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8/18/2019 MP - Chapter 3 - Aviation Activity and Forecasts(2).pdf
1/21
3CHAPTER
A V IATION A CTIVITY
AND FORECASTS
v
8/18/2019 MP - Chapter 3 - Aviation Activity and Forecasts(2).pdf
2/21
This chapter will initially outline
the market profile of Toronto and
associated history, explain the cur-
rent market activity and factors
that affect that activity before
forecasting the expected future
demand levels of passengers and
aircraft movements. It will explain
the reasons for forecasting and theimpacts the levels of demand will
have on the facility as a whole,
comparing these levels to industry
standards before finishing with
implications.
Chapter 3 > A VI AT IO N A C T IV I TY A N D FORE CASTS
A V I A T I O N A C T I V I T Y A N D F O R E C A S T S
Chapter 3
This chapter discusses the future
demand for air travel at Toronto
Pearson International Airport. The
ability of the Airport to accommo-
date this demand will be discussed
in subsequent chapters.
Since the first aircraft touched
down on its runway over 70 years
ago, Toronto Pearson has becomeCanada’s principal airport, as well
as one of the busiest airports in
the world. The central geographi-
cal location of Toronto within
Canada, its large local market, and
its proximity to the U.S. market
make the Airport important for
both mainline and feeder services
of major Canadian and inter-
national airlines.
Toronto Pearson’s status as one of
the world’s busiest airports is illus-
trated in Table 3-1, which shows
Toronto’s ranking in the top 30
airports for the last decade in
terms of passenger traffic and
aircraft movements. Comparative
airports include Singapore,
Philadelphia, Tokyo Narita,
Miami and Seattle.
A strong travel market has de-
veloped that directly links Toronto
Pearson to countries in North
America, the Caribbean, Central
and South America, Europe, the
Middle East and Asia. Theseroutes, in turn, provide links to
the remaining world markets.
Toronto Pearson currently accom-
modates over 30 million Enplaned
and Deplaned (E&D) passengers
per year. Demand is expected to
rise to 36 million by 2010
(including revenue and non-
revenue E&D passengers), to
approximately 50 million by
2020 and to approximately
66 million by 2030. Asso-
ciated aircraft movement
demand is expected to
increase from 417,000 in
2006 to 637,000 by
2020 and 801,000
by 2030.
W O RLD RA N K I N G – T O RO N T O P E A RS O N I N T E RN A T I O N A L A I RP O RT
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Total Passengers 25 25 25 27 26 29 29 29 29 29
Aircraft Movements 25 23 28 27 22 27 29 23 23 20
Total Cargo* 48 49 45 50 53 56 60 61 42 38
Source: Airports Council International Worldwide Airport Traffic Reports
*Understated – Toronto Pearson cargo volumes prior to 2005 do not include mail or regional carriers’ cargo volumes
T A B LE 3 - 1
3 . 1 A V I AT I O N A C T I V I T Y O V E R V I E W
3.1.1 Role of Toronto – National and International
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3.2
3.1.2 Market Profile
Currently, 79 scheduled and char-
ter airlines serve* Toronto Pearson,
providing non-stop service** to
37 domestic, 83 U.S. (transborder)
destinations and same-plane
service to 100 other international
cities (Summer 2006). Domestic
travel refers to travel within
Canada. Transborder travel refers
to travel between a Canadian air-
port and a U.S. airport, and inter-
national travel refers to travel
between a Canadian airport and
an airport in another part of the
world. (See Table 3-2). With non-
stop service to so many destina-
tions, Toronto Pearson is an
attractive international gateway
for Canadian and U.S. connecting
passengers (ranked 23rd in the
world for connecting passengers
in 2006). In fact, the Airport is
the fifth largest entry point into
the United States after New York- JFK, Chicago, Miami and Los
Angeles international airports.
Toronto Pearson also plays a key
role in the North American air
route structure and is the central
connecting point for Canadians
travelling across the country. With
Air Canada and WestJet as the
major domestic scheduled carriers,passengers are connected with
major cities in Canada, the U.S.,
and the rest of the world. Regional
carriers provide access to smaller
cities in North America. The six
major American carriers
(American Airlines, United
Airlines, U.S. Airways, Northwest
Airlines, Continental Airlines and
Delta Airlines) provide additionalservice to transborder destinations.
Scheduled and charter passenger
transportation account for the
majority of air services at Toronto
Pearson (88 per cent of aircraft
movements in 2006, See Figure
3-1). Approximately 50 per cent
of cargo freight is transported in
the bellyholds of passenger air-
craft, with the remainder being transported in dedicated cargo air-
craft. The remaining activity is
comprised of general aviation
(GA), which includes business
aviation (BA), private aircraft and
government and military aircraft.
At Toronto Pearson, business avia-
tion is the predominant segment.
For reasons noted in Chapter 10,
activity in the other segments of
GA has been decreasing and isnow of minor significance
compared to BA activity.
Over the past three decades,
scheduled and charter air carriers
have seen their shares of passenger
traffic fluctuate between approxi-
mately 85-91 per cent for
scheduled and 9-15 per cent for
charter. A recent decline in the
charter carriers’ shares to the 9 percent level has occurred due to the
aftermath of September 11, 2001
(9/11) when a number of smaller
charter carriers ceased operations.
The scheduled carriers’ have
improved their focus on point-to-
point travel, and low-cost
T O RO N T O P E A RS O N ’ S T O P RO U T E S ( 2 0 0 6 )
Domestic Transborder International
1 Montreal Chicago London (All)
2 Vancouver New York Frankfurt
3 Ottawa Los Angeles Paris
4 Calgary Orlando Amsterdam
5 Halifax Miami Hong Kong6 Winnipeg Las Vegas Cancun
7 Edmonton Atlanta Punta Cana
8 Thunder Bay Boston Cuba
9 London San Francisco Manchester
10 Windsor Dallas Rome
T A B LE 3 - 2
39% Passenger (Domestic)
11% Passenger (International)
4% Cargo
8% Business Aviation
38% Passenger (Transborder)
Distribution of Aircraft Movements (2006)
F I G U RE 3 - 1
0102030405060708090
100
2006200520042003200220012000
Charter vs. Scheduled Traffic
F I G U R E 3 - 2
P e r c e n t a g e o f T o t a l P a s s e n g e r s
Cha rter S ch eduled*to serve means to provide a certain level of service, 6 times a week service between two destinations for both domestic and transborder operations, and 4 times weekly service for international operations** non-stop service means providing direct point-to-point service without stopping at any intermediate location, even to drop off or collect additional passengers
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scheduled carriers have gained mar-
ket share (See Figure 3-2).Tradi-
tionally, charter carriers havefocused on southern vacation desti-
nations and European leisure mar-
kets. It is expected that over time,
the charter carriers will continue to
focus on vacation traffic maintain-
ing around 10 per cent of the
Airport’s passenger market share.
