways that do not threaten their job security
Negative reward system and Defensive avoid accountability
Avoidance
Nonparticipative, centralized decision making, and employees do what they are told
Dependent
Conservative, bureaucratic, and people follow the rules
Conventional
Avoid conflict, strive to be liked by others, and approval oriented
Approval
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Table 3-1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-9
Aggressive-Defensive Culture
Aggressive-Defensive Culture encourage employees to approach tasks in forceful ways in order to protect their status and job security
Perfectionistic, persistent, and hard working
Perfectionistic
Winning is value and a win-lose approach is used
Competitive
Nonparticipative, take charge of Defensive subordinates, and responsive to superiors
Power
Confrontation and negativism rewarded
Oppositional
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Table 3-1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Developing and Preserving an Adaptive Culture
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Embedding Culture in Organizations
Formal statements or organizational philosophyDesign of physical spaceSlogans, language, acronyms, sayingsDeliberate role modeling, trainingExplicit rewards, status symbolsStories, legends, myths
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Embedding Culture in Organizations
Leader reactions to critical incidentsWorkflow and organizational structureOrganizational activities, processes, or outcomes leaders attend toOrganizational systems and proceduresOrganizational goals and criteria for managing human resources
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Organizational Socialization
Phases Perceptual and Social Processes
1) Anticipatory socialization learning that occurs prior to joining the organization
Anticipating realities about the organization and the new job
Anticipating organization’s needs for one’s skills and abilities
Anticipating organization’s sensitivity to one’s needs and values
Figure 3-4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Organizational Socialization
Phases Perceptual and Social Processes
2) Encounter values, skills, and attitudes start to shift as new recruit discovers what the organization is truly like
Managing lifestyle-versus-work conflicts
Managing intergroup role conflicts
Seeking role definition and clarity
Becoming familiar with task and group dynamics
Figure 3-4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Organizational Socialization
Phases Perceptual and Social Processes
3) Change and acquisition recruit masters skills and roles and adjusts to work group’s values and norms
Competing role demands are resolved
Critical tasks are mastered
Group norms and values are internalized
Figure 3-4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Organizational Socialization
Phases
1) Anticipatory socialization2) Encounter
3) Change and acquisition
Outsider
Behavioral Outcomes
Performs role assignments
Remains with organization
Spontaneously innovates and
cooperates
Socialized Insider Affective Outcomes
Generally satisfied
Internally motivated to work
High job involvement
Figure 3-4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Socialization Tactics
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-18
Mentoring
Mentoring is the process of forming and maintaining developmental relationships between a mentor and a junior person
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Functions of Mentoring
PsychologicalFunctions
CareerFunctions
Sponsorship
Exposure and ViabilityCoaching
Protection
Challenging Assignments
Role Modeling
Acceptance and ConfirmationCounseling
Friendship
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-20
Functions of Mentoring
Career Functions• In what ways can
mentoring assist in one’s career progression?
Psychological Functions• How can
mentoring serve a psychological function?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-21
• D2
D1 •• P
Receptive
• D2
D1 •• P
Traditional
Entrepreneurial
• P
Opportunistic
Developmental Relationship StrengthWeak Ties Strong Ties
D1 • • D2
D3 • • D4
Low Range
High Range
Develo
pm
en
tal R
ela
tion
sh
ip D
ivers
ity
Key:
D = developer
P = protege
• P
D1 • • D2
D3 • • D4
Figure 3-5
Developmental Networks Associated with Mentoring