Toronto Pearson has a great impact
on regional traffic as many flights
from other Ontario communitiesand adjacent U.S. cities are routed
to or through the Airport. Tradi-
tionally, only turboprop aircraft,
such as the Dash-8, served these
markets, but the advent of the
regional jet in 1992 transformed
and expanded this market.
Regional jets (RJ) enable carriers
to economically operate jet aircraft
(the preferred mode of air trans-portation from the passengers’ per-
spective) on these routes and
consist of models such as the
Canadair RJ 100/200 and the
Embraer 135/145. These smaller
fuel-efficient aircraft are also
replacing larger jets on routes with
lower passenger volumes, allowing
carriers to fly these routes with
increased frequency without anincrease in total capacity.
With the increase in innovation of
such aircraft, airlines are exploiting
the economies of frequency with
cost-savings to enable these air-
craft to fly further distances than
ever before. New aircraft have
come from the Embraer family in
the form of the EMB 175/195
and from Bombardier in theCanadair RJ 700/900 series. These
innovations have led to the con-
cept of producing the “right size”
aircraft for each market, which
implies that each route requires
different-sized aircraft. Matching
the correct aircraft in terms of
seats and weight (economies of
scale) is key to airline operating
success in the future.
The last 10 years’ traffic presented
in Section 3.3 reflects the fast-
growing rate of aircraft movements
in and out of Toronto Pearson
compared to passenger volumes.
Regional airlines currently
represent the fastest growing
segment of the North American
airline industry, a feat made possi-
ble to a large extent by the RJ, and
to some extent by the downturn
in traffic in the aftermath of 9/11,
when many routes were “right-sized” from mainline carriers to
their regional feeders.
Most regional airlines are affiliated
with or contracted by mainline
airlines and use the Airport as a
hub, or with U.S. carriers for
which the commuter provides
supplemental service to Toronto
from U.S. airports.
3.1.3 Network Carriers, LowCost and Charters
Three different types of carriers
operate at Toronto Pearson. The
traditional network carriers, such
as Air Canada, British Airways,
American Airlines, are considered
to be scheduled airlines with
every day service to the majority of destinations with relatively
more frequency. Most network
carriers operate a hub and spoke
network, connecting passengers
through hubs and to/from
regional affiliates. Following 9/11
and the subsequent downturn in
the market, the network carriers
have implemented a number of
Terminal 3 Departures Level
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3.4
initiatives in an attempt to reduce
cost and compete on a globalscale. These initiatives included
downloading “local operations” to
regional affiliates, forming
stronger alliances as a catalyst for
additional connecting traffic and
developing more point-to-point
flying in the international sector.
An alternative type of scheduled
carrier is the Low-Cost Carrier
(LCC), for example, WestJet,
Southwest, RyanAir and EasyJet.
These are a newer generation of
airlines who compete with the
network carriers by avoiding the
overhead costs associated with:
• operating a variety of aircraft
types
• offering extra services such as
connections and interlines
• serving regional and interna-
tional destinations
• providing multi-class configura-
tions, lounges, meals and other
amenities.
They tend to operate a more con-
centrated business with a single or
limited number of aircraft types
and fewer destinations, but com-
pete on price and frequency of
service with the major network
airlines. They focus on point-to-point service with limited
alliances/relationships leading to
less connecting traffic and more
Origin and Destination (O&D)
traffic. The only connecting traffic
carried by an LCC would usually
be through traffic (same plane
service). LCCs encourage their
passengers to “self-connect”
through appropriately timed
schedules with the passenger
responsible for baggage handling.
As the LCCs are growing into
major players in the industry
through expanded routes and
some consolidation/mergers, such
as South west buying Morris Air
and EasyJet buying Go (a former
British Airways subsidiary), they
are pushing network carriers tocompete at a lower cost level. As
LCCs expand, they may very soon
begin to cross paths with other
LCCs. So far, LCCs in North
America have generally been able
to compete only with network
airlines, such as Southwest vs.
U.S. Airways at Philadelphia and
Charlotte, and Southwest vs.
American at Dallas Fort Worth.
Some LCC competition has
existed, such as WestJet vs. JetsGo
and CanJet at Toronto and
RyanAir vs. EasyJet in the UK, but
these are limited.
Currently in Canada, WestJet is
competing against Air Canada’s
no-frills Tango service, which was
initially devised by Air Canada
as a separate entity. It later became
a fare option on many of
Air Canada’s domestic and trans-
border routes. WestJet, which
began operating as an LCC, has
adopted some higher service fea-
tures (leather seats, personal enter-tainment systems) which elevate it
from a traditional “LCC”. How-
ever, WestJet continues to operate
at an LCC cost structure with LCC
processes, such as single aircraft
type and no interlining – yet.
The third airline type is the
Charter carrier. Charter airlines
operate a more seasonal service,
serving the major holiday and vis-
iting friends and relatives traffic
segments, rather than competing
with network carriers for business
travellers. They operate in the
peak seasons and tend to reduce
operations in the quieter periods.
During the winter, most of their
service is to sunspot destinations
Terminal 1 Departures Level
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in the U.S. and Central America,
while in the summer they offer
service to Canadian long-haul hol-
iday destinations and to Europe.
Air Transat and Skyservice are two
of the longest-serving Charter car-
riers operating at Toronto Pearson.
In assessing market shares for the
three types of airlines, naturally
the historic trend favours network
carriers. LCCs, however, are start-
ing to gain market share on
growth markets both domestically
and to the U.S. The international
sector, however, does not suit thelow-cost model other than holiday
traffic to sunspot destinations at
off peak times, such as weekends.
The differentiation between net-
work carriers and LCCs has faded
in recent years as network carriers
have attempted to de-bundle serv-
ices in order to compete with
LCCs. At the same time, LCCs
have stretched their definition tomaintain growth by adding more
services to their offering, such as
in-flight entertainment, leather
seats and some connectivity. As the
gap narrows, it is difficult to depict
a clear future for the long-term air-
line market share in Toronto.
3.1.4 Origin/Destination andConnecting Passengers
Since Toronto Pearson has a
strong Origin and Destination
(O&D) traffic base, where passen-gers either begin or end their jour-
ney at this airport, the Airport
benefits from a large diversity of
routes. This base of traffic enables
and encourages carriers to flow
passengers through Toronto
Pearson to other destinations.
Several U.S. hubs have a much
weaker O&D base where the
majority of customers use thoseairports as hubs to connect on
further. For example, Atlanta and
Chicago have connecting traffic
levels around 50-70 per cent.
Heathrow has a connection rate
of about 25 per cent.
As a hub airport for Star Alliance
and WestJet in North America,
Toronto Pearson is used as a sig-
nificant connecting point for passengers on many journeys.
Approximately 20 per cent of
passengers at the Airport are con-
necting. Historically, Toronto
Pearson and Montreal’s Trudeau
International Airport were primary
airports for people travelling
within Canada and beyond. In the
1980s, many new routes were
developed linking many smaller
Canadian cities directly. In the
1990s, Open Skies permitted
increased access for these cities toU.S. destinations.
Due to the evolving structure of
air carriers, however, the increase
in operations bypassing Toronto
Pearson has been offset by the
development of hub and spoke
operations at Toronto. This allows
carriers to provide increased fre-
quencies for travellers as well as an
increase in operating efficiencies.International to U.S. connections
are being established and devel-
oped in conjunction with airline
alliance growth. Open Skies
between Canada and the UK, as
well as other countries in years to
come, will facilitate more use of
Toronto as a hub to the U.S. and
beyond, by enabling multiple car-
riers to operate more frequently tomore destinations.
3.1.5 Air Cargo Profile
In terms of air cargo, Toronto
Pearson serves not only as a gate-
way for shipments originating in
or destined for the GTA, but also
as a major trans-shipment centre
Air Cargo
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3.6
for cargo travelling between other
Canadian and international points.
With the continued trend toward
global trade, the importance of the
far-reaching network of routes
from the Airport can only be
expected to better serve Ontario’s
shippers and manufacturers.
The importance of Toronto
Pearson as the dominant Canadian
airport for air cargo is expected to
continue, in both regional and
national contexts; however, the
increased use of RJs in right-sizing
markets instead of larger aircraft isnegatively impacting belly cargo
capacity on some North American
routes. Freighters are now filling
this role and are expected to do so
into the future.
Consolidation and reorganization
have been affecting the air cargo
industry since the late 1990s with
the trend accelerating in more
recent times as many of the largercompanies look to strengthen their
market position. This has com-
prised acquisitions, restructuring
and consolidation of some opera-
tions. The effect is that logistics
companies are now concentrating
their search for airport sites on
those that can accommodate their
long-term expansion plans, with
some airports benefiting at the
expense of others.
The last several years have been
somewhat volatile with regard to
total cargo handled at Toronto
Pearson. Total cargo activity
world wide reached its highest ever
level in 1999 and with the eco-
nomic slowdown and subsequent
impacts of 9/11 and SARS respec-
tively, the total cargo volumes
have declined a total of nearly fiveper cent per annum since
that period.
Some clear distinctions of cargo
compared to passenger traffic
include the fact that cargo is pre-
dominantly one-direction traffic,
and therefore unbalanced activity
often benefits one company more
than others, for example an
importer of goods compared withan exporter of goods.
In the more recent decline in air
cargo traffic, freighter demand suf-
fered far less than passenger hold
demand. This indicates that there
has still been strong demand for
freighter service compared with
passenger service.
3.1.6 Business Aviation Profile
Business Aviation (BA) exists at
Toronto Pearson because a num-ber of corporate aircraft are
housed in the Infield and north
Business Aviation Areas. BA has a
broad variety of uses from flying
corporate executives between busi-
nesses to intersecting with com-
mercial charter operations. These
types of operations are considered
to aid a business, government, or
military operation, and, in gen-
eral, not to be available to the
public for hire nor involve cargo
operations. Corporate aircraft are
piloted by individuals who have,
at a minimum, a valid commercial
pilot’s licence with an
instrument rating.
Traditionally, operators of BA air-
craft use aircraft with between five
and 14 seats. Since 1991, BA traf-fic has fluctuated, reaching a peak
in the mid- to late 1990s. More
recently, BA aircraft movements
have been lower due to the down-
turn in the industry.
At Toronto Pearson, there is a ten-
dency to use larger BA aircraft
based on demand. Over the last
five years, total BA movements
have grown at an average rate of two per cent per annum, primarily
due to charter carrier traffic and
some government traffic, although
the latter comprises a small pro-
portion of total BA traffic. See
Chapter 10 on Business Aviation.
Business Aviation Aircraft
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3 . 2 H I S T O R I C A L G R O W T H
Demand for aviation services is
ultimately contingent on the gen-
eral health of the economy. As
illustrated in Figure 3-3, growth
rates in passenger volumes co-
incide with growth rates in the economy (recessions in 1981-84,
1991-93 and 2001-03). However,
the 9/11 terrorist attacks were a
shock to this relationship, as was
the advent of SARS (2003) and
the Iraq and Afghan wars, which
have depressed aviation travel in
recent years. By 2006-07, traffic
levels were back to normal and
returning to the trend line,except on U.S. routes, due to
the war in Iraq and heightened
and restrictive security measures
in this market.
Along the way, changes to the reg-
ulation of the air carrier industry
can also have a significant effect
on demand. These changes may
arise from regulatory reform usu-
ally due to domestic and interna-tional events. In the early 1980s,
the increased freedom of access to
the air travel market in Canada
(economic regulatory reform) led
to a brief period of increased com-
petition from new entrants. This
increased competition and the
wide availability of discount fares
contributed significantly to excep-
tional passenger traffic growth of
5.3 per cent per annum until
1988. Similar growth occurred in
the mid-1990s when the Open
Skies accord between Canada and
the U.S. was implemented.
After the boom in the late 1990s,
the economy began to slow in
2001 and traffic began to show
signs of weakening. When the
9/11 terrorist attacks occurred, the
Airport experienced a major traffic
shock with a reduction in traffic of
20 per cent in the fourth quarter
of 2001. Traffic declines contin-
ued through the first three quar-
ters of 2002 with security issues,
travel fears, and economic woes
crippling the industry. With
Toronto Pearson’s close proximity
to the U.S. and its high propor-
tion of U.S. traffic (nearly 25 per
cent of total airport traffic), the
impacts of 9/11 were higher than
most non-U.S. airports.
By 2003, another war in Iraq and
the SARS outbreak affected traffic
at Toronto Pearson. By the end of
2003, although the city was
deemed SARS free, traffic had
declined again (-4.6 per cent)
and was 15 per cent lower than
in 2000.
However, by 2004, the economy
had recovered and most of the avi-
ation shocks had diminished. Air
traffic at Toronto Pearson had
increased by 15 per cent and both
the domestic and international
sectors had recovered to beyond
their 2000 peaks.
In 2005 and 2006, oil price
increases limited capacity growth
in the industry and brought fuel
surcharges to passengers. Traffic
levels, however, continued to
increase and reached 30.97 mil-
lion passengers in 2006 (compared
to 28.8 million in 2000). How-
ever, transborder traffic had not
yet fully recovered to year 2000
levels (-9.5 per cent vs. 2000).
Overall, this limited capacity
growth and continued passenger
traffic increases brought load fac-
tors, the measure of passengers to
available seats, to record levels.
Figure 3-4 shows comparative
annual traffic levels from 2000-
2006 for each sector.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2006200520042003200220012000
Passengers by Sector 2000-2006
F I G U R E 3 - 4
P a s
s e n g e r s ( 0 0 0 s )
Domestic International Transborder
200520001995199019851980197519701965
Enplaned and Deplaned Passengers, Historical Trend – 1965-2006
F I G U RE 3 - 3
E / D P a s s e n g e r s ( 0 0 0 , 0
0 0 s )
Total Pax Trend Line
1983:
Iran/Iraq War
1990-1993:Gulf War/Recession/GST
1995:Open Skies
2003:SARS and Iraq War
1992-1994:Recession
2000:AC/CP Merger
2001:9/11
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
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3.8
3 . 3 A V I A T I O N F O R E C A S T S
3.3.1 Forecasting Process
The forecasts presented in this
Master Plan are based on the
national system forecasts prepared
by Transport Canada in 2006.This forecast reflects the latest out-
look for world economies and the
structure of the airline industry.
The method for producing fore-
casts has been refined to ade-
quately account for changes in
regional growth rates and airline
market shares for both existing
and potential new carriers at
Toronto Pearson.
3.3.2 Factors Affecting AviationDemand
Economic and demographic fac-
tors relevant to forecasting avia-
tion activity can be divided into
those affecting the demand side
and those affecting the supply
side. Additionally, several strategicfactors come into play.
As was discussed in Chapter 2,
demand for aviation services is
driven by the general health of the
economy, both domestically and
abroad, and individual purchasing
power. The significant factors are
Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
Personal Disposable Income (PDI),
adult and immigrant population
(especially adult population) and
air fares. The supply of aviation
services provided by the carriers
depends upon competition from
other air carriers and other modes
of travel, fuel cost and efficiency,
labour costs, and other industry
specific factors including govern-
ment regulation, policy issues, air-
port and air navigation costs,
congestion and environmental ini-
tiatives. All of these factors influ-
ence the airline fleets (number of aircraft and size of planes), passen-
ger loads, and route structures.
Fluctuations in currency exchange
rates (including the recent
increases in the Canadian dollar
relative to the U.S. dollar) appear
to have had a negligible effect on
total passenger traffic at Toronto
Pearson. Rather, the proportion of
passenger traffic from the higher-currency country tends to increase
compared to the lower-currency
country as their buying power
increases. Socio-political unrest in
recent years has been a more sig-
nificant factor than in previous
years as many people have chosen
to avoid the U.S. while it is
occupying Iraq.
Strategic factors are those that
may cause structural shifts from
historical patterns of supply and
demand for aviation services.
These factors include the growth
of teleconferencing and other
forms of electronic commu-
nication, the presence of LCCs
and charter air carriers, other
sources of low-fare travel, and
since 9/11, the “hassle factor” of
travel by air such as security uncertainty and inconsistency.
The impact of teleconferencing
may be negligible due to its pro-
pensity to offset negative factors.
Results suggest that 5-10 per cent
of business travel growth may be
lost in the future. However, the
increase in global trade associated
with electronic communication
may offset some or all of this andcould have a positive impact on
international air travel as it pro-
motes growth in the global econ-
omy. Indications on the effect of
the “hassle factor” are already
reflected in the loss of five per
cent in shorthaul markets where
the uncertainty of processing
times is a relatively significant fac-
tor. However, as these systemsmature and technological advances
streamline the process, it is
expected that this impact
will reduce.
Terminal 1 Check-In Counters
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3.3.3 Passenger ForecastingProcess
The process of forecasting passen-
gers starts with the Transport
Canada Forecasting Group’s
system-wide forecast of passenger
demand and aircraft movements. An econometric passenger origin/
destination model (PODM) and a
passenger traffic allocation model
(PTAM) are used to prepare a
forecast for the top 77 airports
in Canada. Inputs to these
models include those listed in
Section 3.3.2.
Economic forecasts based on the
outlooks of several external agen-cies, such as the Conference Board
of Canada and Informetrica, are
used in conjunction with historical
traffic data in these models to fore-
cast the demand for travel. The
base model (PODM) projects the
number of origin and destination
(O&D) passengers for each area of
the country for the domestic,
transborder and other inter-national markets. Enplaned/
deplaned passenger volumes are
forecast by incorporating connect-
ing passenger traffic derived from
the passenger allocation model to
yield an integrated forecast for
each of the major airports in the
country, as well as an aircraft
movement forecast.
The forecasts are then reviewed
and finalized by the GTAA. The
following adjustments are made to
the forecasts:• To account for non-revenue pas-
sengers (airline employees or
others travelling at deeply dis-
counted fares)
• To adjust to facility-based sector
definitions to provide the micro-
level detail required for facility
planning purposes.
The forecasting process is under-
taken annually by Transport Can-ada and is tracked by the GTAA
on a monthly basis. Figure 3-5
demonstrates the accuracy of the
forecasts done using this method
for two previous iterations.
Redeveloped facilities at Toronto
Pearson should appeal to passen-
gers arriving from European and
other international cities and
bound for U.S. cities for which
little or no direct routes exist to
meet demand. To facilitate this
role, in-transit pre-clearance facili-
ties, which preclude the need for
international to transborder con-
necting passengers to pass through
Canadian Customs, are already
available in Terminal 1 and will be
available in Terminal 3 as demand
warrants. As a result, connecting
passenger volumes between inter-
national and transborder sectors
are expected to increase in theTransport Canada numbers. The
forecasts used reflect additional
connections between sectors, both
at the aggregate level and on a
daily profile basis where connect-
ing volumes are incorporated into
future facility requirements.
3.3.4 Passenger Demand
In 2006, the enplaned and de-
planed (E&D) traffic reached
30.97 million passengers at
Toronto Pearson with approxi-
mately 80 per cent representing
O&D traffic and the remainder
accounted for by connecting
traffic.
O&D traffic represents passengers
originating or terminating theirtrips at Toronto Pearson whereas
connecting passengers use Toronto
Pearson as a connecting point to
travel between two other points.
Regional is defined as the passen-
gers whose origin/destination is in
the Greater Toronto catchment
area, which is described in
Chapter 2 of this Master Plan as
the Airport’s Total Service Area.Regional O&D passenger volumes
are projected to grow from about
23 million in 2006 to almost
50 million by 2030. Regional
O&D passenger forecasts are pre-
sented in Table 3-3 and Figure 3-6.
10
15
20
25
30
35
2005200420032002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990198919881087198619851984198319821981198019791978
Accuracy of Transport Canada Forecasts
F I G U RE 3 - 5
E
/ D R e v e n u e P a s s e n g e r s
In 1986Actual In 1992
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3.10
Total regional E&D passenger
traffic over the longer term is
expected to grow from about
31 million passengers in 2006 to
about 66 million by 2030, for an
average annual growth rate of
approximately three per cent. In
addition to the assumptions
previously discussed, it should be
noted that this is a demand fore-
cast for the Toronto region and
does not take into account any
capacity limitations.
Forecasts of E&D passengers
are detailed in Table 3-4 and
Figure 3-7.
Currently, traffic at the Airport
consists of 43 per cent domestic,
29 per cent transborder, and
28 per cent international passen-
gers. Over the long term, these
figures are expected to become
more balanced with international,
followed by transborder volumes,
growing at a faster rate than
domestic volumes. The shift in
traffic is due to maturation of the
domestic market, the impact of
Open Skies and international con-
nections on transborder activity,
and the increase in global trade
and the international travel activ-
ity it generates. Open Skies have
enabled Toronto Pearson to
become a North American gate-
way as well as a primary airport
for Eastern/Central Canada for
both transborder and international
activity. With further international
Open Skies agreements antici-
pated, the expectation for even
higher international activity at
Toronto Pearson will be realized.
Throughout the forecast horizon,Toronto Pearson is expected to
continue to grow as a gateway
between Europe and North
America, and to a lesser extent
between Asia and North America
with longer-range aircraft and
expanded U.S. opportunities with
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2030202820262024202220202018201620142012201020082006200420022000199819961990
ForecastActual
Origin and Destination Passengers
F I G U RE 3 - 6
P a s s e n g e r s ( 0 0 0 , 0
0 0 s )
Domesti c T ra nsbo rder I nterna ti on al
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2030202820262024202220202018201620142012201020082006200420022000199819961990
ForecastActual
Enplaned and Deplaned Passengers
F I G U RE 3 - 7
P a s s e n g e r s ( 0 0 0 , 0
0 0 s )
Domesti c T ra nsbo rder I nterna ti on al
O RI G I N A N D D E S T I N A T I O N P A S S E N G E RS
Year Domestic Transborder International Total
Actual 1990 6,610,000 5,610,000 4,318,000 16,538,000
1995 5,853,000 5,594,000 5,236,000 16,764,000
1996 6,240,000 6,236,000 5,129,000 17,605,000
1997 6,699,000 6,355,000 5,685,000 18,739,000
1998 6,732,000 6,669,000 5,973,000 19,374,0001999 6,859,000 6,910,000 6,272,000 20,041,000
2000 6,727,000 7,257,000 6,846,000 20,830,000
2001 6,719,000 6,649,000 6,796,000 20,164,000
2002 6,585,000 6,104,000 6,314,000 19,003,000
2003 6,437,000 5,475,000 6,214,000 18,126,000
2004 7,541,000 6,320,000 7,366,000 21,227,000
2005 7,783,000 6,643,000 7,998,000 22,424,000
2006 7,978,000 6,711,000 8,358,000 23,047,000
Forecast 2010 8,982,000 7,777,000 10,159,000 26,918,000
2015 10,315,000 9,450,000 12,457,000 32,222,000
2020 11,582,000 11,211,000 15,017,000 37,810,0002025 12,856,000 13,078,000 17,773,000 43,707,000
2030 14,105,000 14,963,000 20,594,000 49,662,000
T A B LE 3 - 3
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RJ additions to the Air Canada
and Star Alliance fleets. The
opportunity for this growth
requires unconstrained runway
and terminal facilities, and further
development/integration of airline
alliances. The members of the
three main global airline alliances
are listed in Table 3-5. Currently,
only the Star Alliance has a
Canadian airline member.
Alliances with a Canadian carrier
are more likely to route operations
through Toronto Pearson for con-
nections between North American
and international destinations as
well as the usual domestic connec-
tions. The percentage of interna-tional passengers who arrive at the
Airport to board connecting
flights is expected to increase from
approximately 12 per cent in 2006
to approximately 21 per cent by
the end of the forecast horizon
mainly due to Open Skies and
stronger airline alliances.
3.3.5 Aircraft MovementForecasting Process
The forecast of aircraft movements
is derived from the passenger
demand forecast, and from an
econometric model for the non-
passenger operations (Business
Aviation and Cargo). Using cur-
rent airline statistics and accepted
forecasts of load factors and air-
craft sizes from the PTAM model
(see Section 3.3.3), passenger air
carrier movements are projected
for the airport system as a whole.
By adding the results of the non-
passenger operations model, the
total itinerant movement forecasts
are generated for the system and
for individual airports. The GTAA
reviews and modifies the forecasts
to account for sector definitiondifferences and local load factors,
which results in a set of forecasts
for use in facility and financial
planning analyses.
E N P LA N E D A N D D E P LA N E D P A S S E N G E RS
Year Domestic Transborder International Total
Actual 1990 10,390,000 6,748,000 4,915,000 22,053,000
1995 10,057,000 6,929,000 5,460,000 22,446,000
1996 10,772,000 7,903,000 5,584,000 24,259,000
1997 11,629,000 8,431,000 6,035,000 26,095,000
1998 11,939,000 8,650,000 6,143,000 26,732,0001999 12,376,000 9,080,000 6,329,000 27,785,000
2000 12,318,000 9,813,000 6,799,000 28,930,000
2001 12,304,000 8,989,000 6,750,000 28,043,000
2002 11,272,000 8,153,000 6,505,000 25,930,000
2003 11,022,000 7,316,000 6,401,000 24,739,000
2004 12,637,000 8,422,000 7,557,000 28,616,000
2005 12,906,000 8,803,000 8,205,000 29,914,000
2006 13,466,000 8,923,000 8,583,000 30,972,000
Forecast 2010 15,121,000 10,375,000 10,520,000 36,016,000
2015 17,139,000 12,703,000 13,049,000 42,891,000
2020 19,184,000 15,206,000 15,896,000 50,286,0002025 21,233,000 17,883,000 18,992,000 58,108,000
2030 23,233,000 20,609,000 22,188,000 66,030,000
T A B LE 3 - 4
A LLI A N C E A I RLI N E S
Star One World Skyteam
Air Canada American Aeroflot
Air New Zealand British Airways Aeromexico
All Nippon Finnair Air France
Asiana Cathay Pacific KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
Austrian Iberia Alitalia
British Midland Qantas Continental
LOT Polish LAN – Chile Czech
Lufthansa Malev – Hungarian Delta
SAS – Scandinavian Royal Jordanian Korean
Singapore Japan Northwest
South African
Spanair
Swiss Air
TAP – Portugal
Thai
UnitedU.S. Airways
T A B LE 3 - 5
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3.12
For facility planning analysis, the
annual forecasts are converted to
future planning day schedules.
These schedules enable the plan-
ners to assess the facilities required
to accommodate the busy trafficperiods in the future. The forecasts
are used in airside, apron and ter-
minal gating simulations to deter-
mine future needs and timing. All
of this is described in more detail
in both the Airside System and
Passenger Terminals chapters,
Chapters 5 and 6 respectively.
3.3.6 Aircraft Operations
Toronto Pearson’s passenger air
carrier movement demand is
expected to grow from 367,000 in
2006 to approximately 564,000 in
2020, and continue to grow to
712,000 by 2030 (see Table 3-6
and Figure 3-8). Overall move-
ments, including Business
Aviation and Cargo, are also
expected to grow by almost two
per cent annually for the same
period. While the internationalsector is expected to be the higher
growth market, domestic and
transborder markets are more sus-
ceptible to changes in aircraft mix
by the carriers operating at
Toronto Pearson. Both of these
markets are fairly mature in terms
of passenger demand, however the
type of aircraft being used to
transport the passengers continues
to cycle from mainline larger air-
craft to smaller regional aircraft
during downturns, and now tonew larger RJs in the 75-100 seat
range. As the Airport approaches
capacity and becomes more con-
gested in the long term and as
new more efficient, narrow-body
aircraft are developed, the cycle
will continue to progress.
I T I N E RA N T A I RC RA F T M O V E M E N T S
Air Carrier – Passenger Aircraft Cargo,Business Aviation, Total
Year Domestic Transborder International Total Ferry, Technical Itinerant
Actual 1990 172,000 97,000 27,000 296,000 56,000 352,000
1995 156,000 113,000 25,000 294,000 49,000 343,000
1996 170,000 132,000 25,000 327,000 45,000 372,0001997 168,000 147,000 27,000 342,000 53,000 395,000
1998 177,000 162,000 28,000 367,000 54,000 421,000
1999 195,000 170,000 30,000 395,000 30,000 425,000
2000 168,000 181,000 37,000 386,000 41,000 427,000
2001 148,000 178,000 38,000 364,000 42,000 406,000
2002 135,000 167,000 35,000 337,000 46,000 383,000
2003 136,000 155,000 36,000 327,000 44,000 371,000
2004 151,000 161,000 43,000 355,000 49,000 404,000
2005 152,000 160,000 44,000 356,000 53,000 409,000
2006 163,000 159,000 45,000 367,000 51,000 417,000
Forecast 2010 181,000 186,000 54,000 421,000 60,000 481,0002015 204,000 220,000 66,000 490,000 65,000 555,000
2020 229,000 257,000 78,000 564,000 73,000 637,000
2025 253,000 297,000 91,000 641,000 81,000 722,000
2030 278,000 331,000 103,000 712,000 89,000 801,000
T A B LE 3 - 6
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
2030202620222018201420102006200219981990
ForecastActual
Itinerant Aircraft Movements
F I G U R E 3 - 8
M o v e m e n t s ( 0 0 0 s )
Domesti c T ra nsbo rder I nterna ti on al B us in ess Aviat io n
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In the international sector, the
development of more economical
and long-range aircraft have facili-
tated the ability for airlines to
ensure they have the correct air-
craft in their fleet to serve specific
routes by “right-sizing”. This has
led to many airlines down-gauging
aircraft and the development of more robust aircraft, such as
Boeing’s new 787 family of air-
craft and the Airbus A350 XWB.
These aircraft will be able travel
farther due to wider wingspan
which, in turn, will make them
more cost-efficient. This is similar
to the continuing RJ revolution.
Aircraft manufacturers are also
looking to replace long-range and
high-capacity aircraft with develop-
ments such as the new Airbus
A380 and the prospective Boeing
B747-8 Intercontinental, and their
cargo derivatives. These aircraft are
being considered by airlines to
provide premium service on the
super long-range routes like
Sydney-London and Sydney-
Toronto non-stop and on high-
capacity markets to/from Asia pri-
marily to Europe and the U.S.
Opportunities for these aircraft at
Toronto Pearson are in the high-
density Toronto-London and
Toronto-Frankfurt markets as well
as in high-growth Toronto-Asia
routes such as Toronto-Narita,
Toronto-Beijing and Toronto-
Delhi. Should these aircraft
increase in popularity, Toronto
Pearson is already equipped with
the necessary facilities to accom-
modate them through the forecasthorizon.
3.3.7 Air Cargo Demand
Toronto Pearson is the largest
cargo airport in Canada. Moving
a total of 517,000 metric tonnes
of air cargo in 2006, Toronto
Pearson is significantly ahead of
its competitors, and currently
ranks 38th in the world for air
cargo volumes.
The shipment of parcels, packages
and larger items by air has histori-
cally been a secondary business for
air carriers, but has grown in
importance with globalization.
Approximately one half of cargo
shipped at Toronto Pearson is in
the bellyholds of passenger air-
craft. Pure cargo air carriers, how-
ever, are capturing marketshare,
including FedEx, UPS, DHL,
Martinair and Volga-Dnepr.
The GTAA obtains the cargo fore-
cast from Transport Canada who
use regression analysis to forecast
air cargo volumes. Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) is used as the key
explanatory variable in the fore-
cast. Historically, a one per cent
change in GDP has resulted in
approximately a one per cent
change in total air cargo volumes.The resulting cargo forecast, dis-
played in Table 3-7, reveals overall
average growth of three per cent
per annum to 2030.
It should be noted that the data in
years prior to 2005 were Transport
Passenger Terminal Demand
E N P LA N E D A N D D E P LA N E D C A RG O ( 0 0 0 k g )
Year Domestic Transborder International Total
Actual 1990 152,000 67,000 108,000 327,000
1995 122,000 76,000 122,000 320,000
1996 116,000 91,000 129,000 336,000
1997 127,000 99,000 142,000 368,000
1998 111,000 83,000 174,000 368,000
1999 109,000 94,000 176,000 379,000
2000 101,000 93,000 173,000 367,000
2001 82,000 83,000 153,000 318,000
2002 80,000 73,000 156,000 309,000
2003 64,000 76,000 148,000 288,000
2004 55,000 86,000 156,000 297,0002005 114,000 199,000 162,000 475,000
2006 109,000 209,000 199,000 517,000
Forecast 2010 130,000 254,000 216,000 600,000
2015 150,000 311,000 273,000 734,000
2020 171,000 376,000 341,000 888,000
2025 193,000 451,000 419,000 1,063,000
2030 219,000 541,000 514,000 1,274,000
T A B LE 3 - 7
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3.14
Canada estimates that included
cargo carried only on scheduled
and charter airlines. Since 2005,
the GTAA has developed methods
to capture regional/local cargo vol-
umes for both air freight and
truck freight, which were previ-
ously unaccounted for, and these
extra volumes have significantly bolstered the reported cargo fig-
ures. It is anticipated that the pro-
portion of long-haul cargo will
increase due to factors such as ris-
ing fuel costs, leading firms to
truck large volumes of short-haul
cargo. Considering the trend
toward increased global trade, the
air cargo growth rate could exceed
the GDP growth rate; though this
trend was noted, it was not incor-
porated into the cargo forecast.
In the domestic and transborder
sectors, there is a potential for car-
riers to transfer the transportation
of cargo from bellyholds to small
freighter aircraft due to the
increased use of RJs on many
routes, which do not have the
capacity to transit this cargo.
Toronto Pearson’s cargo market is
much stronger than data would
indicate. The region is comprised
of some of the world’s leading air-
eligible, producing companies that
require expedited transportation
to meet their regular shipping
requirements. Since the service
from Toronto Pearson to a num-
ber of transborder gateways is
frequent, it has more recently
attracted international freighter
operations and is expected to con-tinue to do so in the future. This
can only be seen as a positive step
in the increasingly fluid market.
Since cargo can be trucked hun-
dreds, sometimes thousands, of
miles to reach its gateway or des-
tination, the location of Toronto
Pearson is proving to be a key
consideration when carriers decide
where to fly, and the excellent
operating efficiencies and cargo
facilities at Toronto Pearson are
capable of responding to near-
and mid-term cargo market
opportunities.
A profile of a future planning day
for cargo movement numbers is
important in understanding the
potential for the Airport to expand.
Sample days from historical data are taken and specific growth rates
are applied out over the horizon of
this Master Plan. More detail can
be found in the Airside System
and Air Cargo chapters, Chapters
5 and 8 respectively.
3.3.8 Business/General AviationForecasts
Business aviation activity is
expected to continue to maintain
its presence at Toronto Pearson
with higher growth in corporate
operations offsetting declines in
government and private operators.
Transport Canada’s forecast
growth is fuelled by GDP and
Personal Disposable Income rates
of growth.
Business Aviation traffic is
expected to grow by one or two
per cent per year throughout the
forecast horizon.
While the use of very small aircraft
(Very Light Jets, or VLJ’s) as air
taxis by the corporate community
is not being considered at Toronto
Pearson, as the Airport is expected
to remain focused on air carrier
activity, some VLJ’s may operate in
the Toronto area to provide direct
non-stop service to smaller mar-
kets. VLJ’s and other small aircraft
operating at Toronto Pearson
would limit airside capacity due to
aircraft separation rules requiring
these aircraft to maintain increased
horizontal separation when arriv-
ing or departing after a larger air-
craft. The GTAA would, therefore,
not encourage such activity.
3 . 4 F O R E C A S T S F O R
FA C I L I T Y P L A N N I N G
Producing forecasts to understand
both the level of activity through
the Airport and the future strain
on facilities enables the GTAA to
assess when additional facilities
need to become available. Since it
takes time to plan, design, fund
and build these facilities, it isimportant to develop detailed
daily forecast flight schedules that
can be used in facility planning
simulation models well in advance
of the facility requirement.
Airside Demand
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This section of the Plan provides
an overview of the development of
these forecasts. The requirements
resulting from the analyses of these
schedules can be seen in moredetail in the Airside System and
Passenger Terminals chapters,
Chapters 5 and 6.
3.4.1 Development of Schedulesof Activity
When future schedules of traffic
are produced, a number of input
factors are considered that break
the aggregate passenger forecast
down to the necessary level of
detail.
Beginning with the sector fore-
casts, the traffic is subdivided into
five domestic, seven transborder
and seven international zones, to
identify both the varying growth
rates and to account for the appro-
priate timing of flights at Toronto
Pearson. The zones are shown inFigures 3-9, 3-10 and 3-11.
These factors are considered on a
regional basis by sector: the num-
ber of passengers per flight on his-
toric routes, the mix of aircraft,
the market share for each airline,
the load factor and number of
seats per flight. The schedules of
activity are developed for a repre-
sentative summer and winter week and are disaggregated by flight
over the course of each day. Using
the annual forecasts provided by
Transport Canada, the same in-
dependent factors are derived for
forecast years.
In order to ensure that the fore-
casts are as useful as possible, it is
necessary to assess traffic levels on
each day of the week and inde-
pendently for each sector.
Generally, most domestic and
transborder traffic will be far moreconsistent in terms of frequency
throughout the week than interna-
tional, where increases are seen on
weekends as people choose to
travel for holiday purposes more
widely during that time.
Therefore, historical traffic is ana-
lyzed and forecasted on a daily
basis for each sector with the
number of arriving and departing passengers broken into short 15-
minute segments throughout the
day. Based on this history, future
activity schedules are developed
that incorporate traffic growth
patterns and regional differences,
as well as airline fleet plan
assumptions.
Following this analysis, schedules
were generated for passengers,
movements and seats for each
year and season throughout the
forecast horizon.
These schedules are then used in
simulations to determine future
facility congestion levels and thus
future facility requirements.
3.4.2 Industry PlanningStandards
Daily and hourly passenger and
movement volumes drive the main
requirements for facility planning.
Therefore, the forecasting of these
parameters is paramount in the
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3.16
development of passenger and
aircraft-related facilities at the
Airport. A number of standards
relating to levels of activity exist
throughout the industry and these
are often used as a form of bench-
mark for planning. Planning day standards are used to estimate traf-
fic levels through a period of time,
perhaps a week or an hour, with
an understanding that the Airport
can operate at that level of activity.
Moreover, peak standards are set
to reflect the variability of activity
levels across a planning day and
help to determine when passenger
and aircraft peaks will occur. It
also sets a level of expectation that
the Airport can accommodatesuch levels of activity with accept-
able delays during absolute peaks
(100th percentile periods). There
are five main peak standards that
are used as benchmarks around
the world at airports:
• The absolute peak
• The average day of the busiest
month
• The average of the seven busiest
days of the three busiest months
• The 90th percentile of daily
traffic• The 95th percentile of days.
These metrics are used by differ-
ent organizations when planning
for future levels of activity.
Transport Canada, for example,
adopts the 90th percentile of daily
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traffic for aircraft activity whereas
the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) adopts the
average of the seven busiest days
of the three busiest months.
These standards have been
expanded to peak hour planning.
In this case, instead of days, hours
are used for comparison, over a
given period of time.
When calculating planning days, it
is important to understand which
industry standards are being met,
which are realistic as a benchmark,
and which should be viewed as a
future target for the Airport.
An independent study was under-
taken by Moncrieff Management
Ltd. to validate the suggested stan-
dards for Toronto Pearson. The
assessment of Toronto Pearson’s
traffic by sector and season for pas-
senger planning standards, aircraft
planning standards and peak hourtraffic analysis concluded that
GTAA methods for developing a
summer and winter week forecast
for each year represented a reason-
able planning standard – not the
absolute peak, but sufficiently high
levels of activity.
3.4.3 Seasonal Variationsand Peaks
In addition to forecasting the
annual traffic levels, the planning
of facilities requires that seasonal
and daily variations in traffic levels
are considered. The summer
months of July and August have
traditionally been the busiest
months at Toronto Pearson, aspassenger traffic is buoyed by
vacationers to and within Canada
and to Europe. During the winter,
the peak months of February and
March are affected by vacationers
travelling to sunspot destinations
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3.18
(see Figure 3-12). Since 9/11,
some of the U.S.-bound holiday
traffic has shifted to other southern
destinations. The degree to which
that traffic returns to the U.S.
depends on U.S.-World relations
and relative costs of holidays.
Passenger volumes also vary by
day of the week. While business
travellers typically travel on week-
days, leisure travel itineraries usu-
ally include weekends. As shown
in Figures 3-13 and 3-14, the traf-
fic peaks on Fridays when both
groups overlap. During the sum-
mer, the vacationing passengers
boost traffic levels throughout the week. In the winter months, vaca-
tioning travellers increase weekend
distribution, with international
and transborder sunspot travel
raising the Saturday and Sunday
traffic levels to the equivalent of
the Friday level, but with signifi-
cantly different sector splits.
The analysis of these traffic
patterns is important, as airport
facilities must be designed to
handle busy traffic periods.
3.4.4 Passenger Planning Levels
The standards mentioned above
allow the Airport to set goals and
target levels of activity across a
season, by sector and direction.
Linking directly with the planning day schedules produced, total pas-
sengers and movements are calcu-
lated for each day of the week.
Tables 3-8 and 3-9 summarize the
peak day levels of activity for pas-
sengers for summer and winter
Holiday Season Demand
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFeb
Domesti c T ra nsbo rder I nterna ti on al
Traffic by Month, 2006
F I G U RE 3 - 12
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
SunSatFriThuWedTueMon
Daily Variations, Summer 2006
FIGURE 3-13
D om es ti c T ra ns bo rd er I nt er na ti on al A ll S ec to rs
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
SunSatFriThuWedTueMon
Daily Variations, Winter 2006
FIGURE 3-14
Domesti c T ra nsbo rder I nterna ti on al A ll S ec to rs
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20/21Chapter 3 > A VI AT IO N A C T IV I TY A N D FORE CASTS
respectively for 2005, 2015, 2020,
2025 and 2030.
Also shown in Table 3-10 are the
peak hour traffic levels for selected
sector and season combinations.
3.4.5 Aircraft MovementPlanning Levels
Peak day and hour traffic analysis
is performed in much the same
way for aircraft movements. The
totals for the planning day and
peak hour activity are presented in
Tables 3-11 and 3-12 for summer
and winter respectively for 2005,
2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030.
Also shown in Table 3-13 are
selected peak hour traffic levels.
For a complete picture, in Table
3-14 is the Business Aviation peak
hour traffic levels.
3 . 5 F O R E C A S T
I M P L I C A T I O N S
With over 50 million E&D pas-
sengers and 637,000 aircraft
movements projected by the year
2020, evaluation of Toronto
Pearson’s airside, terminal and
supporting infrastructure will be
required to assess whether the
Airport has sufficient capacity to
meet the future aviation demands
of the region at reasonable levelsof service. Once Toronto Pearson
reaches capacity, other regional
airports must have capacity in
place to handle any spillover from
Toronto Pearson; otherwise sig-
nificant delays will occur and the
P E A K H O U R P A S S E N G E R T RA F F I C LE V E LS
Season Sector Direction 2005 2015 2020 2025 2030
Summer Domestic A 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,600 3,700
D 2,000 2,900 3,100 3,400 3,700
International A 2,600 3,700 3,800 5,200 5,900
D 2,600 3,600 3,900 4,100 5,100
Winter Transborder A 1,900 2,500 2,800 3,300 3,600
D 1,600 2,300 2,700 3,200 3,400
TABLE 3-10
W I N T E R P E A K D A Y P A S S E N G E R T RA F F I C
Domestic Transborder International
A D A D A D
2005 16,500 16,500 13,500 13,500 13,000 13,500
2015 21,000 20,500 21,500 21,000 21,000 20,000
2020 23,500 23,000 26,000 25,500 24,000 24,500
2025 26,000 25,500 29,500 29,000 29,000 29,000
2030 28,500 27,500 33,500 32,500 33,500 33,000
T A B LE 3 - 9
S U M M E R P E A K D A Y P A S S E N G E R T RA F F I C
Domestic Transborder International
A D A D A D
2005 21,500 22,000 14,000 14,000 16,000 17,000
2015 27,000 27,500 22,000 22,000 26,000 25,500
2020 30,500 31,000 26,500 26,500 31,500 32,000
2025 33,500 34,500 30,500 30,500 36,500 37,5002030 37,000 37,500 34,000 34,500 43,500 45,000
T A B LE 3 - 8
S U M M E R P E A K D A Y A I RC RA F T M O V E M E N T S
Domestic Transborder International
A D A D A D
2005 240 240 255 260 85 90
2015 310 315 365 365 145 145
2020 345 350 420 430 175 175
2025 385 390 475 485 205 210
2030 415 415 530 530 245 250
TABLE 3-11
W I N T E R P E A K D A Y A I RC RA F T M O V E M E N T S
Domestic Transborder International
A D A D A D2005 205 200 255 255 80 85
2015 255 250 340 340 110 110
2020 250 240 390 390 130 130
2025 315 310 445 445 155 160
2030 340 330 475 480 195 190
TABLE 3-12
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3.20
airport system will not be able to
effectively support the GTA.
3.5.1 Utilization of Facilities
Once schedules are produced, it is
necessary to assess the efficiencies
of the airport operation. Such effi-
ciencies could occur from a num-
ber of different sources:
• The time taken for a passenger
to navigate check-in
• Pre-Board Screening (PBS)
• U.S. Customs and Border
Protection
• Canadian Border Services
• Other facilities to reach the gate
• Length of time an aircraft spends
on a gate
• Size of gate or whether there are
adjacency rules.
Some of these facilities are dis-
cussed in Chapter 6 – Passenger
Terminals.
As Toronto Pearson looks to
become the most efficient facility
and a gateway of choice to the
North American market and
beyond, such evaluation is per-
tinent to attracting airlines to
use Toronto Pearson in their
long-term objectives.
Reference: Transport Canada,
General Forecast Update, 2006/07.
Transport Canada makes no war-
ranties, guarantees or representa-
tions, expressed or implied.
P E A K H O U R A I RC RA F T M O V E M E N T T RA F F I C LE V E LS
Season Sector Direction 2005 2015 2020 2025 2030
Summer Domestic A 23 29 33 40 43
D 21 33 35 38 50
International A 13 21 24 29 32
D 14 19 20 22 25
Winter Transborder A 34 37 44 51 55D 29 32 39 45 45
TABLE 3-13
P E A K H O U R B U S I N E S S A V I A T I O N T RA F F I C LE V E LS
Season Sector Direction Volume
Summer Domestic A 76
D 103
International A 20
D 12
Winter Transborder A 87
D 89
TABLE 3-